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Dance India Dance
Dance India Dance (also called by the acronym DID; tagline:Dance Ka Asli ID D.I.D.) is an Indian dance competition reality television series that airs on Zee TV, created and produced by Essel Vision Productions. It premiered on 30 January 2009. Here the judges are called Masters and Mithun Chakraborty was called Grand Master (till season 6). Season 7 premiered with a different concept.
The show features a format where dancers from a variety of styles enter open auditions held in Indian metropolitan cities to showcase their unique style and talents and, if allowed to move forward, are then put through mega-audition rounds of auditions to test their ability to adapt to different styles. At the end of mega audition, the top 18 dancers are chosen as finalists who move on to compete in the competition's main phase where they will perform solo, duet and group dance numbers in a variety of styles in competition for the votes of the broadcast viewing audience which, combined with the input of a panel of judges, determine which dancers will advance to the next stage from week to week.
The show features a variety of Indian cultural and international dance styles ranging across a broad spectrum of classical, Contemporary, Bollywood, Hip-hop, Jazz, Kalaripayattu, Salsa, and Musical theatre styles, among others, with many sub-genres within these categories represented. Competitors attempt to master these styles in an attempt to survive successive weeks of elimination and win a cash prize and often other awards, as well as the title of India's Best Dancer. The show is choreographed by Indian choreographers, such as Mudassar Khan, Marzi Pestonji, Tanuj Jaggi and Mini Pradhan. The show has won several television awards for Most Popular Dance Reality Show.
Format
Selection process
The selection process can be further broken down into two distinct stages: the Open Auditions and the second phase referred to as the Mega Auditions.
The Open Auditions take place in 5–6 major Indian cities and are typically open to anyone aged 15–30 at the time of their audition. The cities in which auditions are held vary from season to season but some, such as New Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata have featured in almost every season. During this stage, dancers perform a brief routine (typically individually) before three masters. The masters will then make an on-the-spot decision as to whether the dancer demonstrated enough ability. If the dancer impressed the masters with his/her dancing abilities, masters will award a Hat called Taqdeer Ki Topi (Hat of Destiny), moving them instantly one step forward in the competition.
The second stage of the selection process, the Mega Auditions, is a several-day-long process in which the 100 hopefuls are tested for overall well-rounded dance, stamina, and their ability to perform under pressure. The dancers are put through a battery of rounds which test their ability to pick up various dance styles (typically some of the more well-represented genres that will later be prominent in the competition phase, such as Hip hop, Bollywood, Jazz, Bharat Natyam, Kathak, Mohiniyattam, Odissi and Contemporary). At the end of this process, only the top 36 competitors will be chosen. The top 36 are then again asked to give solo performances, after which 18 are chosen in the final auditions. Then, those top 18 get divided into 3 teams which are named according to the 3 masters of the show such as, Mudassar Ki Mandali, Marzi Ke Mastane and Mini Ke Masterblasters. Each team containing 6 dancers then competes in the show, learning new skills throughout the journey.
Judges
Grand Master Mithun Chakraborty has been being the head judge of the series. When any contestant performs an extra-ordinary performance, Grand Master gives him/her a salute. It's called Grand Salute and it is the highest respect for any contestant here. Every season, 3 Indian choreographers (who are called Coaches) choreograph the contestants and judge them too with Grand Master. The first three seasons were judged by 3 regular judges Master Geeta Kapoor, Master Terence Lewis & Master Remo D'Souza with Grand Master. Then the judges were changed season by season from season 4. When any contestant performs a perfect act, the judges give him/her a special speech which is as respect for the contestant.
List of the judges:
Season details
Series table:
Season 1
First season was started on 30 January 2009. This season was hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Saumya Tandon. The grand finale was aired on 30 May 2009 and winner was Salman Yusuff Khan.
Masters:
Remo D'Souza, his team was named Remo Ke Rangeelay.
Terence Lewis, his team was named Terence Ki Toli.
Geeta Kapoor, her team was named Geeta Ki Gang.
Top 18 Contestants:
Remo Ke Rangeelay:
Salman Yusuff Khan
Prince R. Gupta
Khushboo Purohit
Mangesh Mondal
Bhavana Purohit
Rakhee Sharma
Terence Ki Toli:
Alisha Singh
Jai Kumar Nair
Mayuresh Wadkar
Vrushali Chavan
Kiran Sutavne
Shubho Das
Geeta Ki Gang:
Siddhesh Pai
Sunita Gogoi
Mandakini Jena
Paulson
Nonie Sachdeva
Jigar
Finalists:
Salman Yusuff Khan (from Remo Ke Rangeelay) was the winner.
Alisha Singh (from Terence Ki Toli) was 1st runner-up.
Siddhesh Pai (from Geeta Ki Gang) was 2nd runner-up.
Jai Kumar Nair (from Terence Ki Toli) was 3rd runner-up.
Season 2
Second season was started on 18 December 2009. This season was also hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Saumya Tandon. The grand finale was aired on 23 April 2010 and winner was Shakti Mohan.
Masters:
Remo D'Souza, his team was named Remo Ke Rangeelay.
Terence Lewis, his team was named Terence Ki Toli.
Geeta Kapoor, her team was named Geeta Ki Gang.
Top 21 Contestants:
Remo Ke Rangeelay:
Punit Pathak
Bhavna Khanduja
Nikkitasha Marwaha
Shashank Dogra
Meenu
Naresh Mondal
Terence Ki Toli:
Shakti Mohan
Vandana
Parvez
Ameet
Kunwar Amar
Jack Gill
Kruti Mahesh
Geeta Ki Gang:
Dharmesh Yelande
Amrita Mitra
Binny Sharma
Kishore Aman
Shruti
Tina Pradkar
Altaf
Finalists:
Shakti Mohan (from Terence Ki Toli) was the winner.
Dharmesh Yelande (from Geeta Ki Gang) was 1st runner-up.
Punit Pathak (from Remo Ke Rangeelay) was 2nd runner-up.
Binny Sharma (from Geeta Ki Gang) was 3rd runner-up.
Season 3
Third season was started on 24 December 2011. This season was also hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Saumya Tandon. The grand finale was aired on 21 April 2012 and winner was Rajasmita Kar.
Masters:
Remo D'Souza, his team was named Remo Ke Rangeelay.
Terence Lewis, his team was named Terence Ki Toli.
Geeta Kapoor, her team was named Geeta Ki Gang.
Top 20 Contestants:
Remo Ke Rangeelay:
Sanam Johar
Mohena Singh
Vaibhav Ghuge
Manju Sharma
Hardik Raval
Terence Ki Toli:
Pradeep Gurung
Raghav Juyal
Neerav Balvecha
Sneha Gupta
Piyali Saha
Varoon
Sneha Kapoor
Choto Lohar
Geeta Ki Gang:
Rajasmita Kar
Abheek Banerjee
Paul Marshal
Urvashi Gandhi
Ridhika
Shafeer
Finalists:
Rajasmita Kar (from Geeta Ki Gang) was the winner.
Pradeep Gurung (from Terence Ki Toli) was 1st runner-up.
Raghav Juyal (from Terence Ki Toli) was 2nd runner-up.
Sanam Johar (from Remo Ke Rangeelay) was 3rd runner-up.
Mohena Singh (from Remo Ke Rangeelay) was 4th runner-up.
Season 4
Fourth season was started on 26 October 2013. This season was hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Ishita Sharma. The grand finale was aired on 22 February 2014 and winner was Shyam Yadav.
Masters:
Mudassar Khan, his team was named Mudassar Ki Mandali.
Shruti Merchant, her team was named Shruti Ke Shandar.
Feroz Khan, his team was named Feroz Ki Fauj.
Top 12 Contestants:
Mudassar Ki Mandali:
Shyam Yadav
Swarali Karulkar
Dhiraj Bakshi
Shruti Ke Shandar:
Manan Sachdeva
Sumedh Mudgalkar
Shrishti Jain
Suniketa Bore
Feroz Ki Fauj:
Biki Das
Arundhati Garnaik
Ashutosh Pawar
Sapna Suryawanshi
Chowenlai
Finalists:
Shyam Yadav (from Mudassar Ki Mandali) was the winner.
Manan Sachdeva (from Shruti Ke Shandar) was 1st runner-up.
Biki Das (from Firoz Ki Fauj) was 2nd runner-up.
Sumedh Mudgalkar (from Shruti Ke Shandar) was 3rd runner-up.
Season 5
Fifth season was started on 27 June 2015. This season was hosted by Jay Bhanushali. The grand finale was aired on 10 October 2015 and winner was Proneeta Swargiary.
Masters:
Mudassar Khan, his team was named Mudassar Ki Mandali.
Punit Pathak, his team was named Punit Ke Panthers.
Gaiti Siddiqui, her team was named Gaiti Ke Gangsters.
Top 11 Contestants:
Mudassar Ki Mandali:
Kaushik Mandal
Saddam Hussain Sheikh
Anuradha Iyengar
Vicky Alhat
Punit Ke Panthers:
Proneeta Swargiary
Ashish Vashistha
Sally Sheikh
Pankaj Thapa
Gaiti Ke Gangsters:
Nirmal Tamang
Sahil Adanaya
Anila Rajan
Finalists:
Proneeta Swargiary (from Punit Ke Panthers) was the winner.
