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529,508 | Deep vein thrombosis can be characterized as a medical event whereby a blood clot forms in a deep vein, usually the femoral vein. This condition may become potentially fatal if the clot travels to the lungs and causes a pulmonary embolism. Another potential problem with cooling catheters is the potential to block access to the femoral vein, which is a site normally used for a variety of other medical procedures, including angiography of the venous system and the right side of the heart. However, most cooling catheters are triple lumen catheters, and the majority of people post-arrest will require central venous access. Unlike non-invasive methods which can be administered by nurses, the insertion of cooling catheters must be performed by a physician fully trained and familiar with the procedure. The time delay between identifying a person who might benefit from the procedure and the arrival of an interventional radiologist or other physician to perform the insertion may minimize some of the benefit of invasive methods' more rapid cooling. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12461863 | 529,234 |
1,935,324 | It is the policy of the college that its students not only learn the engineering subjects, but also acquire communication, lifelong learning, team, and multitasking skills. Slots have been incorporated in the time tables for library, sports and seminar activities. The college publishes "AAR Mahaveer Newsletter", available at the college website www.aarm.ac.in to provide a platform to its students and staff members for their creative expression. It is also available on www. scribd.com. Several competitions are held and prizes awarded. These include technical quiz, essay writing, debating, music and dance, flower arrangement, Rangoli (traditional artistic designs on floor using colours), cookery, etc. Prizes are awarded to the first, second and third rank holders in each branch of engineering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30421651 | 1,934,216 |
1,878,480 | The school has two campuses in Xicheng and Daxing districts in Beijing. The Xicheng campus covers an area of 123,000 square meters, the Daxing campus covers an area of 501,000 square meters; the total school building area is 488,000 square meters. At present, the school is accelerating the construction of the two campuses in accordance with the "two high" layout goals of "building a high-quality undergraduate talent training base in Daxing Campus and building a high-level graduate training, scientific and technological collaborative innovation and achievement transformation base" in Xicheng Campus. The school library has a collection of 1.469 million paper books, 1.85 million online e-books, 77 large electronic document databases, and the China Architecture Library jointly established by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development. It is a university with a complete range of architectural books in the country. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31465347 | 1,877,400 |
894,310 | Hidden quantum Markov models (HQMMs) are a quantum-enhanced version of classical Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), which are typically used to model sequential data in various fields like robotics and natural language processing. Unlike the approach taken by other quantum-enhanced machine learning algorithms, HQMMs can be viewed as models inspired by quantum mechanics that can be run on classical computers as well. Where classical HMMs use probability vectors to represent hidden 'belief' states, HQMMs use the quantum analogue: density matrices. Recent work has shown that these models can be successfully learned by maximizing the log-likelihood of the given data via classical optimization, and there is some empirical evidence that these models can better model sequential data compared to classical HMMs in practice, although further work is needed to determine exactly when and how these benefits are derived. Additionally, since classical HMMs are a particular kind of Bayes net, an exciting aspect of HQMMs is that the techniques used show how we can perform quantum-analogous Bayesian inference, which should allow for the general construction of the quantum versions of probabilistic graphical models. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44108758 | 893,840 |
101,296 | The global adoption of ISO 9001 may be attributable to a number of factors. In the early days, the ISO 9001 (9002 and 9003) requirements were intended to be used by procuring organizations, such as contractors and design activities, as the basis of contractual arrangements with their suppliers. This helped reduce the need for subcontract supplier quality development by establishing basic requirements for a supplier to assure product quality. The ISO 9001 requirements could be tailored to meet specific contractual situations, depending on the complexity of the product, business type (design responsibility, manufacture only, distribution, servicing etc.) and risk to the procurer. If a chosen supplier was weak on the controls of their measurement equipment (calibration), and hence QC/inspection results, that specific requirement would be invoked in the contract. The adoption of a single quality assurance requirement also leads to cost savings throughout the supply chain by reducing the administrative burden of maintaining multiple sets of quality manuals and procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=147042 | 101,251 |
1,411,467 | The side chain with three unsaturated bonds was the most active against "Streptococcus mutans", the tooth decay bacterium, in test tube experiments. The number of unsaturated bonds was not material against "Cutibacterium acnes", the acne bacterium. Eichbaum claims that a solution of one part anacardic acid to 200,000 parts water to as low as one part in 2,000,000 is lethal to Gram-positive bacteria in 15 minutes "in vitro". Somewhat higher ratios killed tubercle bacteria of tuberculosis in 30 minutes. Heating these anacardic acids converts them to the alcohols (cardanols) with reduced activity compared to the acids. Decarboxylation, such as through heating done in most commercial oil processing, results in compounds with significantly reduced activity. It is said that the people of the Gold Coast (now Ghana) use cashew leaves and bark for a toothache. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15094211 | 1,410,674 |
1,230,549 | In the following soft clustering example, the reference vector formula_51 contains sample categories and the joint probability formula_52 is assumed known. A soft cluster formula_53 is defined by its probability distribution over the data samples formula_54. Tishby et al. presented the following iterative set of equations to determine the clusters which are ultimately a generalization of the Blahut-Arimoto algorithm, developed in rate distortion theory. The application of this type of algorithm in neural networks appears to originate in entropy arguments arising in the application of Gibbs Distributions in deterministic annealing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=558462 | 1,229,887 |
676,144 | Replacing the silicon dioxide gate dielectric with another material adds complexity to the manufacturing process. Silicon dioxide can be formed by oxidizing the underlying silicon, ensuring a uniform, conformal oxide and high interface quality. As a consequence, development efforts have focused on finding a material with a requisitely high dielectric constant that can be easily integrated into a manufacturing process. Other key considerations include band alignment to silicon (which may alter leakage current), film morphology, thermal stability, maintenance of a high mobility of charge carriers in the channel and minimization of electrical defects in the film/interface. Materials which have received considerable attention are hafnium silicate, zirconium silicate, hafnium dioxide and zirconium dioxide, typically deposited using atomic layer deposition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2332464 | 675,791 |
673,031 | The retina consists of ten semi-transparent layers that serve specific functions in the process of visual perception. Fundus photography provides a bird's-eye view of the top most layer, the inner limiting membrane, as well as the other underlying layers. As retinal abnormalities often begin in a particular layer of the retina before encroaching into the other layers (such as the formation of cotton wool spots in the nerve fiber layer), it is important to be able to appreciate depth when examining a fundus in order to provide an accurate diagnosis. However, despite recent advancements in technology and the development of stereo fundus cameras, which are able to provide three dimensional images by superimposing two images, most fundus cameras in circulation are only able to provide two dimensional images of the fundus. This limitation currently prevents the technology from superseding the current gold standard which is indirect binocular ophthalmoscopy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13863144 | 672,679 |
827,515 | The behaviour of social insects (insects that live in colonies, such as ants, bees, wasps and termites) has always been a source of fascination for children, naturalists and artists. Individual insects seem to do their own thing without any central control, yet the colony as a whole behaves in a highly coordinated manner. Researchers have found that cooperation at the colony level is largely self-organized. The group coordination that emerges is often just a consequence of the way individuals in the colony interact. These interactions can be remarkably simple, such as one ant merely following the trail left by another ant. Yet put together, the cumulative effect of such behaviours can solve highly complex problems, such as locating the shortest route in a network of possible paths to a food source. The organised behaviour that emerges in this way is sometimes called swarm intelligence, a form of biological emergence. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=207874 | 827,071 |
952,182 | Following the defeat of the Japanese surface fleet the IJN deployed submarines to disrupt Allied supply lines by attacking shipping off the Australian east coast. This campaign began with an unsuccessful midget submarine raid on Sydney Harbour on the night of 31 May 1942. Following this attack, Japanese submarines operated along the Australian east coast until August 1942, sinking eight merchant ships. The submarine offensive resumed in January 1943 and continued until June during which time a further 15 ships were sunk off the east coast. The 1943 sinkings included the hospital ship , which was torpedoed off Queensland on 14 May with the loss of 268 lives. The Japanese did not conduct further submarine attacks against Australia after June 1943, as their submarines were needed to counter Allied offensives elsewhere in the Pacific. A single German submarine, , operated in the Pacific Ocean during the war, cruising off the Australian coast and New Zealand in December 1944 and January 1945. It sank two ships in Australian waters before returning to Batavia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4578255 | 951,677 |
1,192,816 | Subcortical heterotopia form as distinct nodes in the white matter, "focal" indicating specific area. In general, patients present fixed neurologic deficits and develop partial epilepsy between the ages of 6 and 10. The more extensive the subcortical heterotopia, the greater the deficit; bilateral heterotopia are almost invariably associated with severe developmental delay or intellectual disability. The cortex itself often has an absence of gray matter and may be unusually thin or lack deep sulci. Subependymal heterotopia are frequently accompanied by other structural abnormalities, including an overall decrease in cortical mass. Patients with focal subcortical heterotopia have a variable motor and intellectual disturbance depending on the size and site of the heterotopion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4527356 | 1,192,180 |
969,886 | In recent years, "E. cloacae" has emerged as one of the most commonly found nosocomial pathogen in neonatal units, with several outbreaks of infection being reported.[31] In 1998, van Nierop et al. reported an outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit with nine deaths,[32] and in 2003, Kuboyama et al. reported three outbreaks with 42 systemic infections and a mortality of 34%.[33] This microorganism may be transmitted to neonates through contaminated intravenous fluids, total parenteral nutrition solutions and medical equipment. Many single-clone outbreaks, probably caused by cross-transmission via healthcare workers, have been described, suggesting that inpatients can also act as a reservoir.[31] The type strains of the species are E. cloacae ATCC 49162 and 13047. This latter strain is the first complete genome sequence of the "E. cloacae" species and the type strain is "E. cloacae" subsp. "cloacae". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10877475 | 969,376 |
