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What is (are) Parasites - Leishmaniasis ? | Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that is found in parts of the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe. Leishmaniasis is caused by infection with Leishmania parasites, which are spread by the bite of infected sand flies. There are several different forms of leishmaniasis in people. The most common forms are cutane... | Parasites - Leishmaniasis |
Who is at risk for Parasites - Leishmaniasis? ? | Leishmaniasis is found in people in focal areas of more than 90 countries in the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe. The ecologic settings range from rain forests to deserts. Leishmaniasis usually is more common in rural than in urban areas, but it is found in the outskirts of some cities. Climate and other envir... | Parasites - Leishmaniasis |
How to diagnose Parasites - Leishmaniasis ? | Various laboratory methods can be used to diagnose leishmaniasis—to detect the parasite as well as to identify the Leishmania species (type). Some of the methods are available only in reference laboratories. In the United States, CDC staff can assist with the testing for leishmaniasis.
Tissue specimens—such as fro... | Parasites - Leishmaniasis |
What are the treatments for Parasites - Leishmaniasis ? | Before considering treatment, the first step is to make sure the diagnosis is correct.
Treatment decisions should be individualized. Health care providers may consult CDC staff about the relative merits of various approaches. Examples of factors to consider include the form of leishmaniasis, the Leishmania species... | Parasites - Leishmaniasis |
How to prevent Parasites - Leishmaniasis ? | No vaccines or drugs to prevent infection are available. The best way for travelers to prevent infection is to protect themselves from sand fly bites. To decrease the risk of being bitten, follow these preventive measures:
Avoid outdoor activities, especially from dusk to dawn, when sand flies generally are the mo... | Parasites - Leishmaniasis |
What is (are) Parasites - African Trypanosomiasis (also known as Sleeping Sickness) ? | Frequently Asked Queestions (FAQs) | Parasites - African Trypanosomiasis (also known as Sleeping Sickness) |
Who is at risk for Parasites - African Trypanosomiasis (also known as Sleeping Sickness)? ? | There are two subspecies of the parasite Trypanosoma brucei that cause disease in humans. The clinical features of the infection depend on the subspecies involved. The two subspecies are found in different regions of Africa. At present, there is no overlap in their geographic distribution.
T. b. rhodesiense (East ... | Parasites - African Trypanosomiasis (also known as Sleeping Sickness) |
How to diagnose Parasites - African Trypanosomiasis (also known as Sleeping Sickness) ? | The diagnosis of African Trypanosomiasis is made through laboratory methods, because the clinical features of infection are not sufficiently specific. The diagnosis rests on finding the parasite in body fluid or tissue by microscopy. The parasite load in T. b. rhodesiense infection is substantially higher than the leve... | Parasites - African Trypanosomiasis (also known as Sleeping Sickness) |
What are the treatments for Parasites - African Trypanosomiasis (also known as Sleeping Sickness) ? | All persons diagnosed with African Trypanosomiasis should receive treatment. The specific drug and treatment course will depend on the type of infection (T. b. gambiense or T. b. rhodesiense) and the disease stage (i.e. whether the central nervous system has been invaded by the parasite). Pentamidine, which is the reco... | Parasites - African Trypanosomiasis (also known as Sleeping Sickness) |
How to prevent Parasites - African Trypanosomiasis (also known as Sleeping Sickness) ? | There is no vaccine or drug for prophylaxis against African trypanosomiasis. Preventive measures are aimed at minimizing contact with tsetse flies. Local residents are usually aware of the areas that are heavily infested and they can provide advice about places to avoid. Other helpful measures include:
- Wear... | Parasites - African Trypanosomiasis (also known as Sleeping Sickness) |
Who is at risk for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF)? ? | Ixodid (hard) ticks, especially those of the genus, Hyalomma, are both a reservoir and a vector for the CCHF virus. Numerous wild and domestic animals, such as cattle, goats, sheep and hares, serve as amplifying hosts for the virus. Transmission to humans occurs through contact with infected ticks or animal blood. CCHF... | Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) |
What are the symptoms of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) ? | The onset of CCHF is sudden, with initial signs and symptoms including headache, high fever, back pain, joint pain, stomach pain, and vomiting. Red eyes, a flushed face, a red throat, and petechiae (red spots) on the palate are common. Symptoms may also include jaundice, and in severe cases, changes in mood and sensory... | Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) |