Nirmal Tamang (from Gaiti Ke Gangsters) was 1st runner-up.
Sahil Adanaya (from Gaiti Ke Gangsters) was 2nd runner-up.
Kaushik Mandal (from Mudassar Ki Mandali) was 3rd runner-up.
Ashish Vashistha (from Punit Ke Panthers) was 4th runner-up.
Season 6
Sixth season is being aired from 4 November 2017. This season is being hosted by Amruta Khanvilkar and Sahil Khattar.
Masters:
Mudassar Khan, his team is named Mudassar Ki Mandali.
Marzi Pestonji, his team is named Marzi Ke Mastane.
Mini Pradhan, her team is named Mini Ke Masterblasters.
Top Contestants:
Mudassar Ki Mandali:
Shivam Wankhede (Jalgaon)
Paramdeep Singh (Eliminated)
Alphons Chetty (Eliminated)
Daphisha Kharbani (Eliminated)
Ria Chatterjee (Eliminated)
Deepak (Eliminated)
Marzi Ke Mastane:
Sachin Sharma (Faridabad)
Kalpita Kachroo (Eliminated)
punyakar upadhyay (Eliminated)
Shweta warrier (Eliminated)
shweta Sharda (Eliminated)
Rahul Burman (Eliminated)
Mini Ke Masterblasters:
Sanket Gaonkar (Ankola)
Piyush Gurbhele (Nagpur)
Nainika Anasuru (Jharsuguda) (Odisha) (Wildcard Entry)
Sujan Marpa (Eliminated)
Deepak Hulsure (Wildcard Entry) (Eliminated)
Sonal Vichare (Eliminated)
Mitesh Roy (Eliminated)
Sarang Roy (Eliminated)
Top 5 Finalists:
Sanket Gaonkar (Ankola)
Piyush Gurbhele (Nagpur)
Nainika Anasuru (Jharsuguda) (Odisha) (Wildcard Entry)
Sachin Sharma (Faridabad)
Shivam Wankhede (Jalgaon)
Sanket Gaonkar (from Mini Ke Masterblasters) is the winner
Sachin Sharma (from Marzi Ke Mastane) is the first runner up
Piyush Gurbhele (from Mini Ke Masterblasters) is the second runner up
Nainika Anasuru (from Mini Ke Masterblasters) is the third runner up
Shivam Wankhede (from Mudassar Ki Mandali) is fourth runner up
Season 7
Season 7 - Battle of the Champions being aired from 22 June 2019. This season is being hosted by Karan Wahi.
Judges
Kareena Kapoor Khan
Bosco Martis
Raftaar
Karishma Kapoor - Guest Judge for Episodes 7,8,19 & 20
Malaika Arora - Guest Judge for Episodes 11 and 12
Zones Coaches
Paul Marshal (West Ke Singhams)
Pranshu & Kuldeep (Lyrical) (2nd Runner-Up)Akshay Pal (Popping) (4th Runner-Up)Saakshi & Shambhavi (Freestyle) (Eliminated on 11 August 2019)Akash & Suraj (Freestyle) (Eliminated on 18 August 2018)Kings Squad (Hip-Hop) (Eliminated on 1 September 2019)Mansi Dhruv (Bollywood) (Eliminated on 22 September 2019)
Palden Lama Mawroh/Nirmal Tamang (East Ke Tigers)
Mukul Gain (Contemporary) (3rd Runner-Up)Nrutya Naivedya (Odissi) (Eliminated on 7 July 2019)Pop & Flex (Popping) (Eliminated on 14 July 2019)M.D. Hasan (B-Boying) (Eliminated on 28 July 2019)Richika Sinha (Contemporary) (Eliminated on 8 September 2019)
Bhawna Khanduja (North Ke Nawabs)
Unreal Crew (Tuttmation - Tutting and Animation) (Winner)Malka Praveen (Hip-Hop and Freestyle) (Eliminated on 21 July 2019)Hardik Rawat (Contemporary and Hip-Hop) (Withdrew Due to Injury on 28 July 2019) N-House Crew (Freestyle) (Eliminated on 22 September 2019)
Sneha Kapoor (South Ke Thalaiwa)
I Am Hip-Hop (Hip-Hop) (Runner-Up)Ramya & Bhaskar (Freestyle) (Eliminated on 7 July 2019)Loyala Dream Team (Hip-Hop and Urban Choreography) (Eliminated on 14 July 2019)Anil & Tejas (Freestyle) (Eliminated on 21 July 2019)The Soul Queens (Bollywood and Hip-Hop) (Eliminated on 25 August 2019)
Spin-offs
Li'l Masters
The first season of DID L'il Masters was judged by Farah Khan and Sandip Soparrkar. The four skippers and their teams were: Dharmesh ke Dhinchak, Jai ke Jhatang-Fatang, Vrushali ke Dhum-Dhadake and Amrita ke Aflatoon. Jeetumoni Kalita from Dharmesh ke Dhinchak was declared winner of the first season of Dance India Dance L'il Masters. Atul Banmoria was the 1st runner-up and Vaishnavi Patil was the 2nd runner-up, Sonik Chauhan from Delhi got the best performer award from Finalist and Tiyash Saha (Wild Card Entry) from Kolkata (Neerav ke Ninjas) got the 5th position and most entertaining participant of the Season, Ritika and Pallavi got 6th position.
DID L'il Masters 2 was judged by Master Geeta and Master Marzi. The four skippers and their teams were Prince ke Paltan, Raghav ke Rockstars, Kruti ke Krackers and Neerav ke Ninjas. 5 contestants, Jeet, Om, Faisal, Rohan and Saumya entered the grand finale. Faisal Khan, from Prince ke Paltan, was declared as the winner of the second season. Om Chetry, Rohan Parkale and Saumya Rai came second, third and fourth respectively.
The third season began broadcasting on 1 March 2014. Geeta Kapoor, Ahmad Khan, and Mudassar Khan were judges, along with Sanam Johar, Raghav Crockroaz Juyal/ Omkar Shinde, Rahul Shetty and Paul Marshal Cardoz and Swarali Karulkar, as skippers. The teams were Raghav/Omkar ke Rockstar, Sanam ke Superheroes, Rahul and Paul ke Rapchik Punters and Swarali ke Sparklers. Teriya Magar from Nepal was declared the winner, and Anushka Chetry became the 1st runner-up. Sadhwin Shetty was the 2nd runner-up.
DID Li'l Masters returned with its 4th season after 4 years. It began broadcasting on 3 March 2018. Marzi Pestonji, Chitrangnda Singh and Siddharth Anand are the judges along with Vaishnavi Patil, Jitumoni Kalita, Tanay Malhara and Bir Radha Sherpa as the skippers. The teams are Vaishnavi Ke Veer, Jitumoni ke Janbaaz, Tanay ke Tigers and Bir ke Baahubali. Jiya Thakur from Vaishnavi ke Veer wins the title. Urva Bhavsar from Jitumoni ke Janbaaz is the first runner up followed by Tamman Gamnu from Bir ke Baahubali.
Dance India Dance L'il Masters North America Edition - Auditions were conducted in April 2014 with over 10,000 contestants auditioning from all across the US, Canada and Europe. Out of them 10 contestants were chosen and were flown to Mumbai, India to compete in the finals. The winner was Akhil and the second winner was Avantika Vandanapu.
Doubles
The shows consisted of 12 finalist couples. The Grand Finale was scheduled for filming 7 April 2011 at the Andheri Sports Complex for broadcast on 9 April 2011. Amit and Falon were voted the winners of the season.
Super Moms
Mithu Chowdhury from Kolkata was declared the winner of Dance India Dance Super Moms 2013 Season, and Cecille Rodrigues from Goa was the 1st runner-up, and Shraddha Shah Raj from Surat was the 2nd runner-up.
The second season started in March 2015.
Harpreet Khatri who hails from Mumbai was announced the winner of Dance India Dance Super Moms Season 2 in 2015. Season 2 was anchored by popular TV actor Karan Wahi. Season 2 was judged by Geeta Kapoor, Govinda, and Terence Lewis.
Special shows
Dance Ke Superstars
Dance Ke Superstars featured contestants from the first two seasons to compete against each other. The show was judged by choreographers Remo D'Souza and Shiamak Davar, and featured a guest judge every week. Team Jalwa, the Season 2 DID contestants, won the series.
Dance Ke Superkids
Dance ke Superkids- Battle of the Baaps! featured contestants from the first two seasons of DID L'iL Masters. It was judged by Geeta Kapoor, Farah Khan and Marzi Pestonji and hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Shreya Acharya. Team Yahoo, also known as DID L'il Masters Season 2, was led by Captain Raghav Juyal and choreographers: Kruti Mahesh and Prince Gupta. They won the competition with Faisal Khan, Soumya Rai, Rohan Parkale, Om Chetri, Jeet Das, Shalini Moitra and Tanay Malhara dancing their way to victory. Team Wakao, also known as DID L'il Masters Season 1, was led by Captain Dharmesh Yelande and choreographers: Mayuresh Vadkar and Vrushali Chavan; with dancing contestants: Jeetumoni Kalita, Vatsal Vithlani, Ruturaj Mahalim, Vaishnavi Patil, Atul Banmoria, Anurag Sarmah and Khyati Patel. The team fell just short of victory but thoroughly celebrated their time on the show all the same.
