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447,584 | The developer selectively reduces silver halide crystals in the emulsion to metallic silver, but only those having latent image centres created by action of light. The light sensitive layer or emulsion consists of silver halide crystals in a gelatin base. Two photons of light must be absorbed by one silver halide crystal to form a stable two atom silver metal crystal. The developer used generally will only reduce silver halide crystals that have an existing silver crystal. Faster exposure or lower light level films usually have larger grains because those images capture less light. Fine grain films, like Kodachrome, require more light to increase the chance that the halide crystal will absorb at least two quanta of light as they have a smaller cross sectional size. Therefore, silver halide crystal size is proportional to film speed. The metallic silver image has dark (black) appearance. Once the desired level of reduction is achieved the development process is halted by washing in a dilute acid and then the undeveloped silver halide is removed by dissolving it in a thiosulfate solution, a process called "fixing". Most commercial film developers use a dual solution or "push" (pushes the films speed) development (compensating developer, like Diafine) procedure where the reducing agent e.g. hydroquinone solution soaks into and swells the gelatin then the film is introduced into the alkaline solution which activates (lowers reduction potential) of the developer. The areas with the most light exposure use up the tiny amount of developer in the gelatin and stop making silver crystal before the film at that point is totally opaque. The areas that received the least light continue to develop because they haven't used up their developer. There is less contrast, but time is not critical and films from several customers and different exposures will develop satisfactorily. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=378392 | 447,367 |
68,398 | In February 1980, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) started project 802 to standardize local area networks (LAN). The "DIX-group" with Gary Robinson (DEC), Phil Arst (Intel), and Bob Printis (Xerox) submitted the so-called "Blue Book" CSMA/CD specification as a candidate for the LAN specification. In addition to CSMA/CD, Token Ring (supported by IBM) and Token Bus (selected and henceforward supported by General Motors) were also considered as candidates for a LAN standard. Competing proposals and broad interest in the initiative led to strong disagreement over which technology to standardize. In December 1980, the group was split into three subgroups, and standardization proceeded separately for each proposal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9499 | 68,372 |
1,957,177 | N.I. Tikhomirov’s agent in those years was Dr. Slyotov, who filed petitions for the invention to various authorities. On 11 February 1916, he received a positive conclusion from the expert commission, which was signed by Nikolay Zhukovsky, Chairman of the Inventions Department of the Moscow Military Industrial Committee. In conclusion, it was noted: "The invention consists in setting in motion water and air torpedoes by sequential ignition of cartridges with slow-burning gunpowder ... The calculation shows that such an action of such torpedoes is quite possible ...". However, on 23 March 1916, based on the opinion of the expert Alexey Schastny, a decision was made: “... to refuse to issue a privilege on the basis of Art. 75 of the Charter on Industry ... ". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70947774 | 1,956,053 |
1,917,221 | Maz'ya graduated from Leningrad University in 1960. The same year he gave two talks at Smirnov's seminar: their contents were published as a short report in the Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences and later evolved in his "kandidat nauk" thesis, ""Classes of sets and embedding theorems for function spaces"", which was defended in 1962. In 1965 he earned the Doktor nauk degree, again from Leningrad University, defending the dissertation ""Dirichlet and Neumann problems in Domains with irregular boundaries"", when he was only 27. Neither the first nor his second thesis were written under the guidance of an advisor: Vladimir Maz'ya never had a formal scientific adviser, choosing the research problems he worked to by himself. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11713215 | 1,916,121 |
1,428,421 | In addition to permeating the blood brain barrier, ultrasound and MB therapy can alter the tumor environment and serve as an immunotherapeutic treatment. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) alone triggers an immune response, speculated to be through facilitating the release of tumor antigens for immune cell recognition, activating antigen-presenting cells and promoting their infiltration, combatting tumor immunosuppression, and promoting a Th1 cell response. Typically, HIFU is used for thermal ablation of tumors. Low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) in combination with MBs has also shown to stimulate immunostimulatory effects, inhibiting tumor growth and increasing endogenous leukocyte infiltration. Furthermore, lowering the acoustic power required for HIFU yields a safer treatment for the patient, as well as diminished treatment time. Though the treatment itself shows potential, a combinatorial treatment is speculated to be required for a complete treatment. Ultrasound and MB treatment without additional drugs impeded the growth of small tumors but required a combinatorial drug treatment to affect medium-sized tumor growth. With their immune stimulating mechanism, ultrasound and MBs offer a unique ability to prime or enhance immunotherapies for more effective cancer treatment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25352260 | 1,427,617 |
117,452 | On April 26, 2007, NASA decided to bring Williams back to Earth on the STS-117 mission aboard "Atlantis". Although she did not break the U.S. single spaceflight record that was recently broken by former crew member Commander Michael López-Alegría, she did break the record for longest single spaceflight by a woman. Williams served as a mission specialist and returned to Earth on June 22, 2007, at the end of the STS-117 mission. Poor weather at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral forced mission managers to skip three landing attempts there over a 24-hour period. They then diverted "Atlantis" to Edwards Air Force Base in California, where the shuttle touched down at 3:49 p.m. EDT, returning Williams home after a 192-day stay in space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2377150 | 117,407 |
2,060,848 | Epigenetic modifications, such as methylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitylation, can affect gene activity. Decreased DNA methylation is thought to be linked to air pollution exposure. The mechanism behind this is not completely understood, but it may involve the formation of reactive oxygen species. These species generate oxidative stress, which stimulates downstream signalling. This can lead to hydroxymethylation, which replaces the methyl group with a hydroxyl group. Hydroxymethylation alters gene expression, potentially causing diseases such as lung cancer. Air pollution can also decrease expression of DNA methyltransferases, which would decrease overall DNA methylation. This can ultimately lead to inflammation in regions such as the airways, which triggers asthma. Pathways can also be activated to increase cytokine expression and immune cells in the same regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61385234 | 2,059,661 |
1,428,335 | A single Jianghu I (hull 516) was modified very recently. It has its anti-ship missiles replaced with several multiple-rocket launchers. The rockets are of 122 mm caliber, and are based on the Type 89 system, which is itself quite similar to the Soviet BM-21 rocket system. The 122 mm rockets are launched from a stabilized launcher, meaning that even if the ship is affected by wave motion, the launcher itself will be stabilized. The rockets have a range of up to 40 km, and can achieve reasonable accuracy in fire. This installation may be seen as an experiment by the PLAN to make use of older warship designs, by turning them into shore bombardment platforms. Though only one ship is being tested for now, this is a very possible concept for future PLAN conversions of their large number of old Luda's and Jianghu's. Fire support from ships is seen as very important by the PLAN when conducting amphibious operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5751493 | 1,427,531 |
1,923,612 | The Faculty of Medicine is engaged in research in a wide variety of fields spanning the breadth of medical science. It has also selected key research areas on which to place additional emphasis. These focal points are characterized by significant expertise and cutting-edge research. As of 2009, these areas include: molecular cell research and stem cell research, infectious diseases and immunology, oncology and functional genetics, vascular and developmental biology, neurosciences, and molecular and functional imaging. The Faculty of Medicine can rely on significant potential in these fields and has institutes and centers with top level research at its disposal. In addition to the university's departments and institutes listed below, interdisciplinary centers enhance the exchange of knowledge. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15863155 | 1,922,509 |
405,334 | The original game and its expansion have been praised as one of the benchmark real-time strategy games of its time. The series has gathered a solid following around the world, particularly in South Korea, where professional players and teams participate in matches, earn sponsorships, and compete in televised matches. By June 2007, "StarCraft" and "Brood War" had sold nearly 10 million copies combined. "StarCraft 2: Wings of Liberty" and its sequels obtained similar praise, and also sold very well. By the end of 2017, the franchise's lifetime revenue totaled over $1 billion. In addition, the series was awarded a star on the Walk of Game in 2006, and holds four "Guinness World Records" in the "Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition" of 2008. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14271726 | 405,134 |
611,886 | Gas dynamic lasers are constructed using the supersonic flow of gases, such as carbon dioxide, to excite the molecules past threshold. The gas is pressurized and then heated to as high as 1400 kelvins. The gas is then allowed to expand rapidly through specially shaped nozzles to a very low pressure. This expansion occurs at supersonic velocities, sometimes as high as mach 4. The hot gas has many molecules in the upper excited states, while many more are in the lower states. The rapid expansion causes adiabatic cooling, which reduces the temperature to as low as 300 K. This reduction in temperature causes the molecules in the upper and lower states to relax their equilibrium to a value that is more appropriate for the lower temperature. However, the molecules in the lower states relax very quickly, while the upper state molecules take much longer to relax. Since a good quantity of molecules remain in the upper state, a population inversion is created, which often extends for quite a distance downstream. Continuous wave outputs as high as 100 kilowatts have been obtained from dynamic carbon dioxide lasers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3245664 | 611,575 |
1,641,271 | Writing for William & Mary Business Law Review in 2020, Carl Lindstrom states that ""Micro Star v. Formgen"’s holding still remains the final word on the legal status of mods, even when created using developer-furnished tools. Melinda Schlinsog of the Tulane Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property noted "Microstar v. Formgen" could apply to all video game mods, though the "Galoob v. Nintendo" precedent may protect mods that are noncommercial in nature. J. Remy Green wrote for the Boston University School of Law, discussing whether awarding more rights to modders would discourage original games, or encourage more derivative works. While "Microstar" shows that "mods are viewed as derivative works and are, therefore, violations of the copyright holder’s rights if made without the copyright holder’s consent," the BYU Law Review praises the video game industry for allowing and encouraging mods for popular video games. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29279140 | 1,640,344 |
