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What to do for What I need to know about Gestational Diabetes ? | - Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops only during pregnancy. Diabetes means your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high. - Gestational diabetes happens when your body can't make enough insulin during pregnancy. Insulin is a hormone made in your pancreas, an organ located behind your s... | What I need to know about Gestational Diabetes |
What are the symptoms of Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Skin Manifestation of Celiac Disease (For Health Care Professionals) ? | Dermatitis herpetiformis is characterized by small, clustered papules and vesicles that erupt symmetrically on the elbows, knees, buttocks, back, or scalp. The face and groin can also be involved. A burning sensation may precede lesion formation. Lesions are usually scratched off by the time a patient comes in for a ph... | Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Skin Manifestation of Celiac Disease (For Health Care Professionals) |
What causes Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Skin Manifestation of Celiac Disease (For Health Care Professionals) ? | Dermatitis herpetiformis is caused by the deposit of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the skin, which triggers further immunologic reactions resulting in lesion formation. DH is an external manifestation of an abnormal immune response to gluten, in which IgA antibodies form against the skin antigen epidermal transglutaminase.... | Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Skin Manifestation of Celiac Disease (For Health Care Professionals) |
How to diagnose Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Skin Manifestation of Celiac Disease (For Health Care Professionals) ? | A skin biopsy is the first step in diagnosing DH. Direct immunofluorescence of clinically normal skin adjacent to a lesion shows granular IgA deposits in the upper dermis. Histology of lesional skin may show microabscesses containing neutrophils and eosinophils. However, histology may reveal only excoriation due to the... | Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Skin Manifestation of Celiac Disease (For Health Care Professionals) |
What are the treatments for Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Skin Manifestation of Celiac Disease (For Health Care Professionals) ? | The sulfone dapsone can provide immediate relief of symptoms. For patients who cannot tolerate dapsone, sulfapyridine or sulfamethoxypyridazine may be used, although these medications are less effective than dapsone. A strict gluten-free diet is the only treatment for the underlying disease. Even with a gluten-free die... | Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Skin Manifestation of Celiac Disease (For Health Care Professionals) |
What is (are) Causes of Diabetes ? | Diabetes is a complex group of diseases with a variety of causes. People with diabetes have high blood glucose, also called high blood sugar or hyperglycemia.
Diabetes is a disorder of metabolismthe way the body uses digested food for energy. The digestive tract breaks down carbohydratessugars and star... | Causes of Diabetes |
What causes Causes of Diabetes ? | Type 1 diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin due to the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. In type 1 diabetesan autoimmune diseasethe bodys immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells. Normally, the immune system protects the body from infection by identifying and destroying bacteria, ... | Causes of Diabetes |
What causes Causes of Diabetes ? | Type 2 diabetesthe most common form of diabetesis caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the bodys muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired abili... | Causes of Diabetes |
What causes Causes of Diabetes ? | Insulin Resistance and Beta Cell Dysfunction
Hormones produced by the placenta and other pregnancy-related factors contribute to insulin resistance, which occurs in all women during late pregnancy. Insulin resistance increases the amount of insulin needed to control blood glucose levels. If the pancrea... | Causes of Diabetes |
What causes Causes of Diabetes ? | Other types of diabetes have a variety of possible causes.
Genetic Mutations Affecting Beta Cells, Insulin, and Insulin Action
Some relatively uncommon forms of diabetes known as monogenic diabetes are caused by mutations, or changes, in a single gene. These mutations are usually inher... | Causes of Diabetes |
What causes Causes of Diabetes ? | Other types of diabetes have a variety of possible causes.
Genetic Mutations Affecting Beta Cells, Insulin, and Insulin Action
Some relatively uncommon forms of diabetes known as monogenic diabetes are caused by mutations, or changes, in a single gene. These mutations are usually inher... | Causes of Diabetes |
What to do for Causes of Diabetes ? | - Diabetes is a complex group of diseases with a variety of causes. Scientists believe genes and environmental factors interact to cause diabetes in most cases. - People with diabetes have high blood glucose, also called high blood sugar or hyperglycemia. Diabetes develops when the body doesnt make enough insulin or i... | Causes of Diabetes |
What is (are) Your Guide to Diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2 ? | Diabetes is when your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high. Blood glucose is the main type of sugar found in your blood and your main source of energy. Glucose comes from the food you eat and is also made in your liver and muscles. Your blood carries glucose to all of your bodys cells to use for energy.