Dance Ka Tashan
DID Dance Ka Tashan featured contestants from Dance India Dance Super Moms competing against contestants from Dance India Dance L'il Masters 2. The show aired in November 2013 and was judged by choreographer Ahmed Khan and Geeta Kapoor and hosted by TV actor Rithvik Dhanjani and India's Best Dramebaaz, Nihar. The show was won by Team Todu, the DID L'il Masters Season 2 contestants, Faisal, Soumya, Rohan, Om, Shalini, Deep, Tanay, Jeet and Shreya.
Notes
References
External links
ZEE TV Official Channel
Category:Dance India Dance
Category:2009 Indian television series debuts
Category:Zee TV television series
Category:Frames Production series
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Hello (Kelly Clarkson song)
"Hello" is a song by American recording artist Kelly Clarkson, from her fifth studio album, Stronger (2011). Written by Clarkson, Josh Abraham, Oliver Goldstein, and Bonnie McKee, with production by Abraham and Oligee, "Hello" is a midtempo rock song about searching for companionship in hopes of not being lonely, in which the singer asks, "Hello? Is anybody listening?"
Upon its release, "Hello" was received with positive reception from music critics, who regarded it as a vocal highlight of Stronger. Boosted by digital sales during the album's release, the song entered the South Korean Singles Chart at number 47. Clarkson has also performed it a limited live performance during her Stronger Tour in 2012.
Release and composition
"Hello" was written by Kelly Clarkson Josh Abraham, Oliver Goldstein, and Bonnie McKee, with Abraham and Goldstein (as Ollgee) handling the song's production. During the summer of 2011, Clarkson and McKee had collaborated on tracks such as "Hello" and "Alone", intending it to be recorded for Clarkson's fifth studio album, Stronger, which was released on October of that same year. An acoustic version of the "Hello" was included as the opening track of her first extended play, The Smoakstack Sessions (2011).
Written in the key of E minor, "Hello" is a midtempo rock song with guitar chords and its hand claps. According to the sheet music published by Kobalt Music Publishing, Clarkson's voice range featured in the song spans from A3 to E5. Jarett Wieselman of omg! Insider noted that its chord progression is similar to Katy Perry's single "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" (2011), a track also written by McKee.
Critical response
"Hello" has received positive reviews from music critics. Jason Lipshutz of Billboard described it as "a slightly more rugged track that finds its groove in the chorus. The handclaps on the bridge are a nice touch" and added that the song "is gonna be a killer in concert." Seattle Post-Intelligencers Jason Scott described "Hello" as a "Fun" and "cool" track. He compared it to tracks recorded on All I Ever Wanted (2009) and noted that the track relies "solely on the "O" vowel to tell a story. "Ignorance isn't wise, but it beats being alone," Clarkson sings before asking if anybody is listening. We hear you loud and clear!" Brian Mansfield of USA Today considered "Hello" as a vocal highlight of Stronger, he wrote in his review: "this rock tune sounds happier than its lyrics, which depict Kelly as feeling alone even when she's not by herself." Sam Lansky of PopCrush compared it to "Mr. Know It All", and described it as a '90s throwback. He wrote, definitely works, especially with the hooky chorus and heartbroken ferocity of the bridge: "Holding onto the memories of when I, I didn't know / Ignorance isn't wise but it beats being alone." Ryan Pearson of The Huffington Post noted that "there is an undertone of loneliness and sadness coursing throughout, including some downbeat lyrics co-written by Clarkson herself. "Hello, is anybody listening? Won't somebody show me that I'm not alone," she sings on "Hello"."
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the Stronger liner notes.
Recording
Recorded by Ryan Williams at Pulse Recording, Los Angeles, California
Personnel
Vocals – Kelly Clarkson
Drums – Felix Bloxsom
Engineer – Ryan Williams
Producer – Josh Abraham, Oligee
Vocal producer – Jason Halbert
Songwriting – Kelly Clarkson, Josh Abraham, Oliver Goldstein, Bonnie McKee
Charts
References
External links
Category:2011 songs
Category:Kelly Clarkson songs
Category:Songs written by Kelly Clarkson
Category:Songs written by Bonnie McKee
Category:Songs written by Oliver Goldstein
Category:Songs written by Josh Abraham
Category:Song recordings produced by Josh Abraham
Category:Songs about loneliness
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Richard England
Richard England may refer to:
Richard England (cyclist) (born 1981), Australian racing cyclist
Richard England (architect) (born 1937), Maltese architect, writer, artist and academic
Sir Richard England (British Army officer, born 1793) (1793–1883), British Army general
Richard England (British Army officer, died 1812) (1750–1812), British Army officer and Lieutenant-Governor of Plymouth
See also
King Richard (disambiguation)
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Fashion Design Council of Canada
The Fashion Design Council of Canada (FDCC) is a non-government, not-for-profit organization co-founded in 1999 by Pat McDonagh and Robin Kay. Their mission is to showcase Canadian fashion design nationally and internationally as well as introducing foreign designers to local Canadian markets. The FDCC aims to connect "designers, media, buyers, sponsors, and industry."
The current president of the FDCC is one of the founders Robin Kay. Joe Mimran, fashion designer best known for creating Club Monaco and Joe Fresh, is the current chairman of FDCC's board of directors. The FDCC's head office is currently located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
The FDCC is best known for launching Toronto Fashion Week.
Robin Kay
Robin Kay was born in 1950 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Kay began her career in 1976 as a fashion designer and a clothing retailer. Kay's chain of stores, which are named after her, became well known for their knitwear apparel. In 1999, Kay "lost the business to the Canadian firm Wing Son Garments, which she had taken on as a partner. In 2000, Kay was diagnosed with breast cancer.
Fashion week acquisition by IMG
On August 9, 2012, the Fashion Design Council of Canada announced that they had sold Toronto's World MasterCard Fashion Week to the global media business IMG. In a press release, Robin Kay said, "I am confident that the time is right for IMG to take World MasterCard Fashion Week to the next level." As a result of the change of ownership, Robin Kay stepped down from her position as Toronto Fashion Week executive director. Senior vice president and managing director of IMG Fashion Events and Properties, Peter Levy, states that Kay will still play a role in consulting.
References
External links
Official website.
Category:Culture of Toronto
Category:1999 establishments in Ontario
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East Reading
East Reading is a main locality (or informal subdivision) of the town of Reading in the English county of Berkshire. Its centre is known as Cemetery Junction, after Reading Old Cemetery.
Extent
The locality has no formal boundaries; the name is generally used to refer to the area within the borough boundaries to the east of the commercial centre, next to and to the south of the canalised River Kennet, north of Whitley, west of Earley and east of Katesgrove. As such it includes the relatively densely populated area of Newtown, as well as the areas around London Road and Earley Road, Cemetery Junction and Wokingham Road as far as the borough boundary at The Three Tuns.
The locality is in the borough of Reading, including all of Park ward together with parts of Abbey, and Redlands wards. East Reading is currently in the Reading East parliamentary constituency.
Education
The University of Reading's London Road Campus are narrowly within the localitity's western boundary, whilst the University's main Whiteknights Campus is on the southern boundary. Both Reading College and the Thames Valley University are squarely within the informal confines, as is Reading School.
Architecture
The oldest building in the area is Watlington House, whilst the area includes other non-ecclesiastical buildings set among the rarest 0.1% nationally by listing at grade II* or above, such as Royal Berkshire Hospital and Albion Terrace.
Transport
Reading Buses operate frequent bus services along the London Road which transforms to Wokingham Road, including to the Royal Berkshire Hospital.
East Reading MRT
East Reading Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) is a proposed elevated bus, cycle and pedestrian route. If built, it will link a new park and ride site at Thames Valley Park, in Wokingham District, to Napier Road in Reading. There has been much local opposition to the plan and planning permission for it was refused by Wokingham District Council for a second time on 12 December 2018.
References
External links
Category:Places in Greater Reading
Category:Suburbs of Reading, Berkshire
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Kang Sung-hoon (golfer)
Kang Sung-hoon (born 4 June 1987), also known as Sung Kang, is a South Korean professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour. He won the 2019 AT&T Byron Nelson, his first win on the PGA Tour.
Amateur career
In April 2006 Kang won the SBS Lotte Skyhill Open, the opening event of the Korean Tour season. Later in the month he played in the 2006 Bonallack Trophy in New Zealand, representing Asia/Pacific against Europe. In October he represented South Korea in the 2006 Eisenhower Trophy in South Africa. The team finished 5th while Kang had the 6th best individual score. He was also the gold medalist at the 2006 Asian Games, which exempted him from mandatory military service.