1,258,580 | Italy had a scientific "golden age" during the Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci, was trained to be a painter, but his interests and achievements spread into an astonishing variety of fields that are now considered scientific specialties. He conceived ideas vastly ahead of his time. Notably, he invented concepts for the helicopter, an armed fighting vehicle, the use of concentrated solar power, the calculator, a rudimentary theory of plate tectonics, the double hull, and many others, using inspiration from Chinese ideas. In addition, he greatly advanced the fields of knowledge in anatomy, astronomy, civil engineering, optics, and hydrodynamics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23296431 | 1,257,893 |
1,029,259 | The basic definitions and facts above enable one to do classical algebraic geometry. To be able to do more — for example, to deal with varieties over fields that are not algebraically closed — some foundational changes are required. The modern notion of a variety is considerably more abstract than the one above, though equivalent in the case of varieties over algebraically closed fields. An "abstract algebraic variety" is a particular kind of scheme; the generalization to schemes on the geometric side enables an extension of the correspondence described above to a wider class of rings. A scheme is a locally ringed space such that every point has a neighbourhood that, as a locally ringed space, is isomorphic to a spectrum of a ring. Basically, a variety over is a scheme whose structure sheaf is a sheaf of -algebras with the property that the rings "R" that occur above are all integral domains and are all finitely generated -algebras, that is to say, they are quotients of polynomial algebras by prime ideals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248808 | 1,028,725 |
1,935,167 | Acoustic droplet ejection was first reported in 1927 by Robert W. Wood and Alfred Loomis, who noted that when a high-power acoustic generator was immersed in an oil bath, a mound formed on the surface of the oil and, like a “miniature volcano,” ejected a continuous stream of droplets. Ripples that appear in a glass of water placed on a loud speaker show that acoustic energy can be converted to kinetic energy in a fluid. If the sound is turned up enough, droplets will jump from the liquid. This technique was refined in the 1970s and 1980s by Xerox and IBM and other organizations to provide a single droplet on-demand for printing ink onto a page. Two California-based companies, EDC Biosystems Inc. and Labcyte Inc. (both now acquired by Beckman Coulter), exploit acoustic energy for two separate functions: 1) as a liquid transfer device and 2) as a device for liquid auditing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11591432 | 1,934,059 |
1,439,482 | Broad proteomic and transcriptomic profiling has led to innumerable advances in the biomedical space, but the characterization of RNA and protein expression is limited in its ability to inform on the functional characteristics of proteins. Given that transcript and protein expression information leave gaps in knowledge surrounding the effects of post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions on enzyme activity, and that enzyme activity varies across cell types, disease states, and physiological conditions, specialized tools are required to profile enzyme activity across contexts. Additionally, many identified enzymes have not been sufficiently characterized to yield actionable mechanisms on which to base functional assays. Without a basis for a functional biochemical readout, chemical tools are required to detect drug-protein interactions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48999251 | 1,438,672 |
904,854 | It is possible for optical answer sheets to be printed incorrectly, such that all ovals will be read as filled. This occurs if the outline of the ovals is too thick, or is irregular. During the 2008 U.S. presidential election, this occurred with over 19,000 absentee ballots in the Georgia county of Gwinnett, and was discovered after around 10,000 had already been returned. The slight difference was not apparent to the naked eye, and was not detected until a test run was made in late October. This required all ballots to be transferred to correctly printed ones, by sequestered workers of the board of elections, under close observation by members of the Democratic and Republican (but not other) political parties, and county sheriff deputies. The transfer, by law, could not occur until election day (November 4). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=439697 | 904,378 |
580,211 | This is effectively an electric locomotive with a relatively small auxiliary diesel prime mover intended only for low-speed or short-distance operation (e.g. British Rail Class 73). Some of these, such as the British Rail Class 74, were converted from electric locomotives. The Southern Region of British Railways used these locomotives to cross non-electrified gaps and to haul boat trains that used tramways at the ports of Southampton and Weymouth. For economy, the diesel engine and its generator are considerably smaller than the electric capacity. The Southern types were of or 'Type 3' rating as electrics, but only as diesels. Later classes had as much as on electric power, but still the same diesel engines. Despite this large difference, their comparable tractive efforts were much closer (around three-quarters as diesels) and so they could start and work equally heavy trains as diesels, but not to the same speeds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2023225 | 579,914 |
10,083 | Fermi contacted Chien-Shiung Wu, who identified the cause of the problem as neutron poisoning from xenon-135, which has a half-life of 9.2 hours. Fermi, Woods, Donald J. Hughes and John Archibald Wheeler then calculated the nuclear cross section of xenon-135, which turned out to be 30,000 times that of uranium. DuPont engineer George Graves had deviated from the Metallurgical Laboratory's original design in which the reactor had 1,500 tubes arranged in a circle, and had added an additional 504 tubes to fill in the corners. The scientists had originally considered this overengineering a waste of time and money, but Fermi realized that by loading all 2,004 tubes, the reactor could reach the required power level and efficiently produce plutonium. Reactor D was started on 17 December 1944 and Reactor F on 25 February 1945. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19603 | 10,079 |
8,785 | If a third mass is added, the Kepler problem becomes the three-body problem, which in general has no exact solution in closed form. That is, there is no way to start from the differential equations implied by Newton's laws and, after a finite sequence of standard mathematical operations, obtain equations that express the three bodies' motions over time. Numerical methods can be applied to obtain useful, albeit approximate, results for the three-body problem. The positions and velocities of the bodies can be stored in variables within a computer's memory; Newton's laws are used to calculate how the velocities will change over a short interval of time, and knowing the velocities, the changes of position over that time interval can be computed. This process is looped to calculate, approximately, the bodies' trajectories. Generally speaking, the shorter the time interval, the more accurate the approximation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55212 | 8,781 |
860,017 | Many lubricant applications require the lubricant to perform across a wide range of conditions, for example, automotive lubricants are required to reduce friction between engine components when the engine is started from cold (relative to the engine's operating temperatures) up to when it is running. The best oils with the highest VI will remain stable and not vary much in viscosity over the temperature range. This allows for consistent engine performance within the normal working conditions. Historically, there were two different oil types recommended for usage in different weather conditions. As an example, with winter oils and cold starting the engines, and with temperature ranges from, say, -30 °C to 0 °C, a 5 weight oil would be pumpable at the very low temperatures and the generally cooler engine operating temperatures. However, in hot climates where temperatures range from 30 °C to 45 °C, a 50 weight oil would be necessary so it would remain thick enough to hold up an oil film between the moving hot parts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2204862 | 859,559 |
2,027,331 | In 1989-91, Pearlman worked as a USAID consultant for the government of Botswana, and from 1984 to 1989, he was a member of Yale University's Council Committee for the Peabody Museum of Natural History. He also coordinated the 1981 youth essay contest at The Planetary Society's Planetfest '81 celebration; 25 essay winners joined Carl Sagan, Ray Bradbury, Gene Roddenberry and more to witness the Voyager encounter with Saturn at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. He produced pro bono marketing materials for The Cousteau Society for five years, and he was also a member of an Explorers Club sponsored Whale Rescue Expedition to Baja, Mexico, to test equipment for marine mammal strandings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66488938 | 2,026,164 |
867,079 | Overall, the hindlimb is built lightly and with long elements, contrary to the robust, stocky hind limbs of "Utahraptor". "Dakotaraptor" more closely resembles the agile, springy smaller dromaeosaurids and would have been well-suited to running and pursuit predation. The length of the thighbone is . It is relatively shorter and more lightly built than that of "Utahraptor". To the contrary the shinbone is rather elongated. The holotype shinbone is, with a length of , the longest dromaeosaurid tibia known. It is 22% longer than the thighbone, indicating a good running capability. The shinbone's cnemial crest has a sharp corner pointing to the front. Its fibular crest ends in a hook-shaped process pointing to above, a condition that is unique in the entire Theropoda. The astragalus and calcaneum, the upper ankle bones, are fused just as in "Bambiraptor". The top of the calcaneum has but a small contact facet for the calfbone, indicating that this fibula must have had a very narrow lower end. The metatarsus has an estimated length of , which makes it rather long relative to the remainder of the hindlimb. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48416755 | 866,619 |
2,028,823 | The Lick observatory had a spare silvered parabolic glass mirror in its possession, but the shape was imperfect. After deciding on a Cassegrain-style reflecting telescope, during the spring of 1901 the mirror was shipped to the John A. Brashear Company in Allegheny for refiguring. However, the mirror broke while the central hole was being cut, so a new mirror had to be ordered. The mount was constructed by the Fulton Engine Works in Los Angeles, and it arrived at the observatory in December, 1901. A steel dome for the observatory was constructed by Warner and Swasey Company, and the spectroscope and other optics by Brashear. When the mirror arrived in 1902, it was found to be again shaped to the wrong figure and had to be returned for correction. With the schedule delayed, it was resolved that the instruments would be shipped to their final destination without testing the completed instrument. The finished mirrors arrived in February, 1903, and, as a result, the expedition reached in Chile in April at the start of the southern rainy season. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67773743 | 2,027,655 |
1,763,010 | Cretaceous polar forests were temperate forests that grew at polar latitudes during the final period of the Mesozoic Era, known as the Cretaceous Period 145–66 Ma. During this period, global average temperature was about higher and carbon dioxide (CO) levels were approximately 1000 parts per million (ppm), 2.5 times the current concentration in Earth's atmosphere. The abundance of atmospheric carbon dioxide had a very significant impact on global climate and Earth's natural systems as its concentration is considered one of the main factors in the development of a pronounced greenhouse Earth during the Cretaceous, with a very low average global temperature gradient. As a consequence, high paleolatitudes in both hemispheres were much warmer than at present. This temperature gradient was partly responsible for the lack of continental ice sheets in polar regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37882012 | 1,762,017 |