888,969 | Barzal's first multi-goal game and his first hat-trick came on December 23, 2017, against the Winnipeg Jets in a 5–2 Islanders win. On January 13, 2018, in a 7–2 win over the Rangers, he became just the fifth player in NHL history to have two five-point games in a season before his 21st birthday. On February 9, 2018, in a 7–6 victory over the Detroit Red Wings, Barzal became the first NHL rookie to record three five-point games in a season since Joe Malone did so in the 1917–18 season. On April 7, Barzal tied the Islanders record (held by Bryan Trottier) for most assists by a rookie with 63. On April 22, Barzal was named a finalist for the Calder Memorial Trophy, which is awarded to the best rookie in the NHL. On June 20, he won the award. Barzal and Kyle Okposo are the only players to lead the Islanders in scoring during John Tavares' nine-year tenure with the team; however, Okposo did it in a season in which Tavares was hurt, whereas Barzal did it in a season in which they both played the full 82 games. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43310207 | 888,501 |
337,722 | Eiffel's proposal was for a bridge whose deck was supported by five iron piers, with the abutments of the pair on the river bank also bearing a central supporting arch. The price quoted by Eiffel was FF.965,000, far below the nearest competitor and so he was given the job, although since his company was less experienced than his rivals the Portuguese authorities appointed a committee to report on Eiffel et Cie's suitability. The members included Jean-Baptiste Krantz, Henri Dion and Léon Molinos, both of whom had known Eiffel for a long time: their report was favorable, and Eiffel got the job. On-site work began in January 1876 and was complete by the end of October 1877: the bridge was ceremonially opened by King Luís I and Queen Maria Pia, after whom the bridge was named, on 4 November. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12232 | 337,543 |
1,966,524 | The 1960s were a particular productive time for dissorophid research. In two separate papers published in 1964, Canadian paleontologist Robert L. Carroll named four new taxa: "Brevidorsum profundum, Broiliellus brevis", and "Parioxys bolli" from the early Permian of Texas and "Conjunctio multidens" from the early Permian of New Mexico. Conjunctio was named from a specimen originally referred to "Aspidosaurus novomexicanus" by Case et al. (1913) that was also placed in "Broiliellus" by American paleontologist Wann Langston in 1953 before being divided again by Carroll. In 1965, American paleontologist E.C. Olson described the first and only middle Permian dissorophid from North America, "Fayella chickashaensis", on the basis of an isolated braincase and isolated fragments. A large postcranial skeleton from a different locality was referred to this taxon by Olson in 1972. In 1966, American paleontologist Robert E. DeMar named a new taxon, ""Longiscitula houghae"" from the early Permian of Texas; this is now regarded as a junior synonym of "Dissorophus multicinctus" by British paleontologist Andrew Milner. DeMar also provided the first synthesis of the morphological diversity and possible function of dissorophid osteoderms in 1966 and named two new species of "Broiliellus" in 1967, "B. arroyoensis" and "B. olsoni", and completed a detailed revision of "D. multicinctus" in 1968. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2917704 | 1,965,395 |
123,215 | A medical history, physical examination, and electrocardiogram (ECG) are the most effective ways to determine the underlying cause of syncope. Guidelines from the American College of Emergency Physicians and American Heart Association recommend a syncope workup include a thorough medical history, physical exam with orthostatic vitals, and a 12-lead ECG. The ECG is useful to detect an abnormal heart rhythm, poor blood flow to the heart muscle and other electrical issues, such as long QT syndrome and Brugada syndrome. Heart related causes also often have little history of a prodrome. Low blood pressure and a fast heart rate after the event may indicate blood loss or dehydration, while low blood oxygen levels may be seen following the event in those with pulmonary embolism. Routine broad panel laboratory testing detects abnormalities in <2–3% of results and is therefore not recommended. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20254750 | 123,166 |
900,777 | In his book "Guns, Germs, and Steel", Jared Diamond postulates that the lack of geographic barriers within much of Chinaessentially a wide plain with two large navigable rivers and a relatively smooth coastlineled to a single government without competition. At the whim of a ruler who disliked new inventions, technology could be stifled for half a century or more. In contrast, Europe's barriers of the Pyrenees, the Alps, and the various defensible peninsulas (Denmark, Scandinavia, Italy, Greece, etc.) and islands (Britain, Ireland, Sicily, etc.) led to smaller countries in constant competition with each other. If a ruler chose to ignore a scientific advancement (especially a military or economic one), his more-advanced neighbors would soon usurp his throne. This explanation, however, ignores the fact that China had been politically fragmented in the past, and was thus not inherently disposed to political unification. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9311753 | 900,301 |
598,285 | The spike-count rate can be determined from a single trial, but at the expense of losing all temporal resolution about variations in neural response during the course of the trial. Temporal averaging can work well in cases where the stimulus is constant or slowly varying and does not require a fast reaction of the organism — and this is the situation usually encountered in experimental protocols. Real-world input, however, is hardly stationary, but often changing on a fast time scale. For example, even when viewing a static image, humans perform saccades, rapid changes of the direction of gaze. The image projected onto the retinal photoreceptors changes therefore every few hundred milliseconds (Chapter 1.5 in ) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6147487 | 597,980 |
163,554 | Argon is also commonly mixed with other gases, oxygen, helium, hydrogen and nitrogen. The addition of up to 5% oxygen (like the higher concentrations of carbon dioxide mentioned above) can be helpful in welding stainless steel, however, in most applications carbon dioxide is preferred. Increased oxygen makes the shielding gas oxidize the electrode, which can lead to porosity in the deposit if the electrode does not contain sufficient deoxidizers. Excessive oxygen, especially when used in application for which it is not prescribed, can lead to brittleness in the heat affected zone. Argon-helium mixtures are extremely inert, and can be used on nonferrous materials. A helium concentration of 50–75% raises the required voltage and increases the heat in the arc, due to helium's higher ionization temperature. Hydrogen is sometimes added to argon in small concentrations (up to about 5%) for welding nickel and thick stainless steel workpieces. In higher concentrations (up to 25% hydrogen), it may be used for welding conductive materials such as copper. However, it should not be used on steel, aluminum or magnesium because it can cause porosity and hydrogen embrittlement. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33731132 | 163,469 |
1,389,930 | Cognitive enrichment is defined as, improving animal welfare by providing opportunities for captive animals to use cognitive skills for problem solving and providing limited control over some aspects of its environment. In the wild, animals deal with ecological challenges in order to acquire the resources, such as food and shelter, that they require to survive. These challenges arise from interactions with other animals, or through changes to their environment that require the individuals to exercise their cognitive ability and to improve their behavioral strategies. Therefore, these challenges act as an important problem-solving element in the animals' day-to-day lives, and in-turn, increases their overall fitness. The animal anticipates positive benefits from a challenging situation which can directly affect its emotional processes. Cognitive enrichment should be provided in addition to a diverse environment that is already structurally and socially enriched; it goes beyond the basic needs of the animals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5469882 | 1,389,159 |
3,461 | In 1878, Edison began working on a system of electrical illumination, something he hoped could compete with gas and oil-based lighting. He began by tackling the problem of creating a long-lasting incandescent lamp, something that would be needed for indoor use. However, Thomas Edison did not invent the light bulb. In 1840, British scientist Warren de la Rue developed an efficient light bulb using a coiled platinum filament but the high cost of platinum kept the bulb from becoming a commercial success. Many other inventors had also devised incandescent lamps, including Alessandro Volta's demonstration of a glowing wire in 1800 and inventions by Henry Woodward and Mathew Evans. Others who developed early and commercially impractical incandescent electric lamps included Humphry Davy, James Bowman Lindsay, Moses G. Farmer, William E. Sawyer, Joseph Swan, and Heinrich Göbel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29778 | 3,461 |
1,455,013 | While Emscripten and similar compilers allow Web developers to write new code, or port existing code, written in a high-level language such as C, C++, Go, and Rust to WebAssembly to achieve potentially higher, native-level execution performance in Web browsers, this forces Web developers accustomed to developing client-side Web scripts and applications in ECMAScript/JavaScript (the "de facto" client-side programming language in Web browsers) to use a different language for targeting WebAssembly than JavaScript. AssemblyScript, as a variant of TypeScript that is syntactically similar to JavaScript, allows developers accustomed to JavaScript to use a familiar language for targeting WebAssembly, potentially reducing the learning curve of a separate language that can be compiled to WebAssembly. Furthermore, because AssemblyScript was designed to be an optimal source language for WebAssembly, the language’s type system closely reflects that of WebAssembly, and the language provides standard low-level functions (typically implemented as macros) that map directly to WebAssembly instructions that mirror instructions available on modern processors such as SIMD and vector instructions and more specialized instructions such as codice_1 (count leading zero bits), codice_2 (count trailing zero bits), and codice_3 (population count), used in applications such as encryption and cryptographic libraries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66707963 | 1,454,193 |
1,922,075 | Informatics had several contracts with NASA. The earliest, in 1966 (and possibly earlier) was in support of NASA efforts at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Ames Research Center. In conjunction with the contract, Informatics opened a branch office in Glendale, California. Work done there included software developed for the Surveyor, Mariner and Apollo programs with applications as diverse as satellite tracking, redesigning the Goldstone Observatory's antenna, and a database application for maintaining information about primates in use at various NASA laboratories. The program for redesign of the Goldstone antenna used what came to be called a hill climbing algorithm and was given special recognition by NASA in the form of a small monetary prize for its developers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54196474 | 1,920,972 |
1,141,850 | There are also benefits to the increased required pressures. Increased pressures yield higher gas densities, which allow for greater refrigerating effects to be achieved. This makes it ideal for cooling dense loads such as ones found in server rooms. It also allows for carbon dioxide to perform well under cold (-30 to -50 °C) conditions, since there are very small reductions in saturation temperatures for a given pressure drop. Plate freezers and blast freezers have noted improvements in efficiency and freezing time using carbon dioxide. There are also propositions for improved thermodynamic cycles to increase the efficiency of carbon dioxide at higher temperatures. Equipment with carbon dioxide refrigerant is also not necessarily heavier, bulkier, or more dangerous than similar equipment despite its higher working pressures due to reduced refrigerant volume flow rates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12262882 | 1,141,256 |
2,052,030 | Johannes Buchmann studied mathematics, physics, pedagogy and philosophy at the University of Cologne from 1974 to 1979 after graduating from high school in 1972 and completing his military service. After passing the first state examination for teaching at grammar schools in 1979, he taught mathematics at a Cologne secondary school from 1980 to 1983 while at the same time working as a research assistant at the university. In 1982 he did his doctorate at the university under the supervision of Hans-Joachim Stender. In 1984 he passed the second state examination. In 1985/86 he was with Hans Zassenhaus at Ohio State University on a scholarship from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. From 1986 to 1988 he was research assistant of Michael Pohst at the University of Düsseldorf, where he habilitated in 1988. Then he worked as professor of computer science at Saarland University. In 1996, he then was professor of computer science and mathematics at the Technische Universität Darmstadt. He retired in 2019. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62210304 | 2,050,849 |
