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2,213,673 | NCS1 proteins are H/Na symporters specific for the uptake of purines, pyrimidines and related metabolites. Krypotou et al. 2015 studied the origin, diversification and substrate specificities of fungal NCS1 transporters, suggesting that the two fungal NCS1 subfamilies, Fur and Fcy, and plant homologues, originated through independent horizontal transfers from prokaryotes. Expansion by gene duplication led to functional diversification of fungal NCS1 porters. They characterized all Fur proteins in Aspergillus nidulans. Homology modelling, substrate docking, molecular dynamics and systematic mutational analysis in three Fur transporters with distinct specificities identified residues critical for function and specificity, located within a major substrate binding site, in transmembrane segments TMS1, TMS3, TMS6 and TMS8. They predicted and confirmed that residues determining substrate specificity are located not only in the major substrate binding site, but also in a putative outward-facing selectivity gate. Their evolutionary and structure-function analyses led to the concept that selective channel-like gates may contribute to substrate specificity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27493016 | 2,212,413 |
139,481 | During the late 1950s, Hoffman's influence on Olympic lifting and his predominately Olympic-based magazine "Strength and Health" were beginning to come under increasing pressure from Joe Weider's organization. In order to combat the growing influence of Weider, Hoffman started another magazine, "Muscular Development", which would be focused more on bodybuilding and the fast-growing interest in odd lift competitions. The magazine's first editor was John Grimek. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, various odd lift events gradually developed into the specific lifts of the bench press, squat, and deadlift, and they were lifted in that order. Hoffman became more and more influential in the development of this new lifting sport and organized the Weightlifting Tournament of America in 1964, effectively the first USA National championships. In 1965, the first named USA National Championships were held. During the same period, lifting in Britain also had factions. In the late 1950s, because members of the ruling body (BAWLA, the British Amateur Weight Lifters' Association) were only interested in the development of Olympic lifting, a breakaway organization called the Society of Amateur Weightlifters had been formed to cater for the interests of lifters who were not particularly interested in Olympic lifting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64223 | 139,424 |
739,790 | The first line of treatment is surgery to remove papillomas. Typically performed using a laryngeal endoscopy, surgery can protect intact tissues and the individual's voice, as well as ensure that the airway remains unobstructed by the disease. However, surgery does not prevent recurrences, and can lead to a number of serious complications. Laser technology, and carbon dioxide laser surgery in particular, has been used since the 1970s for the removal of papillomas; however, laser surgery is not without its risks, and has been associated with a higher occurrence of respiratory tract burns, stenosis, severe laryngeal scarring, and tracheoesophagyeal fistulae. Tracheotomies are offered for the most aggressive cases, where multiple debulking surgery failures have led to airways being compromised. The tracheotomies use breathing tubes to reroute air around the affected area, thereby restoring the person's breathing function. Although this intervention is usually temporary, some people must use the tube indefinitely. This method should be avoided if at all possible, since the breathing tube may serve as a conduit for spread of the disease as far down as the tracheobronchial tree. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2154041 | 739,398 |
1,648,217 | A sleek green scale model of the new Pritchard car design was put on public show in March 1975 at the Melbourne International Motor Show. In April, Senator James McClelland, Minister for Manufacturing Industry, announced that the Australian Government would provide funds equivalent to $250,000 for the manufacture of three prototype engines for Pritchard at its ordnance factory in Bendigo. The agreement was signed on 7 July 1975, with Pritchard Power providing the designs and testing of the manufactured power plants. However, the first of the three engines was not delivered until 18 August 1977, leaving the Pritchard company struggling for money to continue development in the interim. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54112011 | 1,647,285 |
1,632,966 | The "Cynognathus" Assemblage Zone correlates with the Burgersdorp Formation in the upper Tarkastad Subgroup of the Beaufort Group. The "Cynognathus" Assemblage Zone contains argillaceous mudstone successions varying from maroon to reddish, blueish-green, and greyish-green in colour. The mudstones are interbedded with lenticular and feldspathic sandstones which appear greenish-grey when fresh and brownish-yellow when eroded out. Clay-rich pebble conglomerates are also observed in some areas. Complete, articulated fossils are frequently found encased in calcareous nodules within the mudstone layers while complete skulls are mainly found in the sandstone. The mudstones were likely deposited in low-energy, meandering fluvial environments alongside sand-rich river channels. The environment during time of deposition was semi-arid, but with seasonal rain and flooding due to the presence of crevasse splays in the mudstone layers. A lack of well developed channel sandstones provides evidence for more lacustrine areas in the more northerly occurring outcrops of the biozone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7000617 | 1,632,044 |
1,347,754 | In recent years, new consumer-based devices have been introduced and improved in order to allow patients to monitor themselves at home. Most studies have looked at smart-devices such as the Apple Watch and FitBit. One study reported the Apple Watch showing a slightly more accurate heart-rate reading over time, versus the FitBit with a 95% and a 91% agreement rate to the ECG, respectively. Additionally, another study saw that the Apple Watch to produced clinically acceptable accuracy, which could potentially aid millions of patients with cardiac illnesses track their heart-rates consistently throughout the day in order to prevent serious cardiac events. Moreover, there are other consumer-based products available that have been found to have similar accuracy, such as a chest-worn heart rate monitor and a heart-rate vest with the chest-strap, producing 0.76% mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and the vest-worn monitor producing 3.32% MAPE. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13811770 | 1,347,013 |
673,050 | The 1929 stock market crash and ensuing depression, coupled with more stringent safety regulations, caused many of the flying circuses and barnstorming circuits to fold. During the decade, options for women pilots in the United States were limited mainly to sales, marketing, racing and barnstorming and being an instructor pilot. In 1930, Ellen Church, a pilot who was unable to secure work flying, proposed to airline executives that women be allowed to act as hostesses on planes. She was hired on a three-month trial basis by Boeing Air Transport and selected the first seven flight attendants for airlines. These first flight attendants were required to be under 115 pounds, nurses and unmarried. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47210395 | 672,698 |
544,396 | As a student of Cartan, the geometer Shiing-Shen Chern wrote:Usually the day after [meeting with Cartan] I would get a letter from him. He would say, “After you left, I thought more about your questions...”—he had some results, and some more questions, and so on. He knew all these papers on simple Lie groups, Lie algebras, all by heart. When you saw him on the street, when a certain issue would come up, he would pull out some old envelope and write something and give you the answer. And sometimes it took me hours or even days to get the same answer... I had to work very hard.In 1921 he became a foreign member of the Polish Academy of Learning and in 1937 a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1938 he participated in the International Committee composed to organise the International Congresses for the Unity of Science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=386274 | 544,114 |
1,300,292 | Neuroethology can help create advancements in technology through an advanced understanding of animal behavior. Model systems were generalized from the study of simple and related animals to humans. For example, the neuronal cortical space map discovered in bats, a specialized champion of hearing and navigating, elucidated the concept of a computational space map. In addition, the discovery of the space map in the barn owl led to the first neuronal example of the Jeffress model. This understanding is translatable to understanding spatial localization in humans, a mammalian relative of the bat. Today, knowledge learned from neuroethology are being applied in new technologies. For example, Randall Beer and his colleagues used algorithms learned from insect walking behavior to create robots designed to walk on uneven surfaces (Beer et al.). Neuroethology and technology contribute to one another bidirectionally. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=645120 | 1,299,578 |
934,091 | Since the canons of criticism are highly susceptible to interpretation, and at times even contradict each other, they may be employed to justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda. Starting in the 19th century, scholars sought more rigorous methods to guide editorial judgment. Stemmatics and copy-text editing – while both eclectic, in that they permit the editor to select readings from multiple sources – sought to reduce subjectivity by establishing one or a few witnesses presumably as being favored by "objective" criteria. The citing of sources used, and alternate readings, and the use of original text and images helps readers and other critics determine to an extent the depth of research of the critic, and to independently verify their work. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155023 | 933,599 |
40,949 | The specific medications that are used to support patients are directly related to the cause of the symptom or sign. Just as the symptoms of myocarditis mirror those of congestive heart failure, so too do the therapies. Additionally, the order in which therapies are used depends on the degree of heart dysfunction, with stabilization of patient blood pressure and breathing taking highest priority when present. This can involve the use of inotropes, or medications that make the heart contract with greater force, as well as antiarrhythmic drugs such as adenosine or carvedilol. In patients that have stable and adequate heart function, further treatments are based on heart failure guidelines. ACE inhibitors or Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) can have a protective benefit to the heart, so either are typically used in any patient with symptomatic myocarditis. Simultaneously, beta blockers are used in patients that can tolerate their heart beating at a slower rate. Shortness of breath at rest and swelling can be relieved with diuretics such as furosemide, and the addition of aldosterone receptor blockers can augment the diuresis while preventing the excess loss of potassium. In patients with symptoms while resting, additional medications can be added such as digoxin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=452461 | 40,934 |
355,357 | Special forces need to perform fast, decisive operations, frequently airborne or boat-mounted. A pistol, though light and quick to operate, is viewed as not having enough power, firepower, or range. A submachine gun has selective fire, but firing a pistol cartridge and having a short barrel and sight radius, it is not accurate or powerful enough at longer ranges. Submachine guns also tend to have poorer armor and cover penetration than rifles and carbines firing rifle ammunition. Consequently, carbines have gained wide acceptance among United States Special Operations Command, United Kingdom Special Forces, and other communities, having relatively light weight, large magazine capacity, selective fire, and much better range and penetration than a submachine gun. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6579 | 355,174 |
1,325,921 | Patel was born in Baramati, India, and received a Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.) degree from the Government College of Engineering, the University of Pune, India and the M.S. and PhD in electrical engineering from Stanford University in 1959 and 1961, respectively. Patel joined Bell Laboratories in 1961, and subsequently became Executive Director of the Research, Materials Science, Engineering and Academic Affairs Division at AT&T Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey, where he developed the carbon dioxide laser. Patel's discovery, in 1963, of the laser action on the vibrational-rotational transitions of carbon dioxide and his discovery, in 1964, of efficient vibrational energy transfer between molecules, led to a series of experiments which demonstrated that the carbon dioxide laser was capable of very high continuous-wave and pulsed power output at very high conversion efficiencies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5719598 | 1,325,194 |
