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559,993 | Inflammation of the fetal membranes is called chorioamnionitis. Balanced inflammation is an important factor in maintaining fetal membranes by regulating the remodeling. However, if the inflammatory response increases above this level it can have dangerous and potentially fatal effects for the mother and child. These elevated levels of inflammatory molecules in the fetal membrane is called ‘sterile inflammation’. Sterile inflammation can be caused by both microbial infection and non-infectious factors, such as senescence of fetal membranes. Senescence is associated with the aging of actively cycling and dividing cells. As the fetal membrane cells proliferate during remodelling, the telomeres (short length or non-coding DNA on the end of chromosomes that protect essential coding DNA from degradation during replication) shorten as chromosomes can not be copied end-to-end fully. Once the telomeres have reached a critical length the cell can no longer divide and can hence cause telomere-dependent replicative senescence. This should occur naturally at term (37 weeks), as it is an important factor to increase the inflammatory environment in the uterus to initiate parturition. However, fetal membrane senescence can be accelerated by oxidative stress and hence, stimulate sterile inflammation to occur prior to term; consequently, causing preterm birth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24708828 | 559,704 |
338,278 | Riggs published a short report of the new find in 1901, noting the unusual length of the humerus compared to the femur and the extreme overall size and the resulting giraffe-like proportions, as well as the lesser development of the tail, but did not publish a name for the new dinosaur. In 1903, he named the type species "Brachiosaurus altithorax". Riggs derived the genus name from the Greek "brachion"/βραχίων meaning "arm" and "sauros"/ meaning "lizard", because he realized that the length of the arms was unusual for a sauropod. The specific epithet was chosen because of the unusually deep and wide chest cavity, from Latin "altus" "deep" and Greek "thorax"/θώραξ, "breastplate, cuirass, corslet". Latin "thorax" was derived from the Greek and had become a usual scientific designation for the chest of the body. The titles of Riggs's 1901 and 1903 articles emphasized that the specimen was the "largest known dinosaur". Riggs followed his 1903 publication with a more detailed description in a monograph in 1904. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20598015 | 338,098 |
1,922,729 | Microscopic histopathological analyses of appropriately dye-stained IDF tissues typically show a non-encapsulated small tumor composed of bundles of uniform spindle-shaped cells that combine physical features of fibroblasts (the most common cell type in connective tissue) with those of myofibroblasts (contractile, spindle-shaped cells that are identifiable by their expression of α-smooth muscle actin) in a background of collagen fibers. In hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissues, the spindle-shaped cells have pale eosinophilic (i.e. red or pink due to uptake of eosin) cytoplasm with plump and elongated nuclei composed of granulated (i.e. having many small, distinct parts) chromatin. The most pathognomonic (i.e. indicative of a particular disease) feature of these cells is the presence of cytoplasmic perinuclear inclusion bodies which usually are small, round, pale pink bodies on hematoxylin and eosin staining that often indent their parent cells' nuclei. These inclusions are composed of densely packed vimentin and actin filaments. Newer tumors show relatively abundant inclusion bodies and scarce collagen fibers while older tumors show few or no detectable inclusion bodies and abundant collagen fibers. Immunohistochemical analyses show that the spindle-shaped cells typically express α-smooth muscle actin, calponin, desmin, and CD99 proteins but not S100 protein or glial fibrillary acidic protein. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20795514 | 1,921,626 |
1,786,893 | The notion that collectives are capable of forming intentions can be found, whether implicitly or explicitly, in literature going back thousands of years. For example, ancient texts such as Plato's "Republic" discuss the cooperative determination of laws and social order by the group composed of society as a whole. This theme was later expanded into social contract theory by Enlightenment-era philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. In the 20th century, the likes of Wilfrid Sellars and Anthony Quinton noted the existence of "We-Intentions" amid broader discussion of the concept of intentionality, and thus laid the groundwork for the focused philosophical analysis of collective intentionality that began in the late 1980s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37777670 | 1,785,888 |
283,151 | The Italian Grand Prix at the Monza Autodrome near Milan sealed the end of two things: Gerhard Berger's terrible season (he scored a second place on both the grid and in the race) and Prost's relationship with McLaren. Having become progressively distanced from the team due to his conflict with Senna, he announced his switch to Ferrari for 1990, and after inheriting the race win when Senna retired from the lead late on, he proceeded to give the trophy he had won to the tifosi. McLaren boss Ron Dennis' usual composure was shattered and he hurled his trophy at his driver's feet, storming off (Dennis was unhappy with Prost giving the trophy to the tifosi as contractually all trophies won were the property of the team). Prost later said it was an unsatisfactory win and that he did not hold out much hope for the championship despite his points lead as he felt Honda were clearly favouring Senna. Boutsen inherited third for Williams. The final points went to Patrese, who finished fourth, followed by Brit Martin Brundle for Brabham and Jean Alesi in the Tyrrell. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1137718 | 282,998 |
1,488,473 | Born on 21 September 1899 in Lwów, he was drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army right after his graduation from school and saw action on the Italian front. He was captured and imprisoned in Italy. He entered the university in Lwów in 1919 and received his doctorate in 1923. He got no appointment at the university and continued his research while working as teacher at a secondary school. Due to his outstanding results, he obtained a scholarship in 1932 that allowed him to spend several years in Leipzig and, especially, Paris. In Paris he started a very successful collaboration with Jean Leray. Around 1935 Schauder obtained the position of a senior assistant in the University of Lwów. Schauder, along with Stanisław Mazur, was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1936 in Oslo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=685314 | 1,487,634 |
1,043,817 | In computing, the Open Geospatial Consortium Web Feature Service (WFS) Interface Standard provides an interface allowing requests for geographical features across the web using platform-independent calls. One can think of geographical features as the "source code" behind a map, whereas the WMS interface or online tiled mapping portals like Google Maps return only an image, which end-users cannot edit or spatially analyze. The XML-based GML furnishes the default payload-encoding for transporting geographic features, but other formats like shapefiles can also serve for transport. In early 2006 the OGC members approved the OpenGIS GML Simple Features Profile. This profile is designed both to increase interoperability between WFS servers and to improve the ease of implementation of the WFS standard. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=405742 | 1,043,273 |
88,504 | Although it is common in the climate models to consider city firestorms, these need not be ignited by nuclear devices; more conventional ignition sources can instead be the spark of the firestorms. Prior to the previously mentioned solar heating effect, the soot's injection height is controlled by the rate of energy release from the firestorm's fuel, not the size of an initial nuclear explosion. For example, the mushroom cloud from the bomb dropped on Hiroshima reached a height of six kilometers (middle troposphere) within a few minutes and then dissipated due to winds, while the individual fires within the city took almost three hours to form into a firestorm and produce a pyrocumulus cloud, a cloud that is assumed to have reached upper tropospheric heights, as over its multiple hours of burning, the firestorm released an estimated 1000 times the energy of the bomb. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22171 | 88,469 |
902,343 | The species distinction was first recognised by Patrick Manson at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. Manson identified lateral-spined eggs in the faeces of a colonial officer earlier posted to the West Indies, and concluded that there were two species of "Schistosoma". An Italian-British physician Louis Westenra Sambon gave the new names "Schistosomum haematobium" and "Schistosomum mansoni" in 1907, the latter to honour Manson. Sambon only gave partial description using a male worm. In 1908, a Brazilian physician Manuel Augusto Pirajá da Silva gave a complete description of male and female worms, including the lateral-spined eggs. Pirajá da Silva obtained specimens from three necropsies and eggs from 20 stool examinations in Bahia. He gave the name "S. americanum". The species identity was confirmed in 1907 by British parasitologist Robert Thomson Leiper, identifying the specific snail host, and distinguishing the egg structure, thereby establishing the life cycle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2188496 | 901,867 |
1,034,347 | "P. problematicus" was also used as the designation for an incomplete chelicera discovered in the Welsh Borderland of western England by John William Salter in 1852 but is in modern times considered a "nomen vanum" ("baseless name") as the species is impossible to define. The fossil material with which it was described is undiagnostic and insufficient to establish any meaningful characteristics and as such many fragmentary pterygotid fossils have been referred to it throughout its long history, rendering it effectively synonymous with the family Pterygotidae. More often than not, these fragments consist of patches of pterygotid integument preserving the scale-like ornamentation characteristic of the group which researchers have wrongfully believed was characteristic of only "Pterygotus" or "P. problematicus". As such ornamentation is known from every pterygotid genus it can not be used as a diagnostic feature of a single species. Though "P. problematicus" is the earliest name used for a species of "Pterygotus", it is not considered the type species as the name is no longer in use. Instead "P. anglicus", based on a number of diagnostic features and properly illustrated in its description by Agassiz in 1844, is considered the type species of "Pterygotus". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1581540 | 1,033,810 |
2,082,288 | A micellar cubic phase is a lyotropic liquid crystal phase formed when the concentration of micelles dispersed in a solvent (usually water) is sufficiently high that they are forced to pack into a structure having long-ranged positional (translational) order. For example, spherical micelles a subic packing of a body-centred cubic lattice. Normal topology micellar cubic phases, denoted by the symbol I, are the first lyotropic liquid crystalline phases that are formed by type I amphiphiles. The amphiphiles' hydrocarbon tails are contained on the inside of the micelle and hence the polar-apolar interface of the aggregates has a positive mean curvature, by definition (it curves away from the polar phase). Inverse topology micellar cubic phases (such as the Fd3m phase) are observed for some type II amphiphiles at very high amphiphile concentrations. These aggregates, in which water is the minority phase, have a polar-apolar interface with a negative mean curvature. The structures of the normal topology micellar cubic phases that are formed by some types of amphiphiles (e.g. the oligoethyleneoxide monoalkyl ether series of non-ionic surfactants are the subject of debate. Micellar cubic phases are isotropic phases, but are distinguished from micellar solutions by their very high viscosity. When thin film samples of micellar cubic phases are viewed under a polarising microscope they appear dark and featureless. Small air bubbles trapped in these preparations tend to appear highly distorted and occasionally have faceted surfaces. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13459955 | 2,081,088 |
660,338 | In his book "De Genesi ad Litteram" ("On the Literal Meaning of Genesis"), Augustine says,But at least we know [the days of creation] are different from the ordinary day of which we are familiar.He goes on to describe a form of Theistic evolution (different to evolution by natural selection),The things [God] had potentially created... [came] forth in the course of time on different days according to their different kinds... [and] the rest of the earth [was] filled with its various kinds of creatures, [which] produced their appropriate forms in due time.Later on, Thomas Aquinas, following Augustine described a similar process,On the day on which God created the heaven and the earth, He created also every plant of the field, not, indeed, actually, but 'before it sprung up in the earth,' that is, potentially... All things were not distinguished and adorned together, not from a want of power on God's part, as requiring time in which to work, but that due order might be observed in the instituting of the world.Modern theologians such as Meredith G. Kline and Henri Blocher have advocated what has become known as the literary framework interpretation of the days of Genesis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39709452 | 659,993 |