... | Your Guide to Diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2 |
What is (are) Your Guide to Diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2 ? | Prediabetes is when the amount of glucose in your blood is above normal yet not high enough to be called diabetes. With prediabetes, your chances of getting type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke are higher. With some weight loss and moderate physical activity, you can delay or prevent type 2 diabetes. You can even... | Your Guide to Diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2 |
What are the symptoms of Your Guide to Diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2 ? | The signs and symptoms of diabetes are
- being very thirsty - urinating often - feeling very hungry - feeling very tired - losing weight without trying - sores that heal slowly - dry, itchy skin - feelings of pins and needles in your feet - losing feeling in your feet - blurry eyesight
... | Your Guide to Diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2 |
What is (are) Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ? | A UTI is an infection in the urinary tract. Infections are caused by microbesorganisms too small to be seen without a microscopeincluding fungi, viruses, and bacteria. Bacteria are the most common cause of UTIs. Normally, bacteria that enter the urinary tract are rapidly removed by the body before they cause symptoms. ... | Urinary Tract Infection In Adults |
What is (are) Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ? | The urinary tract is the body's drainage system for removing wastes and extra water. The urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist and located below the ribs, one on each side of the spine, toward the middle of ... | Urinary Tract Infection In Adults |
What causes Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ? | Most UTIs are caused by bacteria that live in the bowel. The bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) causes the vast majority of UTIs. Microbes called Chlamydia and Mycoplasma can infect the urethra and reproductive system but not the bladder. Chlamydia and Mycoplasma infections may be sexually transmitted and require tre... | Urinary Tract Infection In Adults |
How many people are affected by Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ? | Urinary tract infections are the second most common type of infection in the body, accounting for about 8.1 million visits to health care providers each year.1 Women are especially prone to UTIs for anatomical reasons. One factor is that a womans urethra is shorter, allowing bacteria quicker access to the bladder. Also... | Urinary Tract Infection In Adults |
Who is at risk for Urinary Tract Infection In Adults? ? | Although everyone has some risk, some people are more prone to getting UTIs than others. People with spinal cord injuries or other nerve damage around the bladder have difficulty emptying their bladder completely, allowing bacteria to grow in the urine that stays in the bladder. Anyone with an abnormality of the urinar... | Urinary Tract Infection In Adults |
What are the symptoms of Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ? | Symptoms of a UTI vary by age, gender, and whether a catheter is present. Among young women, UTI symptoms typically include a frequent and intense urge to urinate and a painful, burning feeling in the bladder or urethra during urination. The amount of urine may be very small. Older women and men are more likely to be t... | Urinary Tract Infection In Adults |
How to diagnose Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ? | To find out whether a person has a UTI, the health care provider will ask about urinary symptoms and then test a sample of urine for the presence of bacteria and white blood cells, which are produced by the body to fight infection. Because bacteria can be found in the urine of healthy individuals, a UTI is diagnosed ba... | Urinary Tract Infection In Adults |
What are the treatments for Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ? | Most UTIs are caused by bacteria, which are treated with bacteria-fighting medications called antibiotics or antimicrobials. The choice of medication and length of treatment depend on the patients history and the type of bacteria causing the infection. Some antibiotics may be ruled out if a person has allergies to them... | Urinary Tract Infection In Adults |
How to prevent Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ? | Changing some daily habits may help a person prevent recurrent UTIs.