Professional career
Kang turned professional in 2007 and joined the Korean Tour. He first gained international prominence in 2009 when he lost in a playoff for the Ballantine's Championship, a tournament co-sanctioned by the Korean Tour, the European Tour and the Asian Tour. In 2010 Kang won for his first Korean Tour event as a professional at the Eugene Securities Open, and ended the season by finished tied for 16th place in the PGA Tour qualifying school to gain a place on the tour for 2011.
In May 2011, Kang lost a playoff for the BMW Charity Pro-Am on the Nationwide Tour. The following month, he qualified for the U. S. Open, his first major, and finished in a tie for 39th. Kang retained his PGA Tour card for 2012, helped by finishing tied for third place at the Children's Miracle Network Classic, ending the season 120th on the money list. In October 2011 he was a runner-up in the Shinhan Donghae Open, a Korean Tour event, finishing a stroke behind Paul Casey. 2012 was a much less successful season and he failed to retain his place on the tour.
Kang played on the Web.com Tour from 2013 to 2015. In October 2013 he won two tournaments in Korea in successive weeks, the CJ Invitational and the Kolon Korea Open. He did not win on the Web.com Tour but was runner-up in the Utah Championship in both 2014 and 2015, losing in a playoff in 2015 to Patton Kizzire. He finished 2015 in 22nd place in the Web.com Tour regular season standings to earn a return to the PGA Tour for 2016.
Since 2016 Kang has played on the PGA Tour. At the 2016 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, Kang shot a course record 60 during the second round at the Monterrey Peninsula course. This took him into a share of the lead moving into the weekend: he finished the tournament tied for 17th. The following two weeks he finished in the top 10 in the Northern Trust Open and The Honda Classic.
In April 2017, Kang took a three shot lead into the final round of the Shell Houston Open, the first time in his career he had held the 54-hole lead in a PGA Tour event. He finished second to Russell Henley. Two weeks later a good result in the RBC Heritage moved him into the top-100 of the world rankings for the first time, receiving an entry to the 2017 PGA Championship. He also finished tied for 5th in the Quicken Loans National, one of the Open Qualifying Series, to get an entry to the 2017 Open Championship. He tied for 44th place in both his 2017 major appearances.
In July 2018, Kang was involved in a rules controversy at the Quicken Loans National tournament when he was accused of cheating by his playing partner Joel Dahmen. On the dogleg-left 566-yard par-5 10th hole, Kang's second shot landed in the hazard left of the green. After a short search, a spotter located Kang's ball some 5 to 8 yards into the hazard. There was no way Kang could play the ball. Instead, he began pointing to the spot at which he thought it had entered the hazard; nearly pin-high. Because the 10th hole is a dogleg left with a hazard all the way down the left side, Kang's ball would have needed to re-cross the hazard nearer the green in order to earn the drop he was requesting. The exact line his ball had taken en route to its final resting place thus came under careful scrutiny. There was a discussion with a rules official, Dahmen and Kang which reached an impasse as another group played through. After further discussion, Kang conceded that his ball more likely crossed the hazard 35 yards from the pin rather than his first suggestion. Kang dropped the ball at a point 37 yards from the hole, hit his approach to 17 feet, and holed the putt for a par. Later that night, Dahmen accused Kang of cheating on Twitter. The PGA Tour released a statement indicating that they regarded the issue as closed: "With no clear evidence to prove otherwise, it was determined by the official that Kang could proceed with his fourth shot as intended, following a penalty stroke and subsequent drop. The PGA Tour will have no additional comment on this matter." Kang finished third in the event, his best result of the season, and earned a place in the field for the 2018 Open Championship, while Dahmen finished T23.
In May 2019, Kang won the AT&T Byron Nelson for his first PGA Tour victory in his 159th start. He matched the course record with a 10-under 61 in the second round, and matched the tournament record with a 23-under 261 total.
Personal life
Kang and his wife, Kang So-young, have a son.
Professional wins (5)
PGA Tour wins (1)
Asian Tour wins (1)
1Co-sanctioned by the Korean Tour
Asian Tour playoff record (0–1)
Korean Tour wins (4)
1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour
2Co-sanctioned by OneAsia Tour
Playoff record
European Tour playoff record (0–1)
Results in major championships
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied
Results in World Golf Championships
Team appearances
Amateur
Eisenhower Trophy (representing South Korea): 2006
Bonallack Trophy (representing Asia/Pacific): 2006
Professional
EurAsia Cup (representing Asia): 2018
See also
2010 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
2015 Web.com Tour Finals graduates
References
External links
Category:South Korean male golfers
Category:PGA Tour golfers
Category:Asian Tour golfers
Category:Korn Ferry Tour graduates
Category:Asian Games medalists in golf
Category:Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea
Category:Golfers at the 2006 Asian Games
Category:Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
Category:Yonsei University alumni
Category:Sportspeople from Jeju Province
Category:1987 births
Category:Living people
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Seyoum Mengesha
Seyoum Mengesha KBE (Amharic: ሥዩም መንገሻ ; 21 June 1887 – 15 December 1960) was an army commander and a member of the royal family of the Ethiopian Empire.
Birth - 1935
Le'ul Ras Seyoum Mengesha was born on 24 June 1886 (1879 in the Ethiopian calendar) in the town of Agawmedir (Zimbriee), in the province of Gojjam to his mother Woizero Kafay, daughter of Ras Wale Betul Abba Tattan, Viceroy of Tigray. His father was Ras Mangasha Yohannes, the son of Emperor Yohannes IV of Ethiopia, from the royal house of Tigray. It is known that in his teenage years (1902-1910), Le'ul Ras Seyoum moved with his family from Gojjam to Tigray. (GebreSellasie 2000). His father, Ras Mangasha Yohannes was the "natural" son and heir of Emperor Yohannes IV. Because of his descent, Le'ul Ras Seyoum Mangasha was a rival to Emperor Menelik II, who had risen from ruling Shewa Province to become the Emperor upon Yohannes' death.
Le'ul Ras Seyoum wed Woizero Tewabech. Tewabech was the daughter of Negus Mikael of Wollo and the sister of Lij Iyasu. Mikael was later honoured with the title of Negus and Iyasu was the uncrowned Emperor of Ethiopia.
Ras Seyoum fathered several children from various wives. With his first wife, Woizero Tewabech he had Leult Wolete Israel Seyum who herself married the Crown Prince, Asfaw Wossen. By a previous marriage he had Woizero-Hoy Kebbedech Seyum. By a subsequent marriage he had Leul Mangasha Seyum. In the period 1928-1929 following a long and romantic courtship with Princess Atsede Asfaw Darge from the royal house of Shoa, the couple married and remained devoted until Le'ul Ras Seyoum's death during the coup of 1960.
From 1910 to 1935, Le'ul Ras Seyoum Mengesha was the Shum of western Tigray Province. Traditionally the governors of the provinces commanded the provincial Sefari in battle.
In the spring of 1924, LeulRas Seyoum Mengesha, Ras Hailu Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam Province, Ras Mulugeta Yeggazu of Illubabor Province, Ras Makonnen Endelkachew, and Blattengeta Heruy Welde Sellase accompanied Ras Tafari Makonnen of Shewa Province on his European tour. Tafari Makonnen was the Crown Prince and Enderase of Ethiopia and was not yet crowned as Emperor Haile Selassie I. The group of Ethiopian royalty visited Jerusalem, Cairo, Alexandria, Brussels, Amsterdam, Stockholm, London, Geneva, and Athens. With them they took six lions which were presented to various zoos and dignitaries. In the same year, Seyum Mangasha was awarded the Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE).
Commander of the Army of Tigre
From October 1935 to February 1936, as Ras during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Le'ul Ras Seyoum Mengesha commanded the Army of Tigre. When General Emilio De Bono initially invaded Ethiopia, he was ordered to stay a day's march away from the advancing Italians. Le'ul Ras Seyoum and forces under his command played significant roles in the Ethiopian Christmas Offensive, the First Battle of Tembien, and the Second Battle of Tembien. For seven long months, Le'ul Ras Seyoum and his army from Tigray were the only force preventing the Italians from invading Ethiopia from Eritrea, and it was not until 1936 when the fighting moved to Maitcho that the emperor sent reinforcements to assist Le'ul Ras Seyoum and his men. The subsequent failure of the Ethiopian forces to prevent the Italians from invading, resulted in Le'ul Ras Seyoum and a small contingent of Ethiopian nobility being taken to Italy as prisoners of war.
Le'ul Ras Seyoum, his wife Princess Atsede Asfaw and youngest child, son Dejasmatch Mengesha Seyoum were accompanied by close family members during their two-year captivity as Prisoners of War. Their Italian captors accorded the family decent treatment and it was during this time that Le'ul Ras Seyoum and the Duke of Aosta developed a friendship that would later aid the return of Le'ul Ras Seyoum and his family to Ethiopia upon the appointment of the Duke as Viceroy to Ethiopia. Furthermore, his friendship with the Viceroy enabled Le'ul Ras Seyoum to play an influential role in securing the release of 3,000 Ethiopian POWs being held in Italian Somaliland.