699,835 | In terms of latency, simple stop-the-world garbage collectors pause program execution for garbage collection, which can happen at arbitrary times and take arbitrarily long, making them unusable for real-time computing, notably embedded systems, and a poor fit for interactive use, or any other situation where low latency is a priority. However, incremental garbage collectors can provide hard real-time guarantees, and on systems with frequent idle time and sufficient free memory, such as personal computers, garbage collection can be scheduled for idle times and have minimal impact on interactive performance. Manual memory management (as in C++) and reference counting have a similar issue of arbitrarily long pauses in case of deallocating a large data structure and all its children, though these only occur at fixed times, not depending on garbage collection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434177 | 699,471 |
435,881 | As these renovations began, administrators began considering an expansion of the college system. In June 2008, President Rick Levin announced plans to build two new colleges in the northern part of the campus between Grove Street Cemetery and Science Hill. The new colleges will increase enrollment by 15 percent, to about 6,000 undergraduates, while reducing crowding in the existing colleges. Yale School of Architecture Dean Robert Stern, known for his contextual and traditionalist approach to architecture, was selected to design the colleges in a neo-Gothic style. Originally scheduled to be completed by 2013, construction was delayed by the 2008 economic recession. In September 2013, Yale announced a gift of $250 million from Charles B. Johnson for the two new colleges. Construction, begun in January 2015, is expected to be completed in summer 2017. The colleges were named after Pauli Murray and Benjamin Franklin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22767677 | 435,667 |
1,951,956 | As part of its programme, ICRAR utilised distributed computing to support its own resources. theSkyNet POGS was a public research project that employed Internet-connected computers to do research in astronomy using BOINC technology. It combined the spectral coverage of the GALEX, Pan-STARRS1, and WISE to generate a multi-wavelength (ultra-violet - optical - near infra-red) galaxy atlas for the nearby Universe. It calculates physical parameters such as star formation rate, stellar mass of the galaxy, dust attenuation, and total dust mass of a galaxy on a pixel-by-pixel basis using spectral energy distribution fitting techniques. In September 2014 theSkyNet had 13573 users with credit and 5198 users with recent credit. theSkyNet was powered down in 2018. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44036593 | 1,950,835 |
77,100 | Revived interest in mass extinctions led many other authors to re-evaluate geological events in the context of their effects on life. A 1995 paper by Michael Benton tracked extinction and origination rates among both marine and continental (freshwater & terrestrial) families, identifying 22 extinction intervals and no periodic pattern. Overview books by O.H. Wallister (1996) and A. Hallam and P.B. Wignall (1997) summarized the new extinction research of the previous two decades. One chapter in the former source lists over 60 geological events which could conceivably be considered global extinctions of varying sizes. These texts, and other widely circulated publications in the 1990s, helped to establish the popular image of mass extinctions as a “big five” alongside many smaller extinctions through prehistory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9813 | 77,071 |
1,210,124 | "Edestus" was first described by Joseph Leidy in 1856. The type species is "Edestus vorax", the holotype specimen (ANSP 9899) is very fragmentary and of uncertain stratigraphic and geographic provenance, reported to be from Muskogee County, Oklahoma, though this has been questioned. In 1855 Edward Hitchcock presented a specimen of "Edestus" to the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting at Providence, Rhode Island the specimen (a tooth whorl) had been originally found in Parke County, Indiana. The specimen was loaned to famed British anatomist Richard Owen in 1861, who referred the specimen to "Edestus" and suggested that it was a fin spine. "Edestus minor" was described in 1866 by John Strong Newberry based on AMNH FF477, a single crown that lacks most of the root from Posey County, Indiana. "Edestus heinrichi" was described in 1870 by Newberry and Amos Henry Worthen from a now-lost specimen found in Illinois"." "Edestus triserratus" was described in 1904 by Edwin Tulley Newton, from GSM 31410, which was found in the Coal Measures in Staffordshire, England which is a partial tooth lacking the apex of the crown. Oliver Perry Hay in 1912 was the first to describe an associated pair of upper and lower tooth whorls (USNM V7255), found in a coal mine near Lehigh, Iowa, which he assigned to the new species "Edestus mirus", now thought to be a synonym of "Edestus minor." Specimens of "Edestus" are also known from the Moscow Basin on the Russian Platform. "Edestus karpinskii" was described by A.B. Missuna in 1908 from remains found near Kolomna around 100 km southeast of Moscow. "Edestus minusculus" was described by Hay in 1912 from a specimen originally described by Alexander Karpinsky as "Edestus cf. minor" from a specimen found at the Myachkova quarry, near Moscow. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10540945 | 1,209,477 |
779,484 | In August 1969, the development of China's first heavy-lift satellite launch vehicle (SLV), the Feng Bao 1 (FB-1, ), was started by Shanghai's 2nd Bureau of Mechanic-Electrical Industry. The all-liquid two-stage launcher was derived from the DF-5 ICBM. Only a few months later, a parallel heavy-lift SLV program, also based on the same DF-5 ICBM and known as CZ-2, was started in Beijing by the First Space Academy. The DF-4 was used to develop the Long March-1 SLV. A newly designed spin-up orbital insertion solid-propellant rocket motor third stage was added to the two existing Nitric acid/UDMH liquid propellant stages. An attempt to use this vehicle to launch a Chinese satellite before Japan's first attempt ended in failure on November 16, 1969. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=343674 | 779,067 |
1,389,555 | In solid-state physics, heavy fermion materials are a specific type of intermetallic compound, containing elements with 4f or 5f electrons in unfilled electron bands. Electrons are one type of fermion, and when they are found in such materials, they are sometimes referred to as heavy electrons. Heavy fermion materials have a low-temperature specific heat whose linear term is up to 1000 times larger than the value expected from the free electron model. The properties of the heavy fermion compounds often derive from the partly filled f-orbitals of rare-earth or actinide ions, which behave like localized magnetic moments. The name "heavy fermion" comes from the fact that the fermion behaves as if it has an effective mass greater than its rest mass. In the case of electrons, below a characteristic temperature (typically 10 K), the conduction electrons in these metallic compounds behave as if they had an effective mass up to 1000 times the free particle mass. This large effective mass is also reflected in a large contribution to the resistivity from electron-electron scattering via the Kadowaki–Woods ratio. Heavy fermion behavior has been found in a broad variety of states including metallic, superconducting, insulating and magnetic states. Characteristic examples are CeCu, CeAl, CeCuSi, YbAl, UBe and UPt. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9749127 | 1,388,784 |
1,857,178 | Although resistant varieties of pecan trees are available, such as the Elliot Pecan tree, historically the pathogen has overcome the resistance due to its ability to quickly change over time. Because resistance has been ineffective, the main control of the pathogen is fungicide application for commercial farming. Some commercial fungicides used are Pristine, Sovran, Quash, and Headline SC. For the fungicides to be effective, they must be sprayed before inoculation/infection period. The exact time for the first spray depends on the chemical used, but an example time periods is when the buds are bursting and the first leaves begin to show. The fungicide should be sprayed sufficiently in order to completely cover the tree. The rates per acre of application range from 2–5 fluid ounces on developing trees to 8–12 fluid ounces on mature trees. They are protectant fungicides, meaning that they work best to prevent disease from happening when sprayed before any disease is detected. The idea of "getting ahead" of the pathogen is key to preventing a large loss of production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41075065 | 1,856,110 |
883,407 | The labeled [F]FDG compound has a relatively short shelf life which is dominated by the physical decay of fluorine-18 with a half-life of 109.8 minutes, or slightly less than two hours. Still, this half life is sufficiently long to allow shipping the compound to remote PET scanning facilities, in contrast to other medical radioisotopes like carbon-11. Due to transport regulations for radioactive compounds, delivery is normally done by specially licensed road transport, but means of transport may also include dedicated small commercial jet services. Transport by air allows to expand the distribution area around a [F]FDG production site to deliver the compound to PET scanning centres even hundreds of miles away. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3077796 | 882,943 |
1,182,198 | Coldstream studied in Paris for a year, and visited places of interest. His diary notes religious thoughts, and occasional anguished comments such as "the foul mass of corruption within my own bosom", "corroding desires" and "lustful imaginations". A doctor who befriended him later said that though Coldstream had led "a blameless life", he was "more or less in the dark on the vital question of religion, and was troubled with doubts arising from certain Materialist views, which are, alas! too common among medical students." He left in June 1828 for a short tour on his way home, but fell ill in Westphalia, suffered a mental breakdown, and got back to Leith late in July. In early December Coldstream began medical practice and gave it priority over natural history. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2087722 | 1,181,573 |
552,479 | Tropomyosins have been implicated in the autoimmune disease ulcerative colitis, a disease of the colon that is characterised by ulcers or open sores. The link between this disease and tropomyosin was first acknowledged in a study that found blood serum taken from 95% of patients with ulcerative colitis contained antibodies that reacted positively to tropomyosin. Additional studies have confirmed these results, but also identify Tropomyosin 5 and Tropomyosin 1 as the primary tropomyosins involved in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. Tropomyosin 5 has been related to the development of pouchitis in the ileal pouch following surgery for ulcerative colitis. The elevated number of IgG-producing cells in the colonic mucosa of ulcerative colitis patients is largely committed to producing IgG against Tropomyosin 5-related epitopes. Tropomyosin 5 is, therefore, capable of inducing a significant T-cell response. A physicochemical analysis of common structural motifs present in 109 human autoantigens revealed that tropomyosins have the highest number of such motifs, and thus a very high propensity to act as autoantigens. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1789075 | 552,190 |
1,350,789 | A seminal innovation of the young Republic was the establishment, in c. 493 BC, of an indefinite military alliance with the other city-states of Old Latium, the home of the Latin tribe, to which the Romans themselves belonged. The so-called "foedus Cassianum" ("Treaty of Cassius") was a mutual non-aggression and defense pact. It required all signatories to assist any of their number who was attacked with all their forces. It also appears to have provided for joint operations in the field. Judging by the provision that the Romans and Latins were to share booty on an equal basis, it is likely that the treaty required the Latins to contribute roughly the same number of troops to joint operations as Rome. It appears that allied strategy was determined by an annual conference and that command of any joint forces may have alternated between Romans and allies. The treaty remained in force until 358 BC and effectively doubled Rome's military potential to c. 18,000 troops, a huge size for Italian armies of the time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25818724 | 1,350,043 |
249,171 | People should undergo regular physical examination to detect edema and signs of central nervous side effects. Blood pressure checks will reveal development of hypertension. Periodic serum electrolyte (sodium, potassium, chloride) measurements, complete blood cell counts and assessment of liver enzymes as well as of creatinine (renal function) should be performed. This is particularly important if Indometacin is given together with an ACE inhibitor or with potassium-sparing diuretics, because these combinations can lead to hyperkalemia and/or serious kidney failure. No examinations are necessary if only the topical preparations (spray or gel) are applied. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1206744 | 249,043 |
