doc_id
int32
18
2.25M
text
stringlengths
245
2.96k
source
stringlengths
38
44
__index_level_0__
int64
18
2.25M
913,380
The hallmark of optogenetics therefore is introduction of fast light-activated channels, pumps, and enzymes that allow temporally precise manipulation of electrical and biochemical events while maintaining cell-type resolution through the use of specific targeting mechanisms. Among the microbial opsins which can be use...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14958673
912,901
515,166
Gene patents confer a property right to the patent holder. While CIPO will grant patents for isolated gDNA and cDNA, the Supreme Court of Canada has not yet ruled on gene patentability. However, in 2016 the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) sought to invalidate five Canadian patents held by Transgenomic. Th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39666891
514,900
1,188,398
Honda's supreme year in its days as an engine supplier came with McLaren in 1988. Mated to the Steve Nichols designed McLaren MP4/4 and with then dual World Champion Alain Prost and Brazilian Ayrton Senna as the drivers, the McLaren-Honda duo had an almost perfect season. Unlike most, Honda built an all-new V6 turbo (t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=69053418
1,187,766
80,043
When swimming, otariids rely on their fore-flippers for locomotion in a wing-like manner similar to penguins and sea turtles. Fore-flipper movement is not continuous, and the animal glides between each stroke. Compared to terrestrial carnivorans, the fore-limbs of otariids are reduced in length, which gives the locomot...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60261
80,010
117,546
Most of the proteins and glycoproteins that constitute the complement system are synthesized by hepatocytes. But significant amounts are also produced by tissue macrophages, blood monocytes, and epithelial cells of the genitourinary system and gastrointestinal tract. The three pathways of activation all generate homolo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=543131
117,501
526,749
A "pintle mount" is a swiveling mount that allows the gun to be freely traversed or elevated, while the base of the mount is still fixed keeping the whole system in one stable position: typically the mounting is either a rod on the underside of the gun (a pintle rod) that mates with a socket mechanism, or an intermedia...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24019952
526,476
1,976,527
The NRDL testing and decontamination activities caused significant contamination of the shipyard site. The NRDL and the military radiation training school at nearby Naval Station Treasure Island loaded the nuclear waste left from experiments into steel barrels and sent weekly barges to dump them offshore near the Gulf ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50830846
1,975,389
1,521,574
Healthcare training programs have adopted virtual reality simulation (VRS) as a training tool for nursing students. This computer-based three-dimensional simulation tool allows for nursing students to practice various nursing skills repeatedly in a risk-free environment. A nursing program at a major Midwestern state un...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4627121
1,520,713
238,750
Epidural administrations can also cause bleeding issues, including "bloody tap", which occurs in approximately 1 in 30–50 people. This occurs when epidural veins are inadvertently punctured with the needle during the insertion. It is a common occurrence and is not usually considered a problem in people who have normal ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=985885
238,630
189,393
This resulted in commercial success for von Welsbach and his invention, and created great demand for thorium. Its production resulted in a large amount of lanthanides being simultaneously extracted as by-products. Applications were soon found for them, especially in the pyrophoric alloy known as "mischmetal" composed o...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24580596
189,296
1,552,107
Over two decades of research has revealed that the properties of a SNA conjugate are a synergistic combination of those of the core and the shell. The core serves two purposes: 1) it imparts upon the conjugate novel physical and chemical properties (e.g., plasmonic, catalytic, magnetic, luminescent), and 2) it acts as ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36131613
1,551,226
1,968,302
During 1967-72 Clayton resided half time in Cambridge U.K. at Hoyle's invitation to import and advise nucleosynthesis research at Hoyle's newly constructed Institute of Theoretical Astronomy. Clayton did this by bringing his graduate students at Rice with him to Cambridge. After Hoyle's abrupt 1972 resignation from Cam...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36061850
1,967,171
2,061,773
For example, for the disordered Ising chain discussed above, one can prepare random symmetry-broken initial states which are product states in the formula_11basis: formula_32. These randomly chosen states are at infinite temperature. Then, one can measures the local magnetization formula_33in time, which acts as an ord...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59188974
2,060,585
288,933
Cael Norman Sanderson ( ; born June 20, 1979) is an American former folkstyle and freestyle wrestler who is the current head coach of Penn State University's wrestling team. As a wrestler, he won an Olympic Gold medal and was undefeated in four years of college wrestling at Iowa State University (ISU) (159–0), becoming...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=637163
288,776
1,281,824
