doc_id int32 18 2.25M | text stringlengths 245 2.96k | source stringlengths 38 44 | __index_level_0__ int64 18 2.25M |
|---|---|---|---|
1,048,078 | In the early 1990s, West German federal railway Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB) sought to replace its ageing electric locomotive fleet with a single type. In the previous decade, DB introduced its first universal locomotives with three-phase asynchronous induction motors and two bogies with two powered axles each, the DB Class 120, which had been successful. In 1991, DB requested bids for about 1000 more universal locomotives with an improved design and increased power, the planned DB Class 121. The railway industry began developing new locomotives, but in October 1992, DB cancelled the tender due to the high price of the offers and the changed situation. In 1994, Deutsche Bundesbahn merged with the former East German Deutsche Reichsbahn, creating Deutsche Bahn, bringing over 600 modern DR Class 243 locomotives into the joint locomotive fleet. In addition, the merger coincided with a railway reform, dividing the rolling stock of Deutsche Bahn between its regional passenger, long-distance passenger and freight business areas, making the universal locomotive plans obsolete. From late 1993, the business areas of Deutsche Bahn and their predecessors called new bids for electric locomotives tailored for their specific needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3710414 | 1,047,533 |
544,771 | Graphical modeling tools aim to improve these aspects of design. These tools provide a very generic and unified graphical modeling environment, and they reduce the complexity of model designs by breaking them into hierarchies of individual design blocks. Designers can thus achieve multiple levels of model fidelity by simply substituting one block element with another. Graphical models also help engineers to conceptualize the entire system and simplify the process of transporting the model from one stage to another in the design process. Boeing's simulator EASY5 was among the first modeling tools to be provided with a graphical user interface, together with AMESim, a multi-domain, multi-level platform based on the Bond Graph theory. This was soon followed by tool like 20-sim and Dymola, which allowed models to be composed of physical components like masses, springs, resistors, etc. These were later followed by many other modern tools such as Simulink and LabVIEW. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13337318 | 544,488 |
585,641 | The groups soon had their own filter rooms. The introduction of ground-controlled interception radars (GCI) in the winter of 1940–41 allowed further devolution of command because sector controllers could directly detect and control the aircraft in their area. Working with IFF, now widely used, the GCI display eliminated the need for separate detection and plotting, as well as the communications links and manpower needed to operate the reporting system. The Dowding system remained in use for the rest of the war for daytime missions, both for (rare) defensive situations, as well providing support for aircraft supporting offensive daytime raids during 1943 and later. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29382758 | 585,341 |
1,049,982 | On Dec 20, 2018, the California Northstate University Medical Center was announced. It was expected to open in 2022, in Elk Grove, with 250 beds and a level 2 trauma center in the ER. This $750 million project is expected to generate 24,000 jobs and $4.04 billion over the next 10 years. The plan was rejected by the Elk Grove Planning Commission in early 2021 and alternate sites were proposed. In mid-June 2021, the school announced its medical center would be built on property near Interstate 5 formerly known as the Sleep Train Arena in Sacramento, California. http://www.egcitizen.com/news/cnu-hospital-once-slated-for-elk-grove-to-be-built-in-sacramento/article_d0ff5386-d5dd-11eb-90ac-47aeda1e1240.html | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47963618 | 1,049,436 |
340,693 | The current consensus is that non-avian theropods didn't exhibit a group wide growth rate, but instead had varied rates depending on their size. However, all non-avian theropods had faster growth rates than extant reptiles, even when modern reptiles are scaled up to the large size of some non-avian theropods. As body mass increases, the relative growth rate also increases. This trend may be due to the need to reach the size required for reproductive maturity. For example, one of the smallest known theropods was "Microraptor zhaoianus," which had a body mass of 200 grams, grew at a rate of approximately .33 grams per day. A comparable reptile of the same size grows at half of this rate. The growth rates of medium-sized non-avian theropods (100–1000 kg) approximated those of precocial birds, which are much slower than altricial birds. Large theropods (1500–3500 kg) grew even faster, similar to rates displayed by eutherian mammals. The largest non-avian theropods, like "Tyrannosaurus rex" had similar growth dynamics to the largest living land animal today, the African elephant, which is characterized by a rapid period of growth until maturity, subsequently followed by slowing growth in adulthood. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=300664 | 340,512 |
1,160,120 | Fischer's scientific work was mostly concerned with the investigation of the pigments in blood, bile, and also chlorophyll in leaves, as well as with the chemistry of pyrrole from which these pigments are derived. Of special importance was his synthesis of bilirubin and haemin. He received many honors for this work, and received the Nobel Prize in 1930. The lunar crater Fischer was named after him (and Hermann Emil Fischer) in 1976. Hans Fisher had mapped the composition of a hem group. In 1929 Fischer succeeded in producing the substance and proving that its ring has a central atom of iron, as he also continued studying other pigmented substances of a biological importance of biochemistry such as chlorophyll, the color that plays part in a plants photosynthesis. Fischer also unraveled the bile pigments biliverdin (which causes the yellowish color characteristic of bruised skin) and bilirubin (which yellows skin in jaundice cases), and synthesized them in 1942 and 1944, successively. He conducted microanalyses of more than 60,000 chemical substance, and had won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1930. The person that sparked Fischer's interest was von Muller, his former professor and supervisor whom interests were in pyrrole pigments by inviting Fischer to work with him at the well-known Second Medical Clinic in Munich in 1910. Under Muller, he began to examine the composition of the bile pigment bilirubin, something he would continue to be engaged in during the decades that followed. Fischer's succession also came with difficulty's as many of his experiments seemed to have failed but with time Fischer was able to perfect his acknowledgement with is failed attempts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1233606 | 1,159,505 |
222,913 | The easiest and most widely studied method to improve perovskite solar cells is passivation. These defects usually lead to deep energy level defects in solar cells due to the presence of hanging bonds on the surface of perovskite films. Usually, small molecules or polymers are doped to interact with the hanging bonds and thus reduce the defect states. This process is similar to Tetris, i.e., we always want the layer to be full. A small molecule with the function of passivation is some kind of square that can be inserted where there is an empty space and then a complete layer is obtained.These molecules will generally have lone electron pairs or pi-electrons, so they can bind to the defective states on the surface of the cell film and thus achieve passivation of the material. Therefore, molecules such as carbonyl, nitrogen-containing molecules, and sulfur-containing molecules are considered, and recently it has been shown that Pi electrons can also play a role. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=175622 | 222,804 |
2,048,889 | At the beginning of scientific activity he studied (under the guidance of AE Arbuzov) the method of tapping coniferous trees, the composition of the gum and the products of its processing - turpentine and rosin. The work was of great practical importance, and allowed a new approach to the issue of the technical use of turpentine for which he was awarded the A. Butlerov Prize from the Russian Physico-Chemical Society in 1928. A year later, together with AE Arbuzov, he discovered the reaction of formation of free radicals of the triarylmethyl series which is formed from aryl bromomethane. He conducted research in a series of derivatives of pyrolytic phosphorus, resulted in the preparation of the drug pyrophos and octamethyl pesticide. After 1930, he studied the chemical transformations of terpenes and the mechanism of their oxides transformation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46681878 | 2,047,708 |
1,311,190 | The game's first trailer was released alongside the game's full announcement, showcasing Columbia, the propaganda around the city, and Elizabeth and her powers. A second trailer for the game premiered at the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards held in December of that year; in it, new scenes from the game are played during the song "Will the Circle Be Unbroken?". This version of the song was sung by Elizabeth's voice actress, Courtnee Draper, while the backing guitar is played by Booker's actor, Troy Baker. While Levine had intended to use Draper for the vocals, Baker's role was happenstance; as Levine was working with Draper in the recording of the song, Baker offered up his abilities on the guitar, and the group spent several hours to exact the appropriate tone of the song. A version of this song, sung by both actors, is part of the game's soundtrack. Given the opportunity for a broadcast trailer, Levine wanted to create a mood piece, and centered the trailer around desolation of the workers in the factories of Columbia in the Finkton district, providing the basis for the creation of the Vox Populi. The trailer had received some criticism from religious groups, believing that its producers had purposely removed the word "Lord" from the song, but Levine pointed out that the original hymn, written in 1908, did not include the word; it was added in the Carter Family recording of "Can the Circle Be Unbroken (By and By)" in 1935. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38977195 | 1,310,471 |
1,860,764 | The Integral Urban House offered many classes to the public on various topics related to ecological housing, such as solar energy systems, food stock raising, and beekeeping. It also provided training programs, seminars on environmental education, and consultation for others who were looking to make similar modifications to their homes. As a demonstration house available for the public to view, the house proved to be quite popular in its early years – resident manager Tom Javits states in the introduction to the guide written by Oklowski that each week about 500 people visited the house, with tours being conducted between 1:00pm and 5:00pm on Saturdays and at 1:00 pm on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays for large groups in excess of five people. In the first three years that the house was being renovated, eight other homes in the neighborhood were renovated and occupied as the project gained interest in the local area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25986184 | 1,859,696 |
1,843,623 | The challenge faced when developing vaccines is the complexity and variation of these proteins. In merozoites of the same genus and species, the sequences encoding proteins such as MSP-1 vary depending on the region they are found. For example, the Combination B vaccine utilizes antigens of MSP-1 and MSP-2 but has limited efficacy based primarily on the MSP-2 alleles used. In an attempt to increase the efficiency of vaccines produced, constant regions such as MSP-1 which remain on the surface of the Plasmodium after the merozoite stage are becoming a key focus for vaccine studies. Additionally, synthetic glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) molecules are candidates since they elicit a strong immune response while simultaneously remaining relatively consistent in structure over various malarial strains. Also MSP3 is being studied as a vaccine antigen. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2203098 | 1,842,569 |
157,673 | Imagine this figure built from struts of given length and tendons (connecting neighboring vertices) of given length "s", with formula_2. The relation tells us there are two possible values for "d": one realized by pushing the struts together, the other by pulling them apart. In the particular case formula_3 the two extremes coincide, and formula_4, therefore the figure is the stable tensegrity icosahedron. This choice of parameters gives the vertices the positions of Jessen's icosahedron; they are different from the regular icosahedron, for which the ratio of formula_5 and formula_6 would be the golden ratio, rather than 2. However both sets of coordinates lie along a continuous family of positions ranging from the cuboctahedron to the octahedron (as limit cases), which are linked by a helical contractive/expansive transformation. This kinematics of the cuboctahedron is the "geometry of motion" of the tensegrity icosahedron. It was first described by H. S. M. Coxeter and later called the "jitterbug transformation" by Buckminster Fuller. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=92981 | 157,601 |