52,574 | Heninger says in her blog that the bad keys occurred almost entirely in embedded applications, including "firewalls, routers, VPN devices, remote server administration devices, printers, projectors, and VOIP phones" from more than 30 manufacturers. Heninger explains that the one-shared-prime problem uncovered by the two groups results from situations where the pseudorandom number generator is poorly seeded initially, and then is reseeded between the generation of the first and second primes. Using seeds of sufficiently high entropy obtained from key stroke timings or electronic diode noise or atmospheric noise from a radio receiver tuned between stations should solve the problem. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25385 | 52,554 |
1,858,031 | Modernity arrived in 1961 with the completion the Fine Arts Building. Though panned by critics past and present for its design, "FAB" was the first University space designed specifically for music and included a modern recital hall. The first jazz ensemble sponsored by the department was the Studio Band, which formed in 1966. Composer Thomas McKenney began the process of establishing an electronic studio for composition in 1969. In 1975, composition professor John Cheetham introduced a music appreciation course entitled "Jazz, Pop & Rock." This course, popular with music majors and non-majors alike, would become the most popular ever offered by the school. Apart from the budding study of music history, composition, and jazz, faculty members established the Esterhazy String Quartet in 1968. The quartet's tours of South America, beginning in 1976, drew international students to the university. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58085796 | 1,856,963 |
122,609 | Graduate education is a particularly important aspect in BME. While many engineering fields (such as mechanical or electrical engineering) do not need graduate-level training to obtain an entry-level job in their field, the majority of BME positions do prefer or even require them. Since most BME-related professions involve scientific research, such as in pharmaceutical and medical device development, graduate education is almost a requirement (as undergraduate degrees typically do not involve sufficient research training and experience). This can be either a Masters or Doctoral level degree; while in certain specialties a Ph.D. is notably more common than in others, it is hardly ever the majority (except in academia). In fact, the perceived need for some kind of graduate credential is so strong that some undergraduate BME programs will actively discourage students from majoring in BME without an expressed intention to also obtain a master's degree or apply to medical school afterwards. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4827 | 122,560 |
2,008,338 | With the success of the piston models, plans began to build a larger machine similar to the size and energy as the Suzy II machine. This led to the Linus-0 design, which consisted of a diameter steel rotor surrounded by a gas cylinder that was pressurized to using a series of small high-explosive DATB () charges, also known as the polymer-bonded explosive PBXN, chosen for its high melting point, low particulate matter, and compatibly low cost. The charges were loaded into a series of ports on one end of the device and fired just prior to the experimental run to pressurize the system. The inner rotor was spun to using a 454 cubic inch Chevrolet V8 engine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56052525 | 2,007,186 |
277,715 | The first recorded sinking of a submarine by depth charge was "U-68", sunk by Q-ship off Kerry, Ireland 22 March 1916. By early 1917, the Royal Navy had also developed indicator loops which consisted of long lengths of cables lain on the seabed to detect the magnetic field of submarines as they passed overhead. At this stage, they were used in conjunction with controlled mines which could be detonated from a shore station once a 'swing' had been detected on the indicator loop galvanometer. Indicator loops used with controlled mining were known as 'guard loops'. By July 1917, depth charges had developed to the extent that settings of between were possible. This design would remain mainly unchanged through the end of World War II. While dipping hydrophones appeared before war's end, the trials were abandoned. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3480866 | 277,565 |
2,150,143 | CASA, and its associated muon array MIA, achieved excellent performance and was the state-of-the-art in air shower experiments in the ultra high energy band for a considerable period of time after its operational period in the 1990s. Only in the late 2010s have experiments such as the Tibet Air Shower Array and the High Altitude Water Cherenkov Experiment surpassed CASA-MIA in sensitivity at energies above 100 TeV. The median gamma-ray energy for a source passing near zenith was 115 TeV. The gamma-ray angular resolution varied with the size (number of particles) in the detected shower and was approximately 0.7 degrees for showers with the median number of particles, improving to 0.25 degrees at higher energies. The muon array provided important capability to reject background cosmic ray events; at the median energy of 115 TeV, the fraction of cosmic ray events passing the muon selection criteria for gamma rays was 0.06 (i.e. approximately 17 cosmic ray events were rejected for each one accepted). At higher energies, the background rejection power was significantly increased; for example, at a median energy of 5,000 TeV, the fraction of cosmic rays passing muon selection criteria was reduced to approximately 0.0001. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1529011 | 2,148,912 |
95,036 | Sales of Electra airliners were limited, as Lockheed's technical fix did not serve to completely erase the aircraft's "jinxed" reputation in an era in which turboprop-powered aircraft were being replaced by faster jets. In military roles that value fuel efficiency more than speed, the Orion remained in service for over 50 years after its 1962 introduction. Although surpassed in production longevity by the Lockheed C-130 Hercules, 734 P-3s were produced through 1990. Lockheed Martin opened a new P-3 wing production-line in 2008 as part of its Service Life Extension Program (ASLEP) for delivery in 2010. A complete ASLEP replaces the outer wings, center-wing lower section, and horizontal stabilizers with newly built parts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=162863 | 94,995 |
1,084,887 | It is suggested that exercise triggers the release of signaling molecules including inflammatory substances, cytokines and growth factors from surrounding connective tissues and active skeletal muscles. Notably, HGF, a cytokine, is transferred from the extracellular matrix into muscles through the nitric-oxide dependent pathway. It is thought that HGF activates satellite cells, while insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) enhance satellite cell proliferation rate following activation. Studies have demonstrated that intense exercise generally increases IGF-1 production, though individual responses vary significantly. More specifically, IGF-1 exists in two isoforms: mechano growth factor (MGF) and IGF-IEa. While the former induces activation and proliferation, the latter causes differentiation of proliferating satellite cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2040318 | 1,084,329 |
748,208 | Due to the use of decisional balance and attitude, travel behaviour researchers have begun to combine the TTM with the TPB. Forward uses the TPB variables to better differentiate the different stages. Especially all TPB variables (attitude, perceived behaviour control, descriptive and subjective norm) are positively show a gradually increasing relationship to stage of change for bike commuting. As expected, intention or willingness to perform the behaviour increases by stage. Similarly, Bamberg uses various behavior models, including the transtheoretical model, theory of planned behavior and norm-activation model, to build the stage model of self-regulated behavior change (SSBC). Bamberg claims that his model is a solution to criticism raised towards the TTM. Some researchers in travel, dietary, and environmental research have conducted empirical studies, showing that the SSBC might be a future path for TTM-based research. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1906107 | 747,811 |
1,683,079 | Known epigenetic mechanisms typically cluster into three categories. The first is DNA methylation, where a cytosine residue that is followed by a guanine residue (CpG) is methylated. In general, DNA methylation attracts proteins which fold that section of the chromatin and repress the related genes. The second category is histone modifications. Histones are proteins which are involved in the folding and compaction of the chromatin. There are several different types of histones, and they can be chemically modified in a number of ways. Acetylation of histone tails typically leads to weaker interactions between the histones and the DNA, which is associated with gene expression. Histones can be modified in many positions, with many different types of chemical modifications, but the precise details of the histone code are currently unknown. The final category of epigenetic mechanism is regulatory RNA. MicroRNAs are small, noncoding sequences that are involved in gene expression. Thousands of miRNAs are known, and the extent of their involvement in epigenetic regulation is an area of ongoing research. Epigenetic therapies are reversible, unlike gene therapy. This means that they are druggable for targeted therapies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42647878 | 1,682,136 |
406,077 | TRAPPIST-1d has a semi-major axis of and an orbital period of 4 Earth days. It is more massive than the planet Mars but is less dense. Based on fluid dynamical arguments, TRAPPIST-1d is expected to have weak temperature gradients on its surface if it is tidally locked, and may have significantly different stratospheric dynamics from Earth. Based on numerous climate models, the planet may or may not have been desiccated by TRAPPIST-1's stellar wind and radiation although density estimates of the planet, if confirmed, demonstrate that it is not dense enough to consist solely of rock. The current state of TRAPPIST-1d depends on its rotation and climatic factors like cloud feedbacks; it may be at the inner edge, or beyond, the habitable zone and in a runaway greenhouse state. Water could most likely persist only in specific settings on the planet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50402274 | 405,877 |
72,931 | In 1906, Garland published a volume of Leibniz's writings bearing on his many practical inventions and engineering work. To date, few of these writings have been translated into English. Nevertheless, it is well understood that Leibniz was a serious inventor, engineer, and applied scientist, with great respect for practical life. Following the motto "theoria cum praxi", he urged that theory be combined with practical application, and thus has been claimed as the father of applied science. He designed wind-driven propellers and water pumps, mining machines to extract ore, hydraulic presses, lamps, submarines, clocks, etc. With Denis Papin, he created a steam engine. He even proposed a method for desalinating water. From 1680 to 1685, he struggled to overcome the chronic flooding that afflicted the ducal silver mines in the Harz Mountains, but did not succeed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12281 | 72,904 |
1,992,692 | An MRR couples or combines an optical retroreflector with a modulator to reflect modulated optical signals directly back to an optical receiver or transceiver, allowing the MRR to function as an optical communications device without emitting its own optical power. This can allow the MRR to communicate optically over long distances without needing substantial on-board power supplies. The function of the retroreflection component is to direct the reflection back to or near to the source of the light. The modulation component changes the intensity of the reflection. The idea applies to optical communication in a broad sense including not only laser-based data communications but also human observers and road signs. A number of technologies have been proposed, investigated, and developed for the modulation component, including actuated micromirrors, frustrated total internal reflection, electro-optic modulators (EOMs), piezo-actuated deflectors, multiple quantum well (MQW) devices, and liquid crystal modulators, though any one of numerous known optical modulation technologies could be used in theory. These approaches have many advantages and disadvantages relative to one another with respect to such features as power use, speed, modulation range, compactness, retroreflection divergence, cost, and many others. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17328563 | 1,991,549 |