Who is at risk for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF)? ? | Animal herders, livestock workers, and slaughterhouse workers in endemic areas are at risk of CCHF. Healthcare workers in endemic areas are at risk of infection through unprotected contact with infectious blood and body fluids. Individuals and international travelers with contact to livestock in endemic regions may als... | Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) |
How to diagnose Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) ? | Laboratory tests that are used to diagnose CCHF include antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), virus isolation attempts, and detection of antibody by ELISA (IgG and IgM). Laboratory diagnosis of a patient with a clinical history compatible with CCHF can ... | Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) |
What are the treatments for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) ? | Treatment for CCHF is primarily supportive. Care should include careful attention to fluid balance and correction of electrolyte abnormalities, oxygenation and hemodynamic support, and appropriate treatment of secondary infections. The virus is sensitive in vitro to the antiviral drug ribavirin. It has been used in the... | Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) |
How to prevent Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) ? | Agricultural workers and others working with animals should use insect repellent on exposed skin and clothing. Insect repellants containing DEET (N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide) are the most effective in warding off ticks. Wearing gloves and other protective clothing is recommended. Individuals should also avoid contact with... | Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) |
What is (are) Parasites - Baylisascaris infection ? | Baylisascaris worms are intestinal parasites found in a wide variety of animals. Different species of Baylisascaris are associated with different animal hosts. For example, Baylisascaris procyonis is found in raccoons and Baylisascaris columnaris is an intestinal parasite found in skunks. Cases of Baylisascaris infecti... | Parasites - Baylisascaris infection |
Who is at risk for Parasites - Baylisascaris infection? ? | Raccoons are the primary, or definitive, host of Baylisascaris procyonis, a roundworm. Raccoons become infected with Baylisascaris in one of two ways:
- Young raccoons become infected by eating eggs during foraging, feeding, and grooming.
- Adult raccoons acquire the infection by eating rodents, rabbits,... | Parasites - Baylisascaris infection |
How to diagnose Parasites - Baylisascaris infection ? | If you suspect you have been infected, consult your health care provider immediately. Be sure to tell your health care provider if you have recently been exposed to raccoons or their feces.
Diagnosis is difficult because symptoms depend on the number of infecting larvae and location in the body. Ocular larva migra... | Parasites - Baylisascaris infection |
What are the treatments for Parasites - Baylisascaris infection ? | No drugs have been shown to be totally effective for the treatment of Baylisascaris infection. Albendazole, a broad spectrum anthelmintic, has been recommended for specific cases.
Early treatment might reduce serious damage caused by the infection. Should you suspect you may have ingested raccoon feces, seek immed... | Parasites - Baylisascaris infection |
How to prevent Parasites - Baylisascaris infection ? | Baylisascaris infection can be prevented by avoiding contact with raccoons and their feces. Washing your hands after working or playing outdoors is good practice for preventing a number of diseases.
Do not keep, feed, or adopt wild animals, including raccoons, as pets. Infection rarely causes symptoms in raccoons,... | Parasites - Baylisascaris infection |
What is (are) Yellow Fever Vaccination ? | If you continue to live or travel in yellow fever-endemic areas, you should receive a booster dose of yellow fever vaccine after 10 years.
After receiving the vaccine, you should receive an International Certificate of Vaccination (yellow card) that has been validated by the vaccination center. This Ce... | Yellow Fever Vaccination |
What is (are) Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) ? | Chronic fatigue syndrome, or CFS, is a devastating and complex disorder. People with CFS have overwhelming fatigue and a host of other symptoms that are not improved by bed rest and that can get worse after physical activity or mental exertion. They often function at a substantially lower level of activity than they we... | Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) |
What causes Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) ? | Despite a vigorous search, scientists have not yet identified what causes CFS. While a single cause for CFS may yet be identified, another possibility is that CFS has multiple causes. Conditions that have been studied to determine if they cause or trigger the development of CFS include infections, immune disorders, str... | Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) |
How to diagnose Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) ? | Diagnostic Challenges
For doctors, diagnosing chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) can be complicated by a number of factors:
- There's no lab test or biomarker for CFS.