1,282,752 | The ECHA decision adding PFBS and its salts to the REACH Regulation Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern states:“The combined intrinsic properties justifying the inclusion as a substance for which there is scientific evidence of probable serious effects to human health and the environment which give rise to an equivalent level of concern are the following: very high persistence, high mobility in water and soil, high potential for long-range transport, and difficulty of remediation and water purification as well as moderate bioaccumulation in humans. The observed probable serious effects for human health and the environment are thyroid hormonal disturbances and reproductive toxicity seen in rodents, and effects on liver, kidney and haematological system in rats, hormonal disturbances and effects on reproduction in marine medaka fish and effects on expression of hormone receptors in tadpoles. Together, these elements lead to a very high potential for irreversible effects.” | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21127861 | 1,282,056 |
19,278 | Octopuses have a relatively short lifespan; some species live for as little as six months. The Giant Pacific octopus, one of the two largest species of octopus, may live for as much as five years. Octopus lifespan is limited by reproduction. For most octopuses the last stage of their life is called senescence. It is the breakdown of cellular function without repair or replacement. For males, this typically begins after mating. Senescence may last from weeks to a few months, at most. For females, it begins when they lay a clutch of eggs. Females will spend all their time aerating and protecting their eggs until they are ready to hatch. During senescence, an octopus does not feed and quickly weakens. Lesions begin to form and the octopus literally degenerates. Unable to defend themselves, octopuses often fall prey to predators. The larger Pacific striped octopus (LPSO) is an exception, as it can reproduce repeatedly over a life of around two years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22780 | 19,270 |
349,035 | In 1884, Takaki Kanehiro, a surgeon general in the Imperial Japanese Navy, rejected the previous germ theory for beriberi and suggested instead that the disease was due to insufficiencies in the diet. Switching diets on a navy ship, he discovered that replacing a diet of white rice only with one also containing barley, meat, milk, bread, and vegetables, nearly eliminated beriberi on a nine-month sea voyage. However, Takaki had added many foods to the successful diet and he incorrectly attributed the benefit to increased protein intake, as vitamins were unknown at the time. The Navy was not convinced of the need for such an expensive program of dietary improvement, and many men continued to die of beriberi, even during the Russo-Japanese war of 1904–5. Not until 1905, after the anti-beriberi factor had been discovered in rice bran (removed by polishing into white rice) and in barley bran, was Takaki's experiment rewarded. He was made a baron in the Japanese peerage system, after which he was affectionately called "Barley Baron". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30500 | 348,853 |
872,453 | With demonstrations of entanglement published, the question of whether or not the D-Wave machine can demonstrate quantum speedup over all classical computers remains unanswered. A study published in Science in June 2014, described as "likely the most thorough and precise study that has been done on the performance of the D-Wave machine" and "the fairest comparison yet", attempted to define and measure quantum speedup. Several definitions were put forward as some may be unverifiable by empirical tests, while others, though falsified, would nonetheless allow for the existence of performance advantages. The study found that the D-Wave chip "produced no quantum speedup" and did not rule out the possibility in future tests. The researchers, led by Matthias Troyer at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, found "no quantum speedup" across the entire range of their tests, and only inconclusive results when looking at subsets of the tests. Their work illustrated "the subtle nature of the quantum speedup question". Further work has advanced understanding of these test metrics and their reliance on equilibrated systems, thereby missing any signatures of advantage due to quantum dynamics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5219389 | 871,993 |
521,783 | In March 2014, it was announced that FE was working with New York City authorities to bring a motor race to the area. Agag told CNN in May 2016 that he was "very optimistic" about the possibility of hosting an event in the city: "I've just come from New York looking at different venues, different possibilities. It's far from done yet but we are very optimistic. Our dream would be to have a race in New York." On 21 September 2016, officials announced that the New York City ePrix would be held on the 1.210-mile (1.947 km) long Brooklyn Street Circuit in the neighbourhood of Red Hook, Brooklyn. Montreal's Mayor Denis Coderre announced in September 2014 that he had entered into advanced discussions with FIA's President Jean Todt over holding a race in the city. After flying to Miami to meet with series officials six months later, Coderre said in May 2015 that "informal agreements" had been reached, and planning for the event commenced in January 2016. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45532368 | 521,511 |
2,127,637 | Pulsatile insulin release from the entire pancreas requires that secretion is synchronized between 1 million islets within a 25 cm long organ. Much like the cardiac pacemaker, the pancreas is connected to cranial nerve 10, and others, but the oscillations are accomplished by intrapancreatic neurons and do not require neural input from the brain. It is not entirely clear which neural factors account for this synchronization but ATP as well as the gasses NO and CO may be involved. The effect of these neural factors is to induce sudden dramatic elevation of calcium in the cytoplasm by releasing calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the beta cells. This elevation results in release of ATP from the beta cells. The released ATP in turn binds to receptors on neighbouring beta cells leading to a regenerative wave of rapid calcium elevation among the cells within the islet. This signal is believed to entrain pulsatile insulin release from the islets into a common pancreatic rhythm. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15445074 | 2,126,416 |
1,427,412 | The JABS was conceived as a compromise between the M104 Wolverine that was deemed too expensive to operate and the aging M60 Patton-based M60 AVLB which could not adequately support the Abrams and Bradley vehicles. The vehicle provides the Army Mobility Augmentation Companies supporting Armored Brigade Combat Teams with a survivable, deployable and sustainable heavy-assault-bridging capability. Prototype development began in May 2012 when the U.S. Army Contracting Command awarded General Dynamics Land Systems and Leonardo DRS a $26 million contract to build two Joint Assault Bridge System (JABS) prototypes. The contract supported the engineering and manufacturing development phase, with the GDLS prototype being built in Sterling Heights, Michigan and the Leonardo prototype built in West Plains, Missouri. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59565578 | 1,426,609 |
1,125,205 | Dental-related diseases are largely preventable. Public health dentistry is practiced generally through government sponsored programs, which are for the most part directed toward public-school children in the belief that their education in oral hygiene is the best way to reach the general public. The pattern for such programs in the past was a dental practitioners annual visit to a school to lecture and to demonstrate proper tooth-brushing techniques. In the 1970s, a more elaborate program emerged. It included a week of one-hour sessions of instruction, demonstration, and questions and answers, conducted by a dentist and a dental assistant and aided by a teacher who had previously been given several hours of instruction. Use was also made of televised dental health education programs, which parents were encouraged to observe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14449632 | 1,124,630 |
1,631,656 | In Robinson's view, Marx saw this theory as an equilibrium, a balance between the demand of society and the social labour time of a product which drove the market's prices (23).But there are two difficulties with this; first, how can equal work be assessed? (XIX). If two workers labour the same number of hours and produce a quality that is different in a product, how do you measure which one is worth more by their labour? Secondly, natural elements of land fertility, climate and the convenience of markets also change the quality of a product regardless of how hard any two workers labour (XIX). Although this leads to unequal distributions, Marx still identified a key problem in the exploitation of labour in capitalist systems (28). Robinson argues that governments should instead take into account the disadvantages faced by workers and assess their work based on their differential circumstances (XXI). These features of planning will allow for each individual to receive a share of their contribution to society (24). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37785478 | 1,630,734 |
11,420 | Some analysts have argued that nuclear weapons have made the world relatively safer, with peace through deterrence and through the stability–instability paradox, including in south Asia. Kenneth Waltz has argued that nuclear weapons have helped keep an uneasy peace, and further nuclear weapon proliferation might even help avoid the large scale conventional wars that were so common before their invention at the end of World War II. But former Secretary Henry Kissinger says there is a new danger, which cannot be addressed by deterrence: "The classical notion of deterrence was that there was some consequences before which aggressors and evildoers would recoil. In a world of suicide bombers, that calculation doesn’t operate in any comparable way". George Shultz has said, "If you think of the people who are doing suicide attacks, and people like that get a nuclear weapon, they are almost by definition not deterrable". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21785 | 11,415 |
673,086 | Until the 1970s, aviation had been a traditionally male occupation in the United States. Commerce Department regulations virtually required pilots to have flown in the military to acquire sufficient flight hours, and until the 1970s, the U.S. Air Force and Navy barred women from flying and they were routinely denied work in commercial piloting. The US military did not open fighter jet flights to women until 1993. Women eventually began to enter U.S. major commercial aviation in the 1970s and 1980s, with 1973 seeing the first female pilot at a major U.S. airline, American Airlines. American also promoted the first female captain of a major U.S. airline in 1986 and the following year had the first all-woman flight crew. In other countries, women were starting to fly as pilots, such as Turi Widerøe, who was hired in late 1968, for Scandinavian Airlines System and Aeroflot had already hired women pilots. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47210395 | 672,734 |
412,854 | Another important use of the 6500 family was in video games. The first to make use of the processor design was the Atari VCS, later renamed the Atari 2600. The VCS used a 6502 variant named the 6507, which had fewer pins, so it could address only 8 KB of memory. Millions of the Atari consoles would be sold, each with a MOS processor. Another significant use was by the Nintendo Entertainment System and Famicom. The 6502 used in the NES was a second source version by Ricoh, a partial system on a chip, that lacked the binary-coded decimal mode but added 22 memory-mapped registers and on-die hardware for sound generation, joypad reading, and sprite list DMA. Called 2A03 in NTSC consoles and 2A07 in PAL consoles (the difference being the memory divider ratio and a lookup table for audio sample rates), this processor was produced exclusively for Nintendo. The Atari Lynx used a 4 MHz version of the chip, the 65SC02. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20297 | 412,652 |
1,911,744 | The buds ("knop") were harvested by locals for use in "jamu", Javanese herbalism, a situation first reported in the book by Zuhud "et al". in 1998. The bud was sliced and dried before use. In the 1980s traders paid a price of 1500 rupiah per kilogram of a dried bud in the villages, as opposed to 400 rupiah for 1kg of rice. Buds were then exported to the nearby city of Jember or the main centres of herbalism - Surabaya and Solo. Collectors reported finding 1 to 30 knop in the forest, collecting all the buds they could find. Collectors did not entirely known what it was used for. Traders reported in the 2010s that the business was drying up -demand was softening and thus lowering prices, collection was more difficult due to patrols of forest rangers, and there were few collectors left, thus supply was constricting. Villagers reported they had stopped collecting 2001, and that buds had run out in the areas around the villages -one needed to trek deeper into the National Park to find them. Also, almost all villagers reported being interested in conservation and the potential economic benefits of tourism. Buds were seen for sale in surrounding villages in 2000. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20683449 | 1,910,645 |