Vegetius once wrote that "every plan... is to be considered, every expedient tried and every method taken before matters are brought to this last extremity [general engagements]... Good officers decline general engagements where the odds are too great, and prefer the employment of stratagem and finesse to destroy the e...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8049650
1,281,128
684,566
An ion-exchange resin such as chelex 100, which contains chelating ligands bound to a polymer, can be used in water softeners and in chromatographic separation techniques. In solvent extraction the formation of electrically-neutral complexes allows cations to be extracted into organic solvents. For example, in nuclear ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20869108
684,209
13,221
In the aftermath, Germany accelerated plans to close its nuclear power reactors and decided to phase the rest out by 2022 (see also Nuclear power in Germany). Belgium and Switzerland have also changed their nuclear policies to phase-out all nuclear energy operations. Italy held a national referendum, in which 94 percen...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817
13,216
295,981
In the United States, poverty and lack of documentation status puts migrant farmworkers in housing situations that make them far more likely to contract infectious or parasitic diseases and to suffer from chemical related ailments than the general U.S. population. Field workers who are exposed to pesticides continue to...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=959629
295,821
105,977
Behaviorism is a psychological movement that can be contrasted with philosophy of mind. The basic premise of behaviorism is that the study of behavior should be a natural science, such as chemistry or physics. Initially behaviorism rejected any reference to hypothetical inner states of organisms as causes for their beh...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540801
105,932
531,920
Another very select and infrequent use of military psychology is in the interview of subjects, the interrogation of prisoners, and the vetting of those who may provide information of operational or intelligence value that would enhance outcomes of friendly military operations or reduce friendly and enemy casualties. Ps...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15059413
531,646
801,316
Ethnomethodology has often perplexed commentators, due to its radical approach to questions of theory and method. With regard to theory, Garfinkel has consistently advocated an attitude of ethnomethodological indifference, a principled agnosticism with regard to social theory which insists that the shared understanding...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=515580
800,888
1,585,325
"H. laboriosa" is native to the eastern United States and are found in warm, humid conditions. They are often found nesting 33cm to 71cm in the ground, in moderately dry and sandy soils in eastern United States, ranging from Illinois to the New England states, south to Mississippi and Florida. They are solitary ground ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5224409
1,584,434
900,762
Although the "Bencao Tujing" was an important pharmaceutical work of the age, Su Song is perhaps better known for his work in horology. His book "Xinyi Xiangfayao" (新儀象法要; lit. 'Essentials of a New Method for Mechanizing the Rotation of an Armillary Sphere and a Celestial Globe') documented the intricate mechanics of h...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9311753
900,286
234,311
In 1937, Bell Laboratories in New York City gave a demonstration of two-channel stereophonic motion pictures, developed by Bell Labs and Electrical Research Products, Inc. Once again, conductor Leopold Stokowski was on hand to try out the new technology, recording onto a special proprietary nine-track sound system at t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1369770
234,192
2,150,983
The NVO development project was distributed across many institutions and includes teams at the Johns Hopkins University, California Institute of Technology, Space Telescope Science Institute, NOAO, Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, San Diego Supercomputer Center, and the Associated Universities, Inc. Affiliate o...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5710546
2,149,752
1,619,978
Other electrophysiological monitoring techniques such as evoked spinal cord potential (ESCP), somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) and SSEP (short-latency SEP) could be coupled with ECG, which then present excitatory ECG-triggered SSEP technique. The amplitude of the EP or evoked response is usually interpreted as the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60902351
1,619,063
1,641,643
In 1930 Allison returned to the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in 1942, and the Frank P. Hixon Distinguished Service Professor of Physics in 1959. He studied the Compton effect and the dynamical theory of x-ray diffraction. At the time x-rays were an important means of investigating atomic structure...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2594225
1,640,716
159,557
Early applications of prospect theory in International Relations emphasized the potential to explain anomalies in foreign policy decision-making that remained difficult to account for on the basis of rational choice theory. They developed detailed qualitative case studies of specific foreign policy decisions to explore...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197284
159,472
2,191,965