2,213,446 | After Buckler died, H. T. Stainton took over the editorship of the projected book, which commenced publication in 1886 as "The Larvae of the British Butterflies and Moths", eventually completed in 1901 in nine volumes, under the editorship of first Stainton and then George Taylor Porritt. This included descriptions by Hellins, constituting up to a third of the work, and by modern standards he would have been featured as a co-author (particularly in the earlier volumes). Perhaps a natural and priestly modesty moved him to decline co-authorship, or perhaps an overwhelming urge to give of himself in memory of his recently deceased friend, whom he was not long to survive. As it is, although in the text the editor has carefully noted the authorship of the individual descriptions, the work is normally cited as being solely by Buckler, and Hellins’ fame somewhat declined over the years. It is notable however that he was, with Buckler, the joint dedicatee of a popular book on Lepidoptera by Stainton, and that his descriptions of caterpillars continued to be attributed to him up to the middle of the twentieth century. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56283501 | 2,212,186 |
590,959 | Disposed to accept the unorthodox in life and art, and naturally tolerant of eccentricity, Gertrude Stein had accommodated the tendency of her Parisian contemporaries of spend their time and talent looking for ways to Épater la bourgeoisie. According to the American poet and literary critic John Malcolm Brinnin, this was "a society committed to the systematic outraging of every rule". Picasso's famous dinner party for Le Douanier Rousseau was an eye-opening event in the proto-Cubist period. "Le Banquet Rousseau", "one of the most notable social events of the twentieth century", writes Brinnin, "was neither an orgiastic occasion nor even an opulent one. Its subsequent fame grew from the fact that it was a colorful happening within a revolutionary art movement at a point of that movement's earliest success, and from the fact that it was attended by individuals whose separate influences radiated like spokes of creative light across the art world for generations." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38781217 | 590,657 |
688,018 | It was also believed that efficient heat transfer between the sides of the planet necessitates atmospheric circulation of an atmosphere so thick as to disallow photosynthesis. Due to differential heating, it was argued, a tidally locked planet would experience fierce winds with permanent torrential rain at the point directly facing the local star, the sub-solar point. In the opinion of one author this makes complex life improbable. Plant life would have to adapt to the constant gale, for example by anchoring securely into the soil and sprouting long flexible leaves that do not snap. Animals would rely on infrared vision, as signaling by calls or scents would be difficult over the din of the planet-wide gale. Underwater life would, however, be protected from fierce winds and flares, and vast blooms of black photosynthetic plankton and algae could support the sea life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39863531 | 687,660 |
1,346,658 | Use a solution of 280 g of sodium thiosulphate, 25 g of cupric acetate and 30 g of citric acid. It can be used on copper and its alloys, silver, nickel, iron, gold. The color depends on the duration of immersion, the sequence of colors on brass: Golden yellow-copper-purple-dark, blue-light, blue-chrome-nickel-red-grey, blue, and gray-black to iron or carbon steel. Variant for tin and pewter: 250 g sodium thiosulphate, 60 g copper acetate, 25 mL acetone, 1 L water, 45-85 °C, 1–20 minutes, gold -pink -blue - green. Variant for stainless steel: 100 g sodium thiosulphate, 10 g lead acetate, 12 g potassium sodium tartrate, 12 g copper sulfate, 1 lit water, 18-22 °C temperature of solution, 5–50 minutes, yellow, brown, red, green, blue, violet ,object must be in contact with piece of copper 300 times smaller surface than surface of treated object. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44890527 | 1,345,917 |
799,451 | Micometastases cannot be ruled out in locally advanced disease, and surgery alone is not always sufficient for complete cancer control. In certain situations, acquiring precise pathologic staging can make adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) an appealing option. Stage specific pathologic treatment and reduced time to surgery can predict prognosis and the absolute OS benefits in patients with at least cT3 disease A systematic review that studied 7,056 patients showed there was a known 9-11% absolute survival benefit at five years attributable to earlier administration of AC; there was a survival benefit seen with earlier administration, as well as a benefit that persisted when compared to controls who received no AC. One limitation of AC is that poor postoperative healing or complications can limit early administration, leading to a potential propagation of potential micrometastases, early recurrence, or reduction in cancer-specific survival. Enhanced recovery after surgery protocols have recently improved perioperative care and may make earlier time to AC administration less challenging. The recent approval of adjuvant immunotherapy for patients with adverse pathology may make earlier adjuvant administration more tolerable, and be provided to patients who received NAC prior to their RC. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3120122 | 799,026 |
275,315 | William of Ockham was a pioneer of nominalism, and some consider him the father of modern epistemology, because of his strongly argued position that only individuals exist, rather than supra-individual universals, essences, or forms, and that universals are the products of abstraction from individuals by the human mind and have no extra-mental existence. He denied the real existence of metaphysical universals and advocated the reduction of ontology. William of Ockham is sometimes considered an advocate of conceptualism rather than nominalism, for whereas nominalists held that universals were merely names, i.e. words rather than extant realities, conceptualists held that they were mental concepts, i.e. the names were names of concepts, which do exist, although only in the mind. Therefore, the universal concept has for its object, not a reality existing in the world outside us, but an internal representation which is a product of the understanding itself and which "supposes" in the mind the things to which the mind attributes it; that is, it holds, for the time being, the place of the things which it represents. It is the term of the reflective act of the mind. Hence the universal is not a mere word, as Roscelin taught, nor a "sermo", as Peter Abelard held, namely the word as used in the sentence, but the mental substitute for real things, and the term of the reflective process. For this reason William has sometimes also been called a "terminist", to distinguish him from a nominalist or a conceptualist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33617 | 275,167 |
496,617 | In 1975 Los Angeles, young and trustful science fiction writer Thaddeus Mobley receives an award for his novel "The Planet Wyh" and meets producer Howard Zimmerman, who wants to adapt the book into a film. During a screen test, Zimmerman introduces him to actress and femme fatale Vivian Lord. After Zimmerman claims that he is having trouble attracting Warren Beatty to the project, Mobley agrees to provide him with the necessary finances using his book advances. He begins dating Lord, who seduces him into becoming dependant on cocaine. These factors leave Mobley heavily in debt, and he discovers too late that he is a victim of Zimmerman and Lord's elaborate scam, as they never intended to make the movie. Enraged, he near-fatally beats Zimmerman. Before fleeing L.A. in fear of the consequences, Mobley sees the name of the manufacturer of his motel room's toilet, Dennis Stussy and Sons, (with the faded "D" implying that it is how he chose his future name of Ennis Stussy, Gloria Burgle's stepfather). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53977445 | 496,361 |
1,420,376 | STSS was designed to be the low Earth orbiter (LEO) within the layered Ballistic Missile Defense System. It complemented the geosynchronous Defense Support Program, the Space-Based Infrared System, and other overhead non-imaging infrared (ONIR) systems and provided tracking cues to systems on the surface. The STSS program was developed in phases, the first of which was the launch of two demonstrator satellites. The demonstrators performed experiments and proved out systems and processes to establish a knowledge base for future operational designs. The demonstration satellites, built by Northrop Grumman Space Technology (spacecraft) and Raytheon Technologies (sensors) detected and tracked a two-stage Ground-Based Interceptor (GBI) during a U.S. Missile Defense Agency flight test on 6 June 2010. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18044796 | 1,419,576 |
64,019 | The earliest recommendation of the median dates to 1757, when Roger Joseph Boscovich developed a regression method based on the "L" norm and therefore implicitly on the median. In 1774, Laplace made this desire explicit: he suggested the median be used as the standard estimator of the value of a posterior PDF. The specific criterion was to minimize the expected magnitude of the error; formula_80 where formula_81 is the estimate and formula_82 is the true value. To this end, Laplace determined the distributions of both the sample mean and the sample median in the early 1800s. However, a decade later, Gauss and Legendre developed the least squares method, which minimizes formula_83 to obtain the mean. Within the context of regression, Gauss and Legendre's innovation offers vastly easier computation. Consequently, Laplaces' proposal was generally rejected until the rise of computing devices 150 years later (and is still a relatively uncommon algorithm). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18837 | 63,994 |
1,369,572 | In 2004 Naish and colleagues described a giant Isle of Wight sauropod dinosaur that appears closely related to the North American brachiosaurid "Sauroposeidon", and informally referred to as Angloposeidon. Prior to the 2006 description of "Turiasaurus" from Spain, this was the largest dinosaur reported from Europe. In 2005 he coauthored the description of the new Cretaceous turtle "Araripemys arturi", and in 2006 he and David Martill published a revision of the South American crested pterosaurs "Tupuxuara" and "Thalassodromeus". During 2007 and 2008, Naish and Martill published a major revision of British dinosaurs; Naish also published work with Barbara Sánchez-Hernández and Michael J. Benton on the vertebrate fossils of Galve in Spain. The Galve fossils are significant in including istiodactylid pterosaurs, heterodontosaurids and spinosaurines. In 2007, Naish co-authored the description of the new sauropod "Xenoposeidon" with fellow Portsmouth-based palaeontologist Mike P. Taylor. In 2008 he published an evaluation of azhdarchid pterosaurs with Mark Witton, in which they argued that azhdarchids were stork- or ground hornbill-like generalists, foraging in diverse environments for small animals and carrion. Along with his colleagues Mike Taylor and Matt Wedel he published a paper on sauropod neck posture in 2008. In 2010 Naish published a paper on the theoretical flotation abilities of giraffes. In 2011 Hone, Naish and Cuthill published a paper on mutual selection in dinosaurs and pterosaurs In 2013, Naish described "Vectidraco daisymorrisae", a small azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Isle of Wight. Also in 2013 Naish and Witton published a follow-up to their 2008 paper on terrestrial stalking in azhdarchid pterosaurs. In 2015 Naish and colleagues published on a new, as yet unnamed, Transylvanian pterosaur taxon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3540339 | 1,368,816 |
1,167,989 | Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia is a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia that is extremely rare in adults and, although still rare, more common in children. The childhood disease is classified into two major subgroups based on its occurrence in individuals with or without Down syndrome. The disease in Down syndrome occurs in 20% to 30% of individuals who previously had transient myeloproliferative disorder. Their "GATA1" mutations are frameshifts in exon 2 that result in the failure to make GATA1 protein, continued formation of GATA1-S, and thus a greatly reduced ability to regulate GATA1-targeted genes. Transient myeloproliferative disorder is detected at or soon after birth and generally resolves during the next months but is followed within 1–3 years by acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. During this 1-3 year interval, individuals accumulate multiple somatic mutations in cells bearing inactivating GATA1 mutations plus trisomy 21. These mutations are thought to result from the uncontrolled proliferation of blast cells caused by the "GATAT1" mutation in the presence of the extra chromosome 21 and to be responsible for progression of the transient disorder to leukemia. The mutations occur in one or, more commonly, multiple genes including: "TP53, RUNX1, FLT3, ERG, DYRK1A, CHAF1B, HLCS, CTCF, STAG2, RAD21, SMC3, SMC1A, NIPBL, SUZ12, PRC2, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, MPL, KRAS, NRAS, SH2B3", and "MIR125B2" which is the gene for microRNA MiR125B2. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4694833 | 1,167,371 |
1,694,886 | Datasheets exist for an NS32132, apparently designed for multiprocessor systems. This is the NS32032 extended with an arbiter. The bus usage of the NS32032 is about 50 percent, owing to its very compact instruction set, or its very slow pipeline as competitors would phrase it. Indeed, one suggested application of the NS32032 was as part of a "fault-tolerant transaction system" employing "two 32032s in parallel and comparing results on alternate memory cycles to detect soft errors". The NS32132 chip allows a pair of CPUs to be connected to the same memory system, without much change of the PCB. Prototype systems were built by Diab Data AB in Sweden, but did not perform as well as the single-CPU MC68020 system designed by the same company. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35224 | 1,693,935 |