108,508 | Shulk has been featured as a playable character in the "Super Smash Bros." crossover fighting game series, appearing in its "Nintendo 3DS" and "Wii U" and "Ultimate" installments. Gaur Plain, a location in the game, appears as a stage along with several music tracks; one of the game's recurring antagonists, Metal Face, appears as a hazard on said stage; Dunban and Riki (and Fiora in "Ultimate") accompany Shulk during his Final Smash. Additionally Riki also appears as an Assist Trophy, using his own Arts to disrupt opponents. Fiora was later featured as a playable character in the crossover game "Project X Zone 2", representing the "Xeno" series alongside "Xenosaga" character KOS-MOS, opposite Metal Face as an enemy character. By using experience gained during development of "Xenoblade Chronicles" and listening to feedback on the game, Takahashi and the team began work on a spiritual successor for the Wii U. Titled "Xenoblade Chronicles X", it was released worldwide in 2015. A sequel for the Nintendo Switch, "Xenoblade Chronicles 2", was released worldwide in December 2017, and Shulk and Fiora can appear as optional Blades to recruit via the DLC expansion pass. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25992553 | 108,463 |
1,755,656 | This work led Essen to champion the caesium spectrum as an international time standard. The ammonia molecule had already been proposed as such but Essen was convinced that caesium would prove more stable. However, the International Astronomical Union meeting in Rome in 1952 had adopted the ephemeris time scale, on a proposal by Gerald Clemence defining the time unit in terms of the Earth's motion round the sun. The ephemeris second, based on a fraction of the tropical year derived from Simon Newcomb's expression for the mean solar motion, became a standard in 1960, but in 1967, at the 13th Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures, the second was redefined in terms of a value for the ephemeris second that had been precisely measured by Essen in collaboration with William Markowitz of the United States Naval Observatory in terms of the frequency of a chosen line from the spectrum of caesium. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=495065 | 1,754,666 |
869,592 | The various regional conflicts escalating in Southeast Asia during the years 1961 through 1975 were causal for reactivating the 10th Weather Squadron on 8 July 1966 at Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base in Thailand, to conduct combat weather operations in Southeast Asia. The 10th subsequently relocated to Long Binh AI, RVN, 3 Aug 1967 and then to Nakhon Phanom, Thailand, 18 February 1974 before being inactivated 30 June 1972. The squadron trained indigenous weather personnel and set up clandestine weather observation networks throughout Southeast Asia. The 10th Weather Squadron played an important part in the raid on the Son Tay POW camp (a.k.a. Operation Ivory Coast) of 1970. The weather forecasting for this mission primarily relied upon images obtained from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites, data obtained by weather aircraft reconnaissance sorties, and extensive climatic analysis data. Weather forecaster Major Keith R. Grimes who as Lt Col became the commander of the 10th during the period from 7 July 1974 to 15 Jul 1975 was weather advisor to the Joint Task Force Commander planning Operation Ivory Coast. It is Major Grimes' extensive work with climatological data and forecasts prepared by Air Weather Service personnel credited by Air Weather Service historians as setting raid's general date. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5662029 | 869,132 |
1,094,547 | These three formations were laid down over a period of 30 million years from early-to-middle Cambrian time. Trilobites followed by brachiopods are the most commonly reported fossils in this group but well-preserved fossils are relatively rare. We know that the shoreline was transgressing (advancing onto land) because finer grade material was deposited on top of coarser-grained sediment. Today, the Tonto Group makes up the Tonto Platform seen above and following the Colorado River; the Tapeats Sandstone and Muav Limestone form the platform's cliffs and the Bright Angel Shale forms its slopes. Unlike the Proterozoic units below it, the Tonto Group's beds basically lie in their original horizontal position. The Bright Angel Shale in the group forms an aquiclude (barrier to groundwater seeping down), and thus collects and directs water through the overlying Muav Limestone to feed springs in the Inner Gorge. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=621004 | 1,093,987 |
861,557 | In early 1960, "Archerfish" was chosen to participate in Operation "Sea Scan", a scientific study of marine weather conditions, water composition, ocean depths, and temperature ranges. She entered the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in January to be specially equipped for this new mission. During this time, the vessel was redesignated an auxiliary submarine, with hull classification symbol AGSS-311. Embarking a team of civilian scientists, she commenced the first phase of "Sea Scan" on 18 May. On the cruise, the submarine visited Portsmouth, England; Hammerfest and Bergen, Norway; Faslane, Scotland; Thule, Godthaab, and Julianehab, Greenland; Belfast, Northern Ireland; and Halifax, Nova Scotia, before mooring at New London on 3 December. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1002122 | 861,098 |
393,409 | Zirkle noted that Hippocrates described pangenesis, the theory that what is inherited derives from the whole body of the parent, whereas Aristotle thought it impossible; but that all the same, Aristotle implicitly agreed to the inheritance of acquired characteristics, giving the example of the inheritance of a scar, or of blindness, though noting that children do not always resemble their parents. Zirkle recorded that Pliny the Elder thought much the same. Zirkle pointed out that stories involving the idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics appear numerous times in ancient mythology and the Bible, and persisted through to Rudyard Kipling's "Just So Stories". The idea is mentioned in 18th century sources such as Diderots "D'Alembert's Dream". Erasmus Darwin's "Zoonomia" (c. 1795) suggested that warm-blooded animals develop from "one living filament... with the power of acquiring new parts" in response to stimuli, with each round of "improvements" being inherited by successive generations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187588 | 393,214 |
2,242,927 | The EYCN consists of a Board with three Executive Board members and five complementary teams (Membership Team, Networks Team, Global Connections Team, Science Team and Communication Team) that have their own responsibilities, and each is managed by a Team Leader. The Delegate Assembly (DA), a meeting of the national chemical societies' representatives, takes place annually and the Board members and the Team Leaders are elected biennially. Being one of the most active divisions of EuChemS, the EYCN's main goal is to support and mentor students, early career researchers and professionals through awards (best poster and best oral presentation prizes, the European Young Chemist Award - EYCA), exchange programs (congress fellowships, Young Chemists Crossing Borders - YCCB program) and educational activities (conferences, Career Days, soft-skills symposiums). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41305472 | 2,241,656 |
1,289,614 | Physical Review X is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal published by the American Physical Society covering all branches of pure, applied, and interdisciplinary physics. It carefully applies highly selective editorial standards and aims to attract, select, and publish papers that are exceptional in originality, substance, and significance. It is part of the "Physical Review" family of journals. The lead editors are Jean-Michel Raimond of the Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie and M. Cristina Marchetti of University of California, Santa Barbara. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal had a 2021 impact factor of 14.417. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41343095 | 1,288,905 |
587,721 | The origins of burnouts can be traced to drag racing, where they have a practical purpose: drag racing slicks perform better at higher temperatures, and a burnout is the quickest way to raise tire temperature immediately prior to a race. They also clean the tire of any debris and lay down a layer of rubber by the starting line for better traction. Drag race tracks sometimes use a specially-reserved wet-surface area known as the "water box", because water is poured onto a certain area to reduce the friction to initiate the burnout. This was once called a "bleach box", when bleach was used instead of water; this began in 1969, the year the first burnout was done in NHRA, at the Hot Rod Magazine Championship Drag Races in Riverside, California. Don Garlits was the first to do burnouts across the starting line, which is now standard practice. Water, bleach and resin were used, and water is said to work as well as bleach. Early on, traction compound RFI also produced the spectacular flame burnouts. The hazard of using flammable traction compound led NHRA to mandate use of water, instead. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3142341 | 587,419 |
332,671 | One study has shown that strabismic children commonly exhibit behaviors marked by higher degrees of inhibition, anxiety, and emotional distress, often leading to outright emotional disorders. These disorders are often related to a negative perception of the child by peers. This is due not only to an altered aesthetic appearance, but also because of the inherent symbolic nature of the eye and gaze, and the vitally important role they play in an individual's life as social components. For some, these issues improved dramatically following strabismus surgery. Notably, strabismus interferes with normal eye contact, often causing embarrassment, anger, and feelings of awkwardness, thereby affecting social communication in a fundamental way, with a possible negative effect on self esteem. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=581456 | 332,494 |
1,211,767 | During secretion after differentiation from the outer cells of the dental papilla, it is noted that it is polarized so its nucleus is aligned away from the newly formed dentin, with its Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum towards the dentin reflecting its unidirectional secretion. Thus with the formation of primary dentin, the cell moves pulpally, away from the basement membrane (future dentinoenamel junction) at the interface between the inner enamel epithelium and dental papilla, leaving behind the odontoblastic process within the pulp. The odontoblastic cell body keeps its tapered structure with cytoskeletal fibres, mainly intermediate filaments. Unlike cartilage and bone, as well as cementum, the odontoblast's cell body does not become entrapped in the product; rather, one long, cytoplasmic attached extension remains behind in the formed dentin. The differentiation of the odontoblast is done by signaling molecules and growth factors in the cells of the inner enamel epithelium. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2197838 | 1,211,115 |
918,779 | Meltdown relies on a CPU race condition that can arise between instruction execution and privilege checking. Put briefly, the instruction execution leaves side effects that constitute information not hidden to the process by the privilege check. The process carrying out Meltdown then uses these side effects to infer the values of memory mapped data, bypassing the privilege check. The following provides an overview of the exploit, and the memory mapping that is its target. The attack is described in terms of an Intel processor running Microsoft Windows or Linux, the main test targets used in the original paper, but it also affects other processors and operating systems, including macOS (aka OS X), iOS, and Android. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56208586 | 918,296 |
325,647 | HPLC is distinguished from traditional ("low pressure") liquid chromatography because operational pressures are significantly higher (50–350 bar), while ordinary liquid chromatography typically relies on the force of gravity to pass the mobile phase through the column. Due to the small sample amount separated in analytical HPLC, typical column dimensions are 2.1–4.6 mm diameter, and 30–250 mm length. Also HPLC columns are made with smaller adsorbent particles (2–50 μm in average particle size). This gives HPLC superior resolving power (the ability to distinguish between compounds) when separating mixtures, which makes it a popular chromatographic technique. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=168651 | 325,474 |
