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a DOT and then when you want to say or
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more use another Dot and then the star
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so equivalent to dot plus would have
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been dot dotar because the first dot
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means any character and the second pair
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of characters dotar means zero or more
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other characters and to be clear it does
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not have to be the same character just
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by doing Dot or Dot star does not mean
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your whole username needs to be a or a A
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or a AA or A A AA it can vary with each
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symbol it just means zero or more of any
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character back to back so I could do
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this on both the left and the right
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which one is better you know it depends
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I think a an argument could be made that
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this is even more clear because it's
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obvious now that there's a DOT which
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means any character and then there's the
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dot star but if you're in the habit of
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doing this frequently one of the reasons
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things like the plus exist is just to
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consolidate your code into something a
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little more succinct and if you're
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familiar with seeing the plus now maybe
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this is more readable to you so again
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just like with python more generally
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you're going to often see different ways
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to express the same patterns and
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reasonable people might agree or
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disagree as to which way is better than
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another well let me propose to that we
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can think about both of these models a
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little more graphically if this looks a
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little cryptic to you let me go ahead
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and Rewind to the previous incarnation
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of this regular expression which was
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just a single dot star this regular
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expression doar at doar means what again
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it means zero or more characters
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followed by a literal at sign followed
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by zero or more other characters now
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when you pass this pattern in as an
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argument to re. search it's going to
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read it from left to right and then use
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it to try to match against the input
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email in this case that the user typed
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in now how is the computer how is re.
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search going to keep track of whether or
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not the user's email matches this
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pattern well it turns out that that it's
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going to be using a machine of sorts
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implemented in software known as a
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finite State machine or more formally a
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non-deterministic finite automaton and
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the way it works if we depict this
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graphically is as follows the re. search
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function starts over here in a so-called
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start State that's the sort of condition
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in which it begins and then it's going
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to read the user's email address from
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left to right and it's going to decide
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whether or not to stay in this first
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state or transition to the next state so
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for instance in this first state as the
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user is reading my email address maen
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harvard.edu it's going to follow this
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curved edge up and around to itself a
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reflexive Edge and it's labeled dot
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because dot again just means any
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character so as the function is reading
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my email address mail at harvard.edu
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from left to right it's going to follow
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these transitions as follows m a l a n
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and then it's hopefully going to follow
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this transition to the second state
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because there's a literal at sign both
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in this machine as well as in my email
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address then it's going to try to read
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the rest of my address h a r v a r d. e
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du and that's it and then the computer's
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going to check did it end up in a an
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except State a final State that's
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actually depicted here pictorially a
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little differently with double circles
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one inside of the other and that just
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means that if the computer finds itself
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in that second accept state after having
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read all of the users input it is indeed
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a valid email address if by some chance
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the machine somehow ended up stuck in
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that first state which does not have
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double circles and it is therefore not
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an accept state the computer would
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conclude this is an invalid email
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address instead by contrast if we go
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back to my other version of the code
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where I instead had Plus on both the
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left and the right recall that re.
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search is going to use one of these
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