1,981,613 | The temporal order of replication of all the segments in the genome, called its replication-timing program, can now be easily measured in two different ways. One way simply measures the amount of the different DNA sequences along the length of the chromosome per cell. Sequences that duplicate first, long before cell division, will be more abundant in each cell than the sequences that replicate last just prior to cell division. The other way is to label newly synthesized DNA with chemically tagged nucleotides that become incorporated into the strands as they are synthesized, and then catch cells at different times during the duplication process and purify the DNA synthesized at each of these times using the chemical tag. In either case, we can measure the amount of the different DNA sequences along the length of the chromosome either directly using a machine that reads how much of each sequence is present or indirectly using a process called microarray hybridization. In any case, the temporal order of replication along the length of each chromosome can be plotted in graphical form to produce a "replication timing profile". Figure 4 shows an example of such a profile across 70,000,000 base pairs of human Chromosome 2. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29573659 | 1,980,474 |
1,838,036 | First published in 1950, under the title "Progress in Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry", its original format was as a hardback book issued annually containing specialist reviews of important papers in the various different fields. Its multi-disciplinary coverage spanning biological and physcical science disciplines was novel at that time, anticipating a trend that developed over the following decades. It was well regarded from the publication of the first edition, with one reviewer describing it as "refreshingly different", and recommended "for advanced students who want a comprehensive review of various phases of biophysics, biophysical chemistry, physiology, and the theoretical basis of specialized experimental techniques". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63975688 | 1,836,987 |
1,062,064 | Analytical microarrays are also known as capture arrays. In this technique, a library of antibodies, aptamers or affibodies is arrayed on the support surface. These are used as capture molecules since each binds specifically to a particular protein. The array is probed with a complex protein solution such as a cell lysate. Analysis of the resulting binding reactions using various detection systems can provide information about expression levels of particular proteins in the sample as well as measurements of binding affinities and specificities. This type of microarray is especially useful in comparing protein expression in different solutions. For instance the response of the cells to a particular factor can be identified by comparing the lysates of cells treated with specific substances or grown under certain conditions with the lysates of control cells. Another application is in the identification and profiling of diseased tissues. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1659679 | 1,061,510 |
361,139 | In parallel to this dynamic approach to cosmology, one long-standing debate about the structure of the cosmos was coming to a climax - the Great Debate (1917 to 1922) - with early cosmologists such as Heber Curtis and Ernst Öpik determining that some nebulae seen in telescopes were separate galaxies far distant from our own. While Heber Curtis argued for the idea that spiral nebulae were star systems in their own right as island universes, Mount Wilson astronomer Harlow Shapley championed the model of a cosmos made up of the Milky Way star system only. This difference of ideas came to a climax with the organization of the Great Debate on 26 April 1920 at the meeting of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C. The debate was resolved when Edwin Hubble detected Cepheid Variables in the Andromeda Galaxy in 1923 and 1924. Their distance established spiral nebulae well beyond the edge of the Milky Way. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1864889 | 360,950 |
1,145,726 | Because the confined native range of "Torreya taxifolia", which includes Torreya State Park, is a well known glacial refugium, the ecological conditions and plants that it associates with there do not provide the full picture of the habitat preferences of this species at this warming time of the Holocene. For this reason, the citizen advocacy group known as Torreya Guardians includes a page on their website titled "Historic Groves of Torreya Trees: Long-Term Experiments in Assisted Migration." "Naturalized groves" is the highest category listed, followed by "mature trees producing seeds" and "mature trees not producing seeds." As of 2022, 14 sites of historic groves are listed, described, mapped, and linked, along with six academic papers that describe the importance of such groves for assessing the viability of assisted migration as climate warms. The northern-most grove of horticulturally planted "Torreya taxifolia" that produces seeds is in Cleveland, Ohio. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2680498 | 1,145,125 |
145,168 | The first astronomer known to have continued Hipparchus's work on precession is Ptolemy in the second century AD. Ptolemy measured the longitudes of Regulus, Spica, and other bright stars with a variation of Hipparchus's lunar method that did not require eclipses. Before sunset, he measured the longitudinal arc separating the Moon from the Sun. Then, after sunset, he measured the arc from the Moon to the star. He used Hipparchus's model to calculate the Sun's longitude, and made corrections for the Moon's motion and its parallax (Evans 1998, pp. 251–255). Ptolemy compared his own observations with those made by Hipparchus, Menelaus of Alexandria, Timocharis, and Agrippa. He found that between Hipparchus's time and his own (about 265 years), the stars had moved 2°40', or 1° in 100 years (36" per year; the rate accepted today is about 50" per year or 1° in 72 years). It is possible, however, that Ptolemy simply trusted Hipparchus' figure instead of making his own measurements. He also confirmed that precession affected all fixed stars, not just those near the ecliptic, and his cycle had the same period of 36,000 years as found by Hipparchus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72576 | 145,110 |
1,155,402 | Another specific subset, infrastructure design, relies heavily on estimates of load, pressure, drainage and flow. Some software houses have attempted to provide design software catering for the variety of infrastructure design fields in an integrated manner. However, general-purpose software may be used in the same manner at a fraction of the cost of design software. When planning the construction phase, various project management methods are used to estimate factors such as cost, schedule and resourcing. Different software packages rely on different formulas and theories as the basis for these calculations. Consulting engineers also take advantage of the insight software can provide as far as crossing services are concerned. A road design may have to accommodate the presence of underground pipes for example. "Civil Designer" is an example of a design package which forms an integrated data gathering, drawing, surface modeling and design system for civil engineering infrastructure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14121747 | 1,154,792 |
777,157 | American audio engineer John T. Mullin and entertainer Bing Crosby were key players in the commercial development of magnetic tape. Mullin served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps and was posted to Paris in the final months of WWII. His unit was assigned to find out everything they could about German radio and electronics, including the investigation of claims that the Germans had been experimenting with high-energy directed radio beams as a means of disabling the electrical systems of aircraft. Mullin's unit soon amassed a collection of hundreds of low-quality magnetic dictating machines, but it was a chance visit to a studio at Bad Nauheim near Frankfurt while investigating radio beam rumours, that yielded the real prize. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70912 | 776,741 |
135,234 | As Pei neared the end of his secondary education, he decided to study at a university. He was accepted in a number of schools, but decided to enroll at the University of Pennsylvania. Pei's choice had two roots. While studying in Shanghai, he had closely examined the catalogs for various institutions of higher learning around the world. The architectural program at the University of Pennsylvania stood out to him. The other major factor was Hollywood. Pei was fascinated by the representations of college life in the films of Bing Crosby, which differed tremendously from the academic atmosphere in China. "College life in the U.S. seemed to me to be mostly fun and games", he said in 2000. "Since I was too young to be serious, I wanted to be part of it ... You could get a feeling for it in Bing Crosby's movies. College life in America seemed very exciting to me. It's not real, we know that. Nevertheless, at that time it was very attractive to me. I decided that was the country for me." Pei added that "Crosby's films in particular had a tremendous influence on my choosing the United States instead of England to pursue my education." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15155 | 135,179 |
1,155,277 | Intrinsic S-type stars are thermal pulsing asymptotic giant branch (TP-AGB) stars. AGB stars have inert carbon-oxygen cores and undergo fusion both in an inner helium shell and an outer hydrogen shell. They are large cool M class giants. The thermal pulses, created by flashes from the helium shell, cause strong convection within the upper layers of the star. These pulses become stronger as the star evolves and in sufficiently massive stars the convection becomes deep enough to dredge up fusion products from the region between the two shells to the surface. These fusion products include carbon and s-process elements. The s-process elements include zirconium (Zr), yttrium (Y), lanthanum (La), technetium (Tc), barium (Ba), and strontium (Sr), which form the characteristic S class spectrum with ZrO, YO, and LaO bands, as well as Tc, Sr, and Ba lines. The atmosphere of S stars has a carbon to oxygen ratio in the range 0.5 to < 1. Carbon enrichment continues with subsequent thermal pulses until the carbon abundance exceeds the oxygen abundance, at which point the oxygen in the atmosphere is rapidly locked into CO and formation of the oxides diminishes. These stars show intermediate SC spectra and further carbon enrichment leads to a carbon star. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19194676 | 1,154,667 |
245,554 | All of this is the result of the order in which the electron shells of these elements are filled—the outermost has the same configuration for all of them, and a deeper shell is progressively filled with electrons as the atomic number increases from 57 towards 71. For many years, mixtures of more than one rare earth were considered to be single elements, such as neodymium and praseodymium being thought to be the single element didymium and so on. Very small differences in solubility are used in solvent and ion-exchange purification methods for these elements which require a great deal of repeating to get a purified metal. The refined metals and their compounds have subtle and stark differences amongst themselves in electronic, electrical, optical, and magnetic properties which account for their many niche uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18308 | 245,427 |
1,490,699 | AOP is usually treated by blood transfusion but the indications for this are still unclear. Blood transfusions have both infectious and non-infectious risks associated with them. Also, blood transfusions are costly and may add to parental anxiety. The best treatment for AOP is prevention of worsening of anemia by minimizing the amount of blood drawn from the infant (ie, anemia from phlebotomy). It is found that since blood loss attributable to laboratory testing is the primary cause of anemia among preterm infants during the first weeks of life, it would be useful to quantify blood loss attributable to phlebotomy overdraw (ie, blood collected in excess than what is strictly required for the requested lab tests). Lin and colleagues performed a study to see when and if phlebotomy overdraw was actually a significant problem. They recorded all of the data that could be of influence such as the test performed, the blood collection container used, the infants location (neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and intermediate intensive care unit), the infant’s weight sampling and the phlebotomist’s level of experience, work shift, and clinical role. Infants were classified by weight into 3 groups: <1 kg, 1 to 2 kg, and >2 kg. The volume of blood removed was calculated by subtracting the weight of the empty collection container from that of the container filled with blood. They found that the mean volume of blood drawn for the 578 tests exceeded that requested by the hospital laboratory by 19.0% ± 1.8% per test. The main factors of overdraw was: collection in blood containers without fill-lines, lighter weight infants and critically ill infants being cared for in the NICU. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9704676 | 1,489,860 |