In the period leading to the Italian withdrawal from Ethiopia, when Britain had committed forces to assist Ethiopia to liberate herself from Italian occupation, Le'ul Ras Seyoum led an army of 70,000 from Tigray in the fight to free the northern provinces from Italian forces. In 1940, following the complete liberation of Ethiopia from Italian occupation, he returned to the Capital Addis Abeba where he was formally re-appointed 'Teklay Gejee of Tigray' (Governor of Tigray Province), and remained in Addis Abeba until 1941 when he was given leave to return to Tigray until the 'Woyane Rebellion' which resulted in his return to the capital, Addis Abeba where he resided under a form of 'house arrest'.
Italian occupation of Ethiopia. He spent much of his time under "house arrest" in Addis Ababa. Tigray Province. Emperor Haile Selassie held Ras Seyum in very deep regard, and depended on him as a senior advisor. He was a member of the Crown Council from 1945 until his death.
Woyane Rebellion
In 1943, the "Woyane Rebellion" broke out in southern and eastern Tigre Province and Ras Seyoum was suspected of supporting the rebels. As a consequence, he was recalled to Addis Ababa and replaced by Fitawrari Kifle Dadi and Dejazmach Fikre Selassie Ketema as well as General Tedla Mekeonen and General Isayas Gebre Selassie as the Commander of the Army in Tigray.
In 1947, Le'ul Ras Seoyum Mengesha was made Shum of eastern Tigray as well as western Tigray. This was because of the treason of the son of the late Ras Gugsa Araya Selassie, Dejazmach Haile Selassie Gugsa. In 1935, Haile Selassie Gugsa had defected to the Italians during the early days of the war. The Italians had made much propaganda use out of the fact that Haile Selassie Gugsa was the husband of Leult Zenebework Haile Selassie and therefore Haile Selassie's son-in-law. As a result, Ras Seyoum Mangasha was Shum of all Tigray Province, which he held until 1960.
Death
In December 1960, the Imperial Guard (Kebur Zabangna) launched a coup d'état and seized power in Ethiopia while the Emperor was on a visit to Brazil. The coup leaders compelled the Crown Prince to read a prepared radio statement. In the statement, he accepted the crown in his father's place and announced a government of reform. However, the regular Army and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church both refused to accept the new government. The leader of the church, Patriarch Abuna Basilios, issued an anathema against all those who cooperated with the coup leaders. The Emperor returned to Ethiopia and the Army stormed the palace where members of the government were being held prisoner by the Imperial Guards. The Guards fled, but not before killing many members of the government and the nobility that had been held prisoner in the Green Salon of the palace. Leul Ras Seyoum was among those who were machine gunned to death, he was 74 years old and was buried in Axum.
Aftermath
Le'ul Ras Mengesha Seyoum, as son and heir of the late Le'ul Ras Seyoum Mengesha, inherited his father's legacy in representing the Tigrean Royal House of Yohannes IV.
Honours
National honours
Grand Collar and Chain of the Order of Solomon.
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Seal of Solomon.
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Ethiopia.
Grand Officer of the Order of Menelik II.
Grand Officer of the Order of the Holy Trinity.
Foreign honours
: Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (8 July 1924).
: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Black Star (16 May 1924).
: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Gregory the Great (19 May 1924).
: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau (24 May 1924).
: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star (10 June 1924).
: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (1924).
: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer.
: Grand Officer of the Order of the Legion of Honour.
See also
Monarchies of Ethiopia
Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles
List of field marshals
List of honorary British Knights
Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen - Son-in-law
Aberra Kassa - Son-in-law
Aida Desta - Daughter-in-law
Stefanos Mangasha Seyum - Grandson of Seyum Mangasha and son of Mangasha Seyum
Notes
Footnotes
Citations
References
Category:1887 births
Category:1960 deaths
Category:Ethiopian nobility
Category:Ethiopian Royal Family
Category:Ethiopian princes
Category:Ethiopian military personnel
Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Category:Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Seal of Solomon
Category:Recipients of the Order of Solomon
Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Ethiopia
Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau
Category:Recipients of the Order of Menelik II
Category:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star
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Já jsem Stěna smrti
Já jsem Stěna smrti is a 1978 Czechoslovak film. The film starred Josef Kemr.
References
External links
Category:1978 films
Category:Czechoslovak films
Category:Czech-language films
Category:Czech films
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Rocher de la Tournette
The Rocher de la Tournette (or, simply, 'La Tournette') is a prominent rocky point on the icy summit ridge of Mont Blanc between the Petite Bosse and the summit. The highest point lies at above sea level, and can be most easily reached on an ascent of Mont Blanc via the Goûter Route.
Whilst not sufficiently isolated from other summits to be regarded by the UIAA as one of the 82 primary 4000 metre summits of the Alps, the organisation does nevertheless include Rocher de la Tournette on its 'Enlarged list of lesser summits'. This list defines a further 46 such points of secondary mountaineering or morphological interest, of which the Rocher de la Tournette is the highest.
The shoulder of this rocky subsidiary summit offers a remote mountaineering route from the Quintino Sella Hut. Known as the Tournette Spur (fr: l’éperon de la Tournette), it enables the final 'Bosses Ridge' section of the Goûter Route to be reached from the Italian side of Mont Blanc. This infrequently climbed route is nowadays graded AD on the adjectival climbing scale and was first climbed on 2 July 1872 by T Kennedy, J Carrel and J Fischer. The first winter ascent of the Tournette Spur was made by the three Sella brothers and their guides, including Emile Rey on 5 January 1888.
Air crash site
The Lockheed Constellation Malabar Princess (Air India Flight 245) crashed on November 3, 1950, near the Rocher de la Tournette, with 48 passengers and crew members, a tragedy that inspired the 1952 novel La Neige en deuil (The Snow in mourning) of Henri Troyat (adapted to the cinema in 1956), then the movie Malabar Princess in 2004.
A second accident occurred on 24 January 1966, of the Boeing 707 Kangchenjunga Bombay-New York (Air India Flight 101), which also struck the outcrop in the same sector. In 2013 this crash inspired a novel by Marc Levy, Un sentiment plus fort que la peur (A feeling stronger than fear, English translation 2013, also under the title Stronger than Fear).
See also
Top of the Mont Blanc
References
Category:Mountains of the Alps
Category:Mont Blanc
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Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice
Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice is a dark fantasy action-adventure game developed and published by the British video game development studio Ninja Theory. Inspired by Norse mythology and Celtic culture, the game follows Senua, a Pict warrior who must make her way to Helheim by defeating otherworldly entities and facing their challenges, in order to rescue the soul of her dead lover from the goddess Hela. It was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation 4 in August 2017, Xbox One in April 2018, and Nintendo Switch in April 2019. Hellblade features support for virtual reality, which was added in a 2018 update.
Self-described as an "independent AAA game", Hellblade was created by a team of approximately twenty developers led by writer and director Tameem Antoniades. The game blends several genres, including hack and slash, puzzle solving, and psychological horror. Voice acting is an integral part of the game, while its cutscenes combine motion capture by Melina Juergens, and live action performances by other actors. The game's narrative serves as a metaphor for the character's struggle with psychosis, as Senua, who suffers from the condition but believes it to be a curse, is haunted by an entity known as the "Darkness", voices in her head known as "Furies", and memories from her past. To properly represent psychosis, developers worked closely with neuroscientists, mental health specialists, and people suffering from the condition.
Hellblade was a commercial success and was well-received by critics, who praised it as a work of art and applauded its uncommon choice of revolving around psychosis, the quality and uniqueness of its approach of the condition, and its story and main character. Its overall presentation, along with Juergens' performance, were also considered superior in quality to what independent games usually provide, although its gameplay and other elements received some criticism. The game sold over a million copies across all platforms by June 2018. A sequel, Senua's Saga: Hellblade II, was announced at The Game Awards 2019.
Gameplay
Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice is divided in two types of gameplay: the first allows Senua to walk freely and interact with her surroundings. Those parts focus on either story via voiceover, as Senua travels from one location to another, or the resolution of a puzzle or challenge of some kind to progress further. She can use a capacity known as "focus", in reference to her tendency to see things differently from other people due to her condition, to trigger puzzle-related events. If she uses her focus on totems hidden throughout the game, it triggers a memory via voice-over of her friend Druth telling her of the stories of the Norsemen; activating all forty-four of them triggers a bonus cutscene shortly before the game's climax, that extends on Druth's backstory. Several areas feature their own exclusive mechanics or trials, such as reaching a safe zone in time before Senua dies, or using the focus ability to modify the structure of her surroundings.
In addition, Hellblade features fights against malformed representations of Northmen who block her progression, including occasional bosses. During those fights, Senua has her sword drawn out, and is turned towards one of her enemies, on which the camera is automatically focused; she can use two kind of attacks, quick or heavy, kick an enemy to prevent it from blocking her attacks, parry, or dodge. She can also charge the opponent she is focusing on, to either get closer or directly attack or kick it. If she parries or dodges enough, she can use her focus ability in battle to move faster than her enemies or dissipate the shadows some of them are made of, which makes them impervious to regular attacks. Once she obtains Gramr, Senua can charge her heavy attacks for additional damage and parries more efficiently, both of which can allow her to use her focus ability. If Senua suffers a strong hit, or several hits in a row, she falls to the ground, and the player must press the corresponding button repeatedly as fast as possible before an enemy deals her a fatal blow; if she does not get back up in time, she dies. The closer she is to death, the more difficult it is for her to get back up; she can also die from a regular hit, if she was already very close to death.