311,094 | Under the terms of the Paris Agreement, on 14 November 2004, Iran's chief nuclear negotiator announced a voluntary and temporary suspension of its uranium enrichment program (enrichment is not a violation of the NPT) and the voluntary implementation of the Additional Protocol, after pressure from the United Kingdom, France, and Germany on behalf of the European Union. The measure was said at the time to be a voluntary confidence-building measure, to continue for some reasonable period of time (six months being mentioned as a reference) as negotiations with the EU-3 continued. On 24 November, Iran sought to amend the terms of its agreement with the EU to exclude a handful of the equipment from this deal for research work. This request was dropped four days later. According to Seyed Hossein Mousavian, one of the Iranian representatives to the Paris Agreement negotiations, the Iranians made it clear to their European counterparts that Iran would not consider a permanent end to uranium enrichment: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=721807 | 310,926 |
1,609,903 | U.S. jurisdictional programs (states and territories) screened less than 3% of all newborns for hearing loss in the U.S. at the beginning of the 1990s. Data from states and territories for the early years of EHDI (1999–2004) were collected using surveys conducted by the Directors of Speech and Hearing Programs in State Health and Welfare Agencies and shared with the CDC EHDI Program. Beginning in 2005, CDC obtained data through an Office of Management and Budget approved survey sent to EHDI programme directors. In 1999, 22 jurisdictions estimated that less than half of all infants (46.5%) were screened for hearing loss, steadily increasing to 80.1% in 2005 85.4% in 2007, and 98.0% by 2009. The number of deaf and hard of hearing babies identified early in life in the U.S. has steadily increased from 855 in the year 2000, 2,634 in 2005 and most recently reported 6,337 in calendar year 2016. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32101377 | 1,608,998 |
331,325 | In vertebrates and invertebrate chordates, RA has a pivotal role during development. Altering levels of endogenous RA signaling during early embryology, both too low and too high, leads to birth defects, including congenital vascular and cardiovascular defects. Of note, fetal alcohol spectrum disorder encompasses congenital anomalies, including craniofacial, auditory, and ocular defects, neurobehavioral anomalies and mental disabilities caused by maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. It is proposed that in the embryo there is competition between acetaldehyde, an ethanol metabolite, and retinaldehyde (retinal) for aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, resulting in a retenoic acid deficiency, and attributing the congenital birth defects to the loss of RA activated gene activation. In support of this theory, ethanol-induced developmental defects can be ameliorated by increasing the levels of retinol or retinal. As for the risks of too much RA, the prescription drugs tretinoin ("all-trans"-retinoic acid) and isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid), used orally or topically for acne treatment, come with warnings to not be used by pregnant women or women who are anticipating becoming pregnant, as they are known human teratogens. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54114 | 331,148 |
1,815,689 | Another notable early-20th century find occurred serendipitously at a farm: A farmer named Elmer Cook found a great number of late Pliocene fossils on his land. Dr. Harold recovered hundreds of pounds of fossils from the Cook farm. He sent a selection of the find to the National Museum in 1928. In response, J. W. Gidley and N. H. Boss of the Smithsonian Institution led an expedition to the Cook farm. They dug thirty feet down into the top of a hill and uncovered a great abundance of fossils. Among the most prominent were horse bones including skulls, jaws, and sections of their vertebral columns. The horse preserved here was later found to be a transitional form between the primitive "Pliohippus" and the modern horse genus "Equus". The Idahoan find was called "Plesippus soshenensis". Other fossils found at the site included beavers, fish, frogs, turtles, and other animals closely associated with water. These taxa are closely associated with water and hint that the area was a drinking hole. Other fossils include aquatic birds, camels, cats, hares, mastodons, otters, peccaries, and sloths. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37799153 | 1,814,655 |
169,613 | The first-stage propellant tanks share the diameter of the Delta IV Common Booster Core but will contain liquid methane and liquid oxygen propellants rather than the Delta IV's liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. Blue Origin's BE-4 engine was selected to power Vulcan's first stage in September 2018 after a competition with the Aerojet Rocketdyne's AR1. ULA may use the Sensible Modular Autonomous Return Technology (SMART) which seeks to capture and re-use the BE-4 engines. ULA is working on the 'Sensible Modular Autonomous Return Technology' (SMART) reuse concept. The booster engines, avionics, and thrust structure would be detached as a module from the propellant tanks after booster engine cutoff, with the module descending through the atmosphere under an inflatable heat shield. After parachute deployment, the module would be captured by a helicopter in mid-air. ULA estimated that this would reduce the cost of the first stage propulsion by 90%, and 65% of the total first stage cost. The BE-4 burns liquified natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4164089 | 169,523 |
529,051 | Titchener's ideas on how the mind worked were heavily influenced by Wundt's theory of voluntarism and his ideas of Association and Apperception (the passive and active combinations of elements of consciousness respectively). Titchener attempted to classify the structures of the mind in the way a chemist breaks down chemicals into their component parts—water into hydrogen and oxygen, for example. Thus, for Titchener, just as hydrogen and oxygen were structures, so were sensations and thoughts. He conceived of hydrogen and oxygen as structures of a chemical compound, and sensations and thoughts as structures of the mind. A sensation, according to Titchener, had four distinct properties: intensity, quality, duration, and extent. Each of these related to some corresponding quality of stimulus, although some stimuli were insufficient to provoke their relevant aspect of sensation. He further differentiated particular types of sensations: auditory sensation, for example, he divided into "tones" and "noises." Ideas and perceptions he considered to be formed from sensations; "ideational type" was related to the type of sensation on which an idea was based, e.g., sound or vision, a spoken conversation or words on a page. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=518927 | 528,777 |
792,849 | In 1776 Watt formed an engine-building and engineering partnership with manufacturer Matthew Boulton. The partnership of Boulton & Watt became one of the most important businesses of the Industrial Revolution and served as a kind of creative technical centre for much of the British economy. The partners solved technical problems and spread the solutions to other companies. Similar firms did the same thing in other industries and were especially important in the machine tool industry. These interactions between companies were important because they reduced the amount of research time and expense that each business had to spend working with its own resources. The technological advances of the Industrial Revolution happened more quickly because firms often shared information, which they then could use to create new techniques or products. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1424698 | 792,424 |
1,485,458 | Hydrophobins are a group of small (~100 amino acids) cysteine-rich proteins that are expressed only by filamentous fungi that are lichenized or not. They are known for their ability to form a hydrophobic (water-repellent) coating on the surface of an object. They were first discovered and separated in "Schizophyllum commune" in 1991. Based on differences in hydropathy patterns and biophysical properties, they can be divided into two categories: class I and class II. Hydrophobins can self-assemble into a monolayer on hydrophilic:hydrophobic interfaces such as a water:air interface. Class I monolayer contains the same core structure as amyloid fibrils, and is positive to Congo red and thioflavin T. The monolayer formed by class I hydrophobins has a highly ordered structure, and can only be dissociated by concentrated trifluoroacetate or formic acid. Monolayer assembly involves large structural rearrangements with respect to the monomer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7627201 | 1,484,621 |
1,246,072 | In 1992, Kristian Fauchald detailed a conclusive history of research and classification of the Eunicidae family. Primary studies undertaken in 1767 on coral reefs in Norway, initially classified Eunicid species under the Nereis family. In 1817, Georges Cuvier created a new genus, "Eunice", to classify these and other original taxa. Throughout the 1800s (1832-1878) worm species were added to this genera by Jean Victor Audouin and Henri Milne-Edwards, Kinberg, Edwardsia de Quatrefages, Malmgren, Ehlers and Grube. Following the "Challenger" and "Albatross" expeditions, research was expanded by McIntosh and Chamberlain. In 1921 and 1922, Treadwell added new species from coral reefs in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Species were reviewed and their classifications were refined by Fauvel, Augener and Hartman throughout the early 1900s. In 1944, Hartman codified a system of separate classification for the family, informally grouping North American species using the original suggestions of Ehlers. Hartman's system was expanded and specified by Fauchald in 1970 and later again by Miura in 1986. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7329785 | 1,245,397 |
1,347,239 | The long, wide, high Graduate Reading Room (illustrated below) features cast-stone ashlar wall blocks and details, and oak bookcases topped with hand-carved friezes of native plants, under a painted and stenciled timber-vaulted ceiling. Tall leaded windows feature 35 foot stained glass panels reproducing Renaissance watermarks. On the oriels at each end of the room, painted world globes bear the names of European explorers. The Graduate Reading Room spans the entire third floor of the west front of the library. Its distinctive look, reminiscent of the great halls of Oxford and Cambridge colleges, is also said to have been inspired by Henry Suzzallo's stated belief that universities should be "cathedrals of learning." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=872655 | 1,346,498 |
397,790 | Another major pioneering effort of the early hovercraft era was carried out by Jean Bertin's firm in France. Bertin was an advocate of the "multi-skirt" approach, which used a number of smaller cylindrical skirts instead of one large one in order to avoid the problems noted above. During the early 1960s he developed a series of prototype designs, which he called "terraplanes" if they were aimed for land use, and "naviplanes" for water. The best known of these designs was the N500 Naviplane, built for Seaspeed by the "Société d'Etude et de Développement des Aéroglisseurs Marins" (SEDAM). The N500 could carry 400 passengers, 55 cars and five buses. It set a speed record between Boulogne and Dover of . It was rejected by its operators, who claimed that it was unreliable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=152690 | 397,594 |
758,615 | Given the high proportion of population in rural areas, with limited numbers of students, most communities relied on one-room school houses. Teachers would deal with the range of students of various ages and abilities by using the Monitorial System, an education method that became popular on a global scale during the early 19th century. This method was also known as "mutual instruction" or the "Bell-Lancaster method" after the British educators Dr Andrew Bell and Joseph Lancaster, who each independently developed it about 1798. As older children in families would teach younger ones, the abler pupils in these schools became 'helpers' to the teacher, and taught other students what they had learned. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9083795 | 758,209 |
514,133 | Computational chemistry techniques were used to probe the active site of the enzyme, in an attempt to design derivatives of DANA that would bind tightly to the amino acid residues of the catalytic site, so would be potent and specific inhibitors of the enzyme. The GRID software by Molecular Discovery was used to determine energetically favourable interactions between various functional groups and residues in the catalytic site canyon. This investigation showed a negatively charged zone occurs in the neuraminidase active site that aligns with the C hydroxyl group of DANA. This hydroxyl is, therefore, replaced with a positively charged amino group; the 4-amino DANA was shown to be 100 times better as an inhibitor than DANA, owing to the formation of a salt bridge with a conserved glutamic acid (119) in the active site. Glu 119 was also noticed to be at the bottom of a conserved pocket in the active site that is just big enough to accommodate the larger, but more basic guanidine functional group. Zanamivir, a transition-state analogue inhibitor of neuraminidase, was the result. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=957027 | 513,867 |