2,018,449 | Work on the R.III commenced again in October 1916, when a number of improvements based on field experience with the R.V and R.VI were incorporated into the aircraft. These included: reinforcement of the tail, engine and gearbox thermometers, lighting in the engine room, and covers for the radiators that could be extended in flight. The wing was extended both in span and in chord. By this time, the "Idflieg" had relaxed its specifications for the R-types ordered from Siemens-Schuckert, and with the Benz engines fitted, the R.III was able to meet the lowered standard. Siemens-Schuckert delivered the refurbished aircraft to "Riesenflugzeugersatzabteilung" (Rea — "giant aircraft support unit") on 12 December 1916 and it was accepted into service on 21 December. In its modified form, the aircraft was of no use on the front line, but was used for training instead, a role in which it was still serving in February 1918. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23717539 | 2,017,286 |
1,248,297 | In cognitive psychology, fast mapping is the term used for the hypothesized mental process whereby a new concept is learned (or a new hypothesis formed) based only on minimal exposure to a given unit of information (e.g., one exposure to a word in an informative context where its referent is present). Fast mapping is thought by some researchers to be particularly important during language acquisition in young children, and may serve (at least in part) to explain the prodigious rate at which children gain vocabulary. In order to successfully use the fast mapping process, a child must possess the ability to use "referent selection" and "referent retention" of a novel word. There is evidence that this can be done by children as young as two years old, even with the constraints of minimal time and several distractors. Previous research in fast mapping has also shown that children are able to retain a newly learned word for a substantial amount of time after they are subjected to the word for the first time (Carey and Bartlett, 1978). Further research by Markson and Bloom (1997), showed that children can remember a novel word a week after it was presented to them even with only one exposure to the novel word. While children have also displayed the ability to have equal recall for other types of information, such as novel facts, their ability to extend the information seems to be unique to novel words. This suggests that fast mapping is a specified mechanism for word learning. The process was first formally articulated and the term 'fast mapping' coined Susan Carey and Elsa Bartlett in 1978. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1104562 | 1,247,621 |
1,502,680 | The nineteenth century marked the most important time in the evolution of aphasiology, beginning with the works of Franz Josef Gall. Gall is the founder of the more modern localization theory and is the origin of the idea of a language center in the brain. However, supporting evidence for the theory that language had its own anatomical representation was not found until the case study of Mr. Leborgne, also known as Tan, by Paul Broca in 1861. The discovery of what is now known as Broca's area was followed years later by Carl Wernicke's famous work, 'The Symptom-Complex of Aphasia: A Psychological Study on an Anatomical Basis' in 1874. This paper is regarded as one of the most influential works in the history of the field of aphasiology. In it, Wernicke described many of the different classifications of aphasia and is the basis for the classical model of aphasia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=179093 | 1,501,834 |
50,723 | Virtually all nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator. Nuclear-powered ships and submarines either use a steam turbine directly for main propulsion, with generators providing auxiliary power, or else employ turbo-electric transmission, where the steam drives a turbo generator set with propulsion provided by electric motors. A limited number of steam turbine railroad locomotives were manufactured. Some non-condensing direct-drive locomotives did meet with some success for long haul freight operations in Sweden and for express passenger work in Britain, but were not repeated. Elsewhere, notably in the United States, more advanced designs with electric transmission were built experimentally, but not reproduced. It was found that steam turbines were not ideally suited to the railroad environment and these locomotives failed to oust the classic reciprocating steam unit in the way that modern diesel and electric traction has done. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27692 | 50,703 |
1,013,215 | Even as the Flak 30 was entering service, the Luftwaffe and "Heer" (army) branches of the "Wehrmacht" had doubts about its effectiveness, given the ever-increasing speeds of low-altitude fighter-bombers and attack aircraft. The Army in particular felt the proper solution was the introduction of the 37 mm calibre weapons they had been developing since the 1920s, which had a rate of fire about the same as the Flak 38 but fired a round with almost eight times the weight. This not only made the rounds deadlier on impact, but their higher energy and ballistic coefficient allowed them to travel much longer distances, allowing the gun to engage targets at longer ranges. This meant it could keep enemy aircraft under fire over longer time spans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3563538 | 1,012,694 |
1,030,218 | Slaves were one of the most important trade items. The Vikings bought and sold slaves throughout their trade network. Viking slaves were known as "thralls". a good number of imported slaves came from the Islamic world. In Viking Raids, slaves and captives were usually of great importance for both the monetary and labor value. In addition to being bought and sold slaves could be used to pay off debts, and were often used as human sacrifices in religious ceremonies. A slave's price depend on their skills, age, health, and looks. Many slaves were sold to the Arab Caliphate because of the high demand. Many European Christians and Pagans were sold to them by the Vikings. The slave trade also existed in Northern Europe as well were other Norse Men and Women were sold and held as slaves as well. Records from the life of Archbishop Timber suggest that this was quite common. "The Life of St. Anskar" also suggests that slaves were a tradable commodity. Individuals were often also held as captives for ransom instead of just being seized and sold into slavery. In Northwestern Europe it is likely that Viking Age Dublin became the center of the Slave trade, with one account from the Fragmentary Annals describing Vikings bringing “Blue Men” back from raids in the south as slaves. These slaves were likely Black African prisoners taken from raids in either North Africa or the Iberian peninsula. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44717355 | 1,029,684 |
2,071,655 | In September 2004, "Nature" published a report written by Jon Lawrence, Michael Ashley, Andrei Tokovinin, and Tony Travouillon on the seeing abilities of astronomical telescopes in Antarctica. The paper concluded that Dome C would be "the best ground-based site to develop a new astronomical observatory." The data used in this report was collected by a remote control experiment run through the French-Italian Concordia Station near Dome C. However, Ashley and his team have been to Antarctica on four separate trips, in 1995, 1998, 2001, and 2004 for earlier experiments, such as measurements of the near-infrared quality of the brightness of the sky. It was found that pictures taken from a telescope at Dome C are, on average, 2.5 times better than those taken at observatories elsewhere. This discovery has been lauded as finding the clearest skies on Earth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23448158 | 2,070,464 |
313,091 | Two days after his first JCS meeting, there was a meeting of the Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS), which Leahy also chaired. In these meetings the JCS met with the leaders of the British Joint Staff Mission: Field Marshal Sir John Dill, Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham, Air Marshal Douglas Evill and Lieutenant General Gordon Macready. CCS meetings were held every Friday. The main agendum item at his first JCS and CCS meetings was Operation Gymnast, a proposed invasion of French North Africa. Marshall and King were opposed to it on the grounds that it would divert resources necessary for Operation Roundup, a landing in northern France, but after listening to their arguments, Leahy informed them Roosevelt was adamant that it was vital American forces take the field against Germany in 1942, and that Gymnast was to proceed. Roosevelt gave his formal assent on July 25. Marshall and King considered this to be tentative, but Leahy informed them that the decision was final. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=448716 | 312,923 |
1,003,170 | In the figure shown below, P1 refers to the first-step of the iterative reconstruction process, of the projection matrix P of the fan-beam geometry, which is constrained by the data fidelity term. This may contain noise and artifacts as no regularization is performed. The minimization of P1 is solved through the conjugate gradient least squares method. P2 refers to the second step of the iterative reconstruction process wherein it utilizes the edge-preserving total variation regularization term to remove noise and artifacts, and thus improve the quality of the reconstructed image/signal. The minimization of P2 is done through a simple gradient descent method. Convergence is determined by testing, after each iteration, for image positivity, by checking if formula_22 for the case when formula_23 (Note that formula_24 refers to the different x-ray linear attenuation coefficients at different voxels of the patient image). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11403316 | 1,002,652 |
1,043,162 | A further consequence of SPBM's transparency in both dataplane and control plane is that it provides a perfect, "no compromise" delivery of the complete MEF 6.1 service set. This includes not only E-LINE and E-LAN constructs, by also E-TREE (hub-and-spoke) connectivity. This latter is clearly very relevant to enterprise customers of carrier VPN/MPLS services which have this network structure internally. It also provides the carrier with the toolkit to support geo-redundant broadband backhaul; in this applications, many DSLAMs or other access equipments must be backhauled to multiple Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS) sites, with application-determined binding of sessions to a BRAS. However, DSLAMs must not be allowed to communicate with each other, because carriers then lose the ability to control peer-to-peer connectivity. MEF E-TREE does just this, and further provides an efficient multicast fabric for the distribution of IP TV. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23094504 | 1,042,618 |
1,680,372 | Changes in the marbled newt habitat have occurred over the last few years. With the loss of many forest areas, their typical ranges are being diminished along with their population. This loss of habitat is allowing the range and population of another newt, "T. cristatus," to expand. This newt species prefers open and flat areas. The largest cause of habitat loss is climate change, with land use cover being the secondary cause. Climate change directly affects the water cycle and temperature—two very important environmental factors for amphibian species. These changes have the ability to directly affect the migration range and general territory of the marbled newts. The range of the newts has been reduced over the past few years and is expected to experience further restrictions over the course of the 21 century. While large-scale experiments have been done to assess the general risk of climate change and direct human impact on the habitat of marbled newts, more local and smaller-scale studies must be performed to determine the full range of effects on these newts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8617031 | 1,679,429 |
855,722 | Conventional methods for the detection of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) are based on a comparison of single QTL models with a model assuming no QTL. For instance in the "interval mapping" method the likelihood for a single putative QTL is assessed at each location on the genome. However, QTLs located elsewhere on the genome can have an interfering effect. As a consequence, the power of detection may be compromised, and the estimates of locations and effects of QTLs may be biased (Lander and Botstein 1989; Knapp 1991). Even nonexisting so-called "ghost" QTLs may appear (Haley and Knott 1992; Martinez and Curnow 1992). Therefore, multiple QTLs could be mapped more efficiently and more accurately by using multiple QTL models. One popular approach to handle QTL mapping where multiple QTL contribute to a trait is to iteratively scan the genome and add known QTL to the regression model as QTLs are identified. This method, termed composite interval mapping determine both the location and effects size of QTL more accurately than single-QTL approaches, especially in small mapping populations where the effect of correlation between genotypes in the mapping population may be problematic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=623866 | 855,267 |