Hellblade does not feature any heads-up display or tutorials. Instead, Druth, Furies, or the Darkness, provide audio indications on game mechanics, and how to progress through levels and puzzles. The Furies provide Senua advice in battle, notably warning her if an enemy is attacking from her back. They react when Senua takes damage, and panic heavily if she is close to death: how nervous they are when she takes a hit is representative of how much damage she can still take. The nature of most apparitions, events witnessed, or voices heard, is purposely left unclear, and can be interpreted as either an actual apparition by a spirit, a memory of Senua, or a trick created by the Darkness or one of the deceptive creatures she has to face. As such, the clues given during the game are not always reliable, except for Druth's: certain Furies try to demotivate Senua, or give false indications such as telling her she took the wrong way, or that she is walking into a trap. Another core mechanic is the possibility of permadeath, which is meant to delete the player's save data after they surpass a number of deaths.
Plot
Set in the late 8th century, the game starts with Senua (Melina Juergens), a Pict warrior from Orkney arriving at the border of Helheim in a quest to save the soul of her dead lover, Dillion (Oliver Walker), from the goddess Hela. Senua believes she suffers from a curse and hears "Furies", voices in her head commenting her every action, notably one, the Narrator (Chipo Chung), who is aware of the player's presence and talks to them. She is followed by the Darkness (Steven Hartley), a dark entity at the core of the curse. She carries Dillion's severed head to use it as a vessel to his soul and is guided by her memories of the stories of Druth (Nicholas Boulton), a former slave of the Norsemen well-versed in their legends, now deceased, who became her friend and mentor during a year-long self-imposed exile. To enter Helheim, Senua defeats both the fire giant Surt and the spirit of illusions Valravn, but as she crosses the bridge to Helheim, she is attacked by Hela, who defeats her with a single blow, shattering her sword. Barely surviving the encounter, she follows visions of Druth and a man-shaped light she believes to be Dillion to a great tree where she faces four challenges linked to her past and is rewarded with the legendary sword Gramr, strong enough to kill gods.
Meanwhile, Senua's backstory is unveiled through her hallucinations, revealing that her mother Galena (Ellie Piercy) suffered the same curse she did but did not believe it to be dreadful. However, Senua's devoutly religious father, Zynbel (also performed by Hartley), did and burned Galena alive. Senua witnessed the event at age five, which caused her psychosis to worsen significantly and led her to convince herself her mother died willingly. Her father, convincing her that her condition was a curse, abused Senua emotionally and physically and isolated her from the rest of the world until she met Dillion when he visited her village. The two fell in love, and Senua left her father to be with him, as he saw her as different and misunderstood instead of cursed. However, after a plague killed many in Dillion's village, Senua, believing the fault to be hers, left in exile. When she returned a year later, having hopefully left the Darkness behind, she found everyone killed by Norsemen, who had invaded, sacrificing Dillion in a blood eagle to their gods. Remembering the stories of Druth, Senua departed on her journey to save Dillion's soul from the gods of the Norsemen.
Ultimately, Senua fights against the influence of the Darkness and defeats the beast Garm. She realizes the Darkness is a representation of her father's abuse and beliefs and frees herself from the Furies. Soon after, she faces a legion of Hela's warriors in a hopeless fight and is killed. In her final moments, she recalls Dillion telling her of the importance of the acceptance of loss. As the imagery of Helheim fades away, Hela drops Dillion's head into the abyss, but as the camera returns to her, Senua is standing in her place, with a dead Hela in place of Senua's body. Having accepted that it was never possible to bring her lover back and that she is not responsible for his death or anyone else's, Senua frees herself from the Darkness' influence and accepts the Furies not as a curse, but a part of who she is. She invites the player to follow her, while the Narrator says her goodbyes to the player.
Development
Hellblade was announced for the PlayStation 4 at Sony's Gamescom media briefing on August 12, 2014, where a trailer was shown. In a joint statement, Ninja Theory described the game as "an experience focused on delivering a deep character in a twisted world, with brutal uncompromising combat", and stated that they wanted to "make a smaller, more focused game experience that is uncompromising in its combat, art and story". The developers called it an "independent AAA game", with their goal being to make a game with all the qualities and production values of any AAA game on the market, but with creative freedom and an "indie spirit". The team eventually succeeded in releasing the game independently, but to achieve this could only release it via digital distribution.
Hugues Giboire, art director of the previous Ninja Theory game Heavenly Sword, rejoined the studio to work on the game. A Microsoft Windows version of the game was announced on January 9, 2015. The game is powered by Unreal Engine 4, and was made by Ninja Theory with a team of around twenty developers. Its subtitle, Senua's Sacrifice, was announced in March 2016. Hellblade: Senua's Psychosis, a short documentary film included with the game, details the concept behind its story and inspirations, notably the team's study of mental illness. It was written and narrated by Antoniades, and edited by Juergens.
Writing
The main inspiration of Senua's character was the Iceni queen Boudica, while her name came from Senuna, a Celtic goddess long lost to historians but re-discovered in 2002, whose name was at first read incorrectly as Senua. Based on what is believed of the way Celtic warriors looked, Senua was given war paints, and braided hair clumped with lime. Doing research to find the right angle for the character, the team realized that despite the Roman Empire being able to conquer nearly all of Europe, they were unable to conquer a group of Celts, known as the Picts, in the northern reaches of Great Britain. Towards the end of the 8th century, the first Vikings arrived in the lands of the Picts, more specifically the islands of Orkney, and replaced them as the main population of the land. Based on the belief that the Norsemen were known for sacrificing the leaders of the tribes they had conquered to their gods, the game's director and lead writer Tameem Antoniades decided to use this as the basis for Senua's quest and trauma, and to have her find everyone in her village killed by the Norsemen and her lover sacrificed to Norse gods via the blood eagle, a ritualized method of execution whose authenticity is actually debated among historians.
According to Antoniades, the team, researching Celtic culture and the Celts' views on mental disorder, found out that they used the term "gelt" for a person who had been driven mad by a curse, grief, or the trauma of a battle, and that the gelt would take to a life in the woods in search of penance, punishment and purgatory; the team decided to make Senua a gelt, who had left her home in exile for those reasons. The character of Druth was based on both a real Irish Celt named Findan who was enslaved by the Norsemen in the 8th century, but eventually escaped and became a monk, and the Celtic tale of "a mad sinner who flees battle into exile and takes on a beastly nature, growing feathers on his body". The character was given a backstory similar to Findan's, a cloak featuring feathers, and was named after another word used by the Celts to describe mental disorder, "druth", meaning "fool" or "one who utters the words of gods".
Inclusion of psychosis
Antoniades and his team initially conceptualized Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice as "a compelling, adult, fantasy game". The game was always supposed to be hinted as taking place in Senua's mind, but with her mental illness originally less central to the story. However, the team came to see it as an opportunity to raise awareness on psychosis; regarding the team's interest with the condition, Antoniades stated "It is easy to see the pain and suffering caused by physical diseases or physical trauma, it is not so easy to see the mental suffering or trauma or severe mental illness. But what if we could find a way to see it? Games are capable of drawing you in for hours on end, playing the role of a character who's different from you, experiencing their perspective, and actively involving you in a world that functions with a different set of rules. [...] There are many things that happen in the world of Hellblade that make perfect sense within the context of Senua's mind. [...] To complete Senua's quest, you have to internalize and accept the logic and meaning behind these things to progress"; he notably felt that using the tendency of certain psychotics to see patterns others would not see or notice as a game mechanic to solve puzzles would provide a unique angle impossible in media other than video games.
Antoniades admitted that during his research, he "didn't have to look very far to discover my own ignorance of the subject". To portray psychosis properly, Ninja Theory "consulted world-leading neuroscientists and non-profit organizations like Wellcome Trust to properly capture the experience of psychosis and its devastating effects on the human mind". Antoniades "learnt that people can experience hallucinations and delusional beliefs without it being a problem – the illness comes when those experiences cause suffering. Often the recovery is not about curing yourself of hallucinations, but finding ways to live with them. That was a revelation to me".
Experts who worked closely with the team include Professor Paul Fletcher from the University of Cambridge, and writer and psychologist Professor Charles Fernyhough from the University of Durham, an expert on voice hearing. Ninja Theory received funding for the game from the Wellcome Trust, who also helped them creatively in their depiction of mental illness, notably by helping them to get in contact with people suffering from it. They worked with a "recovery college", an establishment which acts as both a health facility, and a college for its patients. Antoniades was marked by the story of "a girl who has to live with an angry voice screaming at her, slamming on her doors and walls 24 hours a day. That's someone who would often see corpses hanging in the room, so real that they would sometimes try to rescue them"; this inspired several events featured in the game as well.