1,572,270 | "TBX5" is involved with the development of the four heart chambers, the electrical conducting system, and the septum separating the right and left sides of the heart. "TBX5" is a transcription factor that codes for the protein called T-box 5. Along with playing roles in the development of the heart, septum, and electrical system of the heart, it also activates genes that are involved in the development of the upper limbs, the arms and hands. This gene is involved in patterning major aspects of the heart; however, it is also involved in the muscle connective tissue for muscle and tendon patterning. A study showed that deletion of "TBX5" in forelimbs causes disruption in the muscle and tendon patterning without affecting the skeletons development. T-box protein 5 expression is in the cells of the lateral plate mesoderm which form the forelimb bud and the cascade of limb initiation. In its absence no forelimb bud forms. Diseases and defects associated with this gene include Holt–Oram syndrome, and are associated with limb defects and several other abnormalities. The cardiac defects include defects in the septum dividing the left and right sides of the heart, conduction system abnormalities, and other problems. The exact mechanism that Tbx5 activates gene expression is still being discovered and is actively being understood. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14762406 | 1,571,382 |
391,085 | Boron trifluoride and trichloride are used as catalysts in organic synthesis and electronics; the tribromide is used in the manufacture of diborane. Non-toxic boron ligands could replace toxic phosphorus ligands in some transition metal catalysts. Silica sulfuric acid (SiOOSOH) is used in organic reactions. Germanium dioxide is sometimes used as a catalyst in the production of PET plastic for containers; cheaper antimony compounds, such as the trioxide or triacetate, are more commonly employed for the same purpose despite concerns about antimony contamination of food and drinks. Arsenic trioxide has been used in the production of natural gas, to boost the removal of carbon dioxide, as have selenous acid and tellurous acid. Selenium acts as a catalyst in some microorganisms. Tellurium, its dioxide, and its tetrachloride are strong catalysts for air oxidation of carbon above 500 °C. Graphite oxide can be used as a catalyst in the synthesis of imines and their derivatives. Activated carbon and alumina have been used as catalysts for the removal of sulfur contaminants from natural gas. Titanium doped aluminium has been identified as a substitute for expensive noble metal catalysts used in the production of industrial chemicals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=85425 | 390,890 |
633,050 | Instead of a one-shot temporary installation, the hackers have designed and built a permanent facility that can be re-used repeatedly by the MIT community. An understanding has been reached with the EAPS Department, which is headquartered in the Green Building, to allow the light display hardware to remain installed in each window. To avoid annoying the occupants and to allow late-working staff to "opt out", each light display is equipped with a manual override button, which will disable the pixel lighting for that window for several hours after it is pressed. In addition, the hackers have released open-source software tools used to develop new display patterns, so that others can design and deploy new stationary or animated images, in cooperation with the hacker engineers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4668387 | 632,712 |
43,796 | In 2011, Rep. Tom McClintock and other groups called on the Government Accountability Office to investigate possible violations of the Competition in Contracting Act, arguing that Congressional mandates forcing NASA to use Space Shuttle components for the SLS are de facto non-competitive, single-source requirements assuring contracts to existing Shuttle suppliers. The Competitive Space Task Force, in September 2011, said that the new government launcher directly violates NASA's charter, the Space Act, and the 1998 Commercial Space Act requirements for NASA to pursue the "fullest possible engagement of commercial providers" and to "seek and encourage, to the maximum extent possible, the fullest commercial use of space". Opponents of the heavy launch vehicle have critically used the name "Senate launch system", a name that was still being used by opponents to criticize the program in 2021, as "the NASA Inspector General said the total cost of the rocket would reach $27 billion through 2025". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31368179 | 43,779 |
1,468,777 | The focus in the 1980s was mainly on reliably transferring NC programs between a host computer and the control. The Host computers would frequently be Sun Microsystems, HP, Prime, DEC or IBM type computers running a variety of CAD/CAM software. DNC companies offered machine tool links using rugged proprietary terminals and networks. For example, DLog offered an x86 based terminal, and NCPC had one based on the 6809. The host software would be responsible for tracking and authorising NC program modifications. Depending on program size, for the first time operators had the opportunity to modify programs at the DNC terminal. No time was lost due to broken tapes, and if the software was correctly used, an operator running incorrect or out of date programs became a thing of the past. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2998794 | 1,467,953 |
1,995,576 | Paleontology in Georgia refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Georgia. During the early part of the Paleozoic, Georgia was largely covered by seawater. Although no major Paleozoic discoveries have been uncovered in Georgia, the local fossil record documents a great diversity of ancient life in the state. Inhabitants of Georgia's early Paleozoic sea included corals, stromatolites, and trilobites. During the Carboniferous local sea levels dropped and a vast complex of richly vegetated delta formed in the state. These swampy deltas were home to early tetrapods which left behind footprints that would later fossilize. Little is known of Triassic Georgia and the Jurassic is absent altogether from the state's rock record. During the Cretaceous, however, southern Georgia was covered by a sea that was home to invertebrates and fishes. On land, the tree "Araucaria" grew, and dinosaurs inhabited the state. Southern Georgia remained submerged by shallow seawater into the ensuing Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Cenozoic era. These seas were home to small coral reefs and a variety of other marine invertebrates. By the Pleistocene the state was mostly dry land covered in forests and grasslands home to mammoths and giant ground sloths. Local coal mining activity has a history of serendipitous Carboniferous-aged fossil discoveries. Another major event in Georgian paleontology was a 1963 discovery of Pleistocene fossils in Bartow County. Shark teeth are the Georgia state fossil. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37798993 | 1,994,433 |
1,684,182 | The cultivation of rice in Bangladesh varies according to seasonal changes in the water supply. The largest harvest is aman, occurring in November and December and accounting for more than half of annual production. Some rice for the aman harvest is sown in the spring through the broadcast method, matures during the summer rains, and is harvested in the fall. The higher yielding method involves starting the seeds in special beds and transplanting during the summer monsoon. The second harvest is aus, involving traditional strains but more often including high-yielding, dwarf varieties. Rice for the aus harvest is sown in March or April, benefits from April and May rains, matures during the summer rain, and is harvested during the summer. With the increasing use of irrigation, there has been a growing focus on another rice-growing season extending during the dry season from October to March. The production of this boro rice, including high-yield varieties, expanded rapidly until the mid-1980s, when production leveled off at just below 4 million tons. Where irrigation is feasible, it is normal for fields throughout Bangladesh to produce rice for two harvests annually. Between rice-growing seasons, farmers will do everything possible to prevent the land from lying fallow and will grow vegetables, peanuts, pulses, or oilseeds if water and fertilizer are available. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22075208 | 1,683,238 |
650,737 | Giant landslides are rare events. Humanity has never witnessed enormous collapses on La Palma and there is evidence that the western flank of La Palma is currently stable and a collapse in the near future unlikely. A worst-case scenario giant landslide like the one modelled by Ward and Day 2001 is a very low probability event, probably much less common than once per 100,000 years which is the probable occurrence rate of large landslides in the Canary Islands. A smaller landslide scenario, which Tehranirad "et al." 2015 defined as "extreme credible worst case scenario", has a recurrence rate of about once every 100,000 years. Because of their low incidence probability, the hazard from large flank collapses at La Palma is considered to be low. Return periods are not the only factor involved in estimating risk, as the amount of damage done by an extreme event has to be considered. Globally, the return period of giant landslide-induced tsunamis may exceed one per 10,000 years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65263449 | 650,396 |
544,969 | The history of nuclear propulsion and Rickover's influence and involvement is substantial. Due to the importance and impact of nuclear power, the AEC commissioned the creation of two related historical records to capture important facts of both naval nuclear propulsion and the Shippingport commercial reactor. Both of these official documents necessarily contain a good deal of information on Rickover's choices, methods and technical philosophy in the development of practical nuclear power, but are not biographies. While Rickover cooperated to provide real-time access to facilities, people and records, according to the authors he did not edit; Rickover was in-fact deceased before the second document was completed. These are: (1) "Nuclear Navy, 1946-1962" by AEC staff historians Richard G. Hewlett and Francis Duncan, and (2) "Rickover and the Nuclear Navy: The Discipline of Technology" by Francis Duncan. The AEC makes both of these documents directly available to the public in digital form. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2285879 | 544,685 |
2,046,552 | The space frame is fabricated from steel tubes less than 1.5 m long that have holes on each end for inserting dowel pins. The spacing between the holes is achieved with an accuracy of 10 microns. A single person can assemble the space frame on the air bearing in a few days. This concept was developed as part of a study of how a large telescope could be assembled by astronauts in space. The precision dowel pin joint also made it possible to perform accurate finite element analysis (FEA) using the computers available in the 1970s. This allowed iteration of the design tube cross-sections to improve the homology performance. During the machining of the surface, the space frame was supported kinematically on three primary points. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65738614 | 2,045,371 |
507,087 | Recent public opinion surveys about wind power at both the EU and the country level shows that wind energy, being a clean and renewable energy source, is traditionally linked to very strong and stable levels of public support. About 80 per cent of EU citizens support wind power. Despite overwhelming popular support in the abstract, wind farm projects at times raise local opposition, especially in locations closer to populations or to woodland wildlife. For instance, a wind project in Ripfjallet, Sweden in 2020 has been opposed by a group of local residents who wish to maintain the historical landscape. They succeeded in arranging a local referendum scheduled for 22 June 2020 to determine the future of the project. In Germany, a government agency found that there were 325 active lawsuits against wind projects as of January 2020, often on the basis of protecting ecology and wildlife. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10676657 | 506,823 |
