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zero or more which gives you all the
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flexibility in the world yeah so I was
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just asking that uh uh with question
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mark there's only one repetition allow
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it means zero or one repetition so it's
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either not there or it is there and so
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that's why this pattern now if I go back
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to my code even though again it
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admittedly looks cryptic let me
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highlight everything after the at sign
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and before the dollar sign sign this now
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represents a domain name like
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harvard.edu or a subdomain within the
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domain name why well this part to the
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right is the same as always backw plus
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means something like Harvard or Yale
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back.edu means literally doedu so the
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new part is this in parentheses I have
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another set of backw plus back SL do now
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but it's all in parentheses I'm now
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having any question mark right after
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that which means that whole thing in
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parentheses either can be there or it
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can't be there it's either of those that
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are acceptable so a question mark
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effectively makes something optional it
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would not be correct to remove the
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parentheses because what would this mean
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if I remove the parentheses that would
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mean that only this dot is optional
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which isn't really what we want to
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express I want the subdomain like cs50
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and the additional dot to be what's
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there or not there there how about one
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other question on rexus here can they
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use this for the usernames absolutely we
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still have other problems right we're
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not solving all of the problems today
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just yet but absolutely right now we are
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not letting you have a period in your
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username and again some of you with
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Gmail accounts or other accounts you
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probably have not just underscores
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numbers and letters you might have
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periods too well we could fix that not
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using question mark here per se but now
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that we have these parentheses at our
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disposal what I could do is this I could
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use parentheses to surround the back slw
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to say any word character which is the
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same thing again as a letter or a number
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or an underscore but I could also or in
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using a vertical bar something else like
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a literal dot now a literal dot needs to
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be escaped otherwise it represents any
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character which would be a regression a
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step back but now notice what I've done
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in parentheses I'm telling re. search
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that those first few characters in your
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email address that is your username has
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to be a word character Like A through Z
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uppercase or lowercase or 0 through 9 or
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an underscore or a literal dot we could
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do this differently too I could get rid
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of the parentheses and the or and I
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could just use a set of characters I
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could again manually say a through z a
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through z 0 through 9 underscore and
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then I could do a literal dot with a
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back slash period and now I technically
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don't even need the uppercase because
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I'm already telling the computer to
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ignore case I can just pick one or the
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other which one is better is really up
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to you whichever one you think is more
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readable would generally be the better
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design all right let me propose that I
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rewind this in time to where we left off
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which was here and let me propose that
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there are indeed still limitations of
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this solution not just with the username
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not just with the domain name we're
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still being a little too restrictive so
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would you like to see the official
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regular expression that at least
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browsers use nowadays whenever you type
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in an email address to a web form and
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the web form the browser tells you yes
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or no your email address is
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syntactically valid ready ready here is
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and this isn't even officially the right
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regular expression it's a simplified
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version that browsers use because it
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catches most mistakes but not all here
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we go this is the regular expression for
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a valid email address at least as
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browsers nowadays Implement them now
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it's crazy cryptic at first glance but
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not and it's wrapping onto many lines
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but it's just one pattern but just
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