Eating, Diet, and Nutrition
Drinking lots of fluid can help flush bacteria from the system. Water is best. Most people should try for six to eight, 8-ounce glasses a day. Talk with your health care provider if you can... | Urinary Tract Infection In Adults |
What to do for Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ? | - Most urinary tract infections (UTIs) arise from one type of bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli), which normally lives in the bowel. - Symptoms of a UTI in adults may include the following: - a frequent and intense urge to urinate - a painful, burning feeling in the bladder or urethra during urination - f... | Urinary Tract Infection In Adults |
What is (are) Pregnancy and Thyroid Disease ? | Thyroid disease is a disorder that affects the thyroid gland. Sometimes the body produces too much or too little thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormones regulate metabolismthe way the body uses energyand affect nearly every organ in the body. Too much thyroid hormone is called hyperthyroidism and can cause many of the bodys ... | Pregnancy and Thyroid Disease |
What is (are) Pregnancy and Thyroid Disease ? | The thyroid is a 2-inch-long, butterfly-shaped gland weighing less than 1 ounce. Located in the front of the neck below the larynx, or voice box, it has two lobes, one on either side of the windpipe. The thyroid is one of the glands that make up the endocrine system. The glands of the endocrine system produce, store, a... | Pregnancy and Thyroid Disease |
What to do for Pregnancy and Thyroid Disease ? | During pregnancy, the body requires higher amounts of some nutrients to support the health of the mother and growing baby. Experts recommend pregnant women maintain a balanced diet and take a prenatal multivitamin and mineral supplement containing iodine to receive most nutrients necessary for thyroid health. More info... | Pregnancy and Thyroid Disease |
What to do for Pregnancy and Thyroid Disease ? | - Thyroid disease is a disorder that results when the thyroid gland produces more or less thyroid hormone than the body needs. - Pregnancy causes normal changes in thyroid function but can also lead to thyroid disease. - Uncontrolled hyperthyroidism during pregnancy can lead to serious health problems in the mother a... | Pregnancy and Thyroid Disease |
What is (are) What I need to know about Crohn's Disease ? | Crohn's disease is a disease that causes inflammation,* or swelling, and irritation of any part of the digestive tractalso called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The part most commonly affected is the end part of the small intestine, called the ileum.
*See the Pronunciation Guide for tips on how to sa... | What I need to know about Crohn's Disease |
Who is at risk for What I need to know about Crohn's Disease? ? | Both men and women can get Crohn's disease, and it can run in families. People with Crohns disease may have a blood relative with the disease or another type of IBD. Crohns disease most commonly starts between the ages of 13 and 30. | What I need to know about Crohn's Disease |
What causes What I need to know about Crohn's Disease ? | Researchers are studying the possible causes of Crohns disease. Your bodys natural defense system, called the immune system, protects you from infection by fighting against bacteria, viruses, and other things that can make you sick. Researchers believe that with Crohns disease, the immune system attacks harmless bacter... | What I need to know about Crohn's Disease |
What are the symptoms of What I need to know about Crohn's Disease ? | Crohn's disease symptoms can be different for each person. The most common symptoms of Crohns disease are
- abdominal painoften in the lower right area of the abdomen - diarrhea - bleeding in the rectum, which can be seen in a persons underwear, in the toilet, or in a bowel movement; rectal bleeding ... | What I need to know about Crohn's Disease |
How to diagnose What I need to know about Crohn's Disease ? | A doctor will perform a physical exam and tests to diagnose Crohns disease. During your visit, the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history.
The doctor may order blood tests, which involve drawing blood at a health care providers office or commercial facility and sending the sample to a ... | What I need to know about Crohn's Disease |
What is (are) What I need to know about Crohn's Disease ? | Intestinal blockage can occur in people with Crohns disease when scar tissue blocks the intestinal passage. A narrow intestinal passage is called a stricture. When the passage blocks completely, food and stool stop moving, causing abdominal cramps and vomiting. If you have these symptoms, you should see a health care p... | What I need to know about Crohn's Disease |
What are the treatments for What I need to know about Crohn's Disease ? | Treatment for Crohns disease depends on
- where the disease is located in the GI tract - what problems you already have from the disease - what past treatments you have had for the disease
The goals of treatment are to
- decrease the inflammation - relieve symptoms ... | What I need to know about Crohn's Disease |
What to do for What I need to know about Crohn's Disease ? | Your health care provider may start you on a special diet, so you get extra nutrition and calories. High-calorie liquid supplements are often used to give you the extra calories and right amount of vitamins and minerals to keep you healthy. During acute phases of the disease, you may need to receive intravenous nutriti... | What I need to know about Crohn's Disease |
What to do for What I need to know about Crohn's Disease ? | - Crohn's disease is a disease that causes inflammation, or swelling, and irritation of any part of the digestive tractalso called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. - People with Crohns disease may have a blood relative with the disease or another type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). - Symptoms of Crohns disease ... | What I need to know about Crohn's Disease |
What is (are) Chronic Diarrhea in Children ? | Diarrhea is loose, watery stools. Chronic, or long lasting, diarrhea typically lasts for more than 4 weeks. Children with chronic diarrhea may have loose, watery stools continually, or diarrhea may come and go. Chronic diarrhea may go away without treatment, or it may be a symptom of a chronic disease or disorder. Trea... | Chronic Diarrhea in Children |
What causes Chronic Diarrhea in Children ? | Many diseases and disorders can cause chronic diarrhea in children. Common causes include
- infections - functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders - food allergies and intolerances - inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Infections, food allergies and intolerances, and IBD may cause chr... | Chronic Diarrhea in Children |
What are the symptoms of Chronic Diarrhea in Children ? | Symptoms that accompany chronic diarrhea in children depend on the cause of the diarrhea. Symptoms can include
- cramping - abdominal pain - nausea or vomiting - fever - chills - bloody stools
Children with chronic diarrhea who have malabsorption can experience
- ... | Chronic Diarrhea in Children |
What causes Chronic Diarrhea in Children ? | To determine the cause of chronic diarrhea in children, the health care provider will take a complete medical and family history and conduct a physical exam, and may perform tests.