1,672,007 | Unlike the standard cosmological model, the quasi steady state hypothesis implies the universe is eternal. According to Narlikar, multiple "mini bangs" would occur at the center of quasars, with various creation fields (or C-field) continuously generating matter out of empty space due to local concentration of negative energy that would also prevent violation of conservation laws, in order to keep the mass density constant as the universe expands. The low-temperature cosmic background radiation would not originate from the Big Bang but from metallic dust made from supernovae, radiating the energy of stars. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28276396 | 1,671,066 |
1,522,150 | The build-up of calc-sinter material in the Eifel Aqueduct was commercially exploited in the 11th and 12th centuries. With deposits up to thick, the material was cut into vertical columns of polished brown rock with impressive layered patterns, which made it much in demand by cathedral builders across large parts of central Europe and beyond. In England it was used to provide polychromy, contrasting with the pale limestone favoured by Norman English Cathedrals. The stone was for many years known as 'Onyx Marble' despite being very obviously neither onyx nor marble. Those studying the stonework at Canterbury Cathedral were unaware of its origins in the aqueduct until 2011. Such large-scale use as the cloisters around a cathedral quadrangle needed many hundreds of columns, which must have been supplied by a well-organised extraction and transport operation. The Eifel deposits, have also been identified at Rochester and in the now lost Romanesque cloister at Norwich as well as the Infirmary Cloister, Chapter House windows, Anselm Chapel door and the Treasury gateway at Canterbury. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30850405 | 1,521,289 |
1,032,595 | Autoimmunity can thus be defined simply as exceptions to the tolerance "rules." By doing this, an immune response is generated against self-tissue and cells. These mechanisms are known by many to be intrinsic. However, there are pathogenic mechanisms for the generation of autoimmune disease. Pathogens can induce autoimmunity by polyclonal activation of B or T cells, or increased expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II molecules. There are several ways in which a pathogen can cause an autoimmune response. A pathogen may contain a protein that acts as a mitogen to encourage cell division, thus causing more B or T cell clones to be produced. Similarly, a pathogenic protein may act as a superantigen which causes rapid polyclonal activation of B or T cells. Pathogens can also cause the release of cytokines resulting in the activation of B or T cells, or they can alter macrophage function. Finally, pathogens may also expose B or T cells to cryptic determinants, which are self antigen determinants that have not been processed and presented sufficiently to tolerize the developing T cells in the thymus and are presented at the periphery where the infection occurs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5795298 | 1,032,059 |
1,369,857 | The first Commercial Crew Development test missions flew this year, aiming to restore United States human spaceflight capability following Space Shuttle retirement in 2011. In an uncrewed test flight, SpaceX SpaceX Dragon 2 successfully flew on a Falcon 9 to the International Space Station on 3 March 2019; the crewed mission was delayed when the recovered capsule exploded during testing on 20 April. Boeing's CST-100 Starliner launched a similar uncrewed test flight on an Atlas V on 20 December, but an anomaly during launch meant that it could not reach the ISS and had to land only 2 days later. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34130425 | 1,369,101 |
2,008,717 | One of the issues commonly discussed in the field of feminist digital humanities is the existence of institutional bias which includes race and gender-based injustices. In an article written in the Debates in the Digital Humanities, a hybrid print/digital book discussing debates emerging in the field, Wikipedia’s stand in having a "neutral point of view"’ as one of its core content policies can be problematic especially to those who wish to take their stand and voice out their opinions on its bias against women and feminism. It has also been reported in the New York Times regarding Wikipedia undermining the centrality of women authors among novelists and literature by moving notable names from the "American Novelists" category to the "American Women Novelists" category. This action does not only undercut the significance of their works but will also disregard their contribution in the world of literature as a whole. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38824009 | 2,007,565 |
1,140,183 | However using broadly occurring deposited layers trapped within differently located rock columns, geologists have pieced together a system of units covering most of the geologic time scale using the law of superposition, for where tectonic forces have uplifted one ridge newly subject to erosion and weathering in folding and faulting the strata, they have also created a nearby trough or structural basin region that lies at a relative lower elevation that can accumulate additional deposits. By comparing overall formations, geologic structures and local strata, calibrated by those layers which are widespread, a nearly complete geologic record has been constructed since the 17th century. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18092646 | 1,139,589 |
1,052,277 | Typically, an array is made up of omnidirectional microphones, directional microphones, or a mix of omnidirectional and directional microphones distributed about the perimeter of a space, linked to a computer that records and interprets the results into a coherent form. Arrays may also be formed using numbers of very closely spaced microphones. Given a fixed physical relationship in space between the different individual microphone transducer array elements, simultaneous DSP (digital signal processor) processing of the signals from each of the individual microphone array elements can create one or more "virtual" microphones. Different algorithms permit the creation of virtual microphones with extremely complex virtual polar patterns and even the possibility to steer the individual lobes of the virtual microphones patterns so as to home-in-on, or to reject, particular sources of sound. The application of these algorithms can produce varying levels of accuracy when calculating source level and location, and as such, care should be taken when deciding how the individual lobes of the virtual microphones are derived. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44408 | 1,051,731 |
658,268 | Loosely-coupled architectural implementations (e.g.: SOA) have created additional complexities with performance testing. To truly replicate production-like states, enterprise services or assets that share a common infrastructure or platform require coordinated performance testing, with all consumers creating production-like transaction volumes and load on shared infrastructures or platforms. Because this activity is so complex and costly in money and time, some organizations now use tools to monitor and simulate production-like conditions (also referred as "noise") in their performance testing environments (PTE) to understand capacity and resource requirements and verify / validate quality attributes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39294 | 657,923 |
285,835 | In order to perform this matching, Wiles had to create a class number formula (CNF). He first attempted to use horizontal Iwasawa theory but that part of his work had an unresolved issue such that he could not create a CNF. At the end of the summer of 1991, he learned about an Euler system recently developed by Victor Kolyvagin and Matthias Flach that seemed "tailor made" for the inductive part of his proof, which could be used to create a CNF, and so Wiles set his Iwasawa work aside and began working to extend Kolyvagin and Flach's work instead, in order to create the CNF his proof would require. By the spring of 1993, his work had covered all but a few families of elliptic curves, and in early 1993, Wiles was confident enough of his nearing success to let one trusted colleague into his secret. Since his work relied extensively on using the Kolyvagin–Flach approach, which was new to mathematics and to Wiles, and which he had also extended, in January 1993 he asked his Princeton colleague, Nick Katz, to help him review his work for subtle errors. Their conclusion at the time was that the techniques Wiles used seemed to work correctly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21950759 | 285,681 |
78,666 | The Air National Guard procured many upgrades for their fleet of aging block 30/32s including the addition of improved inertial guidance systems, improved electronic warfare suite (AN/ALQ-213), and upgrades to carry the Northrop Grumman LITENING targeting pod. The standard Inertial Navigation Unit (INU) was first changed to a ring laser gyro, and later upgraded again to an Embedded GPS/INS (EGI) system which combines a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver with an Inertial navigation system (INS). The EGI provided the capability to use Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) and other GPS-aided munitions (see Block 50 list below). This capability, in combination with the LITENING targeting pod, greatly enhanced the capabilities of this aircraft. The sum of these modifications to the baseline Block 30 is commonly known as the F-16C++ (pronounced "plus plus") version. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18895385 | 78,633 |
814,317 | NORM utilizes object surface scanning by stochastically moving nanoparticles. Through the microscope, nanoparticles look like symmetric round spots. The spot width is equivalent to the point spread function (~ 250 nm) and is defined by the microscope resolution. Lateral coordinates of the given particle can be evaluated with a precision much higher than the resolution of the microscope. By collecting the information from many frames one can map out the near field intensity distribution across the whole field of view of the microscope. In comparison with NSOM and ANSOM this method does not require any special equipment for tip positioning and has a large field of view and a depth of focus. Due to the large number of scanning "sensors" one can achieve image acquisition in a shorter time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26694015 | 813,884 |
1,513,700 | The Fermi satellite has now observed both long and short gamma-ray bursts that emit multi-GeV gamma rays. No high energy cut off is observed in any of these GRBs, and the highest energy gamma ray observed in the three brightest bursts were emitted (i.e. corrected for the observed redshift) at energies of 70, 60, 94, and 61 GeV in GRBs 080916C, 090510, 090902B, and 090926 respectively. The highest energy gamma-rays require a bulk Lorentz factor of the outflow of nearly 1000 in order to have the rest-frame energies and photon densities be low enough to avoid attenuation by pair production interactions. The Fermi-LAT observations show the most intense GeV emission occurs promptly, and also extends longer than the emission at lower energies. A wide field of view, high duty factor observatory, such as HAWC, is required to observe this prompt emission and determine its extent at high energies especially for a burst such as 090510, in which the prompt emission was less than half a second in duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41814278 | 1,512,849 |
640,738 | Charles Sweeny, a wealthy businessman living in London, persuaded the British Government to form an RAF squadron composed of Americans. (His uncle, also named Charles Sweeny, had been working along similar lines, recruiting American pilots to fight in France.) Sweeny's efforts were also coordinated in Canada by the World War I air ace Billy Bishop and the artist Clayton Knight, who formed the Clayton Knight Committee, which by the time the United States entered the war, had processed and approved 6,700 applications from Americans to join the RCAF or RAF. Sweeny and his rich society contacts bore the cost (over $100,000) of processing and sending the men to the United Kingdom for training. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=880854 | 640,399 |