2,168,621 | Among the report's recommendations are an increase in the grant size of the centers, which would allow adequate resources for education and outreach, while ensuring that the support for research activities is not compromised. Recent MRSEC competitions have responded to the recommendations by increasing award sizes, notably by requiring that each new award will support a minimum of two interdisciplinary research groups (IRGs). In addition, the NAS study recommends strengthening the cooperative aspects of MRSECs and continue the progress made in the past toward building a national cooperating network of centers. The report concludes that such a network, once fully established, would "strengthen materials science and engineering in the United States as a discipline and as a factor in U.S. competitiveness." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30862721 | 2,167,384 |
1,229,926 | The progression of both the nature of mathematics and individual mathematical problems into the future is a widely debated topic - many past predictions about modern mathematics have been misplaced or completely false, so there is reason to believe that many predictions today may follow a similar path. However, the subject still carries an important weight and has been written about by many notable mathematicians. Typically, they are motivated by a desire to set a research agenda to direct efforts to specific problems, or a wish to clarify, update and extrapolate the way that subdisciplines relate to the general discipline of mathematics and its possibilities. Examples of agendas pushing for progress in specific areas in the future, historical and recent, include Felix Klein's Erlangen program, Hilbert's problems, Langlands program, and the Millennium Prize Problems. In the Mathematics Subject Classification section 01Axx History of mathematics and mathematicians, the subsection 01A67 is titled Future prospectives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26452145 | 1,229,264 |
1,343,795 | Finally there remained the rubrics, the directions not about what to say but what to do. This matter would be one of the latest to be written down. Long after the more or less complicated prayers had to be written and read, tradition would still be a sufficient guide for the actions. The books of prayers (Sacramentaries, Antiphonaries, etc.) contained a few words of direction for the most important and salient things to be done - elementary rubrics. For instance the Gregorian Sacramentary tells priests (as distinct from bishops) not to say the Gloria except on Easter Day; the celebrant chants the preface "excelsa voce" (in a loud voice), and so on. In time, however, the growing elaborateness of the papal functions, the more complicated ceremonial of the Roman Court, made it necessary to draw up rules of what custom and etiquette demanded. These rules are contained in the "Ordines" - precursors of the Cæremoniale Episcoporum. The first of them was probably drawn up about the year 770 in the reign of Pope Stephen III (768-772), but is founded on a similar "Ordo" of the time of Pope Gregory I (590-604). The "Ordines" contain no prayers, except that, where necessary, the first words are given to indicate what is meant. They supplement the Sacramentary and choir-books with careful directions about the ritual. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17424363 | 1,343,059 |
1,546,514 | Friedrich Christian Accum or Frederick Accum (29 March 1769 – 28 June 1838) was a German chemist, whose most important achievements included advances in the field of gas lighting, efforts to keep processed foods free from dangerous additives, and the promotion of interest in the science of chemistry to the general populace. From 1793 to 1821 Accum lived in London. Following an apprenticeship as an apothecary, he opened his own commercial laboratory enterprise. His business manufactured and sold a variety of chemicals and laboratory equipment. Accum, himself, gave fee-based public lectures in practical chemistry and collaborated with research efforts at numerous other institutes of science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=287779 | 1,545,638 |
1,004,619 | The Jericho II is 14.0 m long and 1.56 m wide, with a reported launch weight of 26,000 kg (although an alternative launch weight of 21,935 kg has been suggested). It has a 1,000 kg payload, capable of carrying a considerable amount of high explosives or a 1 Megaton yield nuclear warhead. It uses a two-stage solid propellant engine with a separating warhead. The missile can be launched from a silo, a railroad flat car, or a mobile vehicle. This gives it the ability to be hidden, moved quickly, or kept in a hardened silo, largely ensuring survival against any attack. It has an active radar homing terminal guidance system similar to that of the Pershing II, for very accurate strikes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216096 | 1,004,101 |
512,911 | Post-procedure care centers around ensuring that infection (especially skin or subcutaneous infections, myelitis or meningitis or encephalitis, or sepsis) does not set in and that the "plug" at the site of the spinal tap does not become dislodged. Patients are usually instructed to avoid strenuous activity and heavy lifting, for example. Some patients are given instructions to keep their heads elevated at least 30 degrees for a specified number of hours. Complications from the surgery can cause a loss of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which could cause severe headaches. This can be corrected by returning to the medical facility and having them perform a blood patch. In this procedure, a small amount of blood is taken from the arm and injected into the exact spinal tap location to stop the leaking of CSF. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3745362 | 512,645 |
600,965 | Fig. 1 provides a simplified schematic that summarizes these proposed mechanisms. A command specifying desired body velocity descends from higher centers to the MLR, which drives the spinal locomotor CPG. The CPG timer produces the appropriate cadence and phase durations and the pattern formation layer modulates the motoneuronal outputs. The activated muscles resist stretch through their own intrinsic biomechanical properties, providing a rapid form of length and velocity feedback control. Reflexes mediated by Golgi tendon organ and other afferents provide additional load compensation, but the main role of sensory input may be to adjust or override the CPG at stance-swing-stance transitions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2645238 | 600,657 |
1,702,554 | As peroxo compound, TBPB contains about 8.16 wt% of active oxygen and has a self accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) of about 60 °C. The SADT is the lowest temperature at which self-accelerating decomposition in the transport packaging can occur within a week, and which should not be exceeded while storage or transportation. TBPB should therefore be stored between minimum 10 °C (below solidification) and maximum 50 °C. Dilution with a high-boiling solvent increases the SADT. The half-life of TBPB, in which 50% of the peroxy ester is decomposed, is 10 hours at 104 °C, one hour at 124 °C and one minute at 165 °C. Amines, metal ions, strong acids and bases, as well as strong reducing and oxidizing agents accelerate the decomposition of TBPB even in low concentrations. However, TBPB is one of the safest peresters or organic peroxides in handling. The main decomposition products of "tert"-butyl peroxybenzoate are carbon dioxide, acetone, methane, "tert"-butanol, benzoic acid and benzene. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52311322 | 1,701,598 |
329,130 | Modern primers are basically improved percussion caps with shock-sensitive chemicals (e.g. lead styphnate) enclosed in a small button-shaped capsule. In the early paper cartridges, invented not long after the percussion cap, the primer was located deep inside the cartridge just behind the bullet, requiring a very thin and elongated firing pin to pierce the paper casing. Such guns were known as needle guns, the most famous of which was decisive in the Prussian victory over the Austrians at Königgrätz in 1866. After the metallic cartridge was invented, the primer was relocated backward to the base of the case, either at the center of the case head (centerfire), inside the rim (rimfire), inside a cup-like concavity of the case base (cupfire), in a pin-shaped sideways projection (pinfire), in a lip-like flange (lipfire), or in a small nipple-like bulge at the case base (teat-fire). Today, only the centerfire and rimfire have survived the test of time as the mainstream primer designs, while the pinfire also still exists but only in rare novelty miniature guns and a few very small blank cartridges designed as noisemakers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=79270 | 328,955 |
2,172,332 | HOT relies on the University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System research vessel Kilo Moana operated by the University of Hawaii for most of the near-monthly sampling expeditions. When at Station ALOHA, a variety of sampling strategies is used to capture the range of physical and biogeochemical dynamics natural to the NPSG ecosystem. These strategies include high resolution conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profiles, biogeochemical analyses of discrete water samples, "in situ" vertically profiling bio-optical instrumentation, free-drifting arrays for determinations of primary production and particle fluxes, deep ocean sediment traps, and oblique plankton net tows. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22442208 | 2,171,091 |
1,540,314 | Margaret Galland Kivelson (born October 21, 1928) is an American space physicist, planetary scientist, and Distinguished Professor Emerita of Space Physics at the University of California, Los Angeles. From 2010 to the present, concurrent with her appointment at UCLA, Kivelson has been a research scientist and scholar at the University of Michigan. Her primary research interests include the magnetospheres of Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn. Recent research has also focused on Jupiter's Galilean moons. She was the Principal Investigator for the magnetometer on the Galileo Orbiter that acquired data in Jupiter's magnetosphere for eight years and a Co-Investigator on the FGM (magnetometer) of the earth-orbiting NASA-ESA Cluster mission. She is actively involved as a Co-Investigator on NASA's Themis mission, the magnetometer Team Leader for NASA's Europa Clipper Mission, as a member of the Cassini magnetometer team, and as a participant in the magnetometer team for the European JUICE mission to Jupiter. Kivelson has published over 350 research papers and is co-editor of a widely used textbook on space physics (Introduction to Space Physics). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40442898 | 1,539,441 |
1,203,108 | The Marxian reply to this mainstream view is as follows. The attempt to discard the theoretical relevance of the necessary preconditions of Marx's value analysis in volume 1 of "Capital" through a reductio ad absurdum is superficial. By first identifying that the preconditions necessary for J. B. Clark's old model of "aggregate" marginal productivity to hold true are the same as those necessary for Marxian values to conform to relative prices, we are then supposed to conclude that the foundation of Marx's analysis "as based in these preconditions" is faulty "because" Clark's model had been proven wrong in the Cambridge capital controversy. The superficiality stems from the fact that those who support this reduction forget that the Cambridge capital controversy called the entire concept of marginal productivity into question by attacking not Clark's special case assumptions but the notion that physical capital can be aggregated. Marx simply does not run into this problem because his analysis does not rely on an aggregation of physical quantities that receive a return based on their contribution as "factors" of production. The fact that marginal productivity in its aggregate form is "a hypothesis regarded as disproved by all sides during the Cambridge capital controversy" has nothing to do with the validity of the special cases of Marx, and thus we "would not" "have a "pure" state of capitalist society where Marx's exploitation theory and its main supposed confutation (Clark) were "both" true", as is concluded from this view," because" the "correctness" or "incorrectness" of Clark's aggregate marginal productivity scheme in this case flows not from special case assumptions but from the fact that he is aggregating physical units of capital; i.e., Clark's argument would still not hold true "even with" the assumed special cases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=220751 | 1,202,464 |
310,479 | Several analog computers were constructed in ancient and medieval times to perform astronomical calculations. These included the astrolabe and Antikythera mechanism from the Hellenistic world (c. 150–100 BC). In Roman Egypt, Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) made mechanical devices including automata and a programmable cart. Other early mechanical devices used to perform one or another type of calculations include the planisphere and other mechanical computing devices invented by Abu Rayhan al-Biruni (c. AD 1000); the equatorium and universal latitude-independent astrolabe by Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (c. AD 1015); the astronomical analog computers of other medieval Muslim astronomers and engineers; and the astronomical clock tower of Su Song (1094) during the Song dynasty. The castle clock, a hydropowered mechanical astronomical clock invented by Ismail al-Jazari in 1206, was the first programmable analog computer. Ramon Llull invented the Lullian Circle: a notional machine for calculating answers to philosophical questions (in this case, to do with Christianity) via logical combinatorics. This idea was taken up by Leibniz centuries later, and is thus one of the founding elements in computing and information science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13636 | 310,311 |