692,153 | The many smaller unions across the globe have struggled both financially and in playing terms to compete with the major nations since the start of the open era. In England whilst some teams flourished in the professional era others such as Richmond, Wakefield, Orrell, Waterloo and London Scottish found the going much harder and have either folded or dropped down to minor leagues. In the other Home Nations, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, the professional era had a traumatic effect on the traditional structure of the sport, which had been based around local clubs. Professional rugby in these three countries is now regionally based. In Ireland, each of the four traditional provinces supports one professional team. Scotland currently has two regional teams, each based in one of the country's two largest cities. Wales adopted a regional franchise model, originally with five teams but now with four. These three countries have a joint professional competition, originally known as the Celtic League. In 2010, two Italian super-regional teams joined the competition, which was renamed the Pro12, and in 2017, two South African franchises joined the Pro14 competition. This eventually became the United Rugby Championship, with four different South African teams. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=867176 | 691,790 |
1,934,832 | When Dundee Town Council received the bequest they were in something of a quandary. There was no precedent for any bequest of this nature, and their first thought was to offer the money to the University College, Dundee, in the hope that they would be able to fulfil its terms. They, in turn, sought expert opinion from, among others, the Royal Greenwich Observatory, regarding the feasibility of such a project. The advice they received envisaged that only very limited public access would be possible. Evidently the College decided that the project did not fit into their plans, so they declined the offer. A Trust was then set up with the Town Council, and plans were drawn up to build the Observatory on the summit of Dundee Law. However, the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 put the whole project in pause, and the site it was intended to occupy was instead reserved for the War Memorial, which was erected after the end of hostilities. No further progress was made during the 1920s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9898493 | 1,933,724 |
1,968,756 | Up until the end of the 18th century Classical British scholarship was theologically based, using the Bible as a basic source for world history and chronology. Early work in the developing science of geology sought "theories of the Earth" combining mechanical physical laws in the natural philosophy of René Descartes with belief in the global flood as described in Genesis . The flood narrative in Genesis was given serious consideration as a basis for explaining geological data, and though by 1800 naturalists accepted an old-earth cosmology, this was not an inevitable conclusion among the educated. Amateur and popular geologists continued to use scripture centred geology well into the 19th century. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24068342 | 1,967,623 |
1,532,783 | These moths have stage-structured development life cycles, and a traditional hypothesis suggests that these cycles should be most synchronized across the population in the spring due to the preceding effects of cold winter months, and as the summer progresses, the life stages become more randomly assorted. This is often what's observed in North America. However, this study observed instead that populations were "more" correlated as the season progressed, perhaps because temperature fluctuations enforced synchrony. The authors found that when temperatures first increased above ~15 °C in the spring, the population dynamics crossed a Hopf bifurcation from stability to repeated outbreak cycles, until stabilization again in the fall. Above the Hopf threshold, population-cycle amplitude increased roughly linearly with temperature. This study affirmed the classic concept of temperature as a "pacemaker of all vital rates." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43070114 | 1,531,915 |
2,094,139 | Natural gas distributors are currently using the company's extraction monitors to quantify levels of water vapor and carbon dioxide in their natural gas pipelines. The application calls for a rugged device, which can withstand the harsh environments in these pipes with low parts-per-million sensitivity. Today, many suppliers transport their product to many customers through a shared pipeline infrastructure. Market rates for gas products are determined, in part, by the moisture levels and purity of natural gas. Relative moisture levels indicate whether a gas is "wet" or "dry," while carbon dioxide levels tell the distributor whether the product is "clean" or "dirty." The requirement to measure humidity is also driven by the corrosive effect that water can have in combination with other chemicals in the pipes. Corrosion can lead to leaks, which can lead to a potentially dangerous situation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6159101 | 2,092,931 |
493,240 | Unlike construction cranes where the work speed was determined by the relatively slow progress of the masons, harbour cranes usually featured double treadwheels to speed up loading. The two treadwheels whose diameter is estimated to be 4 m or larger were attached to each side of the axle and rotated together. Their capacity was 2–3 tons which apparently corresponded to the customary size of marine cargo. Today, according to one survey, fifteen treadwheel harbour cranes from pre-industrial times are still extant throughout Europe. Some harbour cranes were specialised at mounting masts to newly built sailing ships, such as in Danzig, Cologne and Bremen. Beside these stationary cranes, floating cranes which could be flexibly deployed in the whole port basin came into use by the 14th century. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24864939 | 492,985 |
2,140,049 | Proteins of the Betaine/Carnitine/Choline Transporter (BCCT) family are found in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and archaea. The BCCT family is a member a large group of secondary transporters, the APC superfamily. Their common functional feature is that they all transport molecules with a quaternary ammonium group [R-N (CH)]. The BCCT family proteins vary in length between 481 and 706 amino acyl residues and possess 12 putative transmembrane α-helical spanners (TMSs). The x-ray structures reveal two 5 TMS repeats with the total number of TMSs being 10. These porters catalyze bidirectional uniport or are energized by pmf-driven or smf-driven proton or sodium ion symport, respectively, or else by substrate:substrate antiport. Some of these permeases exhibit osmosensory and osmoregulatory properties inherent to their polypeptide chains. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27492898 | 2,138,819 |
216,127 | As the first operational military jet in late 1944 to ever feature one, the winner of the German "Volksjäger" "people's fighter" home defense jet fighter design competition; the lightweight Heinkel He 162A "Spatz", featured a new type of ejection seat, this time fired by an explosive cartridge. In this system, the seat rode on wheels set between two pipes running up the back of the cockpit. When lowered into position, caps at the top of the seat fitted over the pipes to close them. Cartridges, basically identical to shotgun shells, were placed in the bottom of the pipes, facing upward. When fired, the gases would fill the pipes, "popping" the caps off the end, and thereby forcing the seat to ride up the pipes on its wheels and out of the aircraft. By the end of the war, the Dornier Do 335 "Pfeil" — primarily from it having a rear-mounted engine (of the twin engines powering the design) powering a pusher propeller located at the aft end of the fuselage presenting a hazard to a normal "bailout" escape — and a few late-war prototype aircraft were also fitted with ejection seats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=388794 | 216,019 |
1,165,446 | NaSICON-phosphate Na3V2(PO4)3 compounds are considered promising cathodes with a theoretical specific energy of 400 W h kg^-1. Vanadium-based compounds exhibit satisfactory high energy densities that are comparable to those of lithium-ion batteries as they operate through multi-electron redox reactions (V3+/V4+ and V4+/V5+) and a high operating voltage. The use of vanadium is toxic and expensive which introduces a critical issue in real applications. This concern holds true for other electrodes based on costly 3d transition metal elements such as Ni- or Co-based electrodes. The most abundant and non-toxic 3d element, iron, is the favored choice as the redox center in the polyanionic or mixed-polyanion system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43140842 | 1,164,829 |
1,799,734 | On a visit to Coggeshall, Essex, where his paternal grandmother lived, his aunt introduced him to the local doctor, and suggested that he might become a medical apprentice. Rather unwillingly he agreed, and spent the next three years apprenticed to Dr Thomas Simpson. Gowers' parents both came from congregationalist backgrounds, as did Dr Simpson. Gowers was persuaded to try to take the University of London matriculation, as it was a university established for Nonconformists and others excluded under the Test Act from most other universities. During 1862–3, while an apprentice, he kept a shorthand diary, largely to practice writing Pitman's shorthand, a skill he decided to master before going to university. Two congregationalist ministers at Coggeshall, first the Rev. Brian Dale and then the Rev. Alfred Philps provided guidance to the young man, who studied for his matriculation using the resources of the local Mechanics Institute. He passed his matriculation examination in 1863 in the First Class Division. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1053857 | 1,798,725 |
1,823,748 | "Pardosa agrestis" exhibits non-sexual cannibalism. This process serves to strengthen the fitness of larger spiders when other nutrients are not in reach, and plays a role in population regulation. The factors that influence the possibility of cannibalistic activity is the size difference between predator and prey, and the hunger level of the predator. In instances where cannibalism occurs, the larger spider is almost always the cannibal. Cannibalism is most likely to occur between spiders in different life stages and sexes. In deciding whether to engage in cannibalistic behavior, handling time is an important determining factor. Handling time takes into account the size difference between the predator and prey, aiming to minimize retaliation risk and profitability of the interaction. Another important factor that contributes to the occurrence of cannibalistic behavior in "Pardosa agrestis" is encounter frequency. This variable depends on how densely populated an area is and movement behaviors of individual spiders. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65627229 | 1,822,710 |
820,561 | From July to October 1944, "Atago" was flagship of Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita's First Mobile Striking Force, which comprised the major remaining surface force of the Imperial Japanese Navy. The force consisted of five battleships, ten heavy cruisers, two light cruisers, and 19 destroyers, and was based at Lingga Roads near Singapore. The force sortied on 22 October in what would be the last major naval engagement of the war, the Battle of Leyte Gulf. "Atago" served as flagship for what the Allies termed the "Center Force", and was a part of "Sentai"-4, along with "Chōkai", "Takao" and "Maya". The next day two submarines that had been shadowing the force attacked in the Palawan Passage, in an area known as Dangerous Ground. "Atago" was one of the ships hit. Four torpedoes fired from the submarine , skippered by Commander David H. McClintock, struck the "Atago", setting her ablaze. She capsized at 05:53, in just 18 minutes, in about of water at . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4088811 | 820,120 |
2,001,646 | The Education Reform Act 1988 made technology mandatory, however the Conservative government were unable to afford the cost of funding schools to teach the subject. A first attempt at developing specialist schools to solve this issue, the City Technology College (CTC) programme between 1988 and 1993, had produced only 15 schools, despite an initial aim of 200. In response, Cyril Taylor, chairman of the City Technology Colleges Trust, proposed to allow pre-existing schools to become specialists in technology (CTCs were newly opened schools). This was expected to mitigate the programme's failure and allow the government to gradually pay for the subject of technology. The Major government launched the £25 million Technology Schools Initiative (TSI) afterwards. From 1991, secondary schools were granted additional funds as a reward for specialising in technology in order to improve the curricular provision of technical education. 89 local education authorities applied to join the TSI, with a number of schools individually applying in authorities that chose not to take part. Some authorities, namely those run by the Labour Party, refused to participate on political grounds (Labour had opposed technology schools). 222 schools had specialised in technology by 1993 (not including CTCs), with government plans to have these schools collaborate and share their resources with other secondaries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7393577 | 2,000,499 |