61,944 | "S. gracilis" was the smallest species, estimated at in weight, about the size of a jaguar. It was similar to its predecessor "Megantereon" of the same size, but its dentition and skull were more advanced, approaching "S. fatalis". "S. fatalis" was intermediate in size between "S. gracilis" and "S. populator". It ranged from . and reached a shoulder height of and body length of . It was similar to a lion in dimensions, but was more robust and muscular, and therefore had a larger body mass. Its skull was also similar to that of "Megantereon", though more massive and with larger canines. "S. populator" was among the largest known felids, with a body mass range of , and one estimate suggesting up to . A particularly large "S. populator" skull from Uruguay measuring in length indicates this individual may have weighed as much as . It stood at a shoulder height of . Compared to "S. fatalis", "S. populator" was more robust and had a more elongated and narrow skull with a straighter upper profile, higher positioned nasal bones, a more vertical occiput, more massive metapodials and slightly longer forelimbs relative to hindlimbs. Large tracks from Argentina (for which the ichnotaxon name "Smilodonichium" has been proposed) have been attributed to "S. populator", and measure by . This is larger than tracks of the Bengal tiger, to which the footprints have been compared. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=169071 | 61,919 |
216,612 | Human bodies rely on the innumerable bacterial genes as the source of essential nutrients. Both metagenomic and epidemiological studies indicate vital roles for the human microbiome in preventing a wide range of diseases, from type 2 diabetes and obesity to inflammatory bowel disease, Parkinson's disease, and even mental health conditions like depression. A symbiotic relationship between the gut microbiota and different bacteria may influence an individual's immune response. Metabolites generated by gut microbes appear to be causative factors in type 2 diabetes. Although in its infancy, microbiome-based treatment is also showing promise, most notably for treating drug-resistant "C. difficile" infection and in diabetes treatment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205464 | 216,504 |
338,323 | The downward mobility of the neck of "Brachiosaurus" would have allowed it to reach open water at the level of its feet, while standing upright. Modern giraffes spread their forelimbs to lower the mouth in a relatively horizontal position, to more easily gulp down the water. It is unlikely that "Brachiosaurus" could have attained a stable posture this way, forcing the animal to plunge the snout almost vertically into the surface of a lake or stream. This would have submerged its fleshy nostrils if they were located at the tip of the snout as Witmer hypothesized. Hallett and Wedel therefore in 2016 rejected his interpretation and suggested that they were in fact placed at the top of the head, above the bony nostrils, as traditionally thought. The nostrils might have evolved their retracted position to allow the animal to breathe while drinking. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20598015 | 338,143 |
1,505,344 | Named after Mount Ainslie, Australian Capital Territory where their type location occurs, the Ainslie Volcanics are composed of Dacitic ignimbrite and minor volcaniclastic and argillaceous sediments. The lithology is bluish grey dacitic tuff, which can be massive or foliated, also dacitic agglomerate and shale. These volcanics contain chloritised cordierite and some have red almandine garnet. Jasper is found on low hills on the north side of the Molonglo River. The thickness is at least 700 metres. The magma was formed by melting an aluminium-rich pelitic sediment. The eruption came from a volcano into shallow sea water. The deposits built above sea level as they progressed. The underlying sediments now make up the Canberra Formation. Between Hall and Namina Hill on Spring Range, the Mount Painter Volcanics lie unconformably on top. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3203656 | 1,504,498 |
1,081,558 | This method uses the well-studied methods of producing block copolymers with well-defined geometries and compositions across a large variety of substrates. Synthesis of Janus particles by self-assembly via block copolymers was first described in 2001 by Erhardt "et al." They produced a triblock polymer from polymethylacrylate, polystyrene and low-molecular-weight polybutadiene. The polystyrene and polymethylacrylate formed alternating layers in between which polybutadiene sat in nanosized spheres. The blocks were then cross-linked and dissolved in THF, and after several washing steps, yielded spherical Janus particles with polystyrene on one face and polymethylacrylate on the other, with a polybutadiene core. The production of Janus spheres, cylinders, sheets, and ribbons is possible using this method by adjusting the molecular weights of the blocks in the initial polymer and also the degree of cross-linking. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16037610 | 1,081,002 |
1,616,646 | In the early stages of this area statistics on biomechanical data, like different kinds of forces or rates, played a major role. Scientists started to analyze sports games by collecting and looking at such values and features in order to interpret them. Later on, with the continuous improvement of computer hardware - in particular microprocessor speed – many new scientific and computing paradigms were introduced, which were also integrated in computer science in sport. Specific examples are modeling as well as simulation, but also pattern recognition, and design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25852537 | 1,615,735 |
705,573 | A neurophysiological study by Cauquil et al. describes V1 and V2 color-preferring cells as coding local image characteristics (such as binocular disparity) and surface properties of a 3D scene, respectively. The study conducted by Cauquil et al. indicates, based on electrode stimulation results, that both dorsal and ventral pathways in the brain are involved in chromostereoptic processing. This study also concluded that chromostereopsis starts in the early stages of visual cortical processing, first in the occipito-parietal region of the brain, followed by a second step in the right parietal area and temporal lobes. Additionally, activity was found to be greater in the right hemisphere, which is dominant for 3D cortical processing, indicating that chromostereopsis is a task-dependent, top-down effect. Overall, chromostereopsis involves cortical areas that underlie depth processing for both monocular and binocular cues. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18499558 | 705,204 |
1,530,729 | True rosette or lower pitchers are only produced for a brief period before the plant begins developing mature traps (termed "intermediate pitchers" in the type description). These mature pitchers can be very large: up to 33.0 cm high by 9.5 cm wide. They are broadly cylindrical throughout, being widest near the base (≤9 cm) and narrowing slightly below the peristome (≤8.5 cm). A pair of wings around 10 mm wide runs down the ventral surface of the pitcher cup. These wings bear filiform fringe elements 10–12 mm long, spaced 3–4 mm apart. The pitcher mouth is obcordate in shape and has a more-or-less oblique insertion, being horizontal at the front, rising slightly by 1 cm (rarely up to 3 cm) in the central portion, and rising abruptly at the rear to form a tall neck that curves forward, giving the mouth a concave appearance when viewed from the side. The top of the neck stands around 12 cm above the front of the mouth. The peristome of this species is very well developed and showy. It is gently curved in cross section and has a somewhat wavy outer margin. The peristome may be flattened (as in the 'Queen of Hearts' plant) but is often folded back in mature pitchers. It varies in width from approximately 2 cm at the front, up to 5 cm in the central portion, and expanding to 6–9 cm or even 10 cm at the rear, making it one of the broadest in the genus. The neck extends for around 4 cm beyond this expanded portion of the peristome. The peristome bears ribs 1.0–1.5 mm high, spaced around 1.5 mm apart. These terminate in teeth on the peristome's inner margin. The teeth are generally 3–4 mm long, with those of the central seam being slightly smaller ( 2 mm long) and splayed forward at an angle of around 45°. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34202412 | 1,529,863 |
1,089,004 | Human activities dominate the global and most regional N cycles. N inputs have shown negative consequences for both nutrient cycling and native species diversity in terrestrial and aquatic systems. In fact, due to long-term impacts on food webs, Nr inputs are widely considered the most critical pollution problem in marine systems. In both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, responses to N enrichment vary; however, a general re-occurring theme is the importance of thresholds (e.g., nitrogen saturation) in system nutrient retention capacity. In order to control the N cascade, there must be integration of scientific disciplines and further work on Nr storage and denitrification rates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11632817 | 1,088,445 |
626,997 | A force-directed graph can involve forces other than mechanical springs and electrical repulsion. A force analogous to gravity may be used to pull vertices towards a fixed point of the drawing space; this may be used to pull together different connected components of a disconnected graph, which would otherwise tend to fly apart from each other because of the repulsive forces, and to draw nodes with greater centrality to more central positions in the drawing; it may also affect the vertex spacing within a single component. Analogues of magnetic fields may be used for directed graphs. Repulsive forces may be placed on edges as well as on nodes in order to avoid overlap or near-overlap in the final drawing. In drawings with curved edges such as circular arcs or spline curves, forces may also be placed on the control points of these curves, for instance to improve their angular resolution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=710331 | 626,664 |
2,187,710 | The College of Engineering operates the Midwest Roadside Safety Facility (MwRSF), which researches highway design and safety with a particular emphasis on safety performance evaluations of roadside appurtenances. Since its establishment in 1974, the facility has evaluated existing barriers and frequently developed new design concepts and technologies for use on public roadways. The facility is headquartered at the Prem S. Paul Research Center just east of NU's City Campus and uses an approximately quarter-mile stretch of runway at the Lincoln Airport to conduct its crash tests. MwRSF receives funding from the National Cooperative Highway Research Program and frequently presents at the Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72262409 | 2,186,462 |
1,358,104 | An executive education program in infrastructure asset management (Certificate of Advanced Studies Managing Infrastructure Assets, CASMIA, 16ECTS) has been developed since 2012, launched in 2014 and funded by Swiss federal Agency of Energy (SFOE). It is the only individual and organizational learning program worldwide that operates by changing university institute hosts. This ensures that the emerging MIA profession can cope with cross-disciplinary content critically and universities review curriculum. Former university institutes include ETH Zurich (IBI) and University of St. Gallen (HSG-ACA). This program also ensures the highest possible accreditation for an emerging profession, since individuals in this field still outperform institutions in terms of quality of content. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29332110 | 1,357,354 |
568,446 | Williams tubes tended to become unreliable with age, and most working installations had to be "tuned" by hand. By contrast, mercury delay-line memory was slower and not truly random access, as the bits were presented serially, which complicated programming. Delay lines also needed hand tuning, but did not age as badly and enjoyed some success in early digital electronic computing despite their data rate, weight, cost, thermal and toxicity problems. The Manchester Mark 1, which used Williams tubes, was successfully commercialised as the Ferranti Mark 1. Some early computers in the United States also used Williams tubes, including the IAS machine (originally designed for Selectron tube memory), the UNIVAC 1103, IBM 701, IBM 702 and the Standards Western Automatic Computer (SWAC). Williams tubes were also used in the Soviet Strela-1 and in the Japan TAC (Tokyo Automatic Computer). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33571 | 568,156 |