- Fatigue and other symptoms of CFS are common to many illnesses.
- For some CFS patients, it may not be obvious to doctors that they are ill... | Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) |
What are the symptoms of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) ? | Chronic fatigue syndrome can be misdiagnosed or overlooked because its symptoms are similar to so many other illnesses. Fatigue, for instance, can be a symptom for hundreds of illnesses. Looking closer at the nature of the symptoms though, can help a doctor distinguish CFS from other illnesses.
Primary Symptoms
As... | Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) |
What are the treatments for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) ? | Introduction
Managing chronic fatigue syndrome can be as complex as the illness itself. There is no cure, no prescription drugs have been developed specifically for CFS, and symptoms can vary a lot over time. Thus, people with CFS should closely monitor their health and let their doctor know of any changes; and doct... | Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) |
How to prevent Eastern Equine Encephalitis ? | There is no vaccine against Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) for humans. Reducing exposure to mosquitoes is the best defense against infection with EEEV and other mosquito-borne viruses. There are several approaches you and your family can use to prevent and control mosquito-borne diseases.
- Use repel... | Eastern Equine Encephalitis |
What are the symptoms of Typhoid Fever ? | Persons with typhoid fever usually have a sustained fever as high as 103° to 104° F (39° to 40° C). They may also feel weak, or have stomach pains, headache, or loss of appetite. In some cases, patients have a rash of flat, rose-colored spots. The only way to know for sure if an illness is typhoid fever is to have samp... | Typhoid Fever |
Who is at risk for Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)? ? | Transmission to humans may occur after a tick bite or contact with an infected animal, most importantly a sick or recently dead monkey. No person-to-person transmission has been described.
Large animals such as goats, cows, and sheep may become infected with KFD but play a limited role in the transmission of the dis... | Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) |
What are the symptoms of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) ? | After an incubation period of 3-8 days, the symptoms of KFD begin suddenly with chills, fever, and headache. Severe muscle pain with vomiting, gastrointestinal symptoms and bleeding problems may occur 3-4 days after initial symptom onset. Patients may experience abnormally low blood pressure, and low platelet, red bloo... | Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) |
Who is at risk for Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)? ? | KFD has historically been limited to the western and central districts of Karnataka State, India. However, in November 2012, samples from humans and monkeys tested positive for KFDV in the southernmost district of the State which neighbors Tamil Nadu State and Kerala State, indicating the possibility of wider distribut... | Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) |
How to diagnose Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) ? | Diagnosis can be made in the early stage of illness by molecular detection by PCR or virus isolation from blood. Later, serologic testing using enzyme-linked immunosorbent serologic assay (ELISA) can be performed. | Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) |
What are the treatments for Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) ? | There is no specific treatment for KFD, but early hospitalization and supportive therapy is important. Supportive therapy includes the maintenance of hydration and the usual precautions for patients with bleeding disorders. | Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) |
How to prevent Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) ? | A vaccine does exist for KFD and is used in endemic areas of India. Additional preventative measures include insect repellents and wearing protective clothing in areas where ticks are endemic. | Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) |
What is (are) Parasites - Echinococcosis ? | Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) disease results from being infected with the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, a tiny tapeworm (~2-7 millimeters in length) found in dogs (definitive host), sheep, cattle, goats, foxes, and pigs, amongst others (intermediate hosts). Most infection... | Parasites - Echinococcosis |
Who is at risk for Parasites - Echinococcosis? ? | Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by infection with the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. CE is found in Africa, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Central and South America, and in rare cases, North America. The parasite is transmitted to dogs when they ingest the organs of other animals that contain hydatid cys... | Parasites - Echinococcosis |
How to diagnose Parasites - Echinococcosis ? | The presence of a cyst-like mass in a person with a history of exposure to sheepdogs in an area where E. granulosus is endemic suggests a diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis. Imaging techniques, such as CT scans, ultrasonography, and MRIs, are used to detect cysts. After a cyst has been detected, serologic tests may be ... | Parasites - Echinococcosis |
What are the treatments for Parasites - Echinococcosis ? | In the past, surgery was the only treatment for cystic echinococcal cysts. Chemotherapy, cyst puncture, and PAIR (percutaneous aspiration, injection of chemicals and reaspiration) have been used to replace surgery as effective treatments for cystic echinococcosis. However, surgery remains the most effective treatment t... | Parasites - Echinococcosis |
How to prevent Parasites - Echinococcosis ? | Cystic echinococcosis is controlled by preventing transmission of the parasite. Prevention measures include limiting the areas where dogs are allowed and preventing animals from consuming meat infected with cysts.