2,096,222 | Robertson was born in Scotland and educated as a surgeon, in which capacity he started working as a naval doctor, first on whaling ships (from 1760) and then in the Royal Navy (from 1768). During his numerous expeditions, he recorded observations on fevers, scurvy and numerous other illnesses. After 23 years of service, he retired to private practice in Hampshire. He was created doctor of medicine by the University of Aberdeen on 12 February 1779 and was admitted a Licentiate of the College of Physicians on 25 June 1779. Around that time he was appointed physician and later director to the Greenwich Hospital, where he was one of the early practitioners in the care of the elderly. He retired in 1807 and died at Greenwich. He was a fellow of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies, and the author of the following works: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35825848 | 2,095,014 |
1,382,963 | In 1994, the Nuclear Posture Review recommended the withdrawal of four SSBNs. The decision was subsequently taken to convert the four oldest boats, , , and , into specialist cruise missile submarines, with an additional role as special operations boats. Each boat had 22 of its 24 ballistic missile tubes converted to accommodate up to seven Tomahawk missiles each, for a total of up to 154 missiles per submarine, approximately the same number as is carried by a surface battle group. The conversion program was integrated with refuelling, and took just over five years to complete all four boats, with work beginning on "Ohio" in November 2002, and "Georgia" being released from the shipyard in December 2007. All four boats had entered service in their new roles by 2008. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59895854 | 1,382,197 |
2,027,617 | Rickey received his B.S. (1963), M.S. (1966), and Ph.D. (1968) from the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana. His Ph.D. was entitled "An Axiomatic Theory of Syntax". He joined the academic staff of Ohio's Bowling Green State University in 1968, became there a full professor in 1979, and retired there in 1998. He was then a mathematics professor at the United States Military Academy from 1998 until his retirement in 2011. He was a visiting professor at the University of Notre Dame (1971–1972), Indiana University at South Bend (1977–1978), the University of Vermont (1984–1985), and the United States Military Academy (1989–1990). He was a Visiting Mathematician (1994–1995) at the Mathematical Association of America (MAA) headquarters in Washington, D.C. and while on this sabbatical he was involved in the founding of the undergraduate magazine "Math Horizons". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54455302 | 2,026,450 |
1,681,080 | After completing her PhD, Merminga held a postdoctoral position at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in the accelerator theory group. In 1992, she joined Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility as a member of the Center for Advanced Studies of Accelerators (CASA). In 2002, she became director of CASA's beam physics group, her first managerial position. In 2008, she joined Canada's TRIUMF laboratory as head of their accelerator program, one of the most senior scientific positions in Canada. There, she oversaw the design and construction of an accelerator that produced rare isotopes for use in medicine and nuclear physics. She returned to SLAC in 2015, when she became that lab's Associate Director for Accelerators and a professor at Stanford University. Around the same time, she took on another leadership role as a member of the U.S. Department of Energy's inaugural Energy Sciences Leadership Group from 2016 to 2017. Merminga returned to Fermilab in 2018 as director of the lab's Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) project, the first particle accelerator project with major contributions by other countries to be hosted in the United States. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65761627 | 1,680,137 |
1,019,229 | Sternberg's theory of intelligence is made up of three different components: creative, analytical, and practical abilities (Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012). Creativeness is the ability to have new original ideas, and being analytical can help a person decide whether the idea is a good one or not. "Practical abilities are used to implement the ideas and persuade others of their value" (Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012 p. 21). In the middle of Sternberg's theory is cognition and with that is information processing. In Sternberg's theory, he says that information processing is made up of three different parts, meta components, performance components, and knowledge-acquisition components (Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012). These processes move from higher-order executive functions to lower-order functions. Meta components are used for planning and evaluating problems, while performance components follow the orders of the meta components, and the knowledge-acquisition component learns how to solve the problems (Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012). This theory in action can be explained by working on an art project. First is a decision about what to draw, then a plan and a sketch. During this process there is simultaneous monitoring of the process, and whether it is producing the desired accomplishment. All these steps fall under the meta component processing, and the performance component is the art. The knowledge-acquisition portion is the learning or improving drawing skills. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=315578 | 1,018,702 |
606,546 | Thomas Cervantes and his colleagues, who are from Massachusetts General Hospital, built an artificial ear from sheep cartilage by a 3D printer. With a lot of calculations and models, they managed to build an ear shaped like a typical human one. Modeled by a plastic surgeon, they had to adjust several times so the artificial ear can have curves and lines just like a human ear. The researchers said "The technology is now under development for clinical trials, and thus we have scaled up and redesigned the prominent features of the scaffold to match the size of an adult human ear and to preserve the aesthetic appearance after implantation." Their artificial ears have not been announced as successful, but they are still currently developing the project. Each year, thousands of children were born with a congenital deformity called microtia, where the external ear does not fully develop. This could be a major step forward in medical and surgical microtia treatment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197037 | 606,236 |
424,260 | "Panellus stipticus" is one of several dozen species of fungi that are bioluminescent. Strains from eastern North America are typically bioluminescent, but those from the Pacific coast regions of North America and from other continents are not. The luminescence is localized to the edges of the gills and the junction of the gills with the stem and cap. Bioluminescence is also observable with mycelia grown in laboratory culture, and the growth conditions for optimal light production have been studied in detail. Several chemicals have been isolated and characterized that are believed to be responsible for light production. Genetic analysis has shown that luminescence is controlled by a single dominant allele. The luminescent glow of this and other fungi inspired the term foxfire, coined by early settlers in eastern and southern North America. Modern research has probed the potential of "P. stipticus" as a tool in bioremediation, because of its ability to detoxify various environmental pollutants. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25648059 | 424,053 |
1,651,843 | At that time, the budget for magnetic fusion energy research in the United States had been increasing year-over-year, reaching a peak of $468.4 million in fiscal 1984. That year, the PSFC was notified that for a time, budgets would be falling, and DOE policy would be to only fund upgrades to existing devices, not new machines. Thus, design work was begun on a copper-coil machine which would reuse some of the power supplies from Alcator C, allowing the team to pitch it as a "modification" to Alcator C. The conceptual design was completed and Alcator C-Mod was formally proposed to DOE in late 1985. The project was approved and construction was authorized in 1986. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3540994 | 1,650,911 |
858,402 | A decimal number system using hieroglyphics dates back to 3000 BC in Egypt, and was later in use in ancient India. By the 9th century CE, the Hindu–Arabic numeral system was transmitted from the Middle East and to the rest of the world. The concept of 0 as a number, and not merely a symbol for separation is attributed to India. In India, practical calculations were carried out using zero, which was treated like any other number by the 9th century CE, even in case of division. Brahmagupta (598–668) was able to find (integral) solutions of Pell's equation and first described gravity as an attractive force, and used the term "gurutvākarṣaṇam (गुरुत्वाकर्षणम्)]" in Sanskrit to describe it. Conceptual design for a perpetual motion machine by Bhaskara II dates to 1150. He described a wheel that he claimed would run forever. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1770300 | 857,944 |
1,431,128 | The factory established in Shenyang (later known as Mukden) began producing the rifle around 1924. This date is believed to be the origin of the designation "Type 13" as the Nationalist Chinese calendar begins in 1911. After the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, rifles continued to be produced in the newly created puppet state of Manchukuo, until the factory switched over to producing Arisaka rifles in 1938. It is estimated that around 140,000 Type 13 rifles were made in total. Most of the weapons are using the 7.92×57mm Mauser cartridge, but about 10,000 were chambered in 6.5×50mmSR Arisaka after in late 1944 the production was restarted again for the Manchukuo Imperial Army. Besides different chamber dimensions, these had a steel block inside the magazine installed in order to shorten it without changing the production technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52596604 | 1,430,324 |
758,668 | For much of its history, education in the United States was segregated (or even only available) based upon race. Early integrated schools such as the Noyes Academy, founded in 1835, in Canaan, New Hampshire, often were met with fierce local opposition. For the most part, African Americans received very little to no formal education before the Civil War. Some free blacks in the North managed to become literate. In cities, such a Philadelphia and New York City, they founded literary societies for self-education, as well as some academies for their children. The most prominent of the latter was Philadelphia's Institute for Colored Youth, the nation's first classically-based, coeducational high school for African Americans. A few institutions of higher education also were available to African Americans in the North. The Oneida Institute of Science and Industry was the first such entity to recruit and commonly admit African American men. New York Central College also was mixed race, and Oberlin College was the first B.A. degree-granting, white college to accept African Americans. In 1840, Oberlin bestowed the first known B.A. degree on an African American--George B. Vashon, who later was a founding member of the Howard University faculty. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9083795 | 758,262 |
2,116,589 | In the following year a new contract was drawn up to run for at least three years, or five years if the war continued. Under this a monthly service was to be maintained by a fleet of five vessels; Dummer was to receive £12,500 per annum, and was to be allowed to carry for his own profit 5 tons of freight on the outward journeys, and 10 tons on the homeward runs. In return he was to accept all risks to the ships and was responsible for replacements if they were lost or captured; further, he guaranteed that the Post Office would receive £8,000 per annum from the mail and passengers carried. For this new contract five new ships were built: "Queen Anne", "Prince George", "Jamaica", "Barbadoes" and "Antegoe". Each of these vessels was of 200 tons, armed with 20 guns, and with two decks; they were also fitted with 24 oars apiece to enable them to escape from attacking vessels in the calms, often met with in the Caribbean. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24510735 | 2,115,372 |