When working with experts, the team realized that "quite often, the illness comes not from the symptoms, but from the stigma, isolation, and mistreatment that comes about from the rest of society". This led the team to make Senua's father and the way he abused and isolated her during her youth the real nature of the Darkness which haunts her. To create the voices heard by Senua, the team "worked closely with a group of voice hearers to try and get these sounding as realistic as possible"; Senua's visual hallucinations, including her flashbacks, or the way several elements of a level appear brighter than they should be, were also based on descriptions from people suffering from delusions. In June 2017, the team presented the near-finished game to several of the people suffering from mental illness they had collaborated with, as a way to see if the final result had "reflected their views or if it had misrepresented them".
Casting, filming and recording
Senua's voice acting and motion capturing were performed by German freelance photographer and video editor Melina Juergens, who had not done either of those things prior to Hellblade. She was used by the team as a stand-in for Senua for several months while they perfected their motion capture techniques, and they eventually came to the conclusion that she could play the character in the finalized game. Game director and lead writer Tameem Antoniades stated that he knew her well enough to know that he did not have to teach her how to act, but to "relive her own internal pain". All cutscenes feature Juergens' vocal performance as she recorded it during the filming of her physical performance with a motion capture suit and markers, rather than before or afterwards during a voice acting session. In addition to the camera placed in front of Juergens' face to capture her expressions for her animated counterpart, Antoniades used a portable camera to film the scenes as they appear in the final game. As they only had one camera, the team opted to make all the cutscenes be presented as one single long take, the objective being to make the viewer feel like "an observer, like a presence watching Senua throughout".
Operating on a much smaller budget with Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice than their previous games, Ninja Theory went out of their usual ways to film the cutscenes of the game. Instead of going to bigger studios and having a team of approximately 20 people film several actors together, like they did in the past, they filmed only Juergens in a small space, with only three other people needed on set: Antoniades directing and filming, one person to look after the audio, and one person to look after the motion capture process. To save more money, the team used equipment described by Antoniades as "fairly cheap", including material bought at a low price at IKEA and on Amazon. As a further cost-saving measure, they used their own boardroom for the motion capture scenes, rather than using external motion capture studio spaces.
The helmet capturing Juergens' expressions and voice was provided to the team by Technoprops. The team opted to feature only two cameras on the helmet, as they felt that having four would be too uncomfortable for Juergens and impact her performance. The audio recording device was the most expensive part of the setup, and was placed around Juergens' forehead to avoid recording breathing sounds. Because all of Juergens' audio was recorded live, the team could not give her indications or reminders directly, or play music she would synchronize her performance with. For this reason, pre-recorded audio notes by Antoniades and excerpts from the soundtrack would be played at the same time on headphones both he and Juergens would wear, so they could act accordingly and in synchronization with each other.
To feature the voices in Senua's head in a way that would be realistic regarding actual people suffering auditory hallucinations, the team, based on descriptions by Professor Charles Fernyhough, an expert on the subject, recorded several actors using binaural recording that also records the 3D position of sound, so the voices would sound as close or distant as the actors were to the microphone, replicating the way human ears perceive sounds. The team then invited voice hearers to listen to the result in order to give them feedback for future recordings. The original score for the game was composed by David García and Andy LaPlegua; the song "Just Like Sleep" by Passarella Death Squad is played during the final battle, and the song "Illusion" by VNV Nation plays during the ending credits.
Release
Hellblade was released for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation 4 via digital channels on August 8, 2017. Following the period of timed console exclusivity for the PlayStation 4, a version for the Xbox One, with enhanced graphical support on the Xbox One X, was released on April 11, 2018. On July 31, 2018, an update added full virtual reality support via the HTC Vive and Oculus Rift headsets. On February 13, 2019, the game was announced for Nintendo Switch later in Spring of the same year.
Reception
The game received "generally favorable reviews", according to review aggregator Metacritic. Its choice to depict and revolve around psychosis was applauded as a unique and interesting choice, as was the execution of those themes, and the idea of blending its approach with Norse mythology and the grief-ridden journey of Senua. Juergens' performance, and the game's sound, artistic direction, tense atmosphere, and low price, were also praised; the quality of its production value and graphics was singled out as superior to what independent games usually offer. Reception of the combat and puzzles were more mixed, with several reviewers complaining about combat being too repetitive and simplistic, the lack of variety in the enemies, and about the puzzles being redundant.
Brandin Tyrrel of IGN praised the story, sound, directing, art direction, voice acting, music, and innovative presentation, and stating "it unfolds like a beautiful, dark, tense visual novel, placing the excellently raw, human performance of its main character front and center on her journey into the land of the Northmen. Her story is one of confusion, sadness, fear, and loss, and it’s punctuated by moments of beauty, and strength that has left a lasting impression on me." He added "As impressive as [Hellblades] story is, Ninja Theory's smart design reinforces the sensory nature of the harrowing tale through subtle and intuitive mechanics [...] Its incredibly smart use of audio and visual distortion and trickery to convey the frightening effects of psychosis, hallucinations, and delusion, are married with the gameplay elements for an experience that rarely ever grapples over whether it's a game or a story". Brad Shoemaker of Giant Bomb stated as a narrative effort, its success was "almost unparalleled in the medium". He applauded the story, sound, characters, graphics, Juergens' performance and "piercing intensity". He appreciated the less artistic elements, but felt that the gameplay for battles was "usually satisfying but can also feel like a chore in confined spaces". However, the described the boss fights as "all unique and exceptionally memorable". Alice Bell of VideoGamer.com gave the game a 9 out of 10, praising its "incredibly compelling story", "fast, stylish combat", and "beautiful and horrible audio and visual design".
In a positive review, Leif Johnson of PC Gamer praised Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice for its themes, presentation and story, but complained that the "inspiration doesn't carry over to the actual fights. [...] I frankly found it kind of dull in the one-on-one duels at the start, and it didn't help that the enemies sometimes seem to skip a few animations when reacting to attacks. Nor does it help that there's precious little variation in the foes themselves, who almost always show up as tall, shirtless warriors with deer-skull helmets or as beefy berserker shamans. By the end of the first hour, you've basically seen every non-boss you're going to see". He did, however, consider combat to get much better once Senua has to face many enemies at once. In one of the rare publications to give the game a somewhat negative review, Edge was unhappy with the game's depiction of Senua's condition.
Several reviewers were less enthusiastic, with most criticism directed at the gameplay, fights and puzzles; however, most of them still praised Hellblade as a work of art. Among those were Game Informers review, who found Hellblade to be "undeniably memorable, telling a compelling tale that explores subject matter many consider taboo". However, he believed that the gameplay suffered from the game's themes. Unaware of the fake nature of the game's supposed permadeath, he complained that it was too unclear how close to a permanent game over he was, and felt the sense that he was in "frustrating". He also found the puzzles tedious, and believed that the idea of the fight sequences allowing certain enemies to be off-screen translated poorly to gameplay.
Eurogamer ranked the game ninth on their list of the "Top 50 Games of 2017", GamesRadar+ ranked it 16th on their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017, and EGMNow ranked it 19th in their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017, while Polygon ranked it 24th on their list of the 50 best games of 2017. The game received nominations for "Best PC Game", "Best PlayStation 4 Game", "Best Action-Adventure Game", "Best Graphics", "Best Story", and "Most Innovative" (the latter for which it became a runner-up) at IGN's Best of 2017 Awards.
Depiction of psychosis
The game's depiction of psychosis was applauded, and often described as the game's greatest quality. Several media outlets and reviewers analysed the game's depiction of psychosis in more detail: it was noted that all parts of the game, including the fights and puzzles, were made to further the depiction of Senua's psychosis and revolved around her condition. Paul Fletcher, a neuroscientist and psychosis expert at the University of Cambridge who worked on the game, said that "It's been exciting to see Senua received so positively by those who have lived with experiences of psychosis".
Michael Briers of PlayStationLifeStyle, stated that "by working closely with neuroscientists and those unfortunate few who have been diagnosed as psychotic, Hellblade carefully avoids those cheap, half-assed tropes that render a character insane and, therefore, woefully one-dimensional. Not only does it act as a disservice to those who suffer with mental illness, this practice of painting in broad strokes only minimizes the room for nuance, but Senua's Sacrifice boldly cuts through the white noise". Leif Johnson of PC Gamer praised the gripping depiction of a character suffering from psychosis, stating "Ninja Theory uses haunted eyes to full effect in long, moody closeups peppering the narrative. [Senua] peers not only into the darkness, but seemingly past the camera, past the screen. Looking back, I found depths of despair and anger there that were sometimes hard to meet head on [...] Some people would crumble under such pain. But still Senua fights. It's a little inspiring."
Alice Bell of VideoGamer.com noted that although Senua's psychosis is a cause of tragedy in her life, the game also depicted her condition as something that can bring her contentment, stating that her hallucinations are sometimes "actually lovely too, reflecting that psychosis can manifest as colour and beauty." Regarding the story as a whole, she stated "you [the player] learn about the trauma Senua has faced, made greater by her struggles with her own mental health and others' lack of understanding of it. Great care has been taken, with input every step of the way from psychologists and people who have experienced psychosis, to give as faithful a representation of it as possible. The hardest battles are fought in the mind, says Dillion, although Senua has physical battles as well".