693,442 | In the "Book of Optics" (1011–22 AD), Ibn al-Haytham argued that vision occurs in the brain, and that personal experience has an effect on what people see and how they see, and that vision and perception are subjective. Arguing against Ptolemy's refraction theory for why people perceive the Sun and Moon larger at the horizon than when they are higher in the sky, he redefined the problem in terms of perceived, rather than real, enlargement. He said that judging the distance of an object depends on there being an uninterrupted sequence of intervening bodies between the object and the observer. With the Moon, however, there are no intervening objects. Therefore, since the size of an object depends on its observed distance, which is in this case inaccurate, the Moon appears larger on the horizon. Through works by Roger Bacon, John Pecham and Witelo based on Ibn al-Haytham's explanation, the Moon illusion gradually came to be accepted as a psychological phenomenon, with Ptolemy's theory being rejected in the 17th century. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28779877 | 693,079 |
117,661 | The first reported type of network firewall is called a packet filter, which inspect packets transferred between computers. The firewall maintains an access control list which dictates what packets will be looked at and what action should be applied, if any, with the default action set to silent discard. Three basic actions regarding the packet consist of a silent discard, discard with Internet Control Message Protocol or TCP reset response to the sender, and forward to the next hop. Packets may be filtered by source and destination IP addresses, protocol, source and destination ports. The bulk of Internet communication in 20th and early 21st century used either Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or User Datagram Protocol (UDP) in conjunction with well-known ports, enabling firewalls of that era to distinguish between specific types of traffic such as web browsing, remote printing, email transmission, and file transfers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26173989 | 117,616 |
1,764,709 | The arrival of humans on the island 1,500 to 2,000 years ago has taken a significant toll, not only on the size of lemur populations, but also on their diversity. Due to habitat destruction and hunting, at least 17 species and 8 genera have gone extinct and many others have become threatened. Historically, lemurs ranged across the entire island inhabiting a wide variety of habitats, including dry deciduous forests, lowland forests, spiny thickets, subhumid forests, montane forest, and mangrove. Today, their collective range is restricted to 10% of the island, or approximately . Most of the remaining forests and lemurs are found along the periphery of the island. The center of the island, the Hauts-Plateaux, was converted by early settlers to rice paddies and grassland through slash-and-burn agriculture, known locally as "tavy". As erosion depleted the soil, the cyclical forest regrowth and burning ended as the forest gradually failed to return. In 2008, 41% of all lemur taxa were threatened with extinction while 42% were classified on the IUCN Red List as "Data Deficient". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31316984 | 1,763,716 |
800,990 | While the scientist-practitioner model “stood intransigent and impervious through the 1950s and 60s”, the APA attempted to respond to pressure for more and better clinical training by forming the Committee on the Scientific and Professional Aims of Psychology in 1963. The Committee concluded that the scientist-practitioner model failed to do either of the jobs for which it was designed and recommended several important changes, including: establishing separate practice-oriented programs, potentially in locations other than university psychology departments; developing a practice-oriented training model; and using the Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D) degree to designate preparation for clinical practice. The Committee's conclusions and recommendations met with controversy. In particular, opponents said a different degree would impact the field's prestige and ignore science. Proponents, however, argued it would be informed by science and that other practice-oriented healthcare disciplines, such as medicine, had well-respected professional degrees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=482388 | 800,562 |
2,209,485 | In 2009, the G.I.R.O.S. has published a monograph on the Italian hardy orchids. The book was produced by the experts group, which includes the major Italian specialists in this fascinating group of plants. It is the first monograph on the Italian orchids updated to the latest molecular and taxonomy research. Specific introductory chapters are devoted to morphology, biology, systematics and taxonomy, biogeography, ecology and protection. The main body of the book contains cards of all 29 genres and all 189 species and subspecies known to the Italian country. The more complex types are also described in a dichotomous key. Each species is described with a card with detailed information on the distribution, the flowering period, a detailed description of the morphological and biology, and many images that illustrate both the whole plant, and the details, both the color variations. The volume concludes with an extensive bibliography, a glossary and index analysis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45026480 | 2,208,225 |
1,283,993 | Burt was an active surveyor in Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa and other states. He was the leader of many survey teams in Michigan, when the state was just a wilderness. His surveys revealed the rich mineral deposits of iron and copper in the state's peninsulas and the state of Michigan became a distinguished mining territory of the United States. His solar compass and adaptations of it became standard instruments for the government land survey in much of the western United States and were used until the Global Positioning System was available in the late 20th century. While Burt invented the typographer typewriter, he is better known for his solar compass, invented in 1835. The reason is that his surveyor's precision instrument solved many problems encountered by surveyors in the ordinary use of the magnetic compass for surveying. His precision instrument gave accurate measurements and saved individuals, states, and the United States government huge sums of money from possible lawsuits for inaccuracies due to what a normal surveyor's magnetic compass would cause in bad measurements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2399453 | 1,283,294 |
361,941 | In an acidic aqueous solution, thorium occurs as the tetrapositive aqua ion , which has tricapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry: at pH < 3, the solutions of thorium salts are dominated by this cation. The ion is the largest of the tetrapositive actinide ions, and depending on the coordination number can have a radius between 0.95 and 1.14 Å. It is quite acidic due to its high charge, slightly stronger than sulfurous acid: thus it tends to undergo hydrolysis and polymerisation (though to a lesser extent than ), predominantly to in solutions with pH 3 or below, but in more alkaline solution polymerisation continues until the gelatinous hydroxide forms and precipitates out (though equilibrium may take weeks to be reached, because the polymerisation usually slows down before the precipitation). As a hard Lewis acid, favours hard ligands with oxygen atoms as donors: complexes with sulfur atoms as donors are less stable and are more prone to hydrolysis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30044 | 361,751 |
1,293,778 | The interest in autotransfusion dwindled during World War II, when there was a large pool of donors. After the war, blood testing, typing, and crossmatching techniques were improved making blood banks the answer to the increased demand for blood. In the 1960s, interest in autotransfusion revived. With the advances in all fields of surgery, new companies developed autotransfusion devices. Problems still arose, however, with air embolism, coagulopathy, and hemolysis. The devices used during the Korean and Vietnam War collected and provided gross filtration of blood before it was reinfused. With the introduction of cardiopulmonary bypass in 1952, autotransfusion became an area of study. Klebanoff began a new era of autotransfusion by developing the first commercially available autotransfusion unit in 1968. His system, the Bentley Autotransfusion System aspirated, collected, filtered and reinfused autologous whole blood shed from the operative field. The problems with the Bentley system included the requirement of systemic anticoagulation of the patient, introduction of air embolism, and renal failure resulting from unfiltered particulate in the reinfused blood. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14235668 | 1,293,067 |
1,368,802 | Semiconductor companies such as Microchip take the ARM cores, which use a consistent set of instructions and register naming, and add peripheral circuits such as ADCs (analog to digital converters), clock management, and serial communications such as USART, SPI, I2C, CAN, LIN, USB, Ethernet, and LCD, Camera or Touch controllers. Microchip made efforts to adapt advanced peripherals and power management that used very little power and can operate independently without having the CPU core powered up (sleepwalking). They also provided for DMA between external interfaces and memories increasing data throughput with minimal processor intervention. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3991850 | 1,368,046 |
515,729 | Dura-Europos was a small garrison and trading city on the river Euphrates, and usually on the frontier between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Parthian and finally the Sassanid Empires of Persia. It changed hands at various points but was Roman from 165 AD. Before the final Persian destruction of the town in 256-257 AD, parts of the synagogue which abutted the main city wall were apparently requisitioned and filled with sand as a defensive measure. The city was abandoned after its fall and never resettled, and the lower walls of the rooms remained buried and largely intact until excavated. The short measure of time during which it was used ensured that it would have limited impact upon Judeo-Christian art. The excavations also discovered very important wall-paintings from places of worship of Christianity at the Dura-Europos church. In addition, there were wall paintings edifying Mithraism, and fragmentary Christian texts in Hebrew. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=723899 | 515,460 |
624,803 | Thomas Edison State University moved into downtown Trenton in September 1979, at a time when other institutions were leaving cities. The 7-year-old university, which had spent three years at the Forrestal Center outside of Princeton, needed room for growth. At the same time, the state was looking for an appropriate tenant for the landmark Kelsey Building located adjacent to New Jersey's State House complex and the State House historic district, while the city sought to preserve the building's historic use as a school. Behind the Kelsey Building and the adjoining five restored mid-19th-century brick Townhouses is Petty's Run, which flows to the Delaware River. In the early 1730s, Petty's Run powered a plating mill, and by midcentury drove a steel furnace. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=295279 | 624,470 |
1,434,790 | Most subsequent work in the first decade of the 21st century has tended to increase support for the impression that the labrum is indeed appendiculate in origin. Evidence of varied origin and nature, though not qualitatively uniform in all Arthropoda, shows a trend in favour of such interpretations. For example, there has been progress on lines that increasingly suggest similarities between the networks of regulatory genes in the embryogenesis of the labrum and of segmental appendages of the trunk. There do remain difficulties however; the labrum develops in median tissues rather than the lateral sources expected of paired appendages and is part of an anterior nonsegmental tissue. It accordingly has been suggested that the now common genetic network evolved in either the labrum structure or in the trunk appendages and in either case, subsequently was redeployed elsewhere to form the other structure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30277104 | 1,433,984 |