694,498 | In 2009, 56 genes for secreted proteins were identified in the genome of aster yellows witches' broom phytoplasma strain (AY-WB); these were named secreted AY-WB proteins (SAPs) and considered effectors. Also in 2009, effector SAP11 was shown to target plant cell nuclei and unload from phloem cells in AY-WB-infected plants. SAP11 was found to induce stem proliferations and changes of leaf shapes of plants; the stem proliferations induced by SAP11 resemble witches' broom symptoms of AY-WB-infected plants. In addition, it was demonstrated that SAP11 interacts with and destabilizes plant class II TCP protein domain transcription factors that leads to shoot proliferations and leaf shape changes. In addition to regulation of plant development, TCPs also control the expression of lipoxygenase genes required for jasmonate biosynthesis. Jasmonate levels are decreased in phytoplasma-infected "Arabidopsis" plants and plants that transgenically express the AY-WB SAP11 effector. The downregulation of jasmonate production is beneficial to phytoplasmas because jasmonate is involved in plant defenses against herbivorous insects such as leafhoppers. Leafhoppers lay increased numbers of eggs on AY-WB-infected plants, at least in part because of SAP11 production. For example, the leafhopper "Macrosteles quadrilineatus" laid 30% more eggs on plants that expressing SAP11 transgenically than control plants, and 60% more eggs on plants infected with AY-WB. Phytoplasmas cannot survive in the external environment and are dependent upon insects such as leafhoppers for transmission to new (healthy) plants. Thus, by compromising jasmonate production, SAP11 'encourages' leafhoppers to lay more eggs on phytoplasma-infected plants, thereby ensuring that newly hatched leafhopper nymphs feed upon infected plants to become phytoplasma vectors. SAP11 effectors are identified in a number of divergent phytoplasmas and these effectors also interact with TCPs and modulate plant defenses. SAP11 is the first phytoplasma virulence protein for which plant targets and effector functions (i.e. evidence of benefit for the pathogen) were identified. TCPs were found to be targeted by a number of other pathogen effectors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1041312 | 694,135 |
725,607 | Nitrite produced in the first step of autotrophic nitrification is oxidized to nitrate by nitrite oxidoreductase (NXR)(2). It is a membrane-associated iron-sulfur molybdo protein and is part of an electron transfer chain which channels electrons from nitrite to molecular oxygen. The enzymatic mechanisms involved in nitrite-oxidizing bacteria are less described than that of ammonium oxidation. Recent research (e.g. Woźnica A. et al., 2013) proposes a new hypothetical model of NOB electron transport chain and NXR mechanisms. Here, in contrast to earlier models, the NXR would act on the outside of the plasma membrane and directly contribute to a mechanism of proton gradient generation as postulated by Spieck and coworkers. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of nitrite oxidation is an open question. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7142324 | 725,226 |
1,981,784 | In 1987 Suntola started Microchemistry Ltd as a subsidiary of the national oil company Neste Oy to apply the ALD technology to new application areas like thin film photovoltaic devices, heterogeneous catalysts, and most importantly, to semiconductor devices. In 1998, Microchemistry Ltd., and the ALD technology, was sold to Dutch ASM International, a major supplier of semiconductor manufacturing equipment; Microchemistry Ltd. became ASM Microchemistry Oy as ASM’s Finnish daughter company. In 1997, preceding the acquisition of Microchemistry Ltd, Suntola started as Research Fellow in the national energy company Fortum Corporation, created via the fusion of Neste Corporation, and the national Electric Utility Company. Suntola’s activity in Fortum was focused to renewable energies and advanced energy technologies. He retired from Fortum in 2004, but continues as a Board Member in Picosun Oy, a Finnish manufacturer of ALD reactors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49164439 | 1,980,645 |
1,402,920 | Some Israeli archaeologists also charged that archaeological material dating to the First Temple Period (c. 960-586 BCE) was destroyed when the thousands of tons of ancient fill from the site were dumped into the Kidron Valley, as well as into Jerusalem's municipal garbage dump, where it mixed with the local garbage, making it impossible to conduct archaeological examination. They further contended that the Waqf was deliberately removing evidence of Jewish remains. For example, Dr. Eilat Mazar told Ynet news that the actions by the Waqf were linked to the routine denials of the existence of the Jerusalem Temples by senior officials of the Palestinian Authority. She stated that, "They want to turn the whole of the Temple Mount into a mosque for Muslims only. They don't care about the artifacts or heritage on the site." However, Seligman and Gideon Avni, another Israeli archaeologist, told "Archaeology" magazine that while the fill did indeed contain shards from the First Temple period, they were located in originally unstratified fill and therefore lacked any serious archaeological value. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15703061 | 1,402,133 |
1,866,493 | When the university unveiled its $1.75 billion capital campaign in 2007, it allocated $300 million to build a headquarters for the department on a site of about . The new psychology building, Peretsman-Scully Hall opened in December, 2013. It is in the shape of a half-circle cylinder, and consists of five floors above general ground level and one floor below ground level. The department shares this space with the Princeton Neuroscience Institute. The complex houses state-of-the-art labs, faculty offices, and classrooms in an attempt to push the university to the forefront of neuroscience and behavioral science research. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18346213 | 1,865,419 |
1,119,411 | Having earned degrees in history, political science, and English literature, she had little interest in science until she met and married geologist Eugene Merle Shoemaker. Her career in astronomy began when she demonstrated good stereoscopic vision, a particularly valuable quality for looking for objects in near-Earth space. Despite the fact that her degrees were not in science, having that visual ability motivated the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) to hire her as a research assistant on a team led by her husband. She went on to making record-setting discoveries in the field of astronomy, as well as being awarded honorary degrees and many profession awards. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=251117 | 1,118,838 |
61,179 | Cubism was relevant to an architecture seeking a style that needed not refer to the past. Thus, what had become a revolution in both painting and sculpture was applied as part of "a profound reorientation towards a changed world". The Cubo-Futurist ideas of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti influenced attitudes in avant-garde architecture. The influential De Stijl movement embraced the aesthetic principles of Neo-plasticism developed by Piet Mondrian under the influence of Cubism in Paris. De Stijl was also linked by Gino Severini to Cubist theory through the writings of Albert Gleizes. However, the linking of basic geometric forms with inherent beauty and ease of industrial application—which had been prefigured by Marcel Duchamp from 1914—was left to the founders of Purism, Amédée Ozenfant and Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (better known as Le Corbusier,) who exhibited paintings together in Paris and published "Après le cubisme" in 1918. Le Corbusier's ambition had been to translate the properties of his own style of Cubism to architecture. Between 1918 and 1922, Le Corbusier concentrated his efforts on Purist theory and painting. In 1922, Le Corbusier and his cousin Jeanneret opened a studio in Paris at 35 rue de Sèvres. His theoretical studies soon advanced into many different architectural projects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37803 | 61,154 |
9,241 | Developed alongside the -300ER, the -200LR features an increased MTOW and three optional auxiliary fuel tanks in the rear cargo hold. Other new features include extended raked wingtips, redesigned main landing gear, and additional structural strengthening. As with the -300ER and 777F, the -200LR is equipped with wingtip extensions of 12.8 ft (3.90 m). The -200LR is powered by GE90-110B1 or GE90-115B turbofans. The first -200LR was delivered to Pakistan International Airlines on February 26, 2006. Twelve different -200LR customers took delivery of 61 aircraft. Airlines operated 50 of the -200LR variant . Emirates is the largest operator of the LR variant with 10 aircraft. The closest competing aircraft from Airbus are the discontinued A340-500HGW and the current A350-900ULR. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 | 9,237 |
639,363 | Some rebreather diving safety issues can be addressed by training, others may require a change in technical diver culture. A major safety issue is that many divers become complacent as they become more familiar with the equipment, and begin to neglect predive checklists while assembling and preparing the equipment for use - procedures that are officially part of all rebreather training programmes. There can also be a tendency to neglect post-dive maintenance, and some divers will dive knowing that there are functional problems with the unit, because they know that there is generally redundancy designed into the system. This redundancy is intended to allow a safe termination of the dive if it occurs underwater, by eliminating a critical failure point. Diving with a unit that already has a malfunction, means that there is a single critical point of failure in that unit, which could cause a life-threatening emergency if another item in the critical path were to fail. The risk may increase by orders of magnitude. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=291242 | 639,024 |
1,525,606 | This species is believed to be native to Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala and Mexico. It has spread to certain Caribbean Islands, Hawaii and French Guiana, and also to parts of Southeast Asia, including India, Indonesia and Thailand. It was discovered in Bradenton, Florida, in the United States in 1998 feeding on hibiscus, and four years later it had been detected on eighteen different plant species in the state. It has since been found in Texas and California and it is likely to become more widely distributed on the Gulf Coast, and perhaps also in crops grown under glass further north in the United States. The introduction of this species has caused damage to papaya cultivation in South India, especially in the states of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31151998 | 1,524,745 |
1,612,672 | Unlike previous methods, MOLGEN is the only maintained efficient generic structure generator, developed as a closed-source platform by a group of mathematicians as an application of computational group theory. MOLGEN is an orderly generation method. Many different versions of MOLGEN have been developed, and they provide various functions. Based on the users' needs, different types of inputs can be used. For example, MOLGEN-MS allows users to input mass spectrometry data of an unknown molecule. Compared to many other generators, MOLGEN approaches the problem from different angles. The key feature of MOLGEN is generating structures without building all the intermediate structures and without generating duplicates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66452088 | 1,611,767 |
1,680,014 | In 2000, in a bid to expand into the new growth market of coffee makers, Strix raised £50m of capital from HSBC Private Equity by selling 40% of its shares, valuing the company at £125m. This investment diluted Taylor's shareholding in Strix to 24%. In 2005, ABN AMRO Capital led a leveraged buyout of Strix; the value of the transaction was not disclosed. Today, Strix employs 1000 people, holds over 600 patents, and turns over more than £100 million per year. Strix controls are incorporated into electric kettles from many leading manufacturers, and it is estimated that they are used over one billion times per day worldwide, by over 20% of the world's population. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19412090 | 1,679,071 |
759,220 | Of particular interest, Manfred Schidlowski argued in 1979 that the carbon isotopic ratios of some sedimentary rocks found in Greenland were a relic of organic matter. There was much debate over the precise dating of the rocks, with Schidlowski suggesting they were about 3.8 Ga old, and others suggesting a more "modest" 3.6 Ga. In either case it was a very short time for abiogenesis to have taken place, and if Schidlowski was correct, arguably too short a time. The Late Heavy Bombardment and the "re-melting" of the crust that it suggests provides a timeline under which this would be possible: life either formed immediately after the Late Heavy Bombardment, or more likely survived it, having arisen earlier during the Hadean. A 2002 study suggest that the rocks Schidlowski found are indeed from the older end of the possible age range at about 3.85 Ga, suggesting the latter possibility is the most likely answer. Studies from 2005, 2006 and 2009 have found no evidence for the isotopically-light carbon ratios that were the basis for the original claims. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30864636 | 758,814 |