746,291 | Despite not being included at launch, Microsoft slowly incorporated backward compatibility for select titles on the Xbox One several years into its product life cycle. Players have racked up over a billion hours with backward compatible games on Xbox, and the newest generation of consoles such as PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S also support this feature. A large part of the success and implementation of this feature is that the hardware within newer generation consoles is both powerful and similar enough to legacy systems that older titles can be broken down and re-configured to run on the Xbox One. This program has proven incredibly popular with Xbox players and goes against the recent trend of studio made remasters of classic titles, creating what some believe to be an important shift in console maker's strategies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4459 | 745,896 |
233,831 | Another securement device is a nasal bridle, or a device that enters one nare, around the nasal septum, and then to the other nare where it is secured in place around the nasogastric tube. There are two ways a bridle is put into place. One method, according to the Australian Journal of Otolaryngology, is performed by a physician to pull a material through the nares and then tied with the ends shortened to prevent removal of the tube. The other method is a device called the Applied Medical Technology, or AMT, bridle. This device uses a magnet inserted into both nares that connects at the nasal septum and then pulled through to one side and tied. This technology allows nurses to safely apply bridles. Several studies have proven the use of a nasal bridle prevents the loss of the NG placement that provides necessary nutrients or suctioning. A study conducted in the UK from 2014 through 2017, determined that 50% of feeding tubes secured with tape were lost inadvertently. The use of bridle securement decreased the percentage of NGs lost from 53% to 9%. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=338082 | 233,712 |
1,183,855 | The Wide Field Imager (WFI) is a large field of view spectral-imaging camera based on the unique Silicon DEPFET technology developed in the semiconductor laboratory of the Max Planck Society. The DEPFETs provide an excellent energy resolution (<170eV at 7keV), low noise, fast readout and high time resolution, with good radiation hardness. The instrument combines the Large Detector Array, which is optimized for a wide field of view observations over a 40' x 40' instantaneous sky area, with a separate Fast Detector tailored to observe the brightest point sources of the X-ray sky with high throughput and low pile-up. These capabilities, in combination with the unprecedented effective area and wide field of the "Athena" telescope, will provide breakthrough capabilities in X-ray imaging spectroscopy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23423743 | 1,183,229 |
189,706 | Leslie B. Lamport (born February 7, 1941 in Brooklyn) is an American computer scientist and mathematician. Lamport is best known for his seminal work in distributed systems, and as the initial developer of the document preparation system LaTeX and the author of its first manual. Lamport was the winner of the 2013 Turing Award for imposing clear, well-defined coherence on the seemingly chaotic behavior of distributed computing systems, in which several autonomous computers communicate with each other by passing messages. He devised important algorithms and developed formal modeling and verification protocols that improve the quality of real distributed systems. These contributions have resulted in improved correctness, performance, and reliability of computer systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=195671 | 189,609 |
645,799 | As Apollo 12's backup command module pilot, Worden forged a close, lifelong friendship with the prime crew's CMP, Dick Gordon, with whom he trained. Worden remembered, "Dick was my buddy. We flew together and worked together for a year and a half when he was training for Apollo12 and I was his backup. We just went everywhere together. We worked really hard but it was also a lot of fun." Gordon and Worden learned navigational techniques for space so that if communications with Mission Control failed, the CMP could bring the craft home. Worden remembered that the Apollo12 prime crew, led by Pete Conrad, had a close bond and drove matching black and gold Chevrolet Corvettes at Kennedy Space Center (KSC). In reaction, the backup crew secured a red one for Irwin, white for Worden, and a blue car for Scott, both emphasizing their individuality within the crew and making them less conspicuous at times when they did not want to be recognized as astronauts, especially since the three cars were rarely seen together. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=677187 | 645,459 |
794,172 | The Safeguard Program was deployed in the mid-1970s and was based on the Sentinel Program. Since the ABM treaty only allowed for construction of a single ABM facility to protect either the nation's capital city or an ICBM field, the Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex was constructed near Nekoma, North Dakota to protect the Grand Forks ICBM facility. Though it was only operational as an ABM facility for less than a year, the Perimeter Acquisition Radar (PAR), one of Safeguard's components, was still operational as of 2005. One major problem with the Safeguard Program, and past ABM systems, was that the interceptor missiles, though state-of-the-art, required nuclear warheads to destroy incoming ICBMs. Future ABMs will likely be more accurate and use hit-to-kill or conventional warheads to knock down incoming warheads. The technology involved in such systems was shaky at best, and deployment was limited by the ABM treaty of 1972. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2380807 | 793,747 |
275,115 | Another gene that experiences a change in methylation status in atherosclerosis is the monocarboxylate transporter (MCT3), which produces a protein responsible for the transport of lactate and other ketone bodies out of many cell types, including vascular smooth muscle cells. In atherosclerosis patients, there is an increase in methylation of the CpG islands in exon 2, which decreases MCT3 protein expression. The downregulation of MCT3 impairs lactate transport and significantly increases smooth muscle cell proliferation, which further contributes to the atherosclerotic lesion. An ex vivo experiment using the demethylating agent Decitabine (5-aza-2 -deoxycytidine) was shown to induce MCT3 expression in a dose dependent manner, as all hypermethylated sites in the exon 2 CpG island became demethylated after treatment. This may serve as a novel therapeutic agent to treat atherosclerosis, although no human studies have been conducted thus far. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1137227 | 274,967 |
2,070,131 | A well-studied stimulus is strong blue light, which drives movement of nuclei to anticlinal (perpendicular to the plane of the leaf) cell walls in mesophyll and epidermal cells of "Arabidopsis thaliana" plants. Chloroplasts moving in response to blue light associate with the nucleus to move the nucleus to the appropriate location. This is highly dependent on the blue light receptor phototropin and the actin cytoskeleton, as actin bundles are seen to form along the anticlinal wall in blue light. A protein called ANGUSTIFOLIA was also recently discovered to regulate nucleus movement in the dark by forming a complex that adjusts the alignment of actin filaments. The movement of the nucleus in response to blue light may serve several physiological purposes. The first is to avoid damaging mutations caused by UV radiation, as the nucleus stores the genetic material of a cell. A key problem faced as photosynthetic organisms transitioned from ocean to land was avoiding excessive mutations caused by UV radiation, but by moving the nucleus in response to light, damage caused by UV light could be limited. Another purpose may be to localize the nucleus near key receptors, such as phytochrome, to facilitate spatial integration and transduction of cellular signals into the nucleus, especially when considering the necessity of phytochrome import into the nucleus for changes in gene expression in response to red light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63641386 | 2,068,940 |
31,810 | Several other types of capacitor are available for specialist applications. Supercapacitors store large amounts of energy. Supercapacitors made from carbon aerogel, carbon nanotubes, or highly porous electrode materials, offer extremely high capacitance (up to 5 kF ) and can be used in some applications instead of rechargeable batteries. Alternating current capacitors are specifically designed to work on line (mains) voltage AC power circuits. They are commonly used in electric motor circuits and are often designed to handle large currents, so they tend to be physically large. They are usually ruggedly packaged, often in metal cases that can be easily grounded/earthed. They also are designed with direct current breakdown voltages of at least five times the maximum AC voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4932111 | 31,799 |
626,330 | Mycologist Taylor Piercefield developed a method using beds of hardwood tree saplings which would be inoculated with mycelium, concentrating on the symbiotic relationship of Morchella esculenta. Later, once the mycelium network had been fully developed, the beds would be treated with potassium hydroxide to replicate the pH conditions found in soil after a forest fire. This method resulted in large, mature fruits, but was not commercially viable on a large scale. More recently, small scale commercial growers have had success growing morels by using partially shaded rows of mulched wood. The rows of mulch piles are inoculated with morel mushroom spores in a solution of water and molasses which are poured over the piles of mulch and then they are allowed to grow undisturbed for several weeks. A solution of wood ashes mixed in water and diluted is subsequently poured over the rows of wood mulch which triggers fruiting of the morels. Morels are known to appear after fires and the alkaline conditions produced by wood ash mixed with water initiate fruit body formation for most species of morels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=854127 | 625,997 |
1,235,543 | Despite winning the Big Ten regular season and tournament championships, MSU did not receive a No. 1 seed in the NCAA tournament. Instead, the Spartans received the No. 2 seed in the East Region. In the First Round, they struggled against No. 15-seeded Bradley, and trailed with only four minutes left in the game. However, helped by a season-high 25-for-26 from the free throw line, the Spartans pulled away for the 76–65 win. Kenny Goins struggled in the game, making only one of 10 shots and missing all seven three-point attempts. Cassius Winston led the way for the Spartans, scoring 26 points while Xavier Tillman added 16. The win moved MSU to the Second Round to face Big Ten foe Minnesota. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56903804 | 1,234,880 |
100,137 | Prevention of Rhinovirus is very challenging as there are no official or approved vaccines or preventative measures for Rhinovirus. The lack of data and knowledge of Rhinovirus poses obstacles to the development of a vaccine. Better understanding and study have been promoted in recent years in order to provide treatment and prevention for one of the most common human viruses. These challenges include over 100 unique Rhinovirus serotypes with recent discoveries of even more, a lack of data indicating the most common strains of HRV in the human population, and a lack of understanding of the antigenic differences between Rhinovirus serotypes along with limited studies including animal models of HRV infection and pathogenesis. Rhinovirus research has typically been neglected as it occurs most synonymously as the common cold. Recent attention to the effects of viruses on the immunocompromised have brought more attention to researching this very common infection. Currently, the treatment for Rhinovirus is typically only for those in palliative care as a large portion of the population is able to recover from a Rhinovirus infection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=104066 | 100,092 |