The Jha Committee proposed the setting up of a university, and the gradual development of the CPIR into a full-fledged varsity in five to ten years. This committee suggested that the CPIR could be developed as the nucleus for the varsity; CPIR be placed under a Board set up by the Goa government with cooperation from t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65752340
2,190,716
1,116,565
Bennett was permitted to add considerably to the number of PFF Mosquito Squadrons - by May 1945 there were twelve of these, including the detached No. 627 Sqn. which was in No. 5 Group. The expanding PFF Mosquito squadrons visited all of the well-known targets in Germany including Berlin, Hamburg, Cologne, Essen, Mannh...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23908469
1,115,992
71,291
There are many types of fuel cells, but they all consist of an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte that allows ions, often positively charged hydrogen ions (protons), to move between the two sides of the fuel cell. At the anode a catalyst causes the fuel to undergo oxidation reactions that generate ions (often positiv...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11729
71,264
1,520,365
Roquefortine C is a cyclodipeptide mycotoxin derived from the diketopiperazine cyclo(Trp-dehydro-His) and is a relatively common fungal metabolite produced by a number of "Penicillium" species. It is also considered one of the most important fungal contaminants of carbonated beverages, beer, wine, meats, cheese and bre...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21677776
1,519,504
921,739
In Vietnam and the United States, teratogenic or birth defects were observed in children of people who were exposed to Agent Orange or 2,4,5-T that contained TCDD as an impurity out of the production process. However there has been some uncertainty on the causal link between Agent Orange/dioxin exposure. In 2006 a meta...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23789332
921,253
1,047,394
Relative to esters of most carboxylic acids, esters of pivalic acid are unusually resistant to hydrolysis. Some applications result from this thermal stability. Polymers derived from pivalate esters of vinyl alcohol are highly reflective lacquers. The pivaloyl (abbreviated Piv or Pv) group is a protective group for alc...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6811852
1,046,849
75,796
After the rediscovery of Mendel's work, scientists tried to determine which molecules in the cell were responsible for inheritance. In 1900, Nettie Stevens began studying the mealworm. Over the next 11 years, she discovered that females only had the X chromosome and males had both X and Y chromosomes. She was able to c...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12266
75,767
536,258
The study of linear algebra emerged from the study of determinants, which were used to solve systems of linear equations. Calculus had two main systems of notation, each created by one of the creators: that developed by Isaac Newton and the notation developed by Gottfried Leibniz. Leibniz's is the notation used most of...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6134187
535,979
1,918,963
Using geodetic techniques, GPS networks have been used in research to constrain the velocity field throughout the Tian Shan. This type of analysis helps illustrate the distribution of shortening rates throughout the region. Most of the convergence between the Tarim Basin and the Kazakh Platform is absorbed within the T...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33758084
1,917,863
1,662,945
Designed by Aurelio Lampredi, the Fiat 124 engine first appeared in the all-new Fiat 124 in April 1966. The in-line four-cylinder engine comprised an iron block with an aluminium cylinder-head with pushrod actuated valves. The belt-driven design was ahead of its time when introduced. European production of the petrol v...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38510060
1,662,010
477,104
The London mayor called for an E-revolution in March 2009 and he presented the "Electric Delivery Plan for London" in May 2009. The plan projects 25,000 charging points London by 2015 including 500 on-street, 2000 off-street in car-parks and 22,000 privately owned locations. London itself will buy 1000 electric vehicle...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21079741
476,864
1,513,997
A third practical concern is the melting of permafrost due to climate change. Degradation of this permafrost is leading to major ground surface subsidence and pounding. The ground is literally melting away in many regions of the Arctic. The locations of towns and communities that have been inhabited for centuries are n...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11180149
1,513,146
1,114,338
Beginning in 2007, the British Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council has funded development of ribosome-like molecular assemblers. Clearly, molecular assemblers are possible in this limited sense. A technology roadmap project, led by the Battelle Memorial Institute and hosted by several U.S. National Labor...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=294218
1,113,770
1,328,412
Many problems in data analysis concern clustering, grouping data items into clusters of closely related items. Hierarchical clustering is a version of cluster analysis in which the clusters form a hierarchy or tree-like structure rather than a strict partition of the data items. In some cases, this type of clustering m...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33068704
1,327,684
1,633,254
The pathogenesis of lipoprotein-X in cholestasis is not totally resolved. Normally, the liver excretes lipoprotein complexes into the bile showing phospholipid and unesterified cholesterol concentrations similar to Lipoprotein-X. The in vitro incubation of these bile lipoproteins with serum or albumin leads to the appe...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4467938