1,870,513 | Occurrence of welding defects in DFSW are quite common. Welding defects in DFSW include tunneling defect, fragment defect, crack, void, surface cavity or grooves and excessive flash formation. Amongst these, tunneling defect is the most common defect in DFSW resulting from improper material flows throughout welding. It is mainly attributed to inappropriate selection of welding parameters particularly welding speed, rotational speed, tool design and tool penetration leading to either abnormal stirring or insufficient heat input. Formation of coarse fragments of harder materials within the matrix of softer materials is another typical defect observed only in DFSW. Generally, during DFSW, the paste materials behave like a metal matrix composite such that harder and softer materials act as the matrix and the reinforcement respectively. In fact, it is quite important to keep the harder material in relatively small size in order to achieve the best flow of materials. Therefore, any factors that cause formation of large piece of harder material lead to appearance of fragment defects. Tool offset and tool pin design were taken into account as the most significant contributing factors in formation of fragment defect in DFSW. They were accounted for disturbing the flow of material resulting from the formation of large pieces of harder material within the matrix of softer material due to the fact that it is quite difficult to stir and mix paste materials when one of them is not relatively fine. In addition, fragment defects usually accompany with other defects such as voids and cracks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57687305 | 1,869,436 |
22,764 | Overdoses of ingested iron can cause excessive levels of free iron in the blood. High blood levels of free ferrous iron react with peroxides to produce highly reactive free radicals that can damage DNA, proteins, lipids, and other cellular components. Iron toxicity occurs when the cell contains free iron, which generally occurs when iron levels exceed the availability of transferrin to bind the iron. Damage to the cells of the gastrointestinal tract can also prevent them from regulating iron absorption, leading to further increases in blood levels. Iron typically damages cells in the heart, liver and elsewhere, causing adverse effects that include coma, metabolic acidosis, shock, liver failure, coagulopathy, long-term organ damage, and even death. Humans experience iron toxicity when the iron exceeds 20 milligrams for every kilogram of body mass; 60 milligrams per kilogram is considered a lethal dose. Overconsumption of iron, often the result of children eating large quantities of ferrous sulfate tablets intended for adult consumption, is one of the most common toxicological causes of death in children under six. The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) sets the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for adults at 45 mg/day. For children under fourteen years old the UL is 40 mg/day. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 | 22,755 |
1,348,920 | The design of the Type 98, in comparison to the Type 95, featured thicker, welded armor of improved shape, including the use of a Mitsubishi Type 100 6-Cylinder air-cooled diesel engine, rated at 130 horsepower, and located sideways to make maintenance easier. The height of the tank was 50 cm lower in profile, and slightly lighter and shorter in length than the original Type 95. It could travel at even with its thicker armor. Three pairs of bogies with six road-wheels connected to the chassis using bell cranks, which transferred any movement in the bogies into sideways motion that was absorbed by springs. This gave the tank better stability over its predecessor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3834355 | 1,348,178 |
1,037,312 | Research activities at ARIES cover topics related to the sun, stars and galaxies. ARIES has made significant contributions particularly to the field of star clusters and gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). The longitude of ARIES (79° East) locates it in the middle of a 180-degree wide longitude band having modern astronomical facilities lying between the Canary Islands (20° West) and Eastern Australia (157° East). Therefore, observations which are not possible in the Canary Islands or Australia due to daylight can be made at ARIES. Because of its geographical location, ARIES has made contributions to many areas of astronomical research, particularly those involving time-critical phenomena (e.g., the first successful attempt in the country to observe optical afterglow of GRBs was carried out from ARIES). Many eclipsing binaries, variable stars, star clusters, nearby galaxies, GRBs, and supernovas have been observed from ARIES. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27886855 | 1,036,771 |
595,351 | Electronic lightning sensors advanced during the 20th century using radio wave disruptions. Originally the expense of such instruments caused only sporadic development. However a small set of sensors in the U.S. employed during a 1979 project by NOAA’s National Severe Storms Laboratory grew into the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN), achieving nationwide coverage in 1989. Vaisala is now the operator and primary distributor of data from the NLDN, and developed the Canadian Lightning Detection Network (CLDN) as of 1998. The EUCLID network is the European shared network, covering most of the continent apart from some far eastern nations. Collaborative amateur development spurred the formation of the Blitzortung community, which offers real-time lightning strike data from most of the world (as well as historical data dating back to 2008) under the Creative Commons license. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36683093 | 595,046 |
624,958 | The prediction that light represented a transmission of energy in wave form through a "luminiferous ether", and the seeming confirmation of that prediction with Helmholtz student Heinrich Hertz's 1888 detection of electromagnetic radiation, was a major triumph for physical theory and raised the possibility that even more fundamental theories based on the field could soon be developed. Experimental confirmation of Maxwell's theory was provided by Hertz, who generated and detected electric waves in 1886 and verified their properties, at the same time foreshadowing their application in radio, television, and other devices. In 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered the photoelectric effect. Research on the electromagnetic waves began soon after, with many scientists and inventors conducting experiments on their properties. In the mid to late 1890s Guglielmo Marconi developed a radio wave based wireless telegraphy system (see invention of radio). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56661172 | 624,625 |
1,504,043 | Characteristic of thraustochytrids is their ectoplasmic net—which is an extension of the plasma membrane—emerging from the bothrosome (also known as the sagenogenetosome, or SAG). The cytoplasmic net is unilateral, motile, and resembles fine fibres when viewed under a scanning electron micrograph. Depending on the genus, they may be branched or unbranched, and are thought to originate from a single trunk or organelle. Ectoplasmic nets have the capacity to excrete hydrolytic enzymes (cellulases, amylases, lipases, phosphatases, and/or proteases) to digest organic material in the water, thus assuming the role of decomposition. In lab settings, the endoplasmic net of thraustochytrids has been shown the ability to penetrate the sporopollenin of pine pollen, which comprises a plymer that is highly resistant to microbial degradation. This experimental process is called pollen-baiting. Beyond decomposition, ectoplasmic nets also participate in providing adhesive function, as well as assimilation of digested organic material (absorption). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70178444 | 1,503,197 |
871,197 | The Soviets never did get the detailed data required to redesign the ship's barbettes and magazines, but they did know that the 380-mm barbettes were bigger in diameter than that of the 305 mm turret as well as being taller than the Russian turrets. So the barbette of turret number two had to be raised to clear turret number one and the height of the conning tower had to be raised to clear turret number two. Similarly the anti-aircraft guns behind turret number three had to be raised as well. The new turrets required more electrical power which meant that the output of the turbo generators had to be increased to 1,300 kilowatts. All of these changes added over to the ships' displacement and the sketch design was completed by 16 October 1940, as Project 69-I ("Importnyi"—Imported), even though they still lacked data for the turrets and their barbettes. This was presented to the State Defense Committee on 11 February 1941, but the design was not approved until 10 April when it ordered that the first two ships be completed with German guns while the others would continue to use the 305 mm guns. The detailed design was supposed to be completed by 15 October 1941, but it was rendered pointless when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5168695 | 870,737 |
916,574 | Modern large reptiles naturally give off body heat at a slower rate than smaller ones, and are considered "inertial homeotherms", but they maintain a low body temperature of . If therapsids required a higher body temperature of , they would either have needed to have been endotherms (generating their own body heat) or have had greater control over heat loss (that is, better homeothermy). The parasagittal gait may have aided the latter, as it would have kept most of the body off the ground as well as allowed blood to stay in the abdomen instead of having to circulate through the appendages, both of which would reduce heat transfer to the ground and stabilise core temperature. The reduced tail would have also reduced the total surface area of the animal, further minimising heat loss. Among therapsids, only eutheriodonts (not gorgonopsians) have respiratory nasal turbinates, which help retain moisture while breathing in large quantities of air, and its evolution is typically associated with the beginning of "mammalian" oxygen consumption rates and the origins of endothermy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3705573 | 916,091 |
113,849 | The emitter-base junction of a bipolar NPN transistor behaves as a Zener diode, with breakdown voltage at about 6.8 V for common bipolar processes and about 10 V for lightly doped base regions in BiCMOS processes. Older processes with poor control of doping characteristics had the variation of Zener voltage up to ±1 V, newer processes using ion implantation can achieve no more than ±0.25 V. The NPN transistor structure can be employed as a "surface Zener diode", with collector and emitter connected together as its cathode and base region as anode. In this approach the base doping profile usually narrows towards the surface, creating a region with intensified electric field where the avalanche breakdown occurs. The hot carriers produced by acceleration in the intense field sometime shoot into the oxide layer above the junction and become trapped there. The accumulation of trapped charges can then cause 'Zener walkout', a corresponding change of the Zener voltage of the junction. The same effect can be achieved by radiation damage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=97835 | 113,804 |
511,042 | The problem that Bordé et al. were trying to solve in 1984 was the averaging-out of Ramsey fringes of atoms whose transition frequencies were in the optical range. When this was the case, first-order Doppler shifts caused the Ramsey fringes to vanish because of the introduced spread in frequencies. Their solution was to have four Ramsey interaction zones instead of two, each zone consisting of a traveling wave but still applying a formula_66 pulse. The first two waves both travel in the same direction, and the second two both travel in the direction opposite that of the first and second. There are two populations that result from the interaction of the atoms first with the first two zones and subsequently with the second two. The first population consists of atoms whose Doppler-induced de-phasing has cancelled, resulting in the familiar Ramsey fringes. The second consists of atoms whose Doppler-induced de-phasing has doubled and whose Ramsey fringes have completely disappeared (this is known as the "backward-stimulated photon echo", and its signal goes to zero after integrating over all velocities). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41740230 | 510,776 |
446,896 | During the 1980s there were no notable tenure battles, but three were outstanding in the 1990s. In 1995, the Florida Board of Regents tried to re-evaluate academic tenure, but managed only to institute a weak, post-tenure performance review. Likewise, in 1996 the Arizona Board of Regents attempted to re-evaluate tenure, fearing that few full-time professors actually taught university undergraduate students, mainly because the processes of achieving academic tenure underweighted teaching. However, faculty and administrators defended themselves and the board of trustees dropped its review. Finally, the University of Minnesota Regents tried from 1995 to 1996 to enact 13 proposals, including these policy changes: to allow the regents to cut faculty base- salaries for reasons other than a university financial emergency including poor performance; to fire tenured professors when their programs were eliminated or restructured if the university were unable to retrain or reassign them. In the Minnesota system, 87 percent of university faculty were either tenured or on the tenure track, and the professors vehemently defended themselves. Eventually, the president of the system opposed these changes and weakened a compromise plan by the dean of the law school before it then failed. The board chairman resigned later that year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314951 | 446,680 |