1,478,277 | Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a two-dimensional chromatography technique that combines the separation technique of gas chromatography with the identification technique of mass spectrometry. GC-MS is the single most important analytical tool for the analysis of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in complex mixtures. It works by first injecting the sample into the GC inlet where it is vaporized and pushed through a column by a carrier gas, typically helium. The analytes in the sample are separated based upon their interaction with the coating of the column, or the stationary phase, and the carrier gas, or the mobile phase. The compounds eluted from the column are converted into ions via electron impact (EI) or chemical ionization (CI) before traveling through the mass analyzer. The mass analyzer serves to separate the ions on a mass-to-charge basis. Popular choices perform the same function but differ in the way that they accomplish the separation. The analyzers typically used with GC-MS are the time-of-flight mass analyzer and the quadrupole mass analyzer. After leaving the mass analyzer, the analytes reach the detector and produce a signal that is read by a computer and used to create a gas chromatogram and mass spectrum. Sometimes GC-MS utilizes two gas chromatographers in particularly complex samples to obtain considerable separation power and be able to unambiguously assign the specific species to the appropriate peaks in a technique known as GCxGC-(MS). Ultimately, GC-MS is a technique utilized in many analytical laboratories and is a very effective and adaptable analytical tool. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17828319 | 1,477,444 |
834,959 | Triatomic oxygen (ozone, O) is a very reactive allotrope of oxygen that is a pale blue gas at standard temperature and pressure. Liquid and solid O have a deeper blue color than ordinary O, and they are unstable and explosive. In its gas phase, ozone is destructive to materials like rubber and fabric and is damaging to lung tissue. Traces of it can be detected as a pungent, chlorine-like smell, coming from electric motors, laser printers, and photocopiers, as it is formed whenever air is subjected to an electrical discharge. It was named "ozon" in 1840 by Christian Friedrich Schönbein, from ancient Greek ὄζειν (ozein: "to smell") plus the suffix "-on", commonly used at the time to designate a derived compound and anglicized as "-one". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14553266 | 834,510 |
1,335,370 | The Advanced Tether Experiment (ATEx), was a follow on to the TiPS experiment, designed and built by the Naval Center for Space Technology. ATEx flew as part of the STEX (Space Technology Experiment) mission. ATEx had two end masses connected by a polyethylene tether that was intended to deploy to a length of , and was intended to test a new tether deployment scheme, new tether material, active control, and survivability. ATEx was deployed on 16 January 1999 and ended 18 minutes later after deploying only 22 m of tether. The jettison was triggered by an automatic protection system designed to save STEX if the tether began to stray from its expected departure angle, which was ultimately caused by excessive slack tether. As a result of the deployment failure, none of the desired ATEx goals were achieved. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31386739 | 1,334,640 |
1,892,462 | At the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery Reilly specialises in inherited neuropathies. She was made consultant neurologist in 1998 and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 2002. She began to study neuromuscular disease, in particular Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease. In 2004, she found that Vitamin C could be used to improve symptoms in mouse models of CMT1A (Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1A). She established a randomized controlled trial with colleagues in Italy to evaluate the efficacy of Vitamin C on CMT1A. The UK part of the trial consisted of 50 participants, and found that whilst Vitamin C is safe, it does not slow the progression of the disease. Although the trial was not a success, it developed new neuropathy outcome measures. Her research includes the identification of genes such as BICD2 and methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MARS); she has already conducted functional analysis of IGHMBP2. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59751869 | 1,891,379 |
122,523 | The disorder is caused by a disruption to the genetic processes that form the brain early in pregnancy, though the cause is not identified in most cases. Many genetic syndromes can result in microcephaly, including chromosomal and single-gene conditions, though almost always in combination with other symptoms. Mutations that result solely in microcephaly (primary microcephaly) exist but are less common. External toxins to the embryo, such as alcohol during pregnancy or vertically transmitted infections, can also result in microcephaly. Microcephaly serves as an important neurological indication or warning sign, but no uniformity exists in its definition. It is usually defined as a head circumference (HC) more than two standard deviations below the mean for age and sex. Some academics advocate defining it as head circumference more than three standard deviations below the mean for the age and sex. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=232051 | 122,474 |
69,478 | The main difference from most other computing devices is that PLCs are intended-for and therefore tolerant-of more severe conditions (such as dust, moisture, heat, cold), while offering extensive input/output (I/O) to connect the PLC to sensors and actuators. PLC input can include simple digital elements such as limit switches, analog variables from process sensors (such as temperature and pressure), and more complex data such as that from positioning or machine vision systems. PLC output can include elements such as indicator lamps, sirens, electric motors, pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders, magnetic relays, solenoids, or analog outputs. The input/output arrangements may be built into a simple PLC, or the PLC may have external I/O modules attached to a fieldbus or computer network that plugs into the PLC. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24992 | 69,451 |
1,653,388 | The "Magdalen" papyrus was purchased in Luxor, Egypt in 1901 by Reverend Charles Bousfield Huleatt (1863–1908), who identified the Greek fragments as portions of the "Gospel of Matthew" (Chapter 26:23 and 31) and presented them to Magdalen College, Oxford, where they are catalogued as "P. Magdalen Greek 17" (Gregory-Aland 𝔓) and whence they have their name. When the fragments were finally published by Colin Henderson Roberts in 1953, illustrated with a photograph, the hand was characterized as "an early predecessor of the so-called 'Biblical Uncial which began to emerge towards the end of the 2nd century. The uncial style is epitomised by the later biblical Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus. Comparative paleographical analysis has remained the methodological key for dating the manuscript, but there is no consensus on the dating of the papyrus. Estimates have ranged from the 1st century to the 4th century AD. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=991400 | 1,652,456 |
1,327,891 | Three of the six s have been scrapped. "TK-202" was deactivated in 1997, and laid up from July 1999 at the Sevmash shipyard in Severodvinsk. With funding from the Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction program, the defueling of her reactors started in June 2002 at the Zvezdochka shipyard. Scrapping was completed in 2003–2005. "TK-12" was withdrawn from active service in 1996, and scrapped in 2006–2008. "TK-13" was withdrawn from active service in 1997, and scrapped in 2007–2009, "funded by Russia, USA and Canada as part of the ['Global partnership' program]". In September 2011, the Russian defense ministry announced it will decommission and dismantle the three remaining boats to comply with the START III treaty and because its newer s require smaller crews and are less costly to maintain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34000838 | 1,327,163 |
553,471 | In chordates, segmentation is coordinated by the clock and wavefront model. The "clock" refers to the periodic oscillation of specific genes, such as Her1, a hairy/Enhancer of split- gene. Expression starts at the posterior end of the embryo and moves towards the anterior. The wavefront is where the somites mature, defined by a gradient of FGF with somites forming at the low end of this gradient. In higher vertebrates including mouse and chick, but not zebrafish, the wavefront also depends upon retinoic acid generated just anterior to the caudal FGF8 domain which limits the anterior spreading of FGF8; retinoic acid repression of Fgf8 gene expression defines the wavefront as the point at which the concentrations of both retinoic acid and diffusible FGF8 protein are at their lowest. Cells at this point will mature and form a pair of somites. The interaction of other signaling molecules, such as myogenic regulatory factors, with this gradient promotes the development of other structures, such as muscles, across the basic segments. Lower vertebrates such as zebrafish do not require retinoic acid repression of caudal Fgf8 for somitogenesis due to differences in gastrulation and neuromesodermal progenitor function compared to higher vertebrates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=583073 | 553,182 |
207,873 | An open bite malocclusion is when the upper teeth don't overlap the lower teeth. When this malocclusion occurs at the front teeth it is known as anterior open bite. An open bite is difficult to treat due to multifactorial causes, with relapse being a major concern. This is particularly so for an anterior open bite. Therefore, it is important to carry out a thorough initial assessment in order to obtain a diagnosis to tailor a suitable treatment plan. It is important to take into consideration any habitual risk factors, as this is crucial for a successful outcome without relapse. Treatment approach includes behavior changes, appliances and surgery. Treatment for adults include a combination of extractions, fixed appliances, intermaxillary elastics and orthognathic surgery. For children, orthodontics is usually used to compensate for continued growth. With children with mixed dentition, the malocclusion may resolve on its own as the permanent teeth erupt. Furthermore, should the malocclusion be caused by childhood habits such as digit, thumb or pacifier sucking, it may result in resolution as the habit is stopped. Habit deterrent appliances may be used to help in breaking digit and thumb sucking habits. Other treatment options for patients who are still growing include functional appliances and headgear appliances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2156884 | 207,766 |
1,791,709 | In 2009 the Defence Explosive Ordnance Disposal, Munitions and Search School (DEMSS) was formed, bringing together the School of Ammunition, the Defence Explosive Ordnance Disposal School and the National Search Centre, initially as DEMSS (North), at Kineton, and DEMSS (South), at Chattenden, Kent. DEMSS was renamed DEMS Training Regiment in December 2012 when the Chattenden facility was closed and relocated to new premises at Bicester, only 30 miles from Kineton, in order to 'enable closer and more integrated training across all disciplines taught at DEMSS'. Each of the schools coming together to form the Regiment have a history that encompasses a number of sites in the UK, with ammunition management having been the preserve of the Royal Army Ordnance Corps (later amalgamated into the Royal Logistic Corps) and Bomb Disposal having been the responsibility of the Royal Engineers since the Second World War. The education and training to support this requirement has been delivered from: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7148145 | 1,790,702 |
734,938 | Leishman stain generally shows the brilliant violet color of the nucleus and the neutrophil granules for which differential count becomes convenient and makes the quality of staining better than the stains that are simple methylene blue and Eosin based which do not produce enough contrast between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Since Leishman, like other Romanowsky stains, stain cytoplasmic details and granules better, hematologists generally prefer them (however see below about cytologists). Compared to the costly and toxic pure synthetic AZure B and Eosin Y based reagents used by the ICSH reference methods which are also not free from the disadvantage of getting oxidized and eventually giving grey tone instead of the optimal blue colors for cytoplasm, Leishman is a cheap easily available and easy to do technique which gives a fairly acceptable contrast. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3548023 | 734,551 |
1,773,961 | Consequently, during the next two decades studies of neonatal hypothermia in Europe and the USA were sporadic and often unsuccessful. An interest in cooling for brain protection was beginning to emerge, but contemporary neuroscience provided few useful concepts to guide this research and little progress was made. Although across the Iron Curtain in the Soviet Union cooling was being applied empirically following birth asphyxia, the language barrier, cold war politics and the Russians' failure to carry out randomised controlled trials contributed to an almost total ignorance of this work in the West. Indeed, a group of Russian neonatologists who described hypothermic neural rescue during a visit to the Neonatal Unit in Bristol, UK, met with little interest. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24488474 | 1,772,964 |