89,787 | Escher, who had been very fond of and inspired by the landscapes in Italy, was decidedly unhappy in Switzerland. In 1937 the family moved again, to Uccle (Ukkel), a suburb of Brussels, Belgium. World War II forced them to move in January 1941, this time to Baarn, Netherlands, where Escher lived until 1970. Most of Escher's best-known works date from this period. The sometimes cloudy, cold, and wet weather of the Netherlands allowed him to focus intently on his work. After 1953, Escher lectured widely. A planned series of lectures in North America in 1962 was cancelled after an illness, and he stopped creating artworks for a time, but the illustrations and text for the lectures were later published as part of the book "Escher on Escher". He was awarded the Knighthood of the Order of Orange-Nassau in 1955; he was later made an Officer in 1967. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20127 | 89,750 |
366,485 | Unlike earlier digitisations, Schwartz created two different optical sizes for body text and display sizes, which have different spacing metrics giving tighter spacing at display size and looser spacing to increase legibility in text. The release includes a number of features not present on digitisations branded as Helvetica, stylistic alternates such as separate punctuation sets for upper- and lower-case text, "modernist" cedilla designs styled to match the comma and reduced-height numbers to blend into extended text. The Text optical size of Neue Haas Grotesk also provides stylistic alternates for a straight-legged upper case "R", while the Display optic size provides stylistic alternates for a straight-legged upper case "R" and a lower case "a" without tail. It originated from an abandoned redesign plan for "The Guardian" newspaper. Writing for "Typographica", Matthew Butterick described the release as better than any previous digital release of Helvetica “it’s never looked better”. Users include Bloomberg Businessweek, the Whitney Museum, and for the album "Midnights", Taylor Swift. Schwartz's company Commercial Type have additionally developed a companion monospaced version, agate version for small sizes and stencil font. The release does not include condensed weights or support for Greek and Cyrillic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=147375 | 366,293 |
1,625,479 | In either case, these EEG measuring techniques allow one to non-invasively measure action potentials of groups of neurons within the brain using transducers called electrodes. The electrical signals from these electrode transducers are then amplified using differential amplifiers to measure potential differences from one area of the scalp or brain to another. The acquired analog signal is then converted to a digital signal to allow processing and storage of the data using an analog-to-digital converter which is then filtered to remove any signal noise not associated with the neuronal activity. The final signal can then be displayed on an external computer screen as a visual representation of the EEG signals measured. Other EEG techniques can sum these cellular responses either temporally or spatially and help determine which areas of the brain are active during specific activities or due to specific stimuli. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2566101 | 1,624,563 |
967,944 | In 2013 the British government announced that £250 million had been budgeted to establish two centers for advanced radiotherapy: The Christie NHS Foundation Trust (the Christie Hospital) in Manchester, which opened in 2018; and University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, which opened in 2021. These offer high-energy proton therapy, and other types of advanced radiotherapy, including intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT). In 2014, only low-energy proton therapy was available in the UK, at Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust in Merseyside. But NHS England has paid to have suitable cases treated abroad, mostly in the US. Such cases rose from 18 in 2008 to 122 in 2013, 99 of whom were children. The cost to the National Health Service averaged ~£100,000 per case. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1164549 | 967,434 |
661,001 | The PTC taste test has been widely used in school and college practical teaching as an example of Mendelian polymorphism in human populations. Based on a taste test, usually of a piece of paper soaked in PTC (or the less toxic propylthiouracil (PROP)), students are divided into taster and non-taster groups. By assuming that PTC tasting is determined by a dominant allele at a single autosomal gene, and that the class is an unbiased sample from a population in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, students then estimate allele and genotype frequencies within the larger population. While this interpretation is broadly consistent with numerous studies of this trait, it is worth noting that other genes, sex, age and environmental factors influence sensitivity to PTC. Also, there are several alleles segregating at the major gene determining the taste of PTC, particularly in African populations, and the common "taster" allele is incompletely dominant (homozygotes for this allele are more sensitive to PTC than are heterozygotes). Additionally, PTC is toxic and sensitivity to the substitute, PROP, does not show a strong association with the gene controlling ability to taste PTC. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=618991 | 660,656 |
1,256,819 | In the systems of this type of CWKPS, the pulling tether set drives the resisting people and objects to various points on the surface of water bodies or land or points in the atmosphere. In this type of crosswind kite power operation, the design of the resistive objects (people, boards, hulls, boats, ships, water turbines, air turbines, other wings) makes for further types. Cross winding of the upper flying wings provide power to achieve certain final objectives. The objectives are found in such as kiteboarding, kite windsurfing, snow kiting, yacht kiting, freighter-ship sailing, kite boating, and free-flight soaring and jumping. A collection of researchers have explored the historic free-flight parakite realm to where crosswind flying of the systems' wings would enable free-flight in the atmosphere; fundamentally this is a kite-string set with a wing above and a wing as the resistive anchor set; control of the separate wing set, especially in cross winding efforts mine the power of winds in different layers of the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39562189 | 1,256,135 |
1,936,437 | Considering their low abundance, members of the rare biosphere may represent ancient and persistent taxa. As these less abundant species are limited in number, viral infection and ultimately death by lysis is more unlikely as the viruses depend on high concentrations of host organisms to persist. Additionally, being less abundant implies to limited growth, and being on the smaller end of the cell size spectrum. This limits the likelihood of death by ingestion, as grazers prefer larger or more active microbes. It is important to note that just because these taxa are “rare” now does not mean that under previous conditions in our planet’s history they were “rare”. These taxa could be have been episodically abundant, resulting in either global changes in biogeochemical cycles or a small change of the conditions in their current environment. Given the persistence of these taxa under the right conditions they have the potential to dominate, and become the more abundant taxa. The occurrence of such conditions may occur on many temporal scales. It may be possible that some rare taxa dominate only during anomalous years, such as during El Niño. Change in abundance may occur on a seasonal scale. Global climate change may provide some of these rare taxa with the conditions necessary to increase in abundance. Even in their low abundance, taxa belonging to the rare biosphere may be affecting global biogeochemical cycles. For example, recent evidence implicates that a rare minority may be responsible for fixing more cumulative nitrogen than the abundant majority of microbial cells in marine environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29393471 | 1,935,329 |
1,718,760 | The pattern specifies balanced sequences of nested begin/end and acquire/release pairs for each Thread and Lock (formula_5 is the empty sequence). Here begin and end refer to the begin and end of every method in the program (except the calls to acquire and release themselves). They are parametric in the Thread because it is necessary to associate the beginning and end of methods if and only if they belong to the same Thread. The acquire and release events are also parametric in the Thread for the same reason. They are, additionally, parametric in Lock because we do not wish to associate the releases of one Lock with the acquires of another. In the extreme, it is possible that there will be an instance of the property, i.e., a copy of the context-free parsing mechanism, for each possible combination of Thread with Lock; this happens, again, intuitively, because runtime verification systems may implement the same functionality differently. For example, if a system has Threads formula_6, formula_7, and formula_8 with Locks formula_9 and formula_10, then it is possible to have to maintain property instances for the pairs <formula_6,formula_9>, <formula_6,formula_10>, <formula_7,formula_9>, <formula_7,formula_10>, <formula_8,formula_9>, and <formula_8,formula_10>. This property should be monitored for failures to match the pattern because the pattern specified correct behavior. The figure to the right shows a trace that produces two violations of this property. The steps down in the figure represent the beginning of a method, while the steps up are the end. The grey arrows in the figure show the matching between given acquires and releases of the same Lock. For simplicity, the trace shows only one Thread and one Lock. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3098816 | 1,717,790 |
96,313 | One case of hydrocephalus was a man whose brain shrank to a thin sheet of tissue, due to a buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in his skull. As a child, the man had a shunt, but it was removed when he was 14. In July 2007, at age 44, he went to a hospital due to mild weakness in his left leg. When doctors learned of the man's medical history, they performed a CT and MRI scan, and were astonished to see "massive enlargement" of the lateral ventricles in the skull. Dr. Lionel Feuillet of Hôpital de la Timone in Marseille said, "The images were most unusual... the brain was virtually absent." Intelligence tests showed the person had an IQ of 75, considered "Borderline intellectual functioning", just above what would be officially classified as intectually disabled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=203297 | 96,272 |
1,686,460 | Familial hypertriglyceridemia is considered to be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. However, it is important to recognize that most cases have a polygenic inheritance distancing themselves from traditional Mendelian inheritance patterns. One of the most common mutations implicated in the development of familial hypertriglyceridemia is a heterozygous inactivating mutation of the LPL gene. Inactivation of this gene leads to an individual's inability to hydrolyze the triglycerides within the VLDL core. This inactivation of function leads to a considerable accumulation of triglycerides and VLDL in the bloodstream, which then contributes to several avenues of pathology. Individuals with insulin resistance can have even further elevated levels of hypertriglyceridemia due to the fact that insulin is a potent activator of LPL. Therefore, an individual who is resistant to the bioactivity of insulin will have decreased LPL activity and will therefore lead to further hypertriglyceridemia, helping push serum triglycerides to pathologic levels. Beyond the classic understanding of single-gene mutation leading to disease, hypertriglyceridemia is also linked to several different genetic loci permitting additional aberrant changes to other lipid levels in the body. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22992129 | 1,685,514 |
2,010,814 | During Colonel Prescott's five years at the institute, the school's student enrollment grew and the first diplomas were awarded. On September 23, 1895, the school held its first classes with six faculty members and 212 students from 22 parishes. Although there were no classes offered for music studies at first, student demand led to the administration offering courses in piano, voice, and violin. For the 1897–1898 academic year, the student enrollment grew to 300 students while the faculty expanded to 12 teachers. In the spring of 1897, Colonel Prescott awarded the school's degree to Harry Howard. Harry Howard received a Bachelor of Industry degree after two years of study. Mr. Howard would become an instructor at the college as well as the College Treasurer and the Director of the Business Department for over 25 years. The first graduation ceremony was held in 1898 when ten graduates received their diplomas at the Ruston Opera House. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32044878 | 2,009,661 |
902,744 | For example, the linear nitrous oxide molecule (with "n" = 3) has 3"n" − 5 = 4 independent infinitesimal deformation modes. Two of them can be described as stretching one of the bonds while the other retains its normal length. The other two can be identified which the molecule bends at the central atom, in the two directions that are orthogonal to its axis. In each mode, one should assume that the atoms get displaced so that the center of mass remains stationary and there is no rotation. The molecule then has "f" = 6"n" − 5 = 13 total energy-storing degrees of freedom (3 translational, 2 rotational, 8 vibrational). At high enough temperature, its molar heat capacity then should be "c" = 7.5 "R" = 62.63 J⋅K⋅mol. For cyanogen and acetylene ("n" = 4) the same analysis yields "f" = 19 and predicts "c" = 10.5 "R" = 87.3 J⋅K⋅mol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1410760 | 902,268 |