1,566,585 | Buonomano was born in Rhode Island in 1965 and lived in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada before moving to Brazil at the age of 7 in 1972. Buonomano's younger sister was born in 1974 and he attributes her to being one of his first "test dummies" for his psychological experiments. An interview conducted by Anna Azvolinsky from The Scientist reported Buonomano's recollection of his childhood exploration in science stating, "One of my initial interests in neurobiology was a result of my big-brother experience, of witnessing a young brain develop. I saw my sister go from a baby that's vulnerable and helpless to a child making sense of the buzzing, sometimes confusing sensory world we live in." This initial childhood interest sparked his lifelong career and interest in the field of psychology and neurobiology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52262008 | 1,565,698 |
1,469,185 | First report in 2002 has been shown that immunohistochemical marker for phosphorylated PKR and eIF2α was displayed positively in degenerating neurons in the hippocampus and the frontal cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), suggesting the link between PKR and AD. Additionally, many of these neurons were also immunostained with an antibody for phosphorylated Tau protein. Activated PKR was specifically found in the cytoplasm and nucleus, as well as co-localized with neuronal apoptotic markers. Further studies have assessed the levels of PKR in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AD patients and controls. The result of an analysis of the concentrations of total and phosphorylated PKR (pPKR) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in 23 AD patients and 19 control individuals showed statistically significant increased levels of the ratio of phosphorylated PKR/PKR in AD patients compared with controls. Assessments of CSF biomarkers, such as Aβ1-42, Aβ1-40, Tau, and phosphorylated Tau at threonine 181, have been a validated use in clinical research and in routine practice to determine whether patients have CSF abnormalities and AD brain lesions. A study found that "total PKR and pPKR concentrations were elevated in AD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment subjects with a pPKR value (optical density units) discriminating AD patients from control subjects with a sensitivity of 91.1% and a specificity of 94.3%. Among AD patients, total PKR and pPKR levels correlate with CSF p181tau levels. Some AD patients with normal CSF Aß, T-tau, or p181tau levels had abnormal total PKR and pPKR levels". It was concluded that the PKR-eIF2α pro-apoptotic pathway could be involved in neuronal degeneration that leads to various neuropathological lesions as a function of neuronal susceptibility. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6846786 | 1,468,361 |
2,123,207 | Boron nitride aerogel is an aerogel made of highly porous boron nitride (BN). It typically consists of a mixture of deformed boron nitride nanotubes and nanosheets. It can have a density as low as 0.6 mg/cm and a specific surface area as high as 1050 m/g, and therefore has potential applications as an absorbent, catalyst support and gas storage medium. BN aerogels are highly hydrophobic and can absorb up to 160 times their mass in oil. They are resistant to oxidation in air at temperatures up to 1200 °C, and hence can be reused after the absorbed oil is burned out by flame. BN aerogels can be prepared by template-assisted chemical vapor deposition at a temperature ~900 °C using borazine as the feed gas. Alternatively it can be produced by ball milling h-BN powder, ultrasonically dispersing it in water, and freeze-drying the dispersion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53572933 | 2,121,987 |
1,622,216 | Collagen XVII is a homotrimer of three alpha1(XVII)-chains and a transmembrane protein in type II orientation. Each 180 kD a-chain contains a globular intracellular domain of approximately 70 kDa, which interacts with beta4-integrin, plectin, and BP230 and is necessary for the stable attachment of hemidesmosomes to keratin intermediate filaments. The large C-terminal ectodomain with a molecular mass of approximately 120 kDa consists of 15 collagenous subdomains, characterized by typical collagenous G-X-Y repeat sequences, flanked by 16 short non-collagenous stretches. The overall structure of the ectodomain is that of a flexible, rod-like triple helix with a significant thermal stability. The membrane proximal part of the ectodomain, within amino acids 506-519, is responsible for binding to alpha 6 integrin, this binding seems to be important for the collagen XVII integration into hemidesmosomes . The largest collagenous domain, Col15, which contains 232 amino acids (amino acids 567-808), contributes significantly to stability of collagen XVII homotrimer. The C-terminus of collagen XVII binds to laminin 5, and correct integration of laminin 5 into the matrix requires collagen XVII. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11374136 | 1,621,300 |
2,154,313 | In this technique, a solid model of the component to be fabricated is made either by 3D imaging system or by designer using computer-aided design (CAD) software or by math data as an output of numerical analysis. Thus obtained model is sliced into thin layers along the vertical axis. The thin layers are converted into corresponding numerical controlled (NC) code and are sent to LRM station in suitable format (e.g. G&M code). LRM station employs a laser beam as a heat source to melt a thin layer on the surface of the substrate/deposited material and fed material to deposit a new layer as per shape and dimensions defined in NC code. A number of such layers deposited one over another and it results in three-dimensional (3D) components directly from the solid model. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34418155 | 2,153,082 |
2,054,419 | Sharp used to treat poor Londoners at his house. One night, he was asked for help by a slave who had been beaten by his owner. Sharp treated the man but also discussed the case with his brother, Granville Sharp. The man was called Jonathan Strong and he had been so badly beaten that he was nearly blind and required four months of treatment at St Bartholomew's Hospital. Sharp met the expense of Strong's recovery and arranged his employment with a pharmacist. However, two years later, while Strong was serving as a footman on the pharmacist's coach, he was seen by his owner, David Lisle, who sold him to a Jamaican planter and had him kidnapped. Strong got a message to Granville Sharp, who immediately took the matter up with the Lord Mayor of London, who called a hearing and declared Strong to be now free. Lisle challenged Granville Sharp to a duel, but he declined, later explaining "David Lisle, Esquire, (a man of the law) called on me to demand "gentlemanlike satisfaction". I told him that as he had studied the law so many years, he should want no satisfaction that the law could give him." The English courts ultimately sided with the Sharp brothers, denying an application that they should pay Lisle two hundred pounds in damages for taking another man's property. From this encounter, Sharp's younger brother Granville went on to become an early advocate for the abolition of slavery and remained so for fifty years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27453793 | 2,053,236 |
1,579,572 | Many affected infants also have distinctive abnormalities of the head and facial (craniofacial) area. Many of the physical features associated with the disorder are congenital. In most cases, premature closure of fibrous joints (sagittal sutures) between certain bones (parietal bones) of the skull may restrict lateral growth of the skull, causing it to appear abnormally long and narrow that is disproportionate to the body size. In addition, the forehead may be abnormally prominent and the face may be triangular shaped with a hypo plastic mid face, pointed chin. Infants with this disorder may also have abnormally flat cheeks and cheekbones, large ears, prominent mouth with widely spread lips, and or underdeveloped upper jaw bones (maxillary hypoplasia). In addition, in some cases, the teeth may be abnormally crowded together, particularly toward the front of the mouth (anterior crowding) and as a result, the upper result, the upper jaw and lower teeth may not meet properly, they might be abnormally crowded together. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17533758 | 1,578,682 |
1,702,482 | In the 1980s, there was a movement in the United Kingdom and Europe against the view of archeology as a field of anthropology, echoing Radcliffe-Brown's earlier rejection of cultural anthropology. During this same period, then-Cambridge archaeologist Ian Hodder developed "post-processual archaeology" as an alternative. Like Binford (and unlike Taylor) Hodder views artifacts not as objectifications of culture but "as" culture itself. Unlike Binford, however, Hodder does not view culture as an environmental adaptation. Instead, he "is committed to a fluid semiotic version of the traditional culture concept in which material items, artifacts, are full participants in the creation, deployment, alteration, and fading away of symbolic complexes." His 1982 book, "Symbols in Action", evokes the symbolic anthropology of Geertz, Schneider, with their focus on the context dependent meanings of cultural things, as an alternative to White and Steward's materialist view of culture. In his 1991 textbook, "Reading the Past: Current Approaches to Interpretation in Archaeology" Hodder argued that archaeology is more closely aligned to history than to anthropology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41831802 | 1,701,527 |
1,558,888 | An ambush predator, the Pacific angelshark conceals itself on the sea floor and waits for approaching prey, primarily bony fishes and squid. Prey are targeted visually and, with a quick upward thrust of the head, snatched in protrusible jaws. Individual sharks actively choose ideal ambush sites, where they stay for several days before moving on to a new one. This species is more active at night than during the day, when it stays buried in sediment and seldom moves. Reproduction is ovoviviparous, with the embryos hatching inside the mother's uterus and being sustained by a yolk sac until birth. Females give birth to an average of six young every spring. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7332664 | 1,558,003 |
945,562 | Subsequently, a Special Conference of BWC States Parties in 1994 considered the VEREX report and decided to establish an Ad Hoc Group to negotiate a legally-binding verification protocol. The Ad Hoc Group convened 24 sessions between 1995 and 2001, during which it negotiated a draft protocol to the BWC which would establish an international organization and introduce a verification system. This organization would employ inspectors who would regularly visit declared biological facilities on-site and could also investigate specific suspect facilities and activities. Nonetheless, states found it difficult to agree on several fundamental issues, including export controls and the scope of on-site visits. By early 2001, the "rolling text" of the draft protocol still contained many areas on which views diverged widely. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=337082 | 945,060 |
2,048,819 | During the time, the government was involved in several wars. Despite this, construction of the canal continued. A shortage of laborers further slowed progress. Estimates were around 2000 at the beginning of the project, decreasing over time. Although the monarchy had promised 4000 soldiers for the project, only two regiments were sent, which constructed barracks and scanned the transverse profiles of the foundation pits for the lock and channel sections. Slovak soldiers, arriving from Bačko Gradište undertook many of the same duties. Later, about 500 convicts were brought to the site and forced to work in harsh conditions. Since the convicts were poorly dressed and badly fed, their performance suffered accordingly, and so they were later withdrawn. Confronted with the worker shortage, Kiss placed job notices around the territory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38475224 | 2,047,638 |
2,054,493 | Many fresh-water algae that produce toxins are known, among which the "euglenoids" (Euglenophyceae). It has been found that this alga lives in fresh-water environments all over the world. Many euglenoids are "heterotrophic", as they feed through either "phagocytosis" or simple diffusion. However, a monophyletic group of the alga is "mixotrophic", namely the Rapaza Viridis, meaning that it switches between "photosynthesis", absorbing nutrients and engulfing other eukaryotes. Furthermore, Eutreptialis and Euglenales are autotrophic as they contain chlorophyll to perform photosynthesis. Euglenoids can contain "chlorophyll" and an accessory pigment, and/or "astaxanthin" (a carotenoid), due to which they can either be coloured either green or red. Although this alga has been found relatively early in history, it took researchers some time to discover that it produces the toxin euglenophycin as no previous reports had identified euglenoid toxins. According to recent research, euglenophycin is produced in at least six species of euglenoid algae and six of seven strains of Euglena Sanguinea. Other studies are focused on the potential application of euglenophycin as an anticancer drug. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36254865 | 2,053,310 |
