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Take it again from the top.
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[MUSIC PLAYING]
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CARTER ZENKE: Well, hello, one and all, and welcome to CS50's Introduction to
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Databases with SQL.
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My name is Carter Zenke.
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And in this course, you'll learn how to represent, how to organize and manage,
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and how to ask questions of the data that's around you
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in your everyday life.
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But why learn those skills?
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Well, you may have heard we're living in the information age, where we generate
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so much information, so much data by virtue of interaction
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with computers and with each other over the internet.
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You might think of, let's say, Google keeping track of the sites you click on
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or the sites you search for.
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You could think of maybe the smartphone in your pocket or the smartwatch
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on your wrist keeping track of health information, emails,
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text messages, and so on.
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You might even think of YouTube, where you
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might be watching this same video keeping track of all
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the videos on their platform, the creators of those videos,
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and even the comment you might leave on this video.
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So although, we're living in this information age, where
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there is so much data, so much information,
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we can use these new tools, like database and SQL,
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to interact with that information to store it and manage it.
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And although we're using some of these new tools,
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some of the other concepts we'll learn aren't actually so new.
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So here is a diagram from literally a few thousand years ago.
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And notice how this diagram has rows and columns.
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And this seems to store the stipends for workers at a temple
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some few thousand years ago.
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So given what you know based on your prior knowledge, what kind of name
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might you give this diagram with rows and with columns?
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What can we give a name to for this?
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So I'm seeing some ideas of a table, perhaps a spreadsheet as well.
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For our purposes, we'll call this a table, where
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a table stores some set of information.
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And every row in that table stores one item
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in that set, where every column has some piece of information
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about that item, some attribute of that item.
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So here, for example, we do have a table of workers at a temple.
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Every row is one worker.
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And every column is their stipend for a particular month.
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So I could take this idea of a table, this very ancient idea,
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and apply it to a more modern context.
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So let's say I'm a librarian, for instance.
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I want to organize my library.
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Well, here I have book titles and authors.
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And I could certainly use a table to store this information.
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But how might you propose I store this information?
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What could I do with my rows and with my columns
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if I have book titles and book authors?
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I see one thing I could do is probably organize my titles and my authors
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next to each other like this.
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I could take my titles to my authors, put them right next together.
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So I have Song of Solomon by Toni Morrison,
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Goodnight Moon by Margaret Wise Brown.
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And notice hear how each book is one row.
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But every row has two columns worth two pieces of information for each book.
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I have a title for one column and an author for the other.
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And so together, I have a table of books where every column tells me
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one piece of information.
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And every row tells me one book in this data set.
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So thankfully, now that we're living in this information age,
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we no longer have to use stone tablets or perhaps pencil and paper
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to store our tables.
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We have software now like Apple Numbers, Google Sheets, and Microsoft Excel.
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But this isn't a course on Apple Numbers or Microsoft Excel or so on.
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It's actually a course on databases and on SQL.
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So feel free to raise your hand if you'd like, but why
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would we decide to move along from these spreadsheet
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softwares towards a database?
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What might that database give us that a spreadsheet might not give us?
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So I'm seeing a few ideas here and among them are some simplicity,
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some ability to organize some data.
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But there are a few other ideas which I think
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about too for why we might move beyond spreadsheets and go towards databases.
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Now one of these is this idea of scale.
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So let's say you are a Google or an Instagram.
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You're trying to store not just tens of thousands
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of users or hundreds of thousands but literally
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millions of users or billions of users.
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And with that kind of scale may be better served by a database
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to store that much information.
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Another reason to move from spreadsheets to databases
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is the idea of being able to update data more frequently.
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Maybe you're a Twitter of the world, and you're
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trying to have others tweet multiple times per second.
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Well, a database can handle that kind of capacity
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much better than a spreadsheet could alone.
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And a third reason to move beyond this might be speed.
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Let's say I'm trying to look up some piece of information in my database.
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Well, I could do that much faster with a database
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than I could with a spreadsheet.
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You could think of yourself using Command-F or Control-F to find
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a piece of information in your spreadsheet,
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going one by one through the rows.
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A database gives you access to more kinds
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of algorithms you could use to search this data much faster, ultimately.
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