Medical and family history. Taking a medical and family history is one of the first things a health care provider may do t... | Chronic Diarrhea in Children |
What are the treatments for Chronic Diarrhea in Children ? | The treatment for chronic diarrhea will depend on the cause. Some common causes of chronic diarrhea are treated as follows:
- Infections. If a child has prolonged problems digesting certain carbohydrates or proteins after an acute infection, a health care provider may recommend changes in diet. A child... | Chronic Diarrhea in Children |
What to do for Chronic Diarrhea in Children ? | A health care provider may recommend changing a childs diet to treat the cause of chronic diarrhea. Making sure that children receive proper nutrition is important for growth and development. A childs parent or caretaker should talk with a health care provider about changing the childs diet to treat chronic diarrhea. | Chronic Diarrhea in Children |
What to do for Chronic Diarrhea in Children ? | - Diarrhea is loose, watery stools. Chronic, or long lasting, diarrhea typically lasts for more than 4 weeks. - Many diseases and disorders can cause chronic diarrhea in children. Common causes include infections, functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, food allergies and intolerances, and inflammatory bowel disea... | Chronic Diarrhea in Children |
What is (are) Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? | Anemia is a condition in which the body has fewer red blood cells than normal. Red blood cells carry oxygen to tissues and organs throughout the body and enable them to use energy from food. With anemia, red blood cells carry less oxygen to tissues and organsparticularly the heart and brainand those tissues and organs ... | Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease |
What is (are) Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? | The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located just below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine. Every day, the kidneys filter about 120 to 150 quarts of blood to produce about 1 to 2 quarts of urine.
Healthy kidneys produce a hormone called erythropoietin... | Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease |
What causes Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? | When kidneys are diseased or damaged, they do not make enough EPO. As a result, the bone marrow makes fewer red blood cells, causing anemia. When blood has fewer red blood cells, it deprives the body of the oxygen it needs.
Other common causes of anemia in people with kidney disease include blood loss ... | Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease |
What are the symptoms of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? | The signs and symptoms of anemia in someone with CKD may include
- weakness - fatigue, or feeling tired - headaches - problems with concentration - paleness - dizziness - difficulty breathing or shortness of breath - chest pain
Anyone having difficulty breathing or with shortnes... | Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease |
What are the complications of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? | Heart problems are a complication of anemia and may include
- an irregular heartbeat or an unusually fast heartbeat, especially when exercising. - the harmful enlargement of muscles in the heart. - heart failure, which does not mean the heart suddenly stops working. Instead, heart failure is a long-l... | Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease |
How to diagnose Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? | A health care provider diagnoses anemia based on
- a medical history - a physical exam - blood tests
Medical History
Taking a medical history is one of the first things a health care provider may do to diagnose anemia. He or she will usually ask about the patients sy... | Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease |
What are the treatments for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? | Depending on the cause, a health care provider treats anemia with one or more of the following treatments:
Iron
The first step in treating anemia is raising low iron levels. Iron pills may help improve iron and hemoglobin levels. However, for patients on hemodialysis, many studies show... | Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease |
What to do for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? | A health care provider may advise people with kidney disease who have anemia caused by iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid deficiencies to include sources of these nutrients in their diets. Some of these foods are high in sodium or phosphorus, which people with CKD should limit in their diet. Before making any dietary cha... | Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease |
What to do for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? | - Anemia is a condition in which the body has fewer red blood cells than normal. Red blood cells carry oxygen to tissues and organs throughout the body and enable them to use energy from food. - Anemia commonly occurs in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD)the permanent, partial loss of kidney function. Most peopl... | Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease |
What is (are) Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? | You and your doctor will work together to choose a treatment that's best for you. The publications of the NIDDK Kidney Failure Series can help you learn about the specific issues you will face.