2,193,240 | The advanced multi-mission operations system (AMMOS) is a common set of services and tools created by the Interplanetary Network Directorate, a division of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, for use in JPL's operation of spacecraft. These tools include a means by which mission planning and analysis can be undertaken, as well as developing pre-planned command sequences for the spacecraft. AMMOS also provides a means by which downlinked data can be displayed and manipulated, including key mission telemetry such as readings of temperature, pressure, power, and other critical indicators. This common toolset allows space missions to minimize the cost of developing operations infrastructure, which is very important in light of recent restricted spending by space agencies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=420912 | 2,191,990 |
778,363 | Here is the value of at the chosen date and time. For the values given here, in radians, is that measured for the actual Sun at the epoch, 1 January 2000 at 12 noon UT1, and is the number of days past that epoch. At periapsis , so solving gives = . This puts the periapsis on 4 January 2000 at 00:11:41 while the actual periapsis is, according to results from the "Multiyear Interactive Computer Almanac" (abbreviated as MICA), on 3 January 2000 at 05:17:30. This large discrepancy happens because the difference between the orbital radius at the two locations is only 1 part in a million; in other words, radius is a very weak function of time near periapsis. As a practical matter this means that one cannot get a highly accurate result for the equation of time by using and adding the actual periapsis date for a given year. However, high accuracy can be achieved by using the formulation in terms of . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=438948 | 777,946 |
928,862 | In France notable designs came from Bugatti and Avions Voisin. Of the mass-selling cars Citroën, launched their vehicles with innovative designs and engineering and mostly aided by the styling of Flaminio Bertoni as evident from Citroën DS. After World War II, with the disappearance of the coach building industry, French automakers (except Citroën) followed British and other popular trends until they gained financial stability. During the 1980s, manufacturers like Renault cultivated their own strong design identities with designers like Patrick Le Quément. Peugeot, which was dependent on Pininfarina since the early post-war period, later established its own brand identity from the 1980s onwards. Its other company, Citroën, still retains its distinctive French innovations for its designs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1954241 | 928,371 |
101,366 | Recognition of Latin-script, typewritten text is still not 100% accurate even where clear imaging is available. One study based on recognition of 19th- and early 20th-century newspaper pages concluded that character-by-character OCR accuracy for commercial OCR software varied from 81% to 99%; total accuracy can be achieved by human review or Data Dictionary Authentication. Other areas—including recognition of hand printing, cursive handwriting, and printed text in other scripts (especially those East Asian language characters which have many strokes for a single character)—are still the subject of active research. The MNIST database is commonly used for testing systems' ability to recognise handwritten digits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49091 | 101,321 |
665,508 | The 18th century saw the introduction of Francis Bacon and the Enlightenment philosophers Descartes, Newton, Locke, Wollaston, and Berkeley to Colonial British America. Two native-born Americans, Samuel Johnson and Jonathan Edwards, were first influenced by these philosophers; they then adapted and extended their Enlightenment ideas to develop their own American theology and philosophy. Both were originally ordained Puritan Congregationalist ministers who embraced much of the new learning of the Enlightenment. Both were Yale educated and Berkeley influenced idealists who became influential college presidents. Both were influential in the development of American political philosophy and the works of the Founding Fathers. But Edwards based his reformed Puritan theology on Calvinist doctrine, while Johnson converted to the Anglican episcopal religion (the Church of England), then based his new American moral philosophy on William Wollaston's Natural Religion. Late in the century, Scottish innate or common sense realism replaced the native schools of these two rivals in the college philosophy curricula of American colleges; it would remain the dominant philosophy in American academia up to the Civil War. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22943476 | 665,161 |
356,502 | During test flights of the Su-27Ms, which began in 1988, engineers discovered that pilots failed to maintain active control of the aircraft at high angles of attack due to the ineffectiveness of flight control surfaces at low speeds. Engineers therefore installed thrust-vectoring engines to the eleventh Su-27 (factory code T10M-11), which had been built by the Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association in the country's Far East and was being used as a radar test bed. Following the airframe's completion in early 1995, the aircraft was delivered to the design bureau's experimental plant near Moscow, where engineers started installing the nozzles on the aircraft. Although Sukhoi had intended the Lyulka-Saturn AL-37FU to power the aircraft, the engine had not yet been flight-cleared. The aircraft was temporarily fitted with the less-powerful AL-31FP engine, which was essentially an AL-31F engine that had the AL-100 vectoring nozzles of the AL-37FU. The aircraft was rolled out in May. Two months later, the temporary engines were replaced with AL-37FUs; its nozzles could only deflect 15 degrees up or down in the pitch axis, together or differentially. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=724871 | 356,317 |
1,391,857 | Mintz received numerous awards and honors including the first Genetics Society of America Medal (1981), and the first March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology shared with Ralph L. Brinster (1996). She was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1982), American Association for the Advancement of Science (1973), the American Philosophical Society (1982), and won an honorary fellow of the American Gynecological and Obstetrical Society since 1980. She won the Papanicolaou Award for Scientific Achievement (1979), the Amory Prize (1988), the Ernst Jung Gold Medal for Medicine (1990), the John Scott Medal (1994), the American Cancer Society National Medal of Honor for Basic Research (1997), a citation for Outstanding Woman in Science (1993) from the New York Academy of Sciences, and, in 2007, was a recipient of the Pearl Meister Greengard Prize. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25662158 | 1,391,086 |
34,924 | LEDs are made in different packages for different applications. A single or a few LED junctions may be packed in one miniature device for use as an indicator or pilot lamp. An LED array may include controlling circuits within the same package, which may range from a simple resistor, blinking or color changing control, or an addressable controller for RGB devices. Higher-powered white-emitting devices will be mounted on heat sinks and will be used for illumination. Alphanumeric displays in dot matrix or bar formats are widely available. Special packages permit connection of LEDs to optical fibers for high-speed data communication links. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18290 | 34,912 |
1,769,434 | From 1949 to 1986, China built at least 25 large, 130 medium, and about 90,000 small-sized hydropower stations. According to the Ministry of Water Resources and Electric Power, China's 1983 annual power output was 351.4 billion kilowatt hours, of which 86 billion kilowatt hours were generated by hydropower. While construction of thermal plants was designed as a quick remedy for alleviating China's power shortages, the development of hydropower resources was considered a long-term solution. The primary areas for the construction of hydropower plants were the upper Yellow River, the upper and middle stream tributaries and trunk of the Yangtze River, and the Hongshui River in the upper region of the Pearl River Basin. The construction of new hydropower plants was a costly and lengthy process, undertaken with assistance from the United States, Canada, Kuwait, Austria, Norway, France, and Japan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14189344 | 1,768,440 |
34,053 | Psilocybin, a naturally occurring chemical in certain psychedelic mushrooms such as "Psilocybe cubensis", is being studied for its ability to help people suffering from psychological disorders, such as obsessive–compulsive disorder. Minute amounts have been reported to stop cluster and migraine headaches. A double-blind study, done by the Johns Hopkins Hospital, showed psychedelic mushrooms could provide people an experience with substantial personal meaning and spiritual significance. In the study, one third of the subjects reported ingestion of psychedelic mushrooms was the single most spiritually significant event of their lives. Over two-thirds reported it among their five most meaningful and spiritually significant events. On the other hand, one-third of the subjects reported extreme anxiety. However, the anxiety went away after a short period of time. Psilocybin mushrooms have also shown to be successful in treating addiction, specifically with alcohol and cigarettes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20264 | 34,041 |
1,471,937 | On flight day 9, Rick Mastracchio and Clay Anderson completed the third and final spacewalk of the STS-131 mission. Their tasks included hooking up the ammonia and nitrogen lines to the new Ammonia Tank Assembly (ATA), installing the old ATA in the shuttle's payload bay, retrieving some Micro-Meteoroid Orbital Debris (MMOD) shields, bolting a grapple bar (which had been removed from the old ATA) onto the new ATA, and preparation of some cables on the Z1 truss and tools to be used during STS-132. During the installation of the old ATA in "Discovery"'s payload bay, the spacewalkers had some problems securing a bolt on the ATA to the LMC. The spacewalk took 6 hours and 24 minutes, bringing the total EVA time to 20 hours and 19 minutes. While the EVA was going on, commander Alan Poindexter and mission specialist Naoko Yamazaki continued transferring items from the MPLM to the ISS. Transfer is more than seventy-five percent complete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6002628 | 1,471,108 |
364,747 | In the United Kingdom and Ireland, neurology is a subspecialty of general (internal) medicine. After five years of medical school and two years as a Foundation Trainee, an aspiring neurologist must pass the examination for Membership of the Royal College of Physicians (or the Irish equivalent) and complete two years of core medical training before entering specialist training in neurology. Up to the 1960s, some intending to become neurologists would also spend two years working in psychiatric units before obtaining a diploma in psychological medicine. However, that was uncommon and, now that the MRCPsych takes three years to obtain, would no longer be practical. A period of research is essential, and obtaining a higher degree aids career progression. Many found it was eased after an attachment to the Institute of Neurology at Queen Square, London. Some neurologists enter the field of rehabilitation medicine (known as physiatry in the US) to specialise in neurological rehabilitation, which may include stroke medicine, as well as traumatic brain injuries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21226 | 364,556 |
437,322 | Hypersensitivity mechanisms, as described above, contribute to progression of the disease over time and, when left untreated, result in extensive fibrosis of lung tissue. In order to reduce this, corticosteroid therapy is the mainstay of treatment (for example with prednisone); however, studies involving corticosteroids in ABPA are limited by small cohorts and are often not double-blinded. Despite this, there is evidence that acute-onset ABPA is improved by corticosteroid treatment as it reduces episodes of consolidation. There are challenges involved in long-term therapy with corticosteroids—which can induce severe immune dysfunction when used chronically, as well as metabolic disorders—and approaches have been developed to manage ABPA alongside potential adverse effects from corticosteroids. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4922861 | 437,108 |