- Prevent dogs from feeding on the carcasses of infected sheep.
- Control stray dog populat... | Parasites - Echinococcosis |
What is (are) Parasites - Loiasis ? | Loiasis is an infection caused by the parasitic worm Loa loa. | Parasites - Loiasis |
Who is at risk for Parasites - Loiasis? ? | Loa loa parasites are found in West and Central Africa. Ten countries have areas where there are high rates of infection (i.e., where more than 40% of the people who live in that area report that they have had eye worm in the past). An estimated 14.4 million people live in these areas of high rates of infection. Anothe... | Parasites - Loiasis |
How to diagnose Parasites - Loiasis ? | In people who have been bitten by the flies that carry Loa loa in areas where Loa loa is known to exist, the diagnosis can be made in the following ways:
- Identification of the adult worm by a microbiologist or pathologist after its removal from under the skin or eye
- Identification of an adult worm in the e... | Parasites - Loiasis |
What are the treatments for Parasites - Loiasis ? | Decisions about treatment of loiasis can be difficult and often require advice from an expert in infectious diseases or tropical medicine. Although surgical removal of adult worms moving under the skin or across the eye can be done to relieve anxiety, loiasis is not cured by surgery alone. There are two medications tha... | Parasites - Loiasis |
How to prevent Parasites - Loiasis ? | There are no programs to control or eliminate loiasis in affected areas. Your risk of infection may be less in areas where communities receive regular treatment for onchocerciasis or lymphatic filariasis.
There are no vaccines that protect you from loiasis. If you are going to be in an area with loiasis for a long... | Parasites - Loiasis |
What is (are) Parasites - Paragonimiasis (also known as Paragonimus Infection) ? | Frequently Asked Queestions (FAQs) | Parasites - Paragonimiasis (also known as Paragonimus Infection) |
Who is at risk for Parasites - Paragonimiasis (also known as Paragonimus Infection)? ? | Several species of Paragonimus cause most infections; the most important is P. westermani, which occurs primarily in Asia including China, the Philippines, Japan, Vietnam, South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand. P. africanus causes infection in Africa, and P. mexicanus in Central and South America. Specialty dishes in which... | Parasites - Paragonimiasis (also known as Paragonimus Infection) |
How to diagnose Parasites - Paragonimiasis (also known as Paragonimus Infection) ? | The infection is usually diagnosed by identification of Paragonimus eggs in sputum. The eggs are sometimes found in stool samples (coughed-up eggs are swallowed). A tissue biopsy is sometimes performed to look for eggs in a tissue specimen.
Specific and sensitive antibody tests based on P. westermani antigens are ... | Parasites - Paragonimiasis (also known as Paragonimus Infection) |
What are the treatments for Parasites - Paragonimiasis (also known as Paragonimus Infection) ? | Paragonimus infections are treatable by your health care provider. Prescription medications are available.
More on: Resources for Health Professionals: Treatment | Parasites - Paragonimiasis (also known as Paragonimus Infection) |
How to prevent Parasites - Paragonimiasis (also known as Paragonimus Infection) ? | Never eat raw freshwater crabs or crayfish. Cook crabs and crayfish for to at least 145°F (~63°C). Travelers should be advised to avoid traditional meals containing undercooked freshwater crustaceans.