Booklets
- Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Hemodialysis - Treatment Methods for Kidne... | Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease |
What is (are) Vesicoureteral Reflux ? | Vesicoureteral reflux is the abnormal flow of urine from the bladder to the upper urinary tract. The urinary tract is the bodys drainage system for removing wastes and extra water. The urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. Blood flows through the kidneys, and the kidneys filter out ... | Vesicoureteral Reflux |
Who is at risk for Vesicoureteral Reflux? ? | Vesicoureteral reflux is more common in infants and young children, but older children and even adults can be affected. About 10 percent of children have VUR.1 Studies estimate that VUR occurs in about 32 percent of siblings of an affected child. This rate may be as low as 7 percent in older siblings and as high as 100... | Vesicoureteral Reflux |
What is (are) Vesicoureteral Reflux ? | The two types of VUR are primary and secondary. Most cases of VUR are primary and typically affect only one ureter and kidney. With primary VUR, a child is born with a ureter that did not grow long enough during the childs development in the womb. The valve formed by the ureter pressing against the bladder wall does no... | Vesicoureteral Reflux |
What are the symptoms of Vesicoureteral Reflux ? | In many cases, a child with VUR has no symptoms. When symptoms are present, the most common is a urinary tract infection (UTI). VUR can lead to infection because urine that remains in the childs urinary tract provides a place for bacteria to grow. Studies estimate that 30 percent of children and up to 70 percent of inf... | Vesicoureteral Reflux |
What are the complications of Vesicoureteral Reflux ? | When a child with VUR gets a UTI, bacteria can move into the kidney and lead to scarring. Scarring of the kidney can be associated with high blood pressure and kidney failure. However, most children with VUR who get a UTI recover without long-term complications. | Vesicoureteral Reflux |
How to diagnose Vesicoureteral Reflux ? | The most common tests used to diagnose VUR include
- Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). VCUG is an x-ray image of the bladder and urethra taken during urination, also called voiding. The bladder and urethra are filled with a special dye, called contrast medium, to make the urethra clearly visible. The x-... | Vesicoureteral Reflux |
How to diagnose Vesicoureteral Reflux ? | Following diagnosis, children with VUR should have a general medical evaluation that includes blood pressure measurement, as high blood pressure is an indicator of kidney damage. If both kidneys are affected, a childs blood should be tested for creatininea waste product of normal muscle breakdown. Healthy kidneys remov... | Vesicoureteral Reflux |
What are the treatments for Vesicoureteral Reflux ? | The standard treatment for primary VUR has included prompt treatment of UTIs and long-term use of antibiotics to prevent UTIs, also called antimicrobial prophylaxis, until VUR goes away on its own. Antibiotics are bacteria-fighting medications. Surgery has also been used in certain cases.
Several studi... | Vesicoureteral Reflux |
What are the treatments for Vesicoureteral Reflux ? | Secondary VUR is treated by removing the blockage causing the reflux. Treatment may involve
- surgery - antibiotics - intermittent catheterizationdraining the bladder by inserting a thin tube, called a catheter, through the urethra to the bladder | Vesicoureteral Reflux |
What to do for Vesicoureteral Reflux ? | Eating, diet, and nutrition have not been shown to play a role in causing or preventing VUR. | Vesicoureteral Reflux |
What to do for Vesicoureteral Reflux ? | - Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the abnormal flow of urine from the bladder to the upper urinary tract. - VUR is more common in infants and young children, but older children and even adults can be affected. About 10 percent of children have VUR. - In many cases, a child with VUR has no symptoms. When symptoms are p... | Vesicoureteral Reflux |
What is (are) Diabetic Kidney Disease ? | Diabetic kidney disease, also called diabetic nephropathy, is kidney disease caused by diabetes. Even when well controlled, diabetes can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney failure, described as end-stage kidney disease or ESRD when treated with a kidney transplant or blood-filtering treatments called dialy... | Diabetic Kidney Disease |
What is (are) Diabetic Kidney Disease ? | The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located just below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine. Every day, the two kidneys filter about 120 to 150 quarts of blood to produce about 1 to 2 quarts of urine, composed of wastes and extra fluid. The urine flows from the kidneys... | Diabetic Kidney Disease |
What is (are) Diabetic Kidney Disease ? | Diabetes is a complex group of diseases with a variety of causes. People with diabetes have high blood glucose, also called high blood sugar or hyperglycemia.