825,287 | Huh was born in Stanford, California while his parents were completing graduate school at Stanford University. He was raised in South Korea, where his family returned when he was approximately two years old. His father was a professor of statistics at Korea University, while his mother was a professor of Russian language at Seoul National University. Poor scores on elementary school tests convinced him that he was not very good at math. He dropped out of high school to focus on writing poetry after becoming bored and exhausted by the routine of studying. Because of this, he has been described as a late bloomer. Huh enrolled at Seoul National University (SNU) in 2002, but was initially unsettled. He initially aimed to become a science journalist and decided to major in physics and astronomy, but compiled a poor attendance record and had to repeat several courses that he initially failed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54434626 | 824,844 |
855,774 | These depend upon analysis of the "halo" of diffracted light produced when a laser beam passes through a dispersion of particles in air or in a liquid. The angle of diffraction increases as particle size decreases, so that this method is particularly good for measuring sizes between 0.1 and 3,000 μm. Advances in sophisticated data processing and automation have allowed this to become the dominant method used in industrial PSD determination. This technique is relatively fast and can be performed on very small samples. A particular advantage is that the technique can generate a continuous measurement for analyzing process streams. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11815157 | 855,319 |
1,127,756 | The Oka crisis began on 11 July 1990 with a shoot-out in Oka between the Mohawk Warrior Society and the "Sûreté du Québec" that left one police officer killed. In the face of the stand-off with the armed Warrior Society holding land that they claimed belonged to the Mohawk people in Oka and the Mercier bridge linking Montreal to the mainland being occupied by the Mohawk Warrior Society, the Quebec Premier Robert Bourassa asked for the Army to intervene to maintain "public safety" on 17 August 1990. Mulroney gave his approval, and the Chief of the Defence Staff, General John de Chastelain, ordered the 5e Groupe Brigade Mecanisee du Canada from their base at Valcartier to Oka and Montreal. On 26 August 1990, the soldiers removed with the use of force, but no bloodshed, the Mohawk Warriors who were occupying one end of the Mercier bridge. After a month of stand-off at Oka, where the soldiers endured much verbal abuse, the Mohawk Warriors abandoned the confrontation and engaged in a melee with the soldiers on 26 September 1990. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3110164 | 1,127,178 |
1,428,591 | The Barenblatt model (after G.I. Barenblatt) is analogous to the Dugdale model, but is applied to brittle solids. This approach considers the interatomic stresses involved cracking, but considers a large enough area to apply to continuum fracture mechanics. Barenblatt's model assumes that "the width of the edge [cohesive] region of a crack is small compared to the size of the whole crack" in addition to the assumption for most fracture mechanics models that the stress fields of all cracks are the same for a given specimen geometry regardless of the remote applied stress. In the Barenblatt model, the traction, formula_10, is equal to the theoretical bond rupture strength of a brittle solid. This allows the strain energy release rate, formula_11, to be defined by the critical crack opening displacement, formula_12 or the critical cohesive zone size, formula_13, as follows: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39001926 | 1,427,787 |
707,379 | Shor was born in New York City to Joan Bopp Shor and S. W. Williston Shor, of Jewish descent. He grew up in Washington, D.C. and Mill Valley, California. While attending Tamalpais High School, he placed third in the 1977 USA Mathematical Olympiad. After graduation that year, he won a silver medal at the International Math Olympiad in Yugoslavia (the U.S. team achieved the most points per country that year). He received his B.S. in Mathematics in 1981 for undergraduate work at Caltech, and was a Putnam Fellow in 1978. He earned his PhD in Applied Mathematics from MIT in 1985. His doctoral advisor was F. Thomson Leighton, and his thesis was on probabilistic analysis of bin-packing algorithms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=68338 | 707,010 |
404,740 | A "controller" is a server-side component of Rails that responds to external requests from the web server to the application, by determining which view file to render. The controller may also have to query one or more models for information and pass these on to the view. For example, in an airline reservation system, a controller implementing a flight-search function would need to query a model representing individual flights to find flights matching the search, and might also need to query models representing airports and airlines to find related secondary data. The controller might then pass some subset of the flight data to the corresponding view, which would contain a mixture of static HTML and logic that use the flight data to create an HTML document containing a table with one row per flight. A controller may provide one or more actions. In Ruby on Rails, an action is typically a basic unit that describes how to respond to a specific external web-browser request. Also, note that the controller/action will be accessible for external web requests only if a corresponding route is mapped to it. Rails encourages developers to use RESTful routes, which include actions such as create, new, edit, update, destroy, show, and index. These mappings of incoming requests/routes to controller actions can be easily set up in the routes.rb configuration file. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1421401 | 404,540 |
1,905,856 | Due to the random distribution of particle tracks, the biological effects of an exact number (particularly one) of particles cannot practically be simulated in the laboratory using conventional broadbeam exposures. Microbeam techniques can overcome this limitation by delivering an exact number (one or more) of particles per cell nucleus. True single-particle irradiations should allow measurement of the effects of exactly one alpha particle traversal, relative to multiple traversals. The application of such systems to low frequency processes such as oncogenic transformation depends very much on the technology involved. With an irradiation rate of at least 5,000 cells per hour, experiments with yields of the order of 10 can practically be accomplished. Hence, high throughput is a desired quality for microbeam systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21381238 | 1,904,760 |
737,043 | However, during the Final Jeopardy! round, Watson was the only contestant to miss the clue in the category U.S. Cities ("Its largest airport was named for a World War II hero; its second largest, for a World War II battle"). Rutter and Jennings gave the correct response of Chicago, but Watson's response was "What is Toronto?????" with five question marks appended indicating a lack of confidence. Ferrucci offered reasons why Watson would appear to have guessed a Canadian city: categories only weakly suggest the type of response desired, the phrase "U.S. city" did not appear in the question, there are cities named Toronto in the U.S., and Toronto in Ontario has an American League baseball team. Dr. Chris Welty, who also worked on Watson, suggested that it may not have been able to correctly parse the second part of the clue, "its second largest, for a World War II battle" (which was not a standalone clause despite it following a semicolon, and required context to understand that it was referring to a second-largest "airport"). Eric Nyberg, a professor at Carnegie Mellon University and a member of the development team, stated that the error occurred because Watson does not possess the comparative knowledge to discard that potential response as not viable. Although not displayed to the audience as with non-Final Jeopardy! questions, Watson's second choice was Chicago. Both Toronto and Chicago were well below Watson's confidence threshold, at 14% and 11% respectively. Watson wagered only $947 on the question. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22584291 | 736,654 |
1,853,966 | Gianneschi graduated with a B.Sc. (Honors) in chemistry from the University of Adelaide in 1999. During his undergraduate, he conducted honors research with Dr. Louis Rendina on the synthesis of hydrogen-bonded platinum-containing macrocycles. Following this, he moved to Evanston, Illinois to pursue graduate studies at Northwestern University with Prof. Chad Mirkin and Prof. SonBinh Nguyen. There, he developed supramolecular catalysts that exhibit allosteric behavior, that is, exhibit increased reactivity when the catalyst molecule is modified at a site distinct from the catalyst site. Gianneschi graduated in 2005 with his Ph.D. From 2005 to 2008, he was a Dow Foundation Fellow (through the American Australian Association) at The Scripps Research Institute with Prof. M. Reza Ghadiri, where he worked on a strategy to modulate natural enzymes into programmable complexes that can perform simple logic operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61523611 | 1,852,903 |
1,231,296 | where formula_29 is the area of the moving plate and the stagnant plate, formula_30 is the spatial coordinate normal to the plates. In this experimental setup, value for the force formula_31 is first selected. Then a maximum velocity formula_32 is measured, and finally both values are entered in the equation to calculate viscosity. This gives one value for the viscosity of the selected fluid. If another value of the force is selected, another maximum velocity will be measured. This will result in another viscosity value if the fluid is a non-Newtonian fluid such as paint, but it will give the same viscosity value for a Newtonian fluid such as water, petroleum oil or gas. If another parameter like temperature, formula_33, is changed, and the experiment is repeated with the same force, a new value for viscosity will be the calculated, for both non-Newtonian and Newtonian fluids. The great majority of material properties varies as a function of temperature, and this goes for viscosity also. The viscosity is also a function of pressure and, of course, the material itself. For a fluid mixture, this means that the shear viscosity will also vary according to the fluid composition. To map the viscosity as a function of all these variables require a large sequence of experiments that generates an even larger set of numbers called measured data, observed data or observations. Prior to, or at the same time as, the experiments is a material property model (or short material model) proposed to describe or explain the observations. This mathematical model is called the constitutive equation for shear viscosity. It is usually an explicit function that contains some empirical parameters that is adjusted in order to match the observations as good as the mathematical function is capable to do. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56541610 | 1,230,634 |
1,564,104 | On April 26, 2022, the journal published a "research note" by Karl Andersson, a PhD student and publisher of pederastic magazine "Destroyer", with the title "I am not alone – we are "all" alone: Using masturbation as an ethnographic method in research on "shota" subculture in Japan". The note received negative attention from academics and journalists in August 2022, prompting the journal to launch an investigation and remove the note. On August 22, 2022, the journal retracted the note, explaining that while it "has systems in place to flag ethical concerns raised by article submissions prior to review, those same systems do not fully extend to note submissions", that the "two peer reviewers who considered the note did not raise ethical concerns", and that Andersson explained that "the work described in this note was carried out as a piece of independent research in Germany, without institutional ethical oversight". The controversy prompted Greater Manchester Police to investigate the case, and SAGE to review its submission processes. In a paper published in "Publishing Research Quarterly" on September 14, 2022, sociologist Casey Brienza argued that the retraction has "troubling implications for freedom of speech". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6414154 | 1,563,217 |