More on: Fight BAC: Safe Food Handling | Parasites - Paragonimiasis (also known as Paragonimus Infection) |
Who is at risk for Marburg hemorrhagic fever (Marburg HF)? ? | It is unknown how Marburg virus first transmits from its animal host to humans; however, for the 2 cases in tourists visiting Uganda in 2008, unprotected contact with infected bat feces or aerosols are the most likely routes of infection.
After this initial crossover of virus from host animal to humans, transmissio... | Marburg hemorrhagic fever (Marburg HF) |
What are the symptoms of Marburg hemorrhagic fever (Marburg HF) ? | After an incubation period of 5-10 days, symptom onset is sudden and marked by fever, chills, headache, and myalgia. Around the fifth day after the onset of symptoms, a maculopapular rash, most prominent on the trunk (chest, back, stomach), may occur. Nausea, vomiting, chest pain, a sore throat, abdominal pain, and dia... | Marburg hemorrhagic fever (Marburg HF) |
Who is at risk for Marburg hemorrhagic fever (Marburg HF)? ? | People who have close contact with African fruit bats, humans patients, or non-human primates infected with Marburg virus are at risk.
Historically, the people at highest risk include family members and hospital staff who care for patients infected with Marburg virus and have not used proper barrier n... | Marburg hemorrhagic fever (Marburg HF) |
How to diagnose Marburg hemorrhagic fever (Marburg HF) ? | Many of the signs and symptoms of Marburg hemorrhagic fever are similar to those of other more frequent infectious diseases, such as malaria or typhoid fever, making diagnosis of the disease difficult. This is especially true if only a single case is involved.
However, if a person has the early symptoms of Marburg H... | Marburg hemorrhagic fever (Marburg HF) |
What are the treatments for Marburg hemorrhagic fever (Marburg HF) ? | There is no specific treatment for Marburg hemorrhagic fever. Supportive hospital therapy should be utilized, which includes balancing the patient's fluids and electrolytes, maintaining oxygen status and blood pressure, replacing lost blood and clotting factors, and treatment for any complicating infections.
Experim... | Marburg hemorrhagic fever (Marburg HF) |
How to prevent Marburg hemorrhagic fever (Marburg HF) ? | Preventive measures against Marburg virus infection are not well defined, as transmission from wildlife to humans remains an area of ongoing research. However, avoiding fruit bats, and sick non-human primates in central Africa, is one way to protect against infection.
Measures for prevention of secondary, or person-... | Marburg hemorrhagic fever (Marburg HF) |
What is (are) Parasites - Lymphatic Filariasis ? | Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Vector Information | Parasites - Lymphatic Filariasis |
Who is at risk for Parasites - Lymphatic Filariasis? ? | There are three different filarial species that can cause lymphatic filariasis in humans. Most of the infections worldwide are caused by Wuchereria bancrofti. In Asia, the disease can also be caused by Brugia malayi and Brugia timori.
The infection spreads from person to person by mosquito bites. The adult worm li... | Parasites - Lymphatic Filariasis |
How to diagnose Parasites - Lymphatic Filariasis ? | The standard method for diagnosing active infection is the identification of microfilariae in a blood smear by microscopic examination. The microfilariae that cause lymphatic filariasis circulate in the blood at night (called nocturnal periodicity). Blood collection should be done at night to coincide with the appearan... | Parasites - Lymphatic Filariasis |
What are the treatments for Parasites - Lymphatic Filariasis ? | Patients currently infected with the parasite
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) is the drug of choice in the United States. The drug kills the microfilaria and some of the adult worms. DEC has been used world-wide for more than 50 years. Because this infection is rare in the U.S., the drug is no longer approved by the Food... | Parasites - Lymphatic Filariasis |
How to prevent Parasites - Lymphatic Filariasis ? | The best way to prevent lymphatic filariasis is to avoid mosquito bites. The mosquitoes that carry the microscopic worms usually bite between the hours of dusk and dawn. If you live in an area with lymphatic filariasis:
- at night
- sleep in an air-conditioned room or
- sleep under a mosquito... | Parasites - Lymphatic Filariasis |
What are the symptoms of Q Fever ? | Q fever can cause acute or chronic illness in humans, who usually acquire infection after contact with infected animals or exposure to contaminated environments. The acute symptoms caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii usually develop within 2-3 weeks of exposure, although as many as half of humans infected withC.... | Q Fever |
What is (are) Q Fever ? | More detailed information on the diagnosis, management, and treatment of Q fever is available in other sections of this web site and in the materials referenced in the section titled “Further Reading”.