Diabetes is a disorder of metabolism the way the body uses digested food for energy. The digestive tract breaks down carbohydratessugars and sta... | Diabetic Kidney Disease |
What are the symptoms of Diabetic Kidney Disease ? | People with diabetic kidney disease do not have symptoms in the early stages. As kidney disease progresses, a person can develop edema, or swelling. Edema happens when the kidneys cannot get rid of the extra fluid and salt in the body. Edema can occur in the legs, feet, or ankles and less often in the hands or face. On... | Diabetic Kidney Disease |
How to diagnose Diabetic Kidney Disease ? | A health care provider diagnoses diabetic kidney disease based on
- a medical and family history - a physical exam - urine tests - a blood test
Medical and Family History
Taking a medical and family history is one of the first things a health care provider may do to... | Diabetic Kidney Disease |
How to diagnose Diabetic Kidney Disease ? | People with diabetes should get regular screenings for kidney disease. The National Kidney Disease Education Program recommends the following:
- urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio measured at least once a year in all people with type 2 diabetes and people who have had type 1 diabetes for 5 years or more... | Diabetic Kidney Disease |
How to prevent Diabetic Kidney Disease ? | People can prevent or slow the progression of diabetic kidney disease by
- taking medications to control high blood pressure - managing blood glucose levels - making changes in their eating, diet, and nutrition - losing weight if they are overweight or obese - getting regular physical activity
... | Diabetic Kidney Disease |
What are the treatments for Diabetic Kidney Disease ? | A health care provider may treat kidney failure due to diabetic kidney disease with dialysis or a kidney transplant. In some cases, people with diabetic kidney disease receive kidney and pancreas transplants.
In most cases, people with diabetic kidney disease start dialysis earlier than people with kid... | Diabetic Kidney Disease |
What are the treatments for Diabetic Kidney Disease ? | People with diabetes should work with their health care team to prevent or manage CKD through the following steps:
- measure A1C levelsa blood test that provides information about a persons average blood glucose levels for the previous 3 months at least twice a year and keep A1C levels below 7 percent ... | Diabetic Kidney Disease |
What to do for Diabetic Kidney Disease ? | #NAME? | Diabetic Kidney Disease |
What is (are) Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Children ? | Hemolytic uremic syndrome, or HUS, is a kidney condition that happens when red blood cells are destroyed and block the kidneys' filtering system. Red blood cells contain hemoglobinan iron-rich protein that gives blood its red color and carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body.
When the ki... | Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Children |
What is (are) Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Children ? | The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located just below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine. Every day, the two kidneys filter about 120 to 150 quarts of blood to produce about 1 to 2 quarts of urine, composed of wastes and extra fluid. Children produce less urine than... | Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Children |
What causes Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Children ? | The most common cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome in children is an Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection of the digestive system. The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal, or GI, tracta series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anusand other organs that help the body ... | Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Children |
What are the symptoms of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Children ? | A child with hemolytic uremic syndrome may develop signs and symptoms similar to those seen with gastroenteritisan inflammation of the lining of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine such as
- vomiting - bloody diarrhea - abdominal pain - fever and chills - headache
As ... | Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Children |
How to diagnose Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Children ? | A health care provider diagnoses hemolytic uremic syndrome with
- a medical and family history - a physical exam - urine tests - a blood test - a stool test - kidney biopsy
Medical and Family History
Taking a medical and family history is one of the first things a... | Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Children |
What are the complications of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Children ? | Most children who develop hemolytic uremic syndrome and its complications recover without permanent damage to their health.1
However, children with hemolytic uremic syndrome may have serious and sometimes life-threatening complications, including
- acute kidney injury - high blood pre... | Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Children |
What are the treatments for Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Children ? | A health care provider will treat a child with hemolytic uremic syndrome by addressing
- urgent symptoms and preventing complications - acute kidney injury - chronic kidney disease (CKD)
In most cases, health care providers do not treat children with hemolytic uremic syndrome with an... | Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Children |
How to prevent Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Children ? | Parents and caregivers can help prevent childhood hemolytic uremic syndrome due to E. coli O157:H7 by
- avoiding unclean swimming areas - avoiding unpasteurized milk, juice, and cider - cleaning utensils and food surfaces often - cooking meat to an internal temperature of at least 160 F - defrostin... | Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Children |
What to do for Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Children ? | At the beginning of the illness, children with hemolytic uremic syndrome may need IV nutrition or supplements to help maintain fluid balance in the body. Some children may need to follow a low-salt diet to help prevent swelling and high blood pressure.
