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like we see here wouldn't it be nice if
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we could handle that as well well let me
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propose that we modify my regular
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expression as follows it turns out that
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you can group ideas together and you can
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not only ask whether or not this pattern
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matches or this one using syntax like a
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vertical Bar B which means either A or B
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you can also group things together and
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then apply some other operator to them
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as well in fact let me go back to VSS
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code here and let me propose that if I
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want to tolerate a subdomain like cs50
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that may or may not be there let me go
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ahead and change it as follows I could
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naively do this if I want to support
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subdomains I could say well let's allow
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for otherw characters plus and then a
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literal Dot and and notice I'll
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highlight in blue here what I've just
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added everything else is the same but
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I'm now adding room for another sequence
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of one or more word characters and then
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a literal dot so this now I think if I
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rerun python of validate will work for
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maen cs50.h harvard.edu enter
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unfortunately does anyone see where this
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is going let me rerun python of validate
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dopy and type in as I keep doing maen at
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harvard.edu which up until now has kept
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working despite all of my changes but
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now finally I've broken my own email
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address so logically what's the solution
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here well there's a bunch of ways we
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could solve this I could maybe start
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using two regular expressions and
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support you uh email addresses of the
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form username at domain. TLD or username
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at subdomain dod. TLD where TLD just
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means top level domain like edu or I
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could maybe just modify this one cuz I'd
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prefer not to have like two uh regular
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expressions or one that's twice as big
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why don't I just specify to re. search
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that part of this pattern is optional
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what was the symbol we saw earlier that
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allows you to specify that the thing
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before it is technically optional the
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straight bar we are using the Straight
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bar as
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a optional make the opt the argument
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optional so we could we could use a
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vertical bar and some parth es and say
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either there's something here or there's
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nothing we could do that in parentheses
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but I think there's actually an even
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easier way uh actually is a question
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mark indeed question mark think back to
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this summary here of our first set of
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symbols whereby we had not just Dot and
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star and plus but also a question mark
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which means literally zero or one
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repetitions which effectively means
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optional it's either there one or it's
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not zero now how can I translate to that
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to this code here well let me go ahead
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and Surround this part of my pattern
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with parentheses which doesn't mean I
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want literally a parenthesis in the
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user's input I just want to group these
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characters together and in fact this now
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will still work I've only added
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parentheses around the new part for the
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subdomain let me run python of validate
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dopy let me run ma cs50.h harvard.edu
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enter that's still valid but to be clear
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if I rerun it again for maen harvard.edu
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that is still invalid but not if I go in
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here and say after the parentheses which
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now is one logical unit it's one big
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group of ideas together I add a single
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question mark there this will now tell
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re. search that that whole thing in
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parentheses can either be there once or
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be there not at all zero times so what
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does this translate into when I run it
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well let me go ahead and rerun it with
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Ma at cs50.h harvard. you so that the
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subdomain is there that works as before
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let me clear my screen and run it again
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python validate with Ma at harvard.edu
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which used to work then broke is are we
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back in business now we are that's now
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valid again questions now on this
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approach where we've use not just the
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question mark But the parentheses as
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well okay yeah you said he works for
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zero or one repetition what if you have
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more what if you have more that's okay
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that's where you could do star star is
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