1,384,020 | Computed tomography is effective and sensitive in the diagnosis of orbital emphysema, as it can confirm the anatomical location and size of air, bony defects, indentation of the eyeball, and the condition of the optic nerve, as well as the presence of any extraocular muscle entrapment and herniation of preorbital fat into the sinus cavities. The location of the orbital emphysema is present near the site of the fracture. The scans are usually taken along the transverse plane. Transverse images allow the evaluation of fractures in medial and lateral orbital walls. By reformatting these transverse images or taking coronal images, the examination of orbital floor and roof is permitted. Helical scanning is preferred as it has a lower imaging time and radiation dose comparing to conventional scanning, especially when reforming transverse helical scans into coronal images. The staging of orbital emphysema can then be determined with visual acuity examination and ophthalmoscopy. A disadvantage of using a CT scan is that when detecting air after orbital trauma, the presence of a wooden foreign object can give a false positive result of orbital emphysema. The wooden object can mimic the presence of orbital emphysema. Therefore, patients’ medical history is crucial in making the correct diagnosis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67264760 | 1,383,253 |
1,391,640 | When a soft-sectored disk is low-level "formatted", each track is written with a number of bytes calculated to fit within 360 degrees at the highest expected motor speed. Special bit patterns are written right before the location where a sector should start, and serve as identifiers, similar to the punched holes used by hard-sectored disks. Thus, the full constellation of punched holes is not needed, and only a single hole is retained, to indicate the start of the track (-inch disks use an alignment pin rather than a hole). If the motor is spinning any slower than the highest acceptable speed, which is usually the case, the data will fit in fewer than 360 degrees, resulting in a gap at the end of the track. Additionally, if a sector were to be rewritten on a drive running faster than the drive was running when the track was formatted, the new data would be larger (occupy more degrees of rotation) than the original sector. Therefore, during formatting a gap must be left between sectors to allow a rewritten sector to be larger without over-writing the following sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2062508 | 1,390,869 |
734,164 | Along with the official buildings, university has 1220 units of residential buildings (970 at Hisar and 242 at outstations) distributed into different categories. The hostel accommodation is sufficient enough to house each of the student on the university roll. University has a two-room set married hostel for married students located in the residential complex. Each hostel has a separate complex housing catering services and indoor games along with modern recreational and communication facilities like TV and Phone. University has a well-furnished Faculty House having facilities at par with the modern guest houses serving housing need of the national as well as international scientists visiting CCS HAU, Hisar. There is a farmers' hostel just close to the Faculty House with same level of facilities for the farmers visiting the university. The Faculty House of the university can provide accommodation to about 72 persons at a time. Similarly, farmers' hostel could accommodate about 76 persons at its full occupancy. In addition to these modern housing accommodations, there is spacious Kisan Ashram catering to the needs of the farmer trainees attending different short-term courses organized by the Directorate of Extension Education from time to time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9297834 | 733,777 |
1,375,972 | The emptying of the basins and hot baths was done from a tap fixed to the "heater" - "testudo" or "semi-testudo" - then directed directly into a canal bringing the water into the city network or a wadi. The drain could also be used to clean the floor of the hypocaust below, before being sent to a canal connected to the city network or directly to a wadi; in some cases the water passed through the hearth and was used to clean it, insofar as it was cold. Vitruvius in the 1st century BC, in his book Volume I on the heating of the thermal baths, gives the explanations to the way this system worked: “..."The hearth is installed in the basement. The water, supplied by a reservoir fed by the city pipes, is gradually heated in a boiler T and a boiler-boiler C. The body of these boilers is housed in a masonry chamber and receives" [...] "direct heat from the fireplace". [...] "The warm water boiler communicates with the food basin (of cold water) and the boiler, with the warm water boiler. So that any hot water intake is automatically replaced by an influx of lukewarm water; the latter in turn, by an influx of cold water"..." As for the various thermal baths of Petra, the destruction due to earthquakes, the wear and tear of time or the flooding of the wadis, did not yet make it possible to perfectly define the drainage system of the various basins and swimming pools, the excavations of which are still in progress. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42585943 | 1,375,211 |
896,947 | Meanwhile, Drake went further north along the South American coast. Coming across Cano island Drake captured a frigate carrying a cargo of maize, honey and sarsaparilla. Drake took the vessel to a nearby bay (Bahía Drake); here the "Golden Hind" was repaired and careened. Drake decided that the enormous haul of treasure in the "Golden Hind" needed to be transferred to lighten his ship if he was to carry on any further. At the island they moved part of the silver over to the captured frigate which proved a sturdy ship. The frigate was also armed by a number of the "Golden Hind"s' guns. Drake sent a party with the pinnace to forage and refill their water casks. As they moved into the dense tropical rain forest they managed to kill a crocodile and a monkey which they brought back to the ships. This was the first time they had tasted meat for some time. At the same time the English felt a 'severe shake' despite being a mile offshore – it was in fact their first experience of a violent earthquake – and some of the crew even witnessed what was a tsunami on the nearby shore. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64312042 | 896,475 |
264,400 | In Denmark, large areas of forested land were cleared to be used for pasture and the growing of cereals during the Single Grave culture and in the Late Neolithic Period. Faint traces of Bell Beaker influence can be recognised already in the pottery of the Upper Grave phase of the Single Grave period, and even of the late Ground Grave phase, such as occasional use of AOO-like or zoned decoration and other typical ornamentation, while Bell Beaker associated objects such as wristguards and small copper trinkets, also found their way into this northern territories of the Corded Ware Culture. Domestic sites with Beakers only appear 200–300 years after the first appearance of Bell Beakers in Europe, at the early part of the Danish Late Neolithic Period (LN I) starting at 2350 BC. These sites are concentrated in northern Jutland around the Limfjord and on the Djursland peninsula, largely contemporary to the local Upper Grave Period. In east central Sweden and western Sweden, barbed wire decoration characterised the period 2460–1990 BC, linked to another Beaker derivation of northwestern Europe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=263746 | 264,257 |
528,976 | Gliding motility is a type of translocation that is independent of propulsive structures such as flagella or pili. Gliding allows microorganisms to travel along the surface of low aqueous films. The mechanisms of this motility are only partially known. The speed of gliding varies between organisms, and the reversal of direction is seemingly regulated by some sort of internal clock. For example the apicomplexans are able to travel at fast rates between 1–10 μm/s. In contrast "Myxococcus xanthus", a slime bacterium, can glide at a rate of 5 μm/min. In myxobacteria individual bacteria move together to form waves of cells that then differentiate to form fruiting bodies containing spores. Myxobacteria move only when on solid surfaces, unlike say "E. coli", which is motile in liquid or solid media. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17575156 | 528,702 |
1,787,760 | Colorants function through selective electromagnetic absorbance in the visible spectrum. A given pigment or dye molecule absorbs different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation according to its atomic structure, and local chemical environment. The quantum behavior of a chemical typically results in distinct resonant frequencies of chemical bonds, which can be excited best by discrete wavelengths—meaning broad spectrum radiation has its spectra changed via absorption upon interaction. The physical shape, size, organization and concentration of dyes and pigments can also drastically affect observed color. Pigments are particularly susceptible to altered appearances based on physical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62919428 | 1,786,755 |
1,148,855 | Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by at least two weeks of persistent low mood. It is accompanied by a wide variety of negative feelings such as low self-esteem, loss of interest in normally enjoyable activities and low energy. There are multiple possible evolutionary explanations for the occurrence of depression and low mood in humans. Many different hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. It has been suggested that different life events and other disease processes are responsible for different forms of depression with subtypes related to infection, long-term stress, loneliness, traumatic experience, hierarchy conflict, grief, romantic rejection, postpartum events, the season, chemicals, somatic diseases and starvation. Individualising treatment based on causational subtypes is suggested as lending direction in treatments. Other hypotheses include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42449890 | 1,148,248 |
632,079 | During World War II, Langmuir and Research Associate Vincent J Schaefer worked on improving naval sonar for submarine detection, and later to develop protective smoke screens and methods for deicing aircraft wings. This research led him to theorize and then demonstrate in the laboratory and in the atmosphere, that the introduction of ice nuclei dry ice and silver iodide into a sufficiently moist cloud of low temperature ([supercooled water]) could induce precipitation (cloud seeding); though in frequent practice, particularly in Australia and the People's Republic of China, the efficiency of this technique remains controversial today. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15362 | 631,741 |
1,049,008 | A significant application of the transdisciplinary model, was developed by Relief Nursery, Inc. of Eugene, Oregon, an early pioneer of the model. Founded in 1976 as a local child abuse prevention effort, Relief Nursery became a pilot project under the National Crisis Nurseries Act of 1986 Working with early childhood experts Christine Chaille and Lory Britain and representatives from the local community, the approach was refined into a new comprehensive family services model, so successful that it was replicated at more than 30 sites in the State of Oregon. The model attracted national and international interest, recognized in 2002 by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Child Abuse and Neglect (OCAN), as an "innovative program with noteworthy aspects", and becoming part of a project sponsored by Holt International in 2008, to introduce the model into the Ukraine as an alternative to their existing—and failing—orphanage model. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4739983 | 1,048,463 |
1,491,353 | Mark Benioff, founder of Salesforce.com, presumes that any appliance principally lacks scalability for the end-user compared with the infrastructure, supplied as service, and notes that the Exalogic approach is actually a rollback to the obsolete mainframe computer concept. Also, commentators have expressed concerns about the appropriateness of placing the word "elastic" in the name, because, despite the ability to load balance, there are obvious computing limits of the box, and those limits cannot be transcended like they should be in a true elastic environment; the same criticism applies to all solutions designed for private cloud computing, in particular, it applies to EMC Corporation and Hewlett-Packard products. However, any computing environment is a collection of servers, and since many Exalogic machines can be combined, it is not limited to the single box capacity, which may be considered as merely a building block. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29594639 | 1,490,514 |
1,668,316 | Her research group recently created haploid yeast cells containing extra copies of chromosomes and discovered that these aneuploid strains elicit phenotypes independent of the identity of the additional chromosome such as defects in cell cycle progression, increased energy demands, and interference with protein biosynthesis. Amon has also examined trisomy in the mouse as a model of mammalian cell growth and physiology and demonstrated that mammalian aneuploidy results in a stress response analogous to yeast aneuploidy. Amon's aneuploidy research has potential applications to cancer research. She found that aneuploidy can interfere with a cell's normal DNA repair mechanisms, allowing mutations to accumulate in tumor cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24292360 | 1,667,377 |
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