2,167,921 | Her current research interests include the development and application of thermodynamic and kinetic theory and experiments of phase transformation and interface motion to complex industrial and scientific problems. Her group focuses on understanding how specific microstructure can be designed in polycrystalline materials and thin films by controlled interface properties. They also are developing models for how single crystal nanowires nucleate and grow using the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) method to improve the manufacturing and reliability of the current generation of Pb-lead solder interconnects on printer circuit boards. They are also developing new nanoparticle-based interconnect structures for next generation circuit assembly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=68709378 | 2,166,684 |
88,198 | Yeager was commissioned a second lieutenant while at Leiston, and was promoted to captain before the end of his tour. He flew his 61st and final mission on January 15, 1945, and returned to the United States in early February 1945. As an evader, he received his choice of assignments and, because his new wife was pregnant, chose Wright Field to be near his home in West Virginia. His high number of flight hours and maintenance experience qualified him to become a functional test pilot of repaired aircraft, which brought him under the command of Colonel Albert Boyd, head of the Aeronautical Systems Flight Test Division. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6185 | 88,163 |
1,485,530 | In 1874 the fifth report of the Royal Commission on Scientific Instruction and the Advancement of Science found that the pay for teaching staff at King's was inadequate and that the main obstacle to figure success was "that it is so extremely poor". The commissioners concluded that "[King's and UCL] have established a claim to the aid of government that ought to be admitted", recommending that both colleges should receive an annual grant to cover their running costs and capital grants to cover buildings and equipment. They also recommended that before King's received such a grant, the College should apply for a new charter or an Act of Parliament to remove the proprietary rights of the shareholders and to remove religious restrictions on professors of science and on privileges granted to students. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49301271 | 1,484,693 |
509,849 | In the following year, Gopichand formulated his plans for the academy and approached Nimmagadda Prasad, a distant relative and a serial entrepreneur, to raise money for this venture. At that time, Prasad sold Matrix Laboratories, a pharmaceutical manufacturing company, to an American pharma company, Mylan Inc. Since Prasad was convinced about Gopichand's idea, he immediately offered US$500,000 and his assistance in raising an additional amount of US$2 million. With cricket being a more popular sport, Gopichand and Prasad found it hard to raise additional money from other sources. Over time, Prasad increased his contribution to US$1.25 million. Gopichand's wife and former Olympian, P. V. V. Lakshmi, was very supportive of him and even contributed to the effort of securing monetary support. Despite other donations, Gopichand could only gather US$1.75 million. It was then he decided to mortgage his family home and raise the remaining money for the already delayed project. In 2008, the facility was eventually completed at the cost of US$2.5 million. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29204881 | 509,585 |
2,162,661 | Student Robotics is a registered charity that runs an annual robotics competition for teams of 16 to 19 year-olds. The charity aims to foster a world where engineering and artificial intelligence is accessible to young people with a stated mission "to bring the excitement of engineering and the challenge of coding to young people through robotics". The competition is free to enter and teams are provided with all of the core electronics that they need to build a robot. To encourage creative and ingenious solutions to problems, constraints on design (other than overall size) are kept to a minimum, and the students can build and fashion their robots with any materials they choose; this results in a wide range of quirky, original robots. The robots must operate autonomously; once they are switched on to compete no interference from the team is allowed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31819810 | 2,161,426 |
767,089 | Its position as a leading institution in the training of the critical spirit has made ENS into France's premier training ground for future philosophers and producers of what has been called by some "French theory". Its position as a philosophical birthplace can be traced back to its very beginnings, with Victor Cousin a student in the early 19th century. Two ENS philosophers won the Nobel Prize in Literature for their writings, Henri Bergson and Jean-Paul Sartre. Raymond Aron, the founder of French anti-communist thought in the 1960s and Sartre's great adversary, was a student from the same year as Sartre, and they were both near contemporaries of phenomenologist Maurice Merleau-Ponty, musicologist Vladimir Jankélévitch and historian of philosophy Maurice de Gandillac. In Sèvres, in the ENS for young women, philosopher and mystic Simone Weil was accomplishing her years of study at the same time. Jean Hyppolite, the founder of Hegelian studies in France, also studied at the school at this time and later influenced many of its students. Epistemologists Georges Canguilhem and Jean Cavaillès, the latter also known as a Résistance hero, were educated at ENS as well. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=317478 | 766,678 |
690,736 | The holotype skull has a length of eighty centimetres. It is as such rather flat but this is obscured by the presence of a large snout crest occupying about three quarters of the skull length, reaching the level of the eye sockets. Sprouting from the praemaxillae at the snout tip, the crest is largely formed by the nasal bones. Transversely it has a triangular cross-section with a broad base and a more narrow top; this does not form a ridge, however, but has a flat upper surface. The nasal crest side is very rugose with a series of bosses and swellings. The nasal bone contributes to the upper rear part of the depression around the antorbital fenestra. This area shows a number of pneumatic openings or pneumatopores, where diverticula of the air sacks entered the bone. In the front two small "foramina" are present, more to the rear two large horizontal oval openings. CAT scans showed that internally the nasal bone is heavily pneumatised, with large air chambers. Also the jugal bone is pneumatised. The lacrimal is I-shaped. It has an ascending branch forming the vertical rear edge of the crest; due to the triangular cross-section this branch is inclined towards the midline of the skull. The upper outer side of this branch forms a rectangular boss. Behind the eye socket, on the postorbital another, smaller, horn is present. The frontal bones do not contribute to the crest; they are unique among Theropoda in having a combined rectangular instead of triangular shape, due to the posterior position of the crest rear. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3548770 | 690,373 |
94,725 | As a result of the fair-weather limitation of the propeller-driven Skyraider in the Korean War and the advent of turbine engines, the United States Navy issued preliminary requirements in 1955 for an all-weather carrier-based attack aircraft. The U.S. Navy published an operational requirement document for it in October 1956. It released a request for proposals (RFP) in February 1957. This request called for a 'close air support attack bomber capable of hitting the enemy at any time'. Aviation authors Bill Gunston and Peter Gilchrist observe that this specification was shaped by the service's Korean War experiences, during which air support had been frequently unavailable unless fair weather conditions were present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=379613 | 94,684 |
2,122,049 | Fusion research in the UK started on a shoestring budget at Imperial College in 1946. When George Paget Thomson failed to gain funding from John Cockcroft's Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE), he turned over the project to two students, Stanley (Stan) W. Cousins and Alan Alfred Ware (1924-2010). They started working on the concept in January 1947, using a glass tube and old radar parts. Their small experimental device was able to generate brief flashes of light. However, the nature of the light remained a mystery as they could not come up with a method of measuring its temperature. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29985187 | 2,120,830 |
1,463,708 | Anhydrous ruthenium(III) chloride is usually prepared by heating powdered ruthenium metal with chlorine. In the original synthesis, the chlorination was conducted in the presence of carbon monoxide, the product being carried by the gas stream and crystallising upon cooling. Two allotropes of RuCl are known. The black α-form adopts the CrCl-type structure with long Ru-Ru contacts of 346 pm. This allotrope has honeycomb layers of Ru which are surrounded with an octahedral cage of Cl anions. The ruthenium cations are magnetic residing in a low-spin J~1/2 ground state with net angular momentum L=1. Layers of α-RuCl are stacked on top of each other with weak Van-der-Waals forces. These can be cleaved to form mono-layers using scotch tape. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2701007 | 1,462,885 |
1,754,646 | In March 2019, the Minister of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change, Yeo Bee Yin said MYSA would focus on technology, infrastructure and strategic space application development. It would be tasked with gathering comprehensive satellite data and information systems to assist various public agencies effectively in terms of environment, natural resources, food security, disaster management and climate change management. The collected data and information can be shared with the private sector, to help them develop and achieve their own modelling system. The merge of MRSA and ANGKASA into one agency would improve work efficiencies by optimising the use of existing resources and facilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64513737 | 1,753,656 |
232,934 | After the highly controversial dinner with Washington, Roosevelt continued to speak out against lynchings, but did little to advance the cause of African-American civil rights. He reduced the number of blacks holding federal patronage. In 1906, he approved the dishonorable discharges of three companies of black soldiers who all refused his direct order to testify regarding their actions during a violent episode in Brownsville, Texas, known as the [[Brownsville affair]. Roosevelt was widely criticized by Northern newspapers for the discharges, and Republican Senator [[Joseph B. Foraker]] won passage of a congressional resolution directing the administration to turn over all documents related to the case. The controversy hung over the remainder of his presidency, although the Senate eventually concluded that the dismissals had been justified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3520221 | 232,815 |
1,408,101 | Historically, the upwards funarg problem has proven to be the more difficult. For example, the Pascal programming language allows functions to be passed as arguments but not returned as results; thus implementations of Pascal are required to address the downwards funarg problem but not the upwards one. The Modula-2 and Oberon programming languages (descendants of Pascal) allow functions both as parameters and return values, but the assigned function may not be a nested function. The C programming language historically avoids the main difficulty of the funarg problem by not allowing function definitions to be nested; because the environment of every function is the same, containing just the statically allocated global variables and functions, a pointer to a function's code describes the function completely. Apple has proposed and implemented a closure syntax for C that solves the upwards funarg problem by dynamically moving closures from the stack to the heap as necessary. The Java programming language deals with it by requiring that context used by nested functions in anonymous inner and local classes be declared final, and context used by lambda expressions be effectively final. C# and D have lambdas (closures) that encapsulate a function pointer and related variables. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=810385 | 1,407,311 |
934,320 | Knowledge representation and reasoning are a key enabling technology for the Semantic Web. Languages based on the Frame model with automatic classification provide a layer of semantics on top of the existing Internet. Rather than searching via text strings as is typical today, it will be possible to define logical queries and find pages that map to those queries. The automated reasoning component in these systems is an engine known as the classifier. Classifiers focus on the subsumption relations in a knowledge base rather than rules. A classifier can infer new classes and dynamically change the ontology as new information becomes available. This capability is ideal for the ever-changing and evolving information space of the Internet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16920 | 933,828 |
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