1,632,332
1,362,958
The ideas behind HOTOL originated from work done by British Engineer Alan Bond in the field of pre-cooled jet engines. Bond had specifically performed this research with the intention of producing a viable engine for powering a space launch system. In 1982, British Aerospace (BAe), which was Europe's principal satellit...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14301
1,362,205
742,297
ISDN is used heavily by the broadcast industry as a reliable way of switching low-latency, high-quality, long-distance audio circuits. In conjunction with an appropriate codec using MPEG or various manufacturers' proprietary algorithms, an ISDN BRI can be used to send stereo bi-directional audio coded at 128 kbit/s wit...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15231
741,905
495,200
In 2011, American palaeontologists Kevin Padian and John R. Horner proposed that "bizarre structures" in dinosaurs in general (including domes, frills, horns, and crests) were primarily used for species recognition, and dismissed other explanations as unsupported by evidence. Among other studies, these authors cited Go...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2274197
494,944
1,916,654
Opaque sets were originally studied by Stefan Mazurkiewicz in 1916. Other early works on opaque sets include the papers of H. M. Sen Gupta and N. C. Basu Mazumdar in 1955, and by Frederick Bagemihl in 1959, but these are primarily about the distance sets and topological properties of barriers rather than about minimizi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41162601
1,915,555
598,538
At a 1928 medical conference in Battle Creek, Michigan, Papanicolaou introduced his low-cost, easily performed screening test for early detection of cancerous and precancerous cells. However, this potential medical breakthrough was initially met with skepticism and resistance from the medical community. Papanicolaou's ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155030
598,233
1,889,013
Clinical Microbiology Reviews is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering the areas of clinical microbiology, immunology, medical microbiology, infectious diseases, veterinary microbiology, and microbial pathogenesis. It is a delayed open access journal, full content is accessible via PubMed Central and the journal's w...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9793000
1,887,930
133,813
By the 9th century AD, the unity brought about by the Islamic conquest of North Africa and the expansion of Islamic culture came to an end. Conflict arose as to who should be the successor of the prophet. The Umayyads had initially taken control of the Caliphate, with their capital at Damascus. Later, the Abbasids had ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14099
133,760
1,139,816
PCR amplification of the DNA target occurs in three steps: denaturation, annealing and extension. Each of these steps occur at a specific temperature for a fixed period of time. Denaturation is normally allowed to occur between 90 and 95 °C and leads to the dissociation of DNA strands. After this the reaction is cooled...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12386405
1,139,222
299,722
The Porsche 919 Hybrid is a Le Mans Prototype 1 (LMP1) racing car built and used by Porsche in the 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017 seasons of the FIA World Endurance Championship. It has a 90-degree V4 mid-mounted mono-turbocharged petrol engine that produces and acts as a chassis load-bearing member - and two separate energ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41368349
299,561
1,592,086
In modern form, the Klopman-Salem equation is commonly given asformula_1,where formula_2 is the electron population in atomic orbital "a",formula_3, formula_4 are the resonance and overlap integrals for the interaction of atomic orbitals "a" and "b",formula_5 is the total charge on atom "k",formula_6 is the local diele...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56098547
1,591,190
387,110
In 1927, Deming was introduced to Walter A. Shewhart of the Bell Telephone Laboratories by C.H. Kunsman of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Deming found great inspiration in the work of Shewhart, the originator of the concepts of statistical control of processes and the related technical tool of the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70534
386,915
1,656,341
For somewhat greater than 128 bits of security, Singh presents a set of parameters which have 6956-bit public keys for the Peikert's scheme. The corresponding private key would be roughly 14,000 bits. An RLWE version of the classic MQV variant of a Diffie–Hellman key exchange was later published by Zhang et al. in 2014...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46733414
1,655,408
568,350
Umbriel orbits Uranus at the distance of about , being the third farthest from the planet among its five major moons. Umbriel's orbit has a small eccentricity and is inclined very little relative to the equator of Uranus. Its orbital period is around 4.1 Earth days, coincident with its rotational period. In other words...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32101
568,060
884,243
A copper indium gallium selenide solar cell or CIGS cell uses an absorber made of copper, indium, gallium, selenide (CIGS), while gallium-free variants of the semiconductor material are abbreviated CIS. It is one of three mainstream thin-film technologies, the other two being cadmium telluride and amorphous silicon, wi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20386463