Health care providers will encourage children with... | Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Children |
What to do for Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Children ? | - Hemolytic uremic syndrome, or HUS, is a kidney condition that happens when red blood cells are destroyed and block the kidneys' filtering system. - The most common cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome in children is an Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection of the digestive system. - Normally, harmless strains, or type... | Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Children |
What is (are) Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome ? | Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a rare disorder that occurs when one or more tumors form in the pancreas and duodenum. The tumors, called gastrinomas, release large amounts of gastrin that cause the stomach to produce large amounts of acid. Normally, the body releases small amounts of gastrin after eating, which triggers... | Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome |
What is (are) Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome ? | The stomach, duodenum, and pancreas are digestive organs that break down food and liquid.
- The stomach stores swallowed food and liquid. The muscle action of the lower part of the stomach mixes the food and liquid with digestive juice. Partially digested food and liquid slowly move into the duodenum a... | Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome |
What causes Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome ? | Experts do not know the exact cause of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. About 25 to 30 percent of gastrinomas are caused by an inherited genetic disorder called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1).1 MEN1 causes hormone-releasing tumors in the endocrine glands and the duodenum. Symptoms of MEN1 include increased hormo... | Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome |
How many people are affected by Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome ? | Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is rare and only occurs in about one in every 1 million people.1 Although anyone can get Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, the disease is more common among men 30 to 50 years old. A child who has a parent with MEN1 is also at increased risk for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.2 | Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome |
What are the symptoms of Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome ? | Zollinger-Ellison syndrome signs and symptoms are similar to those of peptic ulcers. A dull or burning pain felt anywhere between the navel and midchest is the most common symptom of a peptic ulcer. This discomfort usually
- occurs when the stomach is emptybetween meals or during the nightand may be br... | Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome |
What are the symptoms of Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome ? | A person who has any of the following emergency symptoms should call or see a health care provider right away:
- chest pain - sharp, sudden, persistent, and severe stomach pain - red blood in stool or black stools - red blood in vomit or vomit that looks like coffee grounds
These sy... | Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome |
How to diagnose Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome ? | A health care provider diagnoses Zollinger-Ellison syndrome based on the following:
- medical history - physical exam - signs and symptoms - blood tests - upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy - imaging tests to look for gastrinomas - measurement of stomach acid
Medical History
... | Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome |
What are the treatments for Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome ? | A health care provider treats Zollinger-Ellison syndrome with medications to reduce gastric acid secretion and with surgery to remove gastrinomas. A health care provider sometimes uses chemotherapymedications to shrink tumorswhen tumors are too widespread to remove with surgery.
Medications
... | Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome |
What to do for Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome ? | Researchers have not found that eating, diet, and nutrition play a role in causing or preventing Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. | Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome |
What to do for Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome ? | - Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a rare disorder that occurs when one or more tumors form in the pancreas and duodenum. - Experts do not know the exact cause of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. - About 25 to 30 percent of gastrinomas are caused by an inherited genetic disorder called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (ME... | Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome |
What is (are) Cystocele ? | A cystocele, also called a prolapsed or dropped bladder, is the bulging or dropping of the bladder into the vagina. The bladder, located in the pelvis between the pelvic bones, is a hollow, muscular, balloon-shaped organ that expands as it fills with urine. During urination, also called voiding, the bladder empties thr... | Cystocele |
What causes Cystocele ? | A cystocele occurs when the muscles and supportive tissues between a womans bladder and vagina weaken and stretch, letting the bladder sag from its normal position and bulge into the vagina or through the vaginal opening. In a cystocele, the bladder tissue remains covered by the vaginal skin. A cystocele may result fro... | Cystocele |
What are the symptoms of Cystocele ? | The symptoms of a cystocele may include
- a vaginal bulge - the feeling that something is falling out of the vagina - the sensation of pelvic heaviness or fullness - difficulty starting a urine stream - a feeling of incomplete urination - frequent or urgent urination
Women who hav... | Cystocele |
How to diagnose Cystocele ? | Diagnosing a cystocele requires medical tests and a physical exam of the vagina. Medical tests take place in a health care providers office, an outpatient center, or a hospital. The health care provider will ask about symptoms and medical history. A health care provider uses a grading system to determine the severity o... | Cystocele |
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