246,415 | While development of the Avro Vulcan strategic bomber was underway, British officials recognised that its operational flexibility could be improved by the provision of in-flight refuelling equipment. Accordingly, from the 16th aircraft to be completed onwards, the Vulcan was furnished with in-flight refuelling receiving equipment. While continuous airborne patrols were flown by the RAF for a time, these were deemed to be untenable, and the refuelling mechanisms across the Vulcan fleet largely fell into disuse during the 1960s. When the RAF chose to optimise its bomber fleet away from high-altitude flight and towards low-level penetration missions, bombers such as the Handley Page Victor were fitted with aerial refuelling probes and additional fuel tanks to counter the decreased range from the shift in flight profile. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=237949 | 246,288 |
1,340,091 | The metabolism of xyloglucans is the result of the concerted action of several enzymes and membrane transporters. However, given the high diversity of composition of xyloglucans from different plant sources, there is a keystone enzyme, an endo-xyloglucanase called BoGH5A, that has the ability to cleave a range of xyloglucans to generate short xyloglucans ready for uptake. A detailed analysis of the structure and function of the enzyme has revealed the presence of a domain called the BACON domain whose primary function in BoGH5A may be to distance the catalytic module from the cell surface and confer additional mobility to the catalytic domain to attack the polysaccharide. A broad active-site cleft engendering binding plasticity is the key feature allowing BoGH5A which allows it to accommodate a wide range of natural XyGs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7816017 | 1,339,358 |
357,243 | In 1976 at Sima de los Huesos (SH) in the Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain, Spanish palaeontologists Emiliano Aguirre, José María Basabe and Trinidad Torres began to excavate archaic human remains. Their investigation of the site was prompted by the finding of several bear remains ("Ursus deningeri") since the early 20th century by amateur cavers (which consequently destroyed some of the human remains in that section). By 1990, about 600 human remains were reported, and by 2004 the number had increased to roughly 4,000. These represent at least 28 individuals, of which possibly only one is a child, and the rest teenagers and young adults. The fossil assemblage is exceptionally complete, with whole corpses buried rapidly, with all bodily elements represented. In 1997, Spanish palaeoanthropologist Juan Luis Arsuaga assigned these to "H. heidelbergensis", but in 2014, he retracted this, stating that Neanderthal-like features present in the Mauer mandible are missing in the SH humans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=442638 | 357,057 |
1,326,404 | Several scientists have developed murine models of SSADH (Aldh5a1-/-) by typical gene methodology to create a uniform absence of the SSADH enzyme activity as well as accumulations of GHB and GABA in tissues and physiological fluids. The mice are born at the expected Mendelian frequencies for an autosomal recessive disorder. Most of the models include distinctive neurological phenotypes and exhibit hypotonia, truncal ataxia, generalized tonic-clonic seizures associated with 100% mortality. The mice uniformly die at 3–4 postnatal weeks. While this model is considered to be more severe than the phenotypes seen in humans, currently, it is the most highly regarded, valid, metabolic model to study potential therapeutic interventions for the disorder. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5407179 | 1,325,677 |
4,208 | Software is usually developed in integrated development environments (IDE) like Eclipse, IntelliJ and Microsoft Visual Studio that can simplify the process and compile the software. As noted in a different section, software is usually created on top of existing software and the application programming interface (API) that the underlying software provides like GTK+, JavaBeans or Swing. Libraries (APIs) can be categorized by their purpose. For instance, the Spring Framework is used for implementing enterprise applications, the Windows Forms library is used for designing graphical user interface (GUI) applications like Microsoft Word, and Windows Communication Foundation is used for designing web services. When a program is designed, it relies upon the API. For instance, a Microsoft Windows desktop application might call API functions in the .NET Windows Forms library like "Form1.Close()" and "Form1.Show()" to close or open the application. Without these APIs, the programmer needs to write these functionalities entirely themselves. Companies like Oracle and Microsoft provide their own APIs so that many applications are written using their software libraries that usually have numerous APIs in them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5309 | 4,206 |
588 | On December 27, 2020, Curry put up 36 points in a 129–128 win over the Chicago Bulls. With this game, he joined Ray Allen and Reggie Miller as the only players to have scored more than 2,500 career three-pointers in NBA history. On January 3, 2021, Curry scored a career-high 62 points in a 137–122 win against the Portland Trail Blazers. On January 4, he was named the Player of the Week for the Western Conference. On January 23, in a game against the Utah Jazz, Curry hit 5 three-pointers, moving his career total up to 2,562, passing Miller to go up to second in all time career three-pointers made, trailing only Allen. At the 2021 All-Star Game, he won his second Three-Point Contest after making his last shot in the final round to edge Mike Conley Jr. 28–27. On March 15, against the Los Angeles Lakers, Curry passed Guy Rodgers (4,855) as the franchise's leader in career assists. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5608488 | 588 |
2,080,769 | This family consists of several HOOK1, 2 and 3 proteins from different eukaryotic organisms. The different members of the human gene family are HOOK1, HOOK2 and HOOK3. Different domains have been identified in the three human HOOK proteins, and it was demonstrated that the highly conserved N-terminal domain mediates attachment to microtubules, whereas the central coiled coil motif mediates homodimerisation and the more divergent C-terminal domains are involved in binding to specific organelles (organelle-binding domains). It has been demonstrated that endogenous HOOK3 binds to Golgi membranes, whereas both HOOK1 and HOOK2 are localised to discrete but unidentified cellular structures. In mice the Hook1 gene is predominantly expressed in the testis. Hook1 function is necessary for the correct positioning of microtubular structures within the haploid germ cell. Disruption of Hook1 function in mice causes abnormal sperm head shape and fragile attachment of the flagellum to the sperm head. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31943707 | 2,079,569 |
1,336,310 | Primarily nocturnal, the mole salamander is found in habitats of moist forest debris, usually near a permanent source of water. The adult range is up to about and the animals migrate to near bodies of water on rainy nights in winter when the breeding season approaches. The eggs are laid in the spring, during heavy rains. Some larvae undergo metamorphosis while others are neotenic and retain their gills. In larger bodies of water where predatory fish like the bluegill ("Lepomis macrochirus") are present, metamorphosis is more common. When attacked, adults and juveniles lower their heads to expose their parotoid glands which exude a noxious secretion. This salamander is an opportunistic feeder, eating almost anything smaller than itself which it can overpower, including various arthropods and tadpoles. It has been revealed that A. talpoideum's diet consists almost completely of various arthropods and only a small number of other Ambystomatidae larvae. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5914689 | 1,335,580 |
1,945,695 | In 1903, Hopkinson was elected to the Cambridge chair in mechanism and applied mechanics, and in 1910 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. During World War I he was commissioned into the Royal Engineers, and opened a research establishment at Orford Ness where he and his team researched weapons, sights, and ammunition. In 1915, Hopkinson discovered a similarity relation between the masses of explosive charges and their effects at a given distance. The same similarity relation was discovered independently in 1925 by Karl Julius Cranz in Germany. He learnt to fly and died on 26 August 1918 when his Bristol Fighter crashed en route from Martlesham Heath to London. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9951005 | 1,944,583 |
426,040 | ARPES systems consist of a monochromatic light source to deliver a narrow beam of photons, a sample holder connected to a manipulator used to position the sample of a material, and an electron spectrometer. The equipment is contained within an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) environment, which protects the sample and prevents scattering of the emitted electrons. After being dispersed along two perpendicular directions with respect to kinetic energy and emission angle, the electrons are directed to a detector and counted to provide ARPES spectra—slices of the band structure along one momentum direction. Some ARPES instruments can extract a portion of the electrons alongside the detector to measure the polarization of their spin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7078310 | 425,832 |
342,254 | The rest of the world was slow to adopt this treatment, largely because of deaths which resulted from even relatively minor overdosing, including those reported from use of lithium chloride as a substitute for table salt. Largely through the research and other efforts of Denmark's Mogens Schou and Paul Baastrup in Europe, and Samuel Gershon and Baron Shopsin in the U.S., this resistance was slowly overcome. Following the recommendation of the APA Lithium Task Force (William Bunney, Irvin Cohen (Chair), Jonathan Cole, Ronald R. Fieve, Samuel Gershon, Robert Prien, and Joseph Tupin), the application of lithium in manic illness was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 1970, becoming the 50th nation to do so. In 1974, this application was extended to its use as a preventive agent for manic-depressive illness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39923620 | 342,073 |
98,347 | Roddenberry firmly believed that throwaway clothes were the future of the industry, and this idea was incorporated into the costumes of "The Motion Picture". William Ware Theiss, the designer who created the original television series costumes, was too busy to work on the film. Instead Robert Fletcher, considered one of American theater's most successful costume and scenic designers, was selected to design the new uniforms, suits, and robes for the production. Fletcher eschewed man-made synthetics for natural materials, finding that these fabrics sewed better and lasted longer. As times had changed, the brightly multicolored Starfleet uniforms were revised: the miniskirts worn by women in the original series would now be considered sexist, and Wise and Fletcher deemed the colors garish and working against believability on the big screen. Fletcher's first task was to create new, less conspicuous uniforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=277006 | 98,305 |
1,057,895 | Zachtronics Industries has encouraged the game to be used as a learning tool for programming and chemistry concepts, and offers discounts for schools, though briefly offered the game free-of-charge for educational institutions for a few months after the release of the sandbox mode addition. According to The Independent Games Developers Association, schools in the United Kingdom have started using "SpaceChem" to teach students fundamental programming concepts. The success of "SpaceChem" led to several companies contacting Zachtronics to develop educational titles; the company spent about two years working with Amplify to develop three "edutainment" games for their platform before they returned to work on more direct entertainment titles, but used the opportunity to improve on their in-game teaching mechanics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31625168 | 1,057,346 |