883,779
2,057,064
The Schepens Eye Research Institute, formerly known as the Retina Foundation Institute of Biological and Medical Sciences, is an independent nonprofit research foundation founded by ophthalmologist Charles Schepens that operates as part of the research program of Massachusetts Eye and Ear. In 1976, singer Ella Fitzgera...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66170910
2,055,880
2,110,188
In 1998, Dr. Anthony Carpi, an environmental chemist and then-assistant professor at John Jay College of the City University of New York, designed and launched a prototype Internet learning resource for science students, called The Natural Science Pages. This was in part a response to the growing evidence that poor tex...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27140072
2,108,974
27,214
To explain natural selection, Darwin drew an analogy with humans modifying animals through artificial selection, whereby animals were selectively bred for specific traits, which has given rise to individuals that no longer resemble their wild ancestors. Darwin argued that in the natural world, it was nature that played...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9127632
27,204
601,058
Nora Bredes, executive director of the Shoreham Opponents Coalition, was a primary organizer of the grass-roots campaign against Shoreham during the 1980s. She lobbied officials, organized advertising campaigns, wrote pamphlets, and planned rallies. Ms. Bredes drew together more than two dozen local opposition groups w...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2046186
600,750
332,938
Though his relationship with co-workers was typically hostile, he was social enough to give a demonstration of his harness to a small group. He showed how the metal tentacles allowed him to work safely with chemicals that would normally be too dangerous for a human being to touch or be in close vicinity to. One such pe...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=315873
332,761
1,969,764
The metabolic disorder, lysinuric protein intolerance is caused by the body's inability to digest and use certain protein building blocks or amino acids. These are lysine, arginine, and ornithine. These amino acids are found in many protein-rich foods. Since in this disorder the human body cannot effectively break down...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43809874
1,968,630
944,081
The development team consisted of Fujita in charge of planning, with Tsujino providing level design and graphics and two others programming the arcade board, a modified version of the Taito Classic hardware. The neon, futuristic aesthetic was inspired by the film "Tron" (1982), which Tsujino was a big fan of. Blocks or...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=176965
943,579
1,000,721
A major problem for the pioneers in VS neurosurgery was the lack of adequate imaging for spotting small tumors. Treating tumors that grew overly large in the cerebellopontine angle resulted in poor outcomes for the goals of facial nerve and hearing preservation. For imaging, conventional X-rays began to be used in the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1002770
1,000,203
76,580
Color-glass condensate is a type of matter theorized to exist in atomic nuclei traveling near the speed of light. According to Einstein's theory of relativity, a high-energy nucleus appears length contracted, or compressed, along its direction of motion. As a result, the gluons inside the nucleus appear to a stationary...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37461
76,551
1,907,634
Both Dieter Sattler's parents had been born in Florence where their own parents spent time as members of the expatriate artistic community. Dieter Sattler spent several months each year in Florence while a small child, but this routine came to an end in 1914, the year war broke out, and in 1915 he started to attend his...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54975038
1,906,538
1,434,127
IBM® TS4300 Tape Library is a high-density, highly scalable, easy-to-manage solution designed to keep data securely stored long-term, while helping reduce the costs associated with data center space and utilities. Its modular design enables you to increase cartridge and drive capacity as needed—scale vertically up to s...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8453590
1,433,323
1,488,131
Piezo-electric current therapy, or PECT, is an analgesic technique based on the principle that mechanical deformation of a motorized piezoelectric ceramic rod produces a burst of 10 electrical pulses (five positive and five negative), each lasting 2–3 ms. Each electrical burst lasts for 50 to 250 ms (depending on the m...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22551311
1,487,292
913,153
In 2005, an independent review by the JASON Defense Advisory Group that was generally positive, concluded that "The scientific and technical challenges in such a complex activity suggest that success in the early attempts at ignition in 2010, while possible, is unlikely". On January 26, 2009, the final line replaceable...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=337301
912,674
1,067,665
Another important factor leading to the absence of wide adoption of any existing upper ontology is the complexity. Some upper ontologies Cyc is often cited as an example in this regard—are very large, ranging up to thousands of elements (classes, relations), with complex interactions among them and with a complexity si...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3200382
1,067,111
83,025