How to Contact the Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch at CDC
The general public and healthcare providers should first c... | Q Fever |
How to prevent Q Fever ? | In the United States, Q fever outbreaks have resulted mainly from occupational exposure involving veterinarians, meat processing plant workers, sheep and dairy workers, livestock farmers, and researchers at facilities housing sheep. Prevention and control efforts should be directed primarily toward these groups and env... | Q Fever |
what is botulism? | Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and sometimes by strains of Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii. There are five main kinds of botulism. Foodborne botulism is caused by eating foods that contain the botulinum toxin... | Botulism |
how common is botulism? | In the United States, an average of 145 cases are reported each year.Of these, approximately 15% are foodborne, 65% are infant botulism, and 20% are wound. Adult intestinal colonization and iatrogenic botulism also occur, but rarely. Outbreaks of foodborne botulism involving two or more persons occur most years and are... | Botulism |
what are the symptoms of botulism? | The classic symptoms of botulism include double vision, blurred vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, and muscle weakness. Infants with botulism appear lethargic, feed poorly, are constipated, and have a weak cry and poor muscle tone. These are all symptoms of the muscle paralysis ... | Botulism |
how is botulism diagnosed? | Physicians may consider the diagnosis if the patient's history and physical examination suggest botulism. However, these clues are usually not enough to allow a diagnosis of botulism. Other diseases such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, stroke, and myasthenia gravis can appear similar to botulism, and special tests may be n... | Botulism |
how can botulism be treated? | The respiratory failure and paralysis that occur with severe botulism may require a patient to be on a breathing machine (ventilator) for weeks or months, plus intensive medical and nursing care. The paralysis slowly improves. Botulism can be treated with an antitoxin which blocks the action of toxin circulating in the... | Botulism |
are there complications from botulism? | Botulism can result in death due to respiratory failure. However, in the past 50 years the proportion of patients with botulism who die has fallen from about 50% to 3-5%. A patient with severe botulism may require a breathing machine as well as intensive medical and nursing care for several months, and some patients di... | Botulism |
how can botulism be prevented? | Many cases of botulism are preventable. Foodborne botulism has often been from home-canned foods with low acid content, such as asparagus, green beans, beets and corn and is caused by failure to follow proper canning methods. However, seemingly unlikely or unusual sources are found every decade, with the common problem... | Botulism |
what are public health agencies doing to prevent or control botulism? | Public education about botulism prevention is an ongoing activity. Information about safe canning is widely available for consumers. Persons in state health departments and at CDC are knowledgeable about botulism and available to consult with physicians 24 hours a day. If antitoxin is needed to treat a patient, it can ... | Botulism |
What is (are) Parasites - Schistosomiasis ? | Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a disease caused by parasitic worms. Infection with Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum causes illness in humans; less commonly, S. mekongi and S. intercalatum can cause disease. Although the worms that cause schistosomiasis are not found in the United Stat... | Parasites - Schistosomiasis |
Who is at risk for Parasites - Schistosomiasis? ? | Schistosomiasis is an important cause of disease in many parts of the world, most commonly in places with poor sanitation. School-age children who live in these areas are often most at risk because they tend to spend time swimming or bathing in water containing infectious cercariae.
If you live in, or travel to, areas ... | Parasites - Schistosomiasis |
How to diagnose Parasites - Schistosomiasis ? | Stool or urine samples can be examined microscopically for parasite eggs (stool for S. mansoni or S. japonicum eggs and urine for S. haematobium eggs). The eggs tend to be passed intermittently and in small amounts and may not be detected, so it may be necessary to perform a blood (serologic) test.