173,796 | Nereid is the third-largest moon of Neptune. It has a prograde but very eccentric orbit and is believed to be a former regular satellite that was scattered to its current orbit through gravitational interactions during Triton's capture. Water ice has been spectroscopically detected on its surface. Early measurements of Nereid showed large, irregular variations in its visible magnitude, which were speculated to be caused by forced precession or chaotic rotation combined with an elongated shape and bright or dark spots on the surface. This was disproved in 2016, when observations from the Kepler space telescope showed only minor variations. Thermal modeling based on infrared observations from the Spitzer and Herschel space telescopes suggest that Nereid is only moderately elongated which disfavours forced precession of the rotation. The thermal model also indicates that the surface roughness of Nereid is very high, likely similar to the Saturnian moon Hyperion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=818487 | 173,705 |
1,256,701 | "Boa constrictor occidentalis" reproduction is strongly seasonal within both sexes. Females are reproductive between April to August during the dry season. During this dry season 50% of adult females and 64% of adult male are reproductive. "Boa constrictor occidentalis" undergo mating aggregations during the dry seasons for reproduction usually consisting of one adult female and one to three adult males. Clutches range between ten to forty live young and average around 25 live young. "Boa constrictor occidentalis" is ovoviviparous. Gestation periods last between 5–8 months and is dependent on the environmental temperature. They are born fully independent and experience little change in coloration as they develop, with the only major change being a fading of color. Young boas tend to be arboreal in nature, but as they grow larger and heavier, they become more terrestrial. "Boa constrictor occidentalis" reach sexual maturity around 2–3 years. Young "Boa constrictor occidentalis" will shed their skin up to 9 times a year if intensely fed. As the subspecies reaches sexual maturity, this shedding process slows down to four to five sheds per year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62371048 | 1,256,017 |
1,062,546 | In addition to being used for scientific purposes, MEAs have been used in contemporary art to investigate philosophical questions about the relationship between technology and biology. Traditionally within Western thought, biology and technology have been separated into two distinct categories: "bios" and "technê." In 2002, "MEART: The Semi-living Artist" was created as a collaborative art and science project between SymbioticA at the University of Western Australia in Perth, and the Potter Lab at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, to question the relationship between biology and technology. "MEART" consisted of rat cortical neurons grown "in vitro" on an MEA in Atlanta, a pneumatic robot arm capable of drawing with pens on paper in Perth, and software to govern communications between the two. Signals from the neurons were relayed in a closed-loop between Perth and Atlanta as the MEA stimulated the pneumatic arm. "MEART" was first exhibited to the public in the exhibition "Biofeel" at the Perth Institute of Contemporary Arts in 2002. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20511935 | 1,061,992 |
995,616 | Conceived as an extension to C, C++ introduced object-oriented features, as well as other conveniences like references, operator overloading, and default arguments. Like C, C++’s generality allowed it to be used in a wide range of areas. While its C++’s core area of application is in systems programming (because of C++’s ability to grant access to low-level architecture), it has been used extensively to build desktop applications, video games, databases, financial systems, and much more. Major software and finance companies, such as Microsoft, Apple, Bloomberg, and Morgan Stanley, still widely use C++ in their internal and external applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=891926 | 995,099 |
1,849,198 | Countries are struggling to steer their scientific efforts toward sustainable development, at a time when the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals have taken over from the Millennium Development Goals in 2016. It has been suggested that countries could begin by encouraging their scientists to focus more on attaining local goals for sustainable development, rather than on publishing in high-profile international journals on topics that may be of lesser local relevance. The difficulty with this course of action is that the key metrics for recognizing scientific quality are publications and citation data. The answer to this dilemma most likely lies in the need to recognize the global nature of many local development problems. 'We are dealing with problems without boundaries and we underestimate the scale and nature of their consequences at our collective peril. As global citizens, the research and policy communities have an obligation to collaborate and deliver, so arguing for national priorities seems irrelevant'. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53513295 | 1,848,140 |
1,840,742 | The Turing test is an informal validation method that was developed by the English mathematician Alan Turing in the 1950s, which at its roots is actually a specialized form of face validation. The reason it is a subgroup of face validation is because all humans can be seen as "experts" on being able to analyze how other humans will respond in a given situation. Specifically this model is best suited for modeling situations that are heavily attempting to modeling human behavior. One can see that a model relying so heavily on such a complex topic could cause issues. Instead of trying to be heavily computational to account for the factors that affect human decision and the high variance between different people, this validation method focuses on how the model appears to other humans that are unaware of which source the output data comes from - other humans, or the model. The Turing test model is based on comparing whether or not the output, at a rate more than chance, matches that which is the expected output for human behavior in the situation being modeled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37837121 | 1,839,690 |
1,638,163 | The Information Technology Museum displays a basic understanding of communication, computers, networks, and information technology, as well as demonstrating how research and development can lead to new ideas. The museum aims to prepare the Thai people to aware of and get ready for digital revolution in the society as one of the fundamental developments of the nation. The permanent exhibition in the museum shows the evolution of technology from prehistoric times to the present day. The interactive hands-on, exhibitions, showcases and interesting artifacts in computer and communication technologies are exhibited through modern light and sound effects. The museum also provides various of interactive activities to maximize the informal learning experience for their visitor. The are 6 major themes in the permanent exhibition illustrated including: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1749349 | 1,637,238 |
347,808 | Lithography works because of the mutual repulsion of oil and water. The image is drawn on the surface of the print plate with a fat or oil-based medium (hydrophobic) such as a wax crayon, which may be pigmented to make the drawing visible. A wide range of oil-based media is available, but the durability of the image on the stone depends on the lipid content of the material being used, and its ability to withstand water and acid. After the drawing of the image, an aqueous solution of gum arabic, weakly acidified with nitric acid () is applied to the stone. The function of this solution is to create a hydrophilic layer of calcium nitrate salt, , and gum arabic on all non-image surfaces. The gum solution penetrates into the pores of the stone, completely surrounding the original image with a hydrophilic layer that will not accept the printing ink. Using lithographic turpentine, the printer then removes any excess of the greasy drawing material, but a hydrophobic molecular film of it remains tightly bonded to the surface of the stone, rejecting the gum arabic and water, but ready to accept the oily ink. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426 | 347,627 |
1,075,899 | Since 1889, in the American state Minnesota, brothers William Mayo and Charles Mayo had built an international reputation for surgical skill at their Mayo Clinic, by 1906 performing some 5,000 surgeries a year, over 50% intra-abdominal, a tremendous number at the time, with unusually low mortality and morbidity. Though originally distancing themselves from routine medicine and skeptical of laboratory data, they later recruited Edward Rosenow from Chicago to help improve Mayo Clinic's diagnosis and care and to enter basic research via experimental bacteriology. Rosenow influenced Charles Mayo, who by 1914 published to support focal infection theory alongside Rosenow. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9510615 | 1,075,344 |
567,936 | In September 2013, The Union at Dearborn opened, with its 145 apartments providing the first on-campus student housing since the 1970s. Also that month, UM–Dearborn's School of Education was renamed the College of Education, Health and Human Services. In December 2015, UM–Dearborn conferred its 50,000 cumulative degree. In September 2016, the university's Natural Sciences Building reopened after a $51 million renovation. In April 2018, UM–Dearborn broke ground on a new, $90 million Engineering Lab Building. In 2018, Daniel E. Little resigned as chancellor after 18 years, and was succeeded by Domenico Grasso in August. Grasso was formally installed as the university's sixth chancellor in April 2019. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=848086 | 567,646 |
1,438,583 | In West Berlin, Hennig was given an interim post at the Technische Universität Berlin as Distinguished Professor. He rejected offers from the U.S. Department of Agriculture in Washington, D.C. and an offer made by his friend Elmo Hardy, to become a Research Fellow at the University of Hawaii in Honolulu, citing as reasons that the education of his sons took priority for him, and that he needed to have the "cultural witnesses of the antique Greek-Roman Europe within ready access". He instead decided on a post at the State Museum of Natural History in Stuttgart, where he was given a department for phylogenetic research. In April 1963, he moved to Ludwigsburg-Pflugfelden for this position. The scientific collections of the museum had been provisorily kept in Ludwigsburg and remained here until their re-housing at the new site of the museum at Stuttgart's Löwentor, in 1985. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33952 | 1,437,773 |
963,056 | With the destruction of the superstructure of the Aztec Empire in 1521, central Mexico was brought under the control of the Spanish Empire. Over the course of the succeeding decades, virtually all of Mesoamerica was brought under Spanish control, which resulted in a fairly uniform policies toward indigenous populations. Spaniards' established the fallen Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan as Mexico City, the seat of government for the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The great initial project for Spanish conquerors was converting the indigenous peoples to Christianity, the only permitted religion. This endeavor was undertaken by Franciscan, Dominican, and Augustinian friars immediately after conquest. Divvying up of the spoils of the war was of key interest to the Spanish conquerors. The major ongoing benefit to conquerors after the obvious material plunder was to appropriate the existing system of tribute and obligatory labor to the Spanish victors. This was done by the establishment of the "encomienda", which awarded the tribute and labor from individual indigenous polities to particular Spanish conquerors. In that way, the economic and political arrangements at the level of the indigenous community were largely kept intact. The indigenous polity ("altepetl") in the Nahua area, "cah" in the Maya region was the key to cultural survival of indigenous under Spanish rule, while at the same time also providing the structure for their economic exploitation. Spaniards classified all indigenous peoples as "Indians" ("indios"), a term that the indigenous peoples never embraced. They were classified legally as being under the jurisdiction of the "". They were legally separated from the "República de Españoles", which comprised Europeans, Africans, and mixed-race castas. In general, indigenous communities in Mesoamerica kept much of their prehispanic social and political structures, with indigenous elites continuing to function as leaders in their communities. These elites acted as intermediaries with the Spanish crown, so long as they remained loyal. There were significant changes in Mesoamerican communities during the colonial era, but during the entire colonial period Mesoamericans were the largest single non-Hispanic group in the colonial Mexico, far larger than the entire Hispanic sphere. Although the Spanish colonial system imposed many changes on Mesoamerican peoples, they did not force the acquisition of Spanish and Mesoamerican languages continued to flourish to the present day. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=399215 | 962,547 |