2,130,178 | An immunization survey of human serum samples suggests that exposure to glutamyl endopeptidase is common, although a correlation to any specific type of infection could not be established. The numerous targets of bacterial proteases, adding the complexity of other virulence factors and their genetic regulation, makes it difficult to attribute a specific role of the protease for the bacteria. "In vivo" trials with "S. aureus" with inactivation of "ssp" or "sspA controlling" glutamyl endopeptidase gives a contradictory picture for its importance, although it has shown impact for bacterial survival in human whole blood. It has been suggested, however, that the protease promotes "S. aureus" dissemination through cleavage of self-proteins and through kinin-induced vasodilation, simultaneously protecting against immunological responses, i.e. through corruption of the regulation of the complement system and of neutrophil-derived proteases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39269575 | 2,128,954 |
813,692 | In 1957, the first All-Union Congress of Soviet Artists takes place in Moscow. It establishes the USSR Union of Artists that unites over 13000 professional artists from all republics and of all specializations. In 1960, the Union of Artists of Russian Federation was organized. Accordingly, these events influenced the art life in Moscow, Leningrad and province. The scope of experimentation was broadened; in particular, this concerned the form and painterly and plastic language. Images of youths and students, rapidly changing villages and cities, virgin lands brought under cultivation, grandiose construction plans being realized in Siberia and the Volga region, great achievements of Soviet science and technology became the chief topics of the new painting. Heroes of the time – young scientists, workers, civil engineers, physicians – become the most popular heroes of paintings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30872141 | 813,259 |
1,679,310 | Aside from the oscillatory motions associated with tidal flow, there are two primary causes of large scale flow in the ocean: "(1)" thermohaline processes, which induce motion by introducing changes at the surface in temperature and salinity, and therefore in seawater density, and "(2)" wind forcing. In the 1940s, when Harald Sverdrup was thinking about calculating the gross features of ocean circulation, he chose to consider exclusively the wind stress component of the forcing. As he says in his 1947 paper, in which he presented the Sverdrup relation, this is probably the more important of the two. After making the assumption that frictional dissipation is negligible, Sverdrup obtained the simple result that the meridional mass transport (the "Sverdrup transport") is proportional to the curl of the wind stress. This is known as the Sverdrup relation; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3309536 | 1,678,367 |
615,553 | The launch of the Sputnik 1 satellite by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, started a Cold War technological and ideological competition with the United States known as the Space Race. The demonstration of American technological inferiority came as a profound shock to the American public. In response to the Sputnik crisis, the U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower created a new civilian agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), to oversee an American space program. The Space Task Group (STG) at the NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, created an American spaceflight project called Project Mercury, which aimed to send a person to space and then into orbit. The selection of the first astronauts, known as the "Original Seven" or "Mercury Seven", was announced on April 9, 1959. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2296945 | 615,239 |
1,832,722 | In 1993, Division 12 (Clinical Psychology) of the American Psychological Association organized a subsection (Division 12, Section II) that would eventually be renamed the Society of Clinical Geropsychology. This was done at the initiative of a steering committee composed of several psychologists, including: George Niederehe, Barry Edelstein, Dolores Gallagher-Thompson, Margaret Gatz, Alfred Kaszniak, Norm Abels, Michael A. Smyer, George Stricker, and Linda Teri. The Society's mission is fostering the mental health and wellness of older adults through science, practice, education and advocacy and by advancing the field of professional geropsychology. The Society is active in promoting and supporting training in geropsychology at the doctoral, internship, and postdoctoral level, advocating for geropsychology in public policy, and promoting aging research that informs clinical practice. The Society recently celebrated its 25th anniversary in 2018. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43193946 | 1,831,674 |
851,643 | David Lewis defends moral realism against this argument by pointing out that morality, as commonly conceived, is only interested in the actual world, specifically, that the actual agent doesn't do evil. So the "argument from morality" would only be problematic for an odd version of utilitarianism aiming at maximizing the "sum total of good throughout the plurality of worlds". But, as Mark Heller points out, this reply doesn't explain why we are justified in morally privileging the actual world, as modal realism seems to be precisely against such a form of unequal treatment. This is not just a problem for utilitarians but for any moral theory that is sensitive to how other people are affected by one's actions in the widest sense, causally or otherwise: "the modal realist has to consider more people in moral decision making than we ordinarily do consider". Bob Fischer, speaking on Lewis' behalf, concedes that, from a modally unrestricted point of view of morality, there is no obligation to save the child from drowning. Common-sense morality, on the other hand, assumes a modally restricted point of view. This disagreement with common-sense is a cost of modal realism to be considered in an overall cost-benefit calculation, but it is no knockdown argument. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1598292 | 851,190 |
1,006,197 | A simple example would be a GPU program that collects data about average lighting values as it renders some view from either a camera or a computer graphics program back to the main program on the CPU, so that the CPU can then make adjustments to the overall screen view. A more advanced example might use edge detection to return both numerical information and a processed image representing outlines to a computer vision program controlling, say, a mobile robot. Because the GPU has fast and local hardware access to every pixel or other picture element in an image, it can analyze and average it (for the first example) or apply a Sobel edge filter or other convolution filter (for the second) with much greater speed than a CPU, which typically must access slower random-access memory copies of the graphic in question. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1268939 | 1,005,678 |
2,183,862 | In 1835, when Pond was replaced by Airy, the standards at the observatory were falling. Airy came with the ambition to give the Observatory a new thrust and wanted to lay off the first assistants, one of whom was Richardson, even though the latter had received the Royal Astronomical Society's gold medal. This later helped him survive when the Observatory supported Airy's request which saw the laying off of his colleague Tailor. The coming of Airy to the Observatory marked the beginning of frustrating times to Richardson at Greenwich. When Airy was given the permission to amend the allowances in the year 1836, he ripped most off their allowances after which Richardson only received about £60 for rent and other domestic expenses e.g. coal fuel. Airy also managed to further the financial frustration of Richardson by blocking the traditional triennial pay rise, although this was overturned back to normal in 1843. The roles Richardson undertook in the reign of Airy were also changed, which saw him being limited to just making the observations with regard to the Equatorials, the Mural circle and the Zenith sector followed by diminishing them as requested. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60630236 | 2,182,614 |
837,314 | In physics, horror vacui, or plenism (), commonly stated as "nature abhors a vacuum", is a postulate attributed to Aristotle, who articulated a belief, later criticized by the atomism of Epicurus and Lucretius, that nature contains no vacuums because the denser surrounding material continuum would immediately fill the rarity of an incipient void. He also argued against the void in a more abstract sense (as "separable"), for example, that by definition a void (equivocally?) itself, is nothing, and following Plato, nothing cannot rightly be said to exist. Furthermore, insofar as it would be featureless, it could neither be encountered by the senses, nor could its supposition lend additional explanatory power. Hero of Alexandria challenged the theory in the first century AD, but his attempts to create an artificial vacuum failed. The theory was debated in the context of 17th-century fluid mechanics, by Thomas Hobbes and Robert Boyle, among others, and through the early 18th century by Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23223531 | 836,865 |
1,359,038 | Led by NETL, the National Risk Assessment Partnership (NRAP) studies the behavior of engineered-natural systems to develop the risk assessment tools necessary for safe, permanent geologic storage. To assist in effective site characterization, selection, operation, and management, NRAP is considering potential risks associated with key operational concerns, as well as those associated with long-term liabilities, such as groundwater protection and storage permanence. NRAP is developing a method for quantifying risk profiles of multiple types of carbon dioxide storage sites to guide decision making and risk management. NRAP is also developing monitoring and mitigation protocols to reduce uncertainty in the predicted long-term behavior of a site. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1711574 | 1,358,287 |
1,014,313 | The Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) predicted that wind energy will supply 28.5% of global energy by 2030. This requires a newer and larger fleet of more efficient turbines and the corresponding decommissioning of older ones. Based on a European Wind Energy Association study, in 2010 between 110 and 140 kilotonnes of composites were consumed to manufacture blades. The majority of the blade material ends up as waste, and requires recycling. As of 2020, most end-of-use blades are stored or sent to landfills rather than recycled. Typically, glass-fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRPs) comprise around 70% of the laminate material in the blade. GFRPs are not combustible, and so hinder the incineration of combustible materials. Therefore, conventional recycling methods are inappropriate. Depending on whether individual fibers are to be recovered, GFRP recycling may involve: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8309537 | 1,013,792 |
430,982 | However, when using Arabic numerals to write the digits (and not including the subscripts as in the above examples), their simple concatenation becomes ambiguous for numbers having a "digit" greater than 9. The smallest such example is the number 10 × 10! = 36,288,000, which may be written A0000000000=10:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0, but not 100000000000 = 1:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 which denotes 11! = 39,916,800. Thus using letters A–Z to denote digits 10, 11, 12, ..., 35 as in other base-N make the largest representable number 36 × 36! − 1. For arbitrarily greater numbers one has to choose a base for representing individual digits, say decimal, and provide a separating mark between them (for instance by subscripting each digit by its base, also given in decimal, like 2010, this number also can be written as 2:0:1:0). In fact the factorial number system itself is not truly a numeral system in the sense of providing a representation for all natural numbers using only a finite alphabet of symbols, as it requires an additional separation mark. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1113108 | 430,770 |
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