More on: Resour... | Parasites - Schistosomiasis |
What are the treatments for Parasites - Schistosomiasis ? | Safe and effective medication is available for treatment of both urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis. Praziquantel, a prescription medication, is taken for 1-2 days to treat infections caused by all Schistosoma species.
More on: Resources for Health Professionals: Treatment | Parasites - Schistosomiasis |
How to prevent Parasites - Schistosomiasis ? | Prevention
No vaccine is available.
The best way to prevent schistosomiasis is to take the following steps if you are visiting or live in an area where schistosomiasis is transmitted:
- Avoid swimming or wading in freshwater when you are in countries in which schistosomiasis occurs. Swimming in the ... | Parasites - Schistosomiasis |
What is (are) ? | On this Page General Information about VISA/VRSA What is Staphylococcus aureus? How do VISA and VRSA get their names? What should a patient do if they suspect they have a Staph, MRSA, VISA, or VRSA infection? Are VISA and VRSA infections treatable? How can the spread of VISA and VRSA be prevented? What should a person ... | null |
what is staphylococcus aureus? | On this Page General Information about VISA/VRSA What is Staphylococcus aureus? How do VISA and VRSA get their names? What should a patient do if they suspect they have a Staph, MRSA, VISA, or VRSA infection? Are VISA and VRSA infections treatable? How can the spread of VISA and VRSA be prevented? What should a person ... | null |
how can the spread of visa and vrsa be prevented? | On this Page General Information about VISA/VRSA What is Staphylococcus aureus? How do VISA and VRSA get their names? What should a patient do if they suspect they have a Staph, MRSA, VISA, or VRSA infection? Are VISA and VRSA infections treatable? How can the spread of VISA and VRSA be prevented? What should a person ... | null |
what is cdc doing to address visa and vrsa? | On this Page General Information about VISA/VRSA What is Staphylococcus aureus? How do VISA and VRSA get their names? What should a patient do if they suspect they have a Staph, MRSA, VISA, or VRSA infection? Are VISA and VRSA infections treatable? How can the spread of VISA and VRSA be prevented? What should a person ... | null |
how vaccines prevent disease | Why Are Childhood Vaccines So Important? It is always better to prevent a disease than to treat it after it occurs. Diseases that used to be common in this country and around the world, including polio, measles, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), rubella (German measles), mumps, tetanus, rotavirus and Haemophilus ... | null |
Who is at risk for ? ? | Measles: Make Sure Your Child Is Protected with MMR Vaccine Measles starts with a fever. Soon after, it causes a cough, runny nose, and red eyes. Then a rash of tiny, red spots breaks out. Measles can be serious for young children. Learn about protecting your child from measles with MMR vaccine. Protect your child at e... | null |
How to prevent ? | Vaccines and Preventable Diseases On this Page Vaccine Shortages & Delays Potential New Vaccines Vaccines: The Basics FAQ about Vaccines & Diseases they Prevent VACCINE-PREVENTABLE DISEASES OR, find it by Vaccine Anthrax Cervical Cancer Diphtheria Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Human Papi... | null |
what diseases are vaccine preventable | List of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases The following links will lead you to the main page that describes both the disease and the vaccine(s). Vaccines are available for all of the following vaccine-preventable diseases (unless otherwise noted): Anthrax Cervical Cancer (Human Papillomavirus) Diphtheria Hepatitis A Hepatit... | null |
Who is at risk for Nocardiosis? ? | The bacteria that cause nocardiosis are commonly found in soil and water.
You could become sick with nocardiosis if:
- You inhale (breathe in) the bacteria
- Bacteria gets into an open wound or cut
In rare cases, infection can occur during surgical procedures.
Fortunately, nocardiosis... | Nocardiosis |
Who is at risk for Nocardiosis? ? | People with very weak immune (body defense) systems are at risk for getting nocardiosis.
Several diseases and circumstances can cause the immune system to be weak. These include:
- Diabetes
- Cancer
- HIV/AIDS
- Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (an illness that causes the air sacs of the lu... | Nocardiosis |
What are the symptoms of Nocardiosis ? | The symptoms of nocardiosis vary depending on which part of your body is affected.