358,425 | In addition to the mass factor, its relative proximity to the inner solar system allows Jupiter to influence the distribution of minor bodies there. For a long time it was believed that these characteristics led the gas giant to expel from the system or to attract most of the wandering objects in its vicinity and, consequently, to determine a reduction in the number of potentially dangerous objects for the Earth. Subsequent dynamic studies have shown that in reality the situation is more complex: the presence of Jupiter, in fact, tends to reduce the frequency of impact on the Earth of objects coming from the Oort cloud, while it increases it in the case of asteroids and short period comets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63794 | 358,239 |
69,114 | The Minuteman entered service in 1962 as a deterrence weapon that could hit Soviet cities with a second strike and countervalue counterattack if the U.S. was attacked. However, the development of the United States Navy (USN) UGM-27 Polaris, which addressed the same role, allowed the Air Force to modify the Minuteman, boosting its accuracy enough to attack hardened military targets, including Soviet missile silos. The Minuteman II entered service in 1965 with a host of upgrades to improve its accuracy and survivability in the face of an anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system the Soviets were known to be developing. In 1970, the Minuteman III became the first deployed ICBM with multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRV): three smaller warheads that improved the missile's ability to strike targets defended by ABMs. They were initially armed with the W62 warhead with a yield of 170 kilotons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49365 | 69,087 |
1,680,119 | Wortmannin, a steroid metabolite of the fungi "Penicillium funiculosum", "Talaromyces wortmannii", is a non-specific, covalent inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks). It has an "in vitro" inhibitory concentration ("IC") of around 5 nM, making it a more potent inhibitor than LY294002, another commonly used PI3K inhibitor. It displays a similar potency "in vitro" for the class I, II, and III PI3K members although it can also inhibit other PI3K-related enzymes such as mTOR, DNA-PKcs, some phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases, myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) at high concentrations Wortmannin has also been reported to inhibit members of the polo-like kinase family with "IC" in the same range as for PI3K. The half-life of wortmannin in tissue culture is about 10 minutes due to the presence of the highly reactive C20 carbon that is also responsible for its ability to covalently inactivate PI3K. Wortmannin is a commonly used cell biology reagent that has been used previously in research to inhibit DNA repair, receptor-mediated endocytosis and cell proliferation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1607079 | 1,679,176 |
1,705,037 | Cancer cells almost universally possess upregulated telomere maintenance mechanisms which allows for their limitless replicative potential. The MRN complex's biological role in telomere maintenance has prompted research linking MRN to cancer cell immortality. In human HNSCC cell lines, disruption of the Nbs1 gene (which downregulates expression of the entire MRN complex), has resulted in reduced telomere length and persistent lethal DNA damage in these cells. When combined with treatment of PARP (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) inhibitor (known as PARPi), these cells showed an even greater reduction in telomere length, arresting tumor cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo via mouse models grafted with various HNSCC cell lines. While treatment with PARPi alone has been known to induce apoptosis in BRCA mutated cancer cell lines, this study shows that MRN downregulation can sensitize BRCA-proficient cells (those not possessing BRCA mutations) to treatment with PARPi, offering an alternative way to control tumor aggression. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17269927 | 1,704,081 |
1,402,584 | DESI received a go-ahead to start R&D for the project in December 2012 with the assignment of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory as the managing laboratory. Dr. Michael Levi, a senior scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory was appointed by the laboratory to be DESI's project director who served in that role starting in 2012 and throughout construction. Henry Heetderks was project manager from 2013 until 2016, Robert Besuner was project manager from 2016 until 2020. Congressional authorization was provided in 2015, and the US Department of Energy's Office of Science approved the start of physical construction in June 2016. First light of the new corrector system was obtained on the night of April 1, 2019, and first-light of the entire instrument was achieved on the night of October 22, 2019. Commissioning ensued after first light and was completed in March, 2020, then paused during the pandemic in 2020. DESI is currently operating normally after surviving the Contreras fire in 2022. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49411310 | 1,401,797 |
1,240,923 | Because of their great diversity and specific ecological requirements, algae, particularly diatoms, make excellent indicators of water quality. Moreover, diatoms are readily preserved in sediments, which make them useful organisms for studying paleolimnology (the long-term trends of streams and lakes). The Phycology Section of the Patrick Center provides algal analyses for governmental and other agencies interested in both assessing water quality and long-term environmental trends. One such undertaking is the analyses of diatom assemblages in lake sediments (sediment cores) throughout the eastern United States. This work, part of a large project managed by the EPA, will try to establish reference (pre-anthropogenic) conditions for lakes throughout the country. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=621575 | 1,240,252 |
1,777,833 | The procedure shows short-term success with some evidence of long-term success. When successful, this procedure results in significantly improved diabetic control and a reduction in hypoglycemic episodes, indicating the implanted insulin-producing beta cells of the islets successfully produce and secrete insulin at the required levels. In a registry study of 112 patients, the islet transplantation failed in 13% of patients, and 76% of patients were insulin-dependent within 2 years of the procedure. The low success rate of a transplant could be due to inadequate numbers of islet cells implanted, engraftment failure of islet cells, islet cell damage in the liver, ineffective immunosuppression, and recurrent autoimmune diabetes. Serious complications may arise from this procedure, however, a majority of transplantation procedures result in no adverse effects for patients. There is also a risk of adverse effects resulting from long-term use of immunosuppressant therapy. While success rates for this procedure have been going up since it was first performed, this procedure is often not offered due to the high rate of rejection by the patient's body and the long-term risk of immunosuppressant therapy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16821436 | 1,776,831 |
1,173,512 | The eurypterid genus "Glyptoscorpius" was named by British geologist Ben Peach, who also named the species "G. perornatus" (treated as the type species of "Glyptoscorpius" by later researchers although it had not originally been designated as such) in 1882. The genus was based on "G. perornatus" and the fragmentary species "G. caledonicus", previously described as the plant "Cycadites caledonicus" by English paleontologist John William Salter in 1863. This designation was reinforced with more fossil fragments discovered in the Coomsdon Burn, which Peach referred to "Glyptoscorpius caledonicus". In 1887 Peach described "G. minutisculptus" from Mount Vernon, Glasgow, and "G. kidstoni" from Radstock in Somerset. Peach's "Glyptoscorpius" is highly problematic; some of the diagnostic characteristics used when describing it are either questionable or outright meaningless. For instance, the original description had been based on "G. caledonicus" and "G. perornatus" but since the parts of the body preserved in the fossils described don't completely overlap it is impossible to say if Peach's diagnostic characteristics actually apply to the two original species. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3377404 | 1,172,893 |
1,409,085 | Cardiac myocytes contract through a cross-bridge cycle between the myofilaments, actin and myosin. Chemical energy in the form of ATP is converted into mechanical energy which allows myosin to strongly bind to actin and produce a power stroke resulting in sarcomere shortening/contraction. Omecamtiv mecarbil specifically targets and activates myocardial ATPase and improves energy utilization. This enhances effective myosin cross-bridge formation and duration, while the velocity of contraction remains the same. Specifically, it increases the rate of phosphate release from myosin by stabilizing the pre-powerstroke and the phosphate release states, thereby accelerating the rate-determining step of the cross-bridge cycle, which is the transition of the actin-myosin complex from the weakly bound to the strongly bound state. Furthermore, once myosin is bound to actin, it stays bound dramatically longer in the presence of omecamtiv mecarbil. The combination of increased and prolonged cross-bridge formation prolongs myocardial contraction. Thus, the overall clinical result of omecamtiv mecarbil is an increase in left ventricular systolic ejection time and ejection fraction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31273493 | 1,408,293 |
1,484,449 | The disease is autosomal recessive, and can therefore skip generations. Mutations in either amnionless (AMN) or cubilin can be the culprit. Due to its autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance, affected individuals (persons possessing a homozygous recessive genotype) need to undergo genetic counseling to identify the risk of family members who might be heterozygous genetic carriers. Certain mutations on the "CUBN" or "AMN" (genes that encode cubilin and amnionless respectively) have been identified through genetic analysis, and ethnic susceptibility of some of the mutations was indicated from the current research. It has been further suggested that mutations on CUBN were restricted to exon 1-28 which encoded amnionless binding domains (EGF) and IF-Cbl binding region of cubilin, while AMN mutations primarily clustered in intron 8-11 and transmembrane domain in exon 10. Some interesting aspects of particular mutations were also elucidated by the researchers, for example, "CUBN" mutation c.3890C>T; p.Pro1297Leu, was considered to be a Finnish founder mutation presenting mostly in homozygous status, while an "AMN" mutation c.208-2A>G, which was thought to account for 15% IGS cases around the world, was postulated as an ancient founder mutation that can trace back to approximately 13,600 years ago. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29570356 | 1,483,612 |
395,056 | In the early twentieth century, ichthyosaur research was dominated by the German paleontologist Friedrich von Huene, who wrote an extensive series of articles, taking advantage of an easy access to the many specimens found in his country. The amount of anatomical data was hereby vastly increased. Von Huene also travelled widely abroad, describing many fossils from locations outside of Europe. During the 20th century, North America became an important source of new fossils. In 1905, the Saurian Expedition led by John Campbell Merriam and financed by Annie Montague Alexander, found twenty-five specimens in central Nevada, which were under a shallow ocean during the Triassic. Several of these are now in the collection of the University of California Museum of Paleontology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314101 | 394,861 |
1,896,264 | Tayfield's record for the best bowling return by a South African in a Test match, set in the Third Test, lasted only three weeks. In England's second innings, he took nine for 113 with the final wicket a catch by his brother, Arthur, who was fielding as a substitute. South Africa had started well, with a second wicket stand of 112 between Goddard (67) and John Waite (61) before McLean made 93. May made his best score of the series, 61, and Insole and Compton passed 40, but South Africa led by 89. Goddard made 49 as South Africa lost cheap wickets, and England were set 232 to win with three-quarter of an hour plus a whole day to get them. Richardson (39), Insole (68) and Cowdrey (55) gave them hope, and at tea on the final day, England needed just 46 with four wickets remaining. But Tayfield, who bowled throughout the final day, took the lot with 17 runs to spare. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9288282 | 1,895,180 |