Early cephalopods are thought to have produced jets by drawing their body into their shells, as "Nautilus" does today. "Nautilus" is also capable of creating a jet by undulations of its funnel; this slower flow of water is more suited to the extraction of oxygen from the water. When motionless, "Nautilus" can only extr...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42726
82,991
605,100
Gliese 581c is the third planet orbiting Gliese 581. It was discovered in April 2007. In their 2007 paper, Udry et al. asserted that if Gliese 581c has an Earth-type composition, it would have a radius of 1.5R, which would have made it at the time "the most Earth-like of all known exoplanets". A direct measurement of t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2758531
604,790
372,048
In 2016, Madeline C. Weiss and colleagues genetically analyzed 6.1 million protein-coding genes and 286,514 protein clusters from sequenced prokaryotic genomes representing many phylogenetic trees, and identified 355 protein clusters that were probably common to the LUCA. The results "depict LUCA as anaerobic, CO-fixin...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1301827
371,853
1,330,039
The Basic Parachute Course is four weeks long for regular troops. During that time, trainees are instructed in exit, flight and landing techniques. They are required to complete four descents, one at night, to qualify for their 'wings'. Exit training is carried out from full-size mock ups of C-130 Hercules and Skyvan f...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19623635
1,329,310
880,302
Mechanical computers reached their zenith during World War II, when they formed the basis of complex bombsights including the Norden, as well as the similar devices for ship computations such as the US Torpedo Data Computer or British Admiralty Fire Control Table. Noteworthy are mechanical flight instruments for early ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13110872
879,838
1,183,631
Trichothecenes are a group of over 150 chemically related mycotoxins. Each trichothecene displays a core structure consisting of a single six-membered ring containing a single oxygen atom, flanked by two carbon rings. This core ring structure contains an epoxide, or tricyclic ether, at the 12,13 carbon positions, as we...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3687230
1,183,005
1,769,158
In the 2018 season, he played 54 games across all competitions, scoring an impressive 13 goals, second in the scoring charts only to forward Yuma Suzuki as Kashima finished the league season in 3rd place. In cup competitions, Doi scored the only goal of the 2018 Emperor's Cup quarter-final against Ventforet Kofu, where...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34056443
1,768,164
1,004,643
Oxygen consumption (VO) during exercise is best described by the Fick Equation: VO=Q x (a-vOdiff), which states that the amount of oxygen consumed is equal to cardiac output (Q) multiplied by the difference between arterial and venous oxygen concentrations. More simply put, oxygen consumption is dictated by the quantit...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=395477
1,004,125
299,051
Simplicius mentions that Anaximander said all these "in poetic terms", meaning that he used the old mythical language. The goddess Justice (Dike) keeps the cosmic order. This concept of returning to the element of origin was often revisited afterwards, notably by Aristotle, and by the Greek tragedian Euripides: "what c...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1168
298,890
807,964
ISRO's Human Space Flight Centre and Glavcosmos, which is a subsidiary of the Russian state corporation Roscosmos, signed an agreement on 1 July 2019 for cooperation in the selection, support, medical examination and space training of four Indian astronauts. An ISRO Technical Liaison Unit (ITLU) has been approved to be...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7818844
807,534
352,706
In his last years Verdi undertook a number of philanthropic ventures, publishing in 1894 a song for the benefit of earthquake victims in Sicily, and from 1895 onwards planning, building and endowing a rest-home for retired musicians in Milan, the Casa di Riposo per Musicisti, and building a hospital at Villanova sull'A...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12958
352,523
1,474,748
Peter Raymond Grant (born October 26, 1936) and Barbara Rosemary Grant (born October 8, 1936) are a British married couple who are evolutionary biologists at Princeton University. Each currently holds the position of emeritus professor. They are known for their work with Darwin's finches on Daphne Major, one of the Gal...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=584186
1,473,916
1,801,988
Naval School Explosive Ordnance Disposal (NAVSCOLEOD), a Navy-managed command, jointly staffed by Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps personnel, had its official ribbon cutting on a new consolidated training facility in April 1999. These five new buildings, which centralize all basic EOD training at Eglin, total an...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33714574
1,800,976
1,838,110
Tufts OCW could be considered within the broader context of the open educational resources (OER) movement. OER can include open content, tools, or infrastructure. Tufts has been engaging in OER work for more than a decade, with the majority of efforts related to the development of the Tufts University Sciences Knowledg...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19425510
1,837,061
969,174
A WSN is built of "nodes" – from a few to hundreds or thousands, where each node is connected to other sensors. Each such node typically has several parts: a radio transceiver with an internal antenna or connection to an external antenna, a microcontroller, an electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors and an ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1076662