1,429,524 | Classifying "Asteriornis" as a relative of chickens and ducks means that it is unequivocally a neornithean. This is important because Neornithes originated at the last common ancestor of all living birds, and corresponds to the term "bird" as it refers to modern-day animals. Pre-neornithean birds such as "Ichthyornis", enantiornitheans, or "Archaeopteryx" generally resemble modern birds but retain primitive features such as teeth or wing claws. Neornithean fossils are extremely rare from the Mesozoic age, and are generally fragmentary or poorly described. "Vegavis" from the Late Cretaceous (~66.5 Ma) of Antarctica was originally described as a relative of ducks and geese, but this classification is controversial and some paleontologists do not consider it a proper neornithean. "Asteriornis" is based on diagnostic and well-preserved skull material and its status is less unstable, so it can be considered the oldest undisputed fossil of a modern-style neornithean bird. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63413093 | 1,428,720 |
2,016,082 | Hering moved to the University of California, Los Angeles in 1991 and was named Associate Professor in 1995. Around that time, Arsenic in water supplies became a worldwide concern. The World Health Organization recommended a value of only 10 μg per litre; as it can cause skin disease and cancer. Hering joined the California Institute of Technology in 1996, where she worked until 2006. Her work was supported by the National Science Foundation. She looked at the oxidation of arsenic in the Los Angeles Aqueduct, in particular at Hot Creek. Hot Creek is a geothermal area, where arsenic occurs at high concentrations as it degases from magma. The oxidation state of arsenic impacts its toxicity and mobility, as well as how easily it can be removed with treatment. By monitoring the amount of arsenic at various positions downstream, Hering found that the concentration remained constant, but the oxidation state changed. Hering found that arsenic was being oxidized into Arsenic(V) by a biological agent known as a macrophyte. She monitored Owens Lake, which is once of the largest in California but has dried up since the Los Angeles Aqueduct was constructed. The dusty lake bed results in large (> 10 μm) particles of high arsenic content airborne dust that can travel far and be inhaled. Hering worked closely with the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power to mitigate the arsenic in their watershed. She has continued to study arsenic contamination of water and ways to remove arsenic from drinking water. She identified that it was possible to remove arsenic from water using coagulation with ferric oxide and alum. Complete removal of Arsenic(V) oxide could be achieved after doses of 5 mg/L Ferric oxide. She has also investigated reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes, as well as on manganite surfaces. She gave evidence to the United States Environmental Protection Agency Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Arsenic Research and served on the Science Advisory Board. She was elected to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in 2015. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59795552 | 2,014,920 |
258,449 | Sustainable agriculture attempts to solve multiple problems with one broad solution. The goal of sustainable agricultural practices is to decrease environmental degradation due to farming while increasing crop–and thus food–output. There are many varying strategies attempting to use sustainable farming practices in order to increase rural economic development within small-scale farming communities. Two of the most popular and opposing strategies within the modern discourse are allowing unrestricted markets to determine food production and deeming food a human right. Neither of these approaches have been proven to work without fail. A promising proposal to rural poverty reduction within agricultural communities is sustainable economic growth; the most important aspect of this policy is to regularly include the poorest farmers in the economy-wide development through the stabilization of small-scale agricultural economies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216143 | 258,315 |
1,812,962 | In 1989 Norton was appointed by Sir Derek Birley as the first professor in the field of the Built Environment at the University of Ulster, prior to which he taught at Cranfield University. He is a member of the Royal Irish Academy and a fellow of the Irish Academy of Engineering. Norton studied physics at the University of Nottingham and engineering at Cranfield University and holds doctorates from both universities. He has been conferred with an honorary doctorate by the University of Technology of Troyes. His most-cited research papers are on improving photovoltaic module efficiency via use of various types of heat sink that enable operation closer to ambient temperatures. He co-chaired, with Wim van Saarloos, the European Academies' Science Advisory Council (EASAC) activity that led to a 2021 report on “Decarbonisation of Buildings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41684377 | 1,811,928 |
765,992 | Canon Inc.'s SubWavelength structure Coating uses wedge-shaped structures the size of the wavelength of visible light. The wedge-shaped structures cause a continuously changing refractive index as light travels through the coating, significantly reducing lens flare. This imitates the structure of a moth's eye. Notable figures such as the Wright Brothers and Leonardo da Vinci attempted to replicate the flight observed in birds. In an effort to reduce aircraft noise researchers have looked to the leading edge of owl feathers, which have an array of small finlets or rachis adapted to disperse aerodynamic pressure and provide nearly silent flight to the bird. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45784 | 765,582 |
1,825,533 | The mission of the Sciencenter is to cultivate a broad community of curious, confident, critical thinkers. The Sciencenter in Ithaca features 250+ fun, hands-on exhibits, educational programs, an outdoor science playground, a seasonal 18-hole Sciencenter Mini-Golf course, a Tidepool Touch Tank with live marine animals, an animal room, and an area designed for kids ages 4 and under with its own playground. A unique feature of the Sciencenter is the outdoor science park, featuring a series of interconnected ramps and structures containing more than two dozen playground-type activities related to physics, engineering, and geology. In 2008, the Science Playground was part of a major outdoor capital improvement project that – in the spirit of past community build events – brought together 275 volunteers from the community to enhance the park, and other outdoor learning spaces at the museum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17460553 | 1,824,495 |
498,661 | In the early stages of her work with H.M., Milner wanted to completely understand his memory impairments. Dr. Milner showed that the medial temporal lobe amnestic syndrome is characterised by an inability to acquire new memories and an inability to recall established memories from a few years immediately before damage, while memories from the more remote past and other cognitive abilities, including language, perception and reasoning were intact. For example, Milner spent three days with H.M. as he learned a new perceptual-motor task in order to determine what type of learning and memory were intact in him. This task involved reproducing the drawing of a star by looking at it in a mirror. His performance improved over those three days. However, he subsequently retained absolutely no memory of any events that took place during those three days. This led Milner to speculate that there are different types of learning and memory, each dependent on a separate system of the brain . She was able to demonstrate two different memory systems - episodic memory and procedural memory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=605565 | 498,404 |
1,611,763 | AWCI promotes the modern watch industry by providing a range of education, certification, technical assistance and business services. For over 50 years, AWCI has worked with horology schools, individual watchmakers and clockmakers, manufacturers and retailers to advance the art, science and business of horology. The AWCI hosts the largest online repair directory connecting consumers with local repair professionals who are AWCI members, however this does not include all local repair professionals. Horological Times, the official publication of AWCI, is currently the only monthly horological magazine serving the U.S. market (2011). The Institute is supported by numerous local affiliate chapters around the nation. AWCI also offers books and media on timekeeping topics to members and the general public. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4050858 | 1,610,858 |
681,597 | Glatiramer acetate is a random polymer (average molecular mass 6.4 kD) composed of four amino acids found in myelin basic protein. The mechanism of action for glatiramer acetate is not fully elucidated. It is thought to act by modifying immune processes that are believed to be responsible for the pathogenesis of MS. Administration of glatiramer acetate shifts the population of T cells from proinflammatory Th1 T-cells to regulatory Th2 T-cells that suppress the inflammatory response. This is done by the inhibition of secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-12, TNF, INFγ) by Th1 T-cells, thereby inducing Th2 T-cells to cross the blood–brain barrier and produce anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-10, TGF-β). Given its resemblance to myelin basic protein, glatiramer acetate may act as a decoy, diverting an autoimmune response against myelin. This hypothesis is supported by findings of studies that have been carried out to explore the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a condition induced in several animal species through immunization against central nervous system derived material containing myelin and often used as an experimental animal model of MS. Studies in animals and in vitro systems suggest that upon its administration, glatiramer acetate-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) are induced and activated in the periphery, inhibiting the inflammatory reaction to myelin basic protein. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8476171 | 681,241 |
982,803 | The Mk XII was the first Spitfire powered by a Griffon engine to go into service. The first of 100 Supermarine-built production aircraft started appearing in October 1942; two RAF squadrons in total were equipped with the XII. Mk XIIs were manufactured from Mk Vc and Mk VIII airframes: early production aircraft had the fixed tail wheels, Dunlop AH2061 pattern "five spoke" mainwheels and small elevator balances. They had a single 85 gal main fuel tank, giving a short range of little over on internal fuel. All were fitted with the larger, pointed tip rudder. The last 45 or so Mk XIIs, were based on Mk VIIIs with two wing fuel tanks, each containing a maximum fuel load of 14 gal, and featured the larger horn balances, retractable tailwheel and undercarriage legs with torque-links, "dished" leg fairings and the stronger Dunlop AH10019 four spoke wheels. The wheels were occasionally fitted with disc-style covers. A later model IFF was fitted, replacing the aerials from the tailplane tip to fuselage with a rod aerial under the starboard wing. Another important feature of the Griffon-engine Spitfires was the entirely flush-riveted finish which was progressively introduced on all Spitfires. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22829566 | 982,290 |
786,499 | When a target is marked by a designator, the beam is invisible and does not shine continuously. Instead, a series of coded laser pulses, also called PRF codes (pulse repetition frequency), are fired at the target. These signals bounce off the target into the sky, where they are detected by the seeker on the laser-guided munition, which steers itself towards the centre of the reflected signal. Unless the people being targeted possess laser detection equipment or can hear aircraft overhead, it is extremely difficult for them to determine whether they are being marked. Laser designators work best in clear atmospheric conditions. Cloud cover, rain or smoke can make reliable designation of targets difficult or impossible unless a simulation is accessible through available ground data. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=810600 | 786,076 |
1,549,107 | A novel treatment is recreating the birth canal pressures which are believed to signal the transition of in the womb brain function to post birth standing and bonding with the mare and nursing. This treatment uses series of ropes and knots wrapped around the foal's chest, then pressure is applied for a set amount of time. This method was used in a research project at UC Davis to study the flopping reaction of foals. One of the researchers noted changes in neurosteroids during the rope squeeze and he wondered if that might be similar to birth canal pressures to signal transition to life outside the womb. The name Madigan Foal Squeeze Procedure comes from this research lead by a veterinary professor and expert on neonatal equine health named John Madigan. These ropes are applied around the midsection of the foal, and pressure is applied by pulling the ropes with a medium amount of pressure for about 20 minutes. This mimics the pressure felt during active birth. This is thought to help the brain neurosteroids signal the "off switch" for keeping the foal asleep in the womb for the 11 months of gestation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57765385 | 1,548,226 |