1,727,349 | The finiteness of formula_3 therefore implies that the curve has limiting points "a", "b" at its two ends with |"a" – "b"| ≤ formula_3, so this distance, as well as diameter of the curve, tends to 0. These two limit points must lie on ∂"U", because "f" is a homeomorphism between "D" and "U" and thus a sequence converging in "U" has to be the image under "f" of a sequence converging in "D". By assumption there exist a homeomorphism β between the circle ∂"D" and ∂"U". Since β is uniformly continuous, the distance between the two points ξ and η corresponding to "a" and "b" in ∂"U" must tend to 0. So eventually the smallest circular arc in ∂"D" joining ξ and η is defined. Denote τ image of this arc under β. By uniform continuity of β, diameter of τ in ∂"U" tends to 0. Together τ and "f" ∘ γ form a simple Jordan curve. Its interior "U" is contained in "U" by the Jordan curve theorem for ∂"U" and ∂"U": to see this, notice that "U" is the interior of ∂"U", as it is bounded, connected and it is both open and closed in the complement of ∂"U"; so the exterior region of ∂"U" is unbounded, connected and does not intersect ∂"U", hence its closure is contained in the closure of the exterior of ∂"U"; taking complements, we get the desired inclusion. The diameter of ∂"U" tends to 0 because the diameters of τ and "f" ∘ γ tend to 0. Hence the diameter of "U" tend to 0. (For formula_6 is compact set, hence formula_7 contains two points "u" and "v" such that distance between them is maximal. It is easy to see that "u" and "v" must lie in ∂"U" and diameters of both "U" and ∂"U" equal formula_8.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2256844 | 1,726,375 |
1,417,500 | Due to its exclusive position between the atmosphere and the hydrosphere and by spanning about 70% of the Earth's surface, the sea-surface microlayer (sea-SML) is regarded as a fundamental component in air–sea exchange processes and in biogeochemical cycling. Although having a minor thickness of <1000 µm, the elusive SML is long known for its distinct physicochemical characteristics compared to the underlying water, e.g., by featuring the accumulation of dissolved and particulate organic matter, transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), and surface-active molecules. Therefore, the SML is a gelatinous biofilm, maintaining physical stability through surface tension forces. It also forms a vast habitat for different organisms, collectively termed as neuston with a recent global estimate of 2 × 1023 microbial cells for the sea-SML. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12264442 | 1,416,701 |
847,289 | In this "Final Crisis" tie-in, Brainiac 5 is driven to the breaking point after being banished by Colu, and by Earth's continued xenophobia. He considers leaving the Legion, but is convinced to remain as a way to prove all his naysayers wrong. When Superboy-Prime attacks Takron-Galtos and frees the Legion of Super-Villains, Brainiac 5 informs his fellow Legionnaires of his plan to recruit their Post-"Zero Hour" and "Threeboot" selves to help. His plan succeeds, and Brainiac meets his alternate selves from two other realities. The "Threeboot" version of Brainiac refuses to work with his older self, due to his rebellious nature, while the Post-"Zero Hour" version sees his older counterpart as wiser and more experienced, and tries to mediate between his alternate selves. Despite their differences, all three versions of Brainiac 5 work together to set in motion the final phases of the original Brainiac's master contingency plan against Superboy-Prime. This plan, which involved the resurrections of Superboy-Prime foes Bart Allen/Kid Flash (whose essence was in the lightning rod) and Conner Kent/Superboy, was devised long ago when Brainiac 5 was forewarned of Prime's arrival by one of Dream Girl's prophesies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=713540 | 846,839 |
1,300,282 | Critics of neuroethology might consider it a branch of neuroscience concerned with 'animal trivia'. Though neuroethological subjects tend not to be traditional neurobiological model systems (i.e. "Drosophila", "C. elegans", or "Danio rerio"), neuroethological approaches emphasizing comparative methods have uncovered many concepts central to neuroscience as a whole, such as lateral inhibition, coincidence detection, and sensory maps. The discipline of neuroethology has also discovered and explained the only vertebrate behavior for which the entire neural circuit has been described: the electric fish jamming avoidance response. Beyond its conceptual contributions, neuroethology makes indirect contributions to advancing human health. By understanding simpler nervous systems, many clinicians have used concepts uncovered by neuroethology and other branches of neuroscience to develop treatments for devastating human diseases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=645120 | 1,299,568 |
38,338 | During the 1990s, the college saw a major academic overhaul under President James O. Freedman and a controversial (and ultimately unsuccessful) 1999 initiative to encourage the school's single-sex Greek houses to go coed. The first decade of the 21st century saw the commencement of the $1.5 billion Campaign for the Dartmouth Experience, the largest capital fundraising campaign in the college's history, which surpassed $1 billion in 2008. The mid- and late first decade of the 21st century have also seen extensive campus construction, with the erection of two new housing complexes, full renovation of two dormitories, and a forthcoming dining hall, life sciences center, and visual arts center. In 2004, Booz Allen Hamilton selected Dartmouth College as a model of institutional endurance "whose record of endurance has had implications and benefits for all American organizations, both academic and commercial", citing "Dartmouth College v. Woodward" and Dartmouth's successful self-reinvention in the late 19th century. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8418 | 38,324 |
82,390 | Johnson and York were both keen on space projects, but when NASA was established later in 1958 all space projects and most of ARPA's funding were transferred to it. Johnson resigned and ARPA was repurposed to do "high-risk", "high-gain", "far out" basic research, a posture that was enthusiastically embraced by the nation's scientists and research universities. ARPA's second director was Brigadier General Austin W. Betts, who resigned in early 1961 and was succeeded by Jack Ruina who served until 1963. Ruina, the first scientist to administer ARPA, managed to raise its budget to $250 million. It was Ruina who hired J. C. R. Licklider as the first administrator of the Information Processing Techniques Office, which played a vital role in creation of ARPANET, the basis for the future Internet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8957 | 82,356 |
174,727 | Nonetheless, "Britain was a very wealthy country, formidable in arms, ruthless in pursuit of its interests and sitting at the heart of a global production system from its empire." After becoming Prime Minister in 1940, Winston Churchill engaged industry, scientists and engineers to advise and support the government and the military in the prosecution of the war effort. Much of the scientific work that led to technology that determined the outcome of the war, such as radar, was done before 1940, and shared with the Americans that year through the Tizard Mission which led to extensive Allied technological cooperation. The Manhattan Project, however, was undertaken during the war beginning in 1942, to which the British contribution included the Tube Alloys work since 1941. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=202102 | 174,636 |
1,174,140 | The best methods of prevention of orthopneumovirus infection are covering cough and sneezing to prevent transmission of possible pathogens. Isolating animals and humans that have a pneumovirus is the best way to prevent the virus from spreading. Molecular studies have been on the rise due to continuing materials and information obtained regarding recombinant DNA arrangements that might offer a foundation for vaccine development. Currently animals are able to receive vaccines specific to their virus strand. During cold and peak flu season, infants and small children have the option to receive monthly injections of small medication doses at a weak strength to help prevent virus/ host attachment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51345308 | 1,173,518 |
444,511 | Anthrax toxin protein components must assemble into holotoxin complexes to function. In order for LF and EF to function inside a target cell, they must localize to the cell and enter its cytoplasm. Through a series of steps, PA can translocate EF and LF into the cell (Fig. 2). This process starts when the 83-kDa form of PA, called PA83, binds to an anthrax toxin receptor. There are two known homologous receptors, which bind to PA83, called tumor endothelium marker-8 (TEM8) and capillary morphogenesis protein 2 (CMG2). Then a 20 kDa fragment (PA20) is cleaved off PA83's amino terminus by membrane endoproteases from the furin family. When PA20 dissociates, the remaining receptor-bound portion of PA, called PA63, may assemble into either a heptameric or octameric ring-shaped oligomer. This ring-shaped oligomer is often referred to as the pre-pore (or pre-channel) form of PA, since later in the pathway it will become a translocase pore (or channel). The surface of the pre-pore oligomer, which was exposed upon release of the PA20 moiety, can then bind to LF and EF. The heptameric and octameric forms of the PA oligomer may then bind with up to three or four molecules of EF and/or LF, respectively. The cell then endocytoses these assembled complexes and carries them to an acidic compartment in the cell. The low pH encountered in the endosome causes the PA63 pre-channel to convert into a cation-selective channel. EF and LF are driven through the channel by a pH gradient, allowing the enzyme factors to enter the cytosol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6278176 | 444,296 |
17,404 | Methylphenidate may also be prescribed for off-label use in treatment-resistant cases of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. It can also improve depression in several groups including stroke, cancer, and HIV-positive patients. There is weak evidence in favor of methylphenidate's effectiveness for depression, including providing additional benefit in combination with antidepressants. In individuals with terminal cancer, methylphenidate can be used to counteract opioid-induced somnolence, to increase the analgesic effects of opioids, to treat depression, and to improve cognitive function. A 2021 systematic review and meta-analysis found that all studies on geriatric depression reported positive results of methylphenidate use; the review recommended short-term use in combination with citalopram. A 2018 review found low quality evidence supporting its use to treat apathy as seen in Alzheimer's Disease in addition to slight benefits for cognition and cognitive performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 | 17,399 |
1,629,991 | The University of Economics in Katowice was founded in December 1936 (by the Decree of the Minister of Religious Affairs and Public Education of the Republic of Poland of 1936) as a private School of Social and Economic Sciences. On January 11, 1937 the institution opened its doors to students and began teaching at the Faculty of Industrial Organization – the School’s only faculty at the time. This date marks the beginning of the University’s operation. In 1938 the Faculty of Public Administration was opened. Studies at both faculties lasted three years and were aimed at educating professionals for the growing industry sector. Dr. Józef Lisak was the founder and the first Rector of the University. In the beginning the School of Social and Economic Sciences was located in a few rooms rented from a renowned secondary school – Silesian School of Technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2667396 | 1,629,072 |
660,375 | The University of Maryland Eastern Shore has been known by a series of names reflective of its location, evolving role, and mission over a period spanning three centuries. It opened September 13, 1886 under the auspices of the Delaware Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Benjamin and Portia Bird welcomed nine students that first day to a converted farmhouse on 16 acres. The school was at first envisioned as a preparatory school for the private Centenary Biblical Institute in Baltimore, which was affiliated with the Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1890 it changed its name to Morgan College to honor the first chairman of its board of trustees. (It is now the public Morgan State University). By the end of the first academic year, 37 students were enrolled in the Delaware Conference Academy in Princess Anne. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=500084 | 660,030 |
110,060 | Only a few cases have been reported in the United States, and outbreaks in countries outside the Indo-Pacific area are rare. In Haiti, tetrodotoxin is thought to have been used in voodoo preparations, in so-called zombie poisons, where subsequent careful analysis has repeatedly called early studies into question on technical grounds, and have failed to identify the toxin in any preparation, such that discussion of the matter has all but disappeared from the primary literature since the early 1990s. Kao and Yasumoto concluded in the first of their papers in 1986 that "the widely circulated claim in the lay press to the effect that tetrodotoxin is the causal agent in the initial zombification process is without factual foundation.” | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238839 | 110,015 |