968,664
1,496,816
With species being named as part of "Pterygotus" becoming increasingly diverse, researchers began to name subgenera, such as "Pterygotus" ("Erettopterus"), named by John William Salter in 1859 for species of "Pterygotus" with a bilobed telson, such as "P. osiliensis". The family Pterygotidae would be erected by Clarke ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14195347
1,495,973
913,474
NASA maintains a catalog of Venus transits covering the period 2000 BC to 4000 AD. Currently, transits occur only in June or December (see table) and the occurrence of these events slowly drifts, becoming later in the year by about two days every 243-year cycle. Transits usually occur in pairs, on nearly the same date ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=632331
912,995
1,233,093
The test of Kiwi B1A, the last test to use gaseous hydrogen instead of liquid, was initially scheduled for 7 November 1961. On the morning of the test, a leaking valve resulted in a violent hydrogen explosion that blew out the walls of the shed and injured several workers; many suffered ruptured eardrums, and one fract...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23821416
1,232,430
1,314,504
Modern GPS receivers work somewhat similarly in that they also correlate a received PN bit stream (at 1.023 Mbit/s) with a local reference to measure distance. But GPS is a receive-only system that uses relative timing measurements from a set of satellites to determine receiver position while the Apollo USB is a two-wa...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26270139
1,313,783
1,540,508
In 2009, the same Korean researchers published a further study on the anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of DOM in obese mice. The control group received tap water and the experimental group received DOM of hardness 1000 for 84 days. The DOM-fed group compared to the control group reported a 7% body weight decrease...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46377168
1,539,635
95,095
Ohio State operates North America's 18th-largest university research library with a combined collection of over 5.8 million volumes. Additionally, the libraries regularly receive about 35,000 serial titles. Its recent acquisitions were 16th among university research libraries in North America. Along with 21 libraries o...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22217
95,054
629,857
In May 2011, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and EPA issued a joint final rule establishing new requirements for a fuel economy and environment label that is mandatory for all new passenger cars and trucks starting with model year 2013. The ruling includes new labels for alternative fuel and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20549371
629,519
330,375
The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). It is the third largest Florida university by student population, and is the fifth largest single-campus university in the United States with 57,841 students enrolled for during the 2020–21 school year. The University of Florida is...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60611
330,200
1,706,296
Key challenges of such an architecture are network latency and performance—a graphically intensive application (as most are when presented using a GUI) being served over a slow or bandwidth-restricted network connection requires considerable compression and optimization to render the application usable by the client. T...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309961
1,705,338
1,749,357
Calculations as well as empirical observations have demonstrated that perovskite nanocrystals are defect-tolerant semiconductor materials. As a result, they do not require epitaxial shelling or surface passivation since they are insensitive to surface defect states. In general, the perovskite nanocrystal surface is con...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61491450
1,748,371
1,978,146
After 1996, adaptive hypermedia grew rapidly. Research teams commenced projects in adaptive hypermedia, and many students selected the subject area for their PhD theses. A book on adaptive hypermedia, and a special issue of the New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia (1998) were published. Two main factors accounted fo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9269429
1,977,008
533,207
On the map the player can direct divisions or groups of divisions. Fighting starts when an army starts moving into a defended enemy territory. The invading units do not have to be inside enemy territory to attack. A province is immediately occupied when the invaders arrive there with no opposition left. Because of this...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1327973
532,928
760,032
In the past, military and police faced with undesirable escalation of conflict had few acceptable options. Military personnel guarding embassies often found themselves restricted to carrying unloaded weapons. National guards or policing forces charged with quelling riots were able to use only batons or similar club-lik...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=146808
759,626
1,036,611
There are many applications for AMS throughout a variety of disciplines. AMS is most often employed to determine the concentration of C, e.g. by archaeologists for radiocarbon dating. Compared to other radiocarbon dating methods, AMS requires smaller sample sizes (about 50 mg), while yielding extensive chronologies. MS...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1127875
1,036,071