2,037,756 | A demonstrator which has been operational since 2017 has shown an overall AC-AC roundtrip efficiency of 93.15%, which is comparatively higher other comparable battery storage systems with online references. This technology is based on lithium-sulfur battery technology which have a high theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh kg and theoretical energy capacity of 1675 mAh g. Therefore the theoretical energy density and theoretical energy capacity of SLIQ technology can be very close to 2600 Wh kg and 1675 mAh g respectively. This alkali sulphur liquid battery has been chosen to be included in an ARPA-E report on ‘The Cost and Performance Requirements for “Flexible” Advanced Nuclear Plants in Future Power Markets’ published in the official ARPA-E website. This ARPA-E report indicates that the SLIQ technology has a cost lower than $94/kWh with a life time exceeding 20 years, which makes this technology a definite candidate as an electrical storage technology for the fight against climate crisis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67041304 | 2,036,581 |
1,771,624 | It has been proven that adaptive behavior is crucial in the process of natural selection, and thus is important in the evolutionary process. Species that possess positive adaptive behaviors will inherently acquire evolutionary advantages. For example, adaptive behavior is a mechanism of population stabilization. In natural communities, organisms are able to interact with each other creating complex food webs and predator-prey dynamics. Adaptive behavior helps modulate the dynamics of feeding relationships by having a direct effect on their feeding traits and strategies. These adaptive behaviors allow for resilience and resistance in the face of disturbances and a changing environment. In ecology, the coexistence of organisms in natural ecosystems and the stability of populations are central topics. Currently, we live in a world experiencing great changes at a fast rate, mostly due to anthropogenic impacts on organisms and the environment. By studying adaptive behavior one can understand ecosystem complexity – how it emerges, how it evolves, and how it can be maintained. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22052921 | 1,770,627 |
2,106,888 | NASA's Plum Brook Station is located off Taylor Road, between Bloomingville and Bogart, south of Sandusky, Ohio. This remote site was established by NASA to facilitate large-scale testing of dangerous equipment. The In-Space Propulsion Facility, designed to perform full-scale test-firing of large rockets, is one of several facilities at the station. It consists of a building housing its main test chamber, a test equipment building, and fueling and exhaust facilities associated with the firing of rockets within the test chamber. The main chamber is a steel cylinder designed to house test subjects up to in diameter and in height. A door high provides access for bringing equipment into the chamber, which is equipped with several viewports through which remote viewing apparatus can observe the test. The chamber has a cooling wall capable of being maintained at , cooled by liquid nitrogen. Infrared lamps simulate radiation environments found in space, and the chamber is capable of being having its pressure reduced to the equivalent of of altitude. Engines in the test chamber can generate a thrust up to 400,000 pounds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16696689 | 2,105,675 |
1,225,429 | It is a low-growing plant with shallow fibrous roots and a basal rosette of elliptical to lanceolate leaves long and broad. All parts of the plant exude a milky juice. The flowering stem is usually leafless or with just one or two small leaves. The stem and leaves are covered with short stiff hairs (trichomes), usually blackish in color. The stems may reach a height of and have 2–25 capitula (flowerheads), each 1– cm diameter, bundled together at the end of short pedicels. The flowers are orange, almost red, which is virtually invisible to bees, yet they also reflect ultraviolet light, increasing their conspicuousness to pollinators. The flowers are visited by various insects, including many species of bees, butterflies, pollinating flies. The flowers themselves come in a range of colors from a deep rust-orange to a pure yellow and often show striking gradients of color. In the UK, it flowers in June and July. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=240760 | 1,224,769 |
1,820,043 | The next biggest impact over land occurred in California's gold country on April 22, 2012. One of the fragments landed at Sutter's Mill, the very site where gold was first discovered in 1848 that led to the California Gold Rush. Jenniskens found one of three fragments of this CM chondrite on April 24, before rains hit the area. The rapid recovery was made possible because Doppler weather radar detected the falling meteorites. A consortium study led by Jenniskens traced these meteorites back to a source region in the asteroid belt: a family of asteroids that move at low inclination and are close to the 3:1 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter. These were the first CM chondrites to be recovered from near the surface of the original parent body before it broke up, creating the asteroid family. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7750912 | 1,819,007 |
1,328,327 | in which formula_8 is a positive integer referring to time. The functions formula_9 and formula_10 are general nonlinear functions. The first equation is known as the state equation and the second is known as the output equation. All the signals are modeled using stochastic processes. The process formula_11 is known as the state process, formula_12 and formula_13 are usually assumed independent and mutually independent such that formula_14. The parameter formula_15 is usually a finite-dimensional (real) parameter to be estimated (using experimental data). Observe that the state process does not have to be a physical signal, and it is normally unobserved (not measured). The data set is given as a set of input-output pairs formula_16 for formula_17 for some finite positive integer value formula_18. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40158142 | 1,327,599 |
404,323 | The tetracyclines, a large family of antibiotics, were discovered by Benjamin Minge Duggar in 1948 as natural products, and first prescribed in 1948. Benjamin Duggar, working under Yellapragada Subbarow at Lederle Laboratories, discovered the first tetracycline antibiotic, chlortetracycline (Aureomycin), in 1945. The structure of Aureomycin was elucidated in 1952 and published in 1954 by the Pfizer-Woodward group. After the discovery of the structure, researchers at Pfizer began chemically modifying aureomycin by treating it with hydrogen in the presence of a palladized carbon catalyst. This chemical reaction replaced a chlorine moiety with a hydrogen, creating a compound named tetracycline via hydrogenolysis. Tetracycline displayed higher potency, better solubility, and more favorable pharmacology than the other antibiotics in its class, leading to its FDA approval in 1954. The new compound was one of the first commercially successful semi-synthetic antibiotics that was used, and laid the foundation for the development of Sancycline, Minocycline, and later the Glycylcyclines. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30649 | 404,123 |
2,177,808 | In his capacity as Resident Engineer in the Victorian Railways, Watson superintended the construction of the Geelong–Ballarat railway line, the Sandhurst and Echuca line, the North East railway line and its branches, the Gippsland line and branches, and many of the lines to the Western District. The line from Bacchus Marsh to Ballan, constructed some thirty years after his original survey follows literally the route he marked out, notably in the difficult part immediately after leaving Bacchus Marsh, where there is a steep ascent of 300 feet in a distance of less than a mile. Having satisfactory carried out these works, he was granted twelve months' leave of absence on account of ill health, and visited Europe, accompanied by his wife, who died in England. He returned to Melbourne and resumed work in the Railway Department. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31865761 | 2,176,563 |
1,685,250 | The classification system, known by the acronym "PALM-COEIN", was developed and first published a textbook, and then, after ratification by the Working Group, was accepted by FIGO in 2010 and finally published together with the nomenclature system and definitions in 2011. Each of the first eight letters stands for a discernable category of disorder, potentially found in an individual with an AUB symptom (Figure 2). The "PALM" categories comprise disorders that are definable by imaging and/or histopathological evaluation (polyps, adenomyosis, leiomyomas, malignancy and hyperplasia), while the "COEI" classifications are not definable structurally (coagulopathies, ovulatory disorders, endometrial disorders, iatrogenic). Coagulopathies require confirmation by laboratory testing, while, at least for the present, ovulatory and endometrial disorders are primarily, and at least clinically, defined by a structured history. Irregular ovulation or anovulation can be supported by a number of laboratory and histopathological assessments, not typically applied in clinical settings. The "N" classification, originally "Not yet classified" now "Not otherwise classified" is reserved for entities that are rare or of undetermined relationship to AUB symptoms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51070599 | 1,684,305 |
397,454 | A type of buckyball which uses boron atoms, instead of the usual carbon, was predicted and described in 2007. The structure, with each atom forming 5 or 6 bonds, was predicted to be more stable than the buckyball. However, subsequent analysis found that the predicted I symmetric structure was vibrationally unstable and the resulting cage would undergo a spontaneous symmetry break, yielding a puckered cage with rare T symmetry (symmetry of a volleyball). The number of six-member rings in this molecule is 20 and number of five-member rings is 12. There is an additional atom in the center of each six-member ring, bonded to each atom surrounding it. By employing a systematic global search algorithm, it was later found that the previously proposed fullerene is not a global maximum for 80-atom boron clusters and hence can not be found in nature; the most stable configurations have complex. The same paper concluded that boron's energy landscape, unlike others, has many disordered low-energy structures, hence pure boron fullerenes are unlikely to exist in nature. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10628 | 397,258 |
1,804,505 | Cedarpelta is a extinct genus of basal ankylosaurid dinosaur from Utah that lived during the Late Cretaceous period (Cenomanian to lower Turonian stage, 98.2 to 93 Ma) in what is now the Mussentuchit Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation. The type and only species, Cedarpelta bilbeyhallorum, is known from multiple specimens including partial skulls and postcranial material. It was named in 2001 by Kenneth Carpenter, James Kirkland, Don Burge, and John Bird. "Cedarpelta" has an estimated length of 7 metres (23 feet) and weight of 5 tonnes (11,023 lbs). The skull of "Cedarpelta" lacks extensive cranial ornamentation and is one of the only known ankylosaurs with individual skull bones that are not completely fused together. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4312562 | 1,803,490 |
848,762 | An alternative hypothesis of adaptive significance was proposed by Bulmer and Bull in 1982 and supported by the work of Pen et al. (2010). They conjectured that disruptive selection produced by variation in the environment could result in an evolutionary transition from ESD to GSD. Pen et al. (2010) addresses evolutionary divergence in SDMs via natural selection on sex ratios. Studying the spotted skink, they observed that the highland population was not affected by temperature, yet, there was a negative correlation between annual temperature and cohort sex ratios in the lowlands. The highlands are colder with a higher magnitude of annual temperature fluctuation and a shorter activity season, delaying maturity, thus GSD is favored so sex ratios are not skewed. However, in the lowlands, temperatures are more constant and a longer activity season allows for favorable conditions for TSD. They concluded that this differentiation in climate causes divergent selection on regulatory elements in the sex-determining network allowing for the emergence of sex chromosomes in the highlands. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9975050 | 848,312 |
513,319 | It is thought that a majority of existing animals, including Homo sapiens, have evolved from a common wormlike ancestor that lived around 600 million years ago, called the urbilaterian. A bilaterian animal is one that has symmetrical left and right body halves. While it is still debated whether this species had a complex brain or not, development of similar species support the hypothesis that it had at least a simple anterior collection of nerve cells, called a cephalon. Furthermore, studies have shown that this cephalon was bilateral, consisting of two or more connected sub-collections that are separated by the mid-sagittal plane, suggesting the first example of such a division. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=993449 | 513,053 |
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