2,159,750 | In 2009 Orlov placed blame for the murder of “Memorial” employee Natalya Estemirova, which took place in July 2009, on the head of the President of the Chechen Republic, Ramzan Kadyrov. In response to this, Kadyrov filed suit against Orlov and HRC “Memorial” in order to protect his honor, dignity, business reputation, and to receive compensation for moral injury. On October 6, 2009 the judge partly satisfied Kadyrov's claim, collecting 20 thousand Rubles from Orlov and 50 thousand Rubles from “Memorial.” The judge viewed the statements from Orlov about the personal or indirect fault of Kadyrov in the death of Estemirova as discrediting the honor and dignity of the President. Orlov specified that he did not mean that Kadyrov himself had directly participated in the crime, but that he was responsible for what was happening in the republic. Orlov pointed out that the head of the Chechen Republic had created such conditions as to make it impossible for human rights activists to work in the republic; and what's more—they (human rights activists) are declared as “permitted targets.” The Commissioner of Human Rights in the Chechen Republic—Nurdi Nukhazhiev—announced that Orlov “got off easy.” According to Nukhazhiev, “He (Orlov), in his biased statements, has publicly disgraced the honor, dignity, and business reputation … of Kadyrov. And in such situations the judge should be more severe.” | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34543015 | 2,158,518 |
1,859,588 | The juxtaposition of apparent evolutionary affinities to carnivorous dinosaurs with the possession of toothless beaks has led to controversy among paleontologists trying to reconstruct the diet of ornithomimosaurs. Osborn hypothesized in 1917 that ornithomimosaurs may have eaten plants, social insects, or aquatic invertebrates. In the paleontologists Russell, Halszka Osmolska, and her colleagues considered ornithomimosaurs carnivores that may have fed on insects, small vertebrates, or eggs. In the early to mid 1980s, however Russell and Elizabeth Nicholls began advocating a reinterpretation of ornithomimosaurs as herbivores. With the 1999 report of gastroliths in the new genus "Sinornithomimus", came further support for reinterpreting ornithomimosaurs as herbivores or filter feeders rather than carnivores. In 2001, Mark Norell reported a comb-like structure in the beak of "Gallimimus" that may have been used for filter feeding, bringing renewed credibility to one of Osborn's 1917 hypotheses. If this interpretation of the evidence is correct, "Gallimimus" would be the largest terrestrial filter feeder in history. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46674214 | 1,858,520 |
563,198 | The vertices should correspond to what we want to rank. Potentially, we could do something similar to the supervised methods and create a vertex for each unigram, bigram, trigram, etc. However, to keep the graph small, the authors decide to rank individual unigrams in a first step, and then include a second step that merges highly ranked adjacent unigrams to form multi-word phrases. This has a nice side effect of allowing us to produce keyphrases of arbitrary length. For example, if we rank unigrams and find that "advanced", "natural", "language", and "processing" all get high ranks, then we would look at the original text and see that these words appear consecutively and create a final keyphrase using all four together. Note that the unigrams placed in the graph can be filtered by part of speech. The authors found that adjectives and nouns were the best to include. Thus, some linguistic knowledge comes into play in this step. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=637199 | 562,909 |
563,787 | Local population densities may be as high as 2,000 individuals per , making them dominant organisms in some areas. Xenophyophores have been found to be "ecosystem engineers", providing habitat and serving as traps for organic particles, increasing diversity in the surrounding area. Research has shown that areas dominated by xenophyophores have 3–4 times the number of benthic crustaceans, echinoderms, and molluscs than equivalent areas that lack xenophyophores. The xenophyophores themselves also play commensal host to a number of organisms—such as isopods (e.g., genus "Hebefustis"), sipunculan and polychaete worms, nematodes, and harpacticoid copepods—some of which may take up semi-permanent residence within a xenophyophore's test. Brittle stars (Ophiuroidea) also appear to have a relationship with xenophyophores, as they are consistently found directly underneath or on top of the protozoans. They can also function as nurseries for fish; snailfish have been found to lay eggs in the shelter of the xenophyophore test. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=476320 | 563,497 |
1,348,077 | In freshwater lake systems, planktivory can be an important forcer of trophic cascades which can ultimately affect phytoplankton production. Fishes, in these systems, can promote phytoplankton productivity by preying on the zooplankton that control phytoplankton abundances. This is an example of top-down trophic control, where higher trophic organisms like fishes impose control on the abundance of lower trophic organisms, like phytoplankton. Such control on primary production via planktivorous organisms can be important in the functioning of mid-western United States lake systems. Fishes are often the most impactful zooplankton predators, as seen in Newfoundland where three-spine stickleback ("Gasterosteus aculeatus") predate heavily upon zooplankton. In temperate lakes, the cyprinid and centrarchid fish families are commonly represented among the planktivore community. Planktivores can exert significant competition pressure on organisms in certain lake systems; for instance, in an Idaho lake the introduced planktivorous invertebrate shrimp "Mysis" "relicta" competes with the native landlocked planktivorous salmon kokanees. Because of the salmon's importance in trophic cycling, the loss of fishes in temperate lake systems could lead to widespread ecological consequences; in this example, such a loss could lead to unchecked predation on plankton by "Mysis relicta". Planktivory can also be important in man-made reservoirs. In contrast to deeper and colder natural lakes, reservoirs are warmer, shallower, heavily modified human made systems with different ecosystem dynamics. Gizzard shad, the previously mentioned obligate planktivore, is frequently the most common fish in many reservoir systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36726184 | 1,347,336 |
1,652,306 | Dry lines, squall lines, and sea breezes are examples of phenomena observed by mesonets. Due to the space and time scales associated with mesoscale phenomena and microclimates, weather stations comprising a mesonet are spaced closer together and report more frequently than synoptic scale observing networks, such as the WMO Global Observing System (GOS) and US ASOS. The term mesonet refers to the collective group of these weather stations, which are usually owned and operated by a common entity. Mesonets generally record in situ surface weather observations but some involve other observation platforms, particularly vertical profiles of the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Other environmental parameters may include insolation and various variables of interest to particular users, such as soil temperature or road conditions (the latter notable in Road Weather Information System (RWIS) networks). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10919869 | 1,651,374 |
716,310 | Broadly speaking, the goal of forest conservation has historically not been met when, in contrast with land use changes; driven by demand for food, fuel and profit. It is necessary to recognize and advocate for better forest governance more strongly given the importance of forest in meeting basic human needs in the future and maintaining ecosystem and biodiversity as well as addressing climate change mitigation and adaptation goal. Such advocacy must be coupled with financial incentives for government of developing countries and greater governance role for local government, civil society, private sector and NGOs on behalf of the "communities". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4473245 | 715,933 |
1,513,321 | The method was developed for structure determination of proteins from nanocrystals that are typically not suitable for X-ray diffraction because of their size. Crystals that are one billionth the size needed for X-ray crystallography can yield high quality data. The samples are frozen hydrated as for all other CryoEM modalities but instead of using the transmission electron microscope (TEM) in imaging mode one uses it in diffraction mode with an extremely low electron exposure (typically < 0.01 e/Å/s). The nano crystal is exposed to the diffracting beam and continuously rotated while diffraction is collected on a fast camera as a movie. MicroED data is then processed using traditional software for X-ray crystallography without the need for specialized software for structure analysis and refinement. Importantly, both the hardware and software used in a MicroED experiment are standard and broadly available. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59013378 | 1,512,470 |
106,500 | In the 21st century, ESA started new programmes in order to create its own crew vehicles, most notable among its various projects and proposals is Hopper, whose prototype by EADS, called Phoenix, has already been tested. While projects such as Hopper are neither concrete nor to be realised within the next decade, other possibilities for human spaceflight in co-operation with the Russian Space Agency have emerged. Following talks with the Russian Space Agency in 2004 and June 2005, a co-operation between ESA and the Russian Space Agency was announced to jointly work on the Russian-designed Kliper, a reusable spacecraft that would be available for space travel beyond LEO (e.g. the moon or even Mars). It was speculated that Europe would finance part of it. A €50 million participation study for Kliper, which was expected to be approved in December 2005, was finally not approved by the ESA member states. The Russian state tender for the project was subsequently cancelled in 2006. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10363 | 106,455 |
167,286 | Land cover mapping is one of the major applications of Earth observation satellite sensors, using remote sensing and geospatial data, to identify the materials and objects which are located on the surface of target areas. Generally, the classes of target materials include roads, buildings, rivers, lakes, and vegetation. Some different ensemble learning approaches based on artificial neural networks, kernel principal component analysis (KPCA), decision trees with boosting, random forest and automatic design of multiple classifier systems, are proposed to efficiently identify land cover objects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22212276 | 167,199 |
1,235,546 | In the Elite Eight, Izzo faced Duke Coach Mike Krzyzewski for the 13th time. Izzo had only beaten "Coach K" one time with a record of 1–11 against him coming in to this game. Cassius Winston tallied a double-double with 20 points and 10 assists while Xavier Tillman added 19 points and nine rebounds. However, MSU, who led at the half, trailed by one with less than a minute remaining. Kenny Goins hit a three-pointer with 34 seconds remaining in regulation to give Michigan State the lead. Duke had an opportunity to tie the game at the free throw line with five seconds remaining after Tillman was called for his fourth foul, however Duke freshman R.J. Barrett missed the first of two free throws and inadvertently made the second one. On the ensuing out-of-bounds play, Tillman passed the ball to Winston who sprinted ahead of Duke defenders and ran out the clock to secure the victory 68–67 victory. The Spartans snapped a seven-game losing streak against Duke and advanced to the Final Four for the first time since 2015. Winston was named the East regional's Most Outstanding Player. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56903804 | 1,234,883 |
674,801 | The at Soho included common land that Boulton enclosed, later decrying what he saw as the "idle beggarly" condition of the people who had used it. By 1765 his Soho Manufactory had been erected. The warehouse, or "principal building", had a Palladian front and 19 bays for loading and unloading, and had quarters for clerks and managers on the upper storeys. The structure was designed by local architect William Wyatt at a time when industrial buildings were commonly designed by engineers. Other buildings contained workshops. Boulton and Fothergill invested in the most advanced metalworking equipment, and the complex was admired as a modern industrial marvel. Although the cost of the principal building alone had been estimated at £2,000 (about £276,000 today); the final cost was five times that amount. The partnership spent over £20,000 in building and equipping the premises. The partners' means were not equal to the total costs, which were met only by heavy borrowing and by artful management of creditors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250764 | 674,448 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.