Nocardiosis infection most commonly occurs in the lung. If your lungs are infected, you can experience:
- Fever
- Weight loss
- Night sweats
- Cough
- Chest pain
- Pneumonia
When lung inf... | Nocardiosis |
What are the treatments for Nocardiosis ? | If you think you might be sick with nocardiosis, talk to your doctor.
He or she can help find out if you have the disease by performing tests that can identify the bacteria that causes nocardiosis.
Testing may involve taking tissue samples from the part of the body that is infected. Tissue samples may include... | Nocardiosis |
What is (are) Parasites - Lice - Head Lice ? | The head louse, or Pediculus humanus capitis, is a parasitic insect that can be found on the head, eyebrows, and eyelashes of people. Head lice feed on human blood several times a day and live close to the human scalp. Head lice are not known to spread disease. | Parasites - Lice - Head Lice |
Who is at risk for Parasites - Lice - Head Lice? ? | In the United States, infestation with head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) is most common among preschool- and elementary school-age children and their household members and caretakers. Head lice are not known to transmit disease; however, secondary bacterial infection of the skin resulting from scratching can occur ... | Parasites - Lice - Head Lice |
How to diagnose Parasites - Lice - Head Lice ? | Misdiagnosis of head lice infestation is common. The diagnosis of head lice infestation is best made by finding a live nymph or adult louse on the scalp or hair of a person.
Because adult and nymph lice are very small, move quickly, and avoid light, they may be difficult to find. Use of a fine-toothed louse comb m... | Parasites - Lice - Head Lice |
What are the treatments for Parasites - Lice - Head Lice ? | General Guidelines
Treatment for head lice is recommended for persons diagnosed with an active infestation. All household members and other close contacts should be checked; those persons with evidence of an active infestation should be treated. Some experts believe prophylactic treatment is prudent for persons wh... | Parasites - Lice - Head Lice |
How to prevent Parasites - Lice - Head Lice ? | Head lice are spread most commonly by direct head-to-head (hair-to-hair) contact. However, much less frequently they are spread by sharing clothing or belongings onto which lice have crawled or nits attached to shed hairs may have fallen. The risk of getting infested by a louse that has fallen onto a carpet or furnitur... | Parasites - Lice - Head Lice |
what is yersiniosis for Yersinia ? | Yersiniosis is an infectious disease caused by a bacterium of the genus Yersinia. In the United States, most human illness is caused by one species, Y. enterocolitica. Infection with Y. enterocolitica can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the age of the person infected. Infection with Y. enterocolitica occurs mo... | Yersinia |
how common is infection with y. enterocolitica for Yersinia ? | Y. enterocolitica is a relatively infrequent cause of diarrhea and abdominal pain. Based on data from the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), which measures the burden and sources of specific diseases over time, approximately one culture-confirmed Y. enterocolitica infection per 100,000 persons oc... | Yersinia |
how can y. enterocolitica infections be diagnosed for Yersinia ? | Y. enterocolitica infections are generally diagnosed by detecting the organism in the stools. Many laboratories do not routinely test for Y. enterocolitica,so it is important to notify laboratory personnel when infection with this bacterium is suspected so that special tests can be done. The organism can also be recove... | Yersinia |
how can y. enterocolitica infections be treated for Yersinia ? | Uncomplicated cases of diarrhea due to Y. enterocolitica usually resolve on their own without antibiotic treatment. However, in more severe or complicated infections, antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, doxycycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or fluoroquinolones may be useful. | Yersinia |
what are public health agencies doing to prevent or control yersiniosis for Yersinia ? | The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) monitors the frequency of Y. enterocolitica infections through the foodborne disease active surveillance network (FoodNet). In addition, CDC conducts investigations of outbreaks of yersiniosis to control them and to learn more about how to prevent these infections. C... | Yersinia |
What is (are) Parasites - Taeniasis ? | Taeniasis in humans is a parasitic infection caused by the tapeworm species Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), and Taenia asiatica (Asian tapeworm). Humans can become infected with these tapeworms by eating raw or undercooked beef (T. saginata) or pork (T. solium and T. asiatica). People wi... | Parasites - Taeniasis |
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