Mollie L Patterson of Electronic Gaming Monthly declared that "while I can't speak to that side of things from personal experience, I can tell you that I was legitimately affected by [Senua's] condition at times. Playing a good portion of the game with headphones on, quiet moments were often broken by the never-ending chatter of those other selves conflicting in their thoughts, with some wanting to help their host in her quest, and others constantly telling Senua (and you) that she was wrong in her choices, that she was destined to failure, or that it was all hopeless. It's hard to explain how powerful those words can be, even as a player detached from Senua's condition, and it was one of many elements that helped form a bond between us.
Shoemaker stated "Hellblades single most powerful trick is a near-constant stream of voices in Senua's head, recorded with a spatial audio technique so they feel like they're all around you, nagging at you, undermining your decisions and your confidence. These voices are frequently in conflict with what you're doing and even with each other; one side can be encouraging you while the other mocks you mercilessly. The effect is striking. Over time Senua's pain becomes palpable, incontestable, especially as the stress worsens the longer these voices harangue you, the more vicious and deranged they become. It's important to remember that you as the player, though, have the luxury of turning them off whenever you want. Hellblades robust bag of psychological tricks and the sheer fact of Senua's distressing reality result in the game's uncommon ability to capture the feelings of worthlessness, lack of control, of being misunderstood and shunned, the strange mix of hope and despair that can accompany a debilitating mental illness".
Not all media outlets were satisfied with the game's depiction of the condition. In an article he published to criticize the game, Mic gaming editor Jason Faulkner, who had experience working with the mentally ill, praised Senua's character, but was highly critical of the game, stating that it should have focused on helping people to truly understand psychosis, and have the condition be "focal and explicit", instead of representing it metaphorically: "If you go into the game without any background information, you might assume that Senua is living with delusions and Norse mythology-inspired hallucinations — or you might think that she's being haunted by demons and ghosts. [...] The portrayal of Senua's mental illness would be better served by showing both sides of her story: what's in her head and what's actually happening." He also stated that the game "stifles the opportunity to inject commentary about the broader picture of mental health care", notably by not depicting caregivers or other people dedicated to helping those with mental illness in real life. Unlike most articles reflecting on the ending, who understood it to be a metaphor for Senua learning to live with her illness, Faulkner incorrectly believed that the ending was magically curing Senua, and condemned the game for it. Edge deplored that Senua's psychosis was depicted as "something of an asset: a helpful superpower that can give you the strength to soldier on through the darkness, so long as you can put up with the odd breakdown here and there."
Death mechanic
Early in the game, after Senua's hand starts to rot because she got "tainted", the Darkness tells her that every time she "dies" (every death turns out to be a vision of a possible future), the rot will spread further up, until it reaches her head and consumes her soul; the game implies that, if this happens, it will result in a permadeath, as the player's save would be deleted, and all game progress until then would be erased. However, several media outlets later found out that the rot stops spreading after a certain number of deaths, and cannot progress further before a certain point in the game, ultimately making it impossible for it to reach Senua's head.
Reid McCarter of PC Gamer strongly defended Ninja Theory's move, calling it "great game design and a modern expression of unreliable narration". He stated "As the story progresses, the nature of the corruption becomes clearer as the player comes to understand a correlation between Senua's backstory and psychology and the way they perceive the game's dangers. It is a beautifully executed bit of narrative design, game systems and story working in tandem." PCGamesN called it a "clever decision", as it "focuses on Senua's own fear of her enemies and degrading mental state". Eurogamer called it "a cool trick that makes the player feel a sense of dread as they're playing the game. Dread, anxiety and death are all themes Hellblade revolves around. It certainly fits".
Antoniades said that the permadeath mechanic was a bluff: while the rot will spread on Senua's body over repeated deaths, it will never fully reach her head; the wording they chose to describe this was meant to convey part of the fear associated with mental illness and psychosis directly to the player. Antoniades said "We were looking for ideas of how you introduce fear, and one of those ideas was the permadeath mechanic. It's the only time we're very explicit about what will happen to you in the game." He considered that they believed that players and critics have mistaken their wording on the permadeath mechanic when the game was released, which created a "blowout", but he defended their use of the wording as "it's your interpretation as a player that taints the meaning behind it. That's something we wanted to do on purpose, because with mental illness it's your frame of mind that interprets the world, and that can cause you distress."
Sales
While only released in digital form, Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice was a commercial success. It was the best selling game on the PlayStation Store in Europe for the month of its release. According to director Tameem Antoniades the game sold "better than expected" and broke even in approximately three months, ahead of the six to nine months the developers expected. PC Gamer stated about Hellblades success that "the news can only be positive. Perhaps if other developers see an experimental game like Hellblade finding commercial success then they'll be more likely to take risks on their own titles—and that, ultimately, will lead to more interesting games". To celebrate World Mental Health Day on October 10, 2017, Ninja Theory donated all profit made from the sales of Hellblade on that day to Rethink Mental Illness. By June 2018, the game had sold over a million copies across all three platforms.
Awards and accolades
In addition to the awards received by the game, the team of Hellblade, including Antoniades and Juergens, won the award for Best Real-Time Graphics & Interactivity at SIGGRAPH in 2016, for a showcase demonstration of a technique they called "Realtime Cinematography", during which they performed and filmed live a scene from Hellblade, which was "shot, captured and edited to final quality in minutes, a process that would normally take weeks or months".
Sequel
Senua's Saga: Hellblade II was announced during The Game Awards 2019, with plans for release on Microsoft Windows and the new Xbox Series X console.
References
External links
Category:2017 video games
Category:Action-adventure games
Category:Art games
Category:Dark fantasy video games
Category:Fantasy video games set in the Middle Ages
Category:Fiction with unreliable narrators
Category:Hack and slash games
Category:Indie video games
Category:Interactive Achievement Award winners
Category:Mental illness in fiction
Category:Ninja Theory games
Category:Nintendo Switch eShop games
Category:Picts in fiction
Category:PlayStation 4 games
Category:PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games
Category:Psychological horror games
Category:Single-player video games
Category:Unreal Engine games
Category:Uxoricide in fiction
Category:Video games based on Celtic mythology
Category:Video games based on Norse mythology
Category:Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Category:Video games featuring female protagonists
Category:Windows games
Category:Works set in the 8th century
Category:Xbox One games
Category:Xbox One X enhanced games
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Grethe Kausland
Grethe Kausland (July 3, 1947 – November 16, 2007) was a Norwegian singer, performer and actress. As a child star she was one of Norway's most popular singers (her debut single “Teddyen min” from 1955, sold more than 100 000 records), and she participated in several films as a child. She represented Norway in the European Song Contest 1972 singing Småting with Benny Borg. From 1973 she performed regularly with the entertaining group Dizzie Tunes. Awarded "Spellemannprisen" 1978 for the album A Taste of Grethe Kausland, and "Leonardstatuetten" 1991 for her achievements on the revue scene.
She died from lung cancer on November 16, 2007 in Oslo, Norway.
Child career
Grethe made her stage debut at age 4 at a local revue, and cut her first record at age 8 in 1955, after winning a radio-transmitted amateur competition; the song, "Teddyen Min"/"Cowboyhelten" became a big radio hit in and sold over 100,000 copies. She made her first film, Smugler i smoking in 1957; by age 12 she had cut 10 records and acted in five films. Described "crazy about jazz" as a child, she visited jazz clubs while still underage, "swinging" like an adult jazz vocalist despite her youthful voice.
Shows with Dizzie Tunes
Kausland's cooperation with the show group Dizzie Tunes started with her Chat Noir Theatre debut På go'fot (1973). Later followed the shows Showkade med og uten fyll (1974), Vi spillopper (1976, film version 1979), Memories Of Music (1979/1980, also video), The Show Must Go Home (1984, also video), Festsprell i Dizzie Tider (1988). She also participated in many of their TV shows. Sing Sala Bim (1973) was awarded Bronze Rose at the Montreux festival.
Her music albums with Dizzie Tunes: Toppop 1 (1972), Mere Ra-ta-ta-ta (1972), Folk i nord (1973), Hei-hå-hei-hå (1973), Norsklåt (1973), På go'fot med Dizzie Tunes (1973), Memories of Music (1982), Go'biter med Dizzie Tunes (1992).
A Star is Torn
In a 1993 adaptation of Robyn Archer and Rodney Fischer's show A Star is Torn Grethe Kausland portrayed nine tragic female fates in popular music: Bessie Smith, Helen Morgan, Judy Garland, Billie Holiday, Edith Piaf, Marie Lloyd, Marilyn Monroe, Dinah Washington and Janis Joplin. A full evening one-woman-performance, first at Rogaland Teater (Stavanger, 1993, 45 performances
), and later at Victoria Teater (Oslo, 1995).
Television series
From the late 1990s Kausland participated in several TV series. In D'ække bare, bare Bernt (1996) she starred as "Vera", with Jon Skolmen as her husband "Bernt". In the situation comedy Karl & Co (63 episodes, running 1998–2001) she appeared regularly as "Ruth Frantzen". She played the role "Mamsen" in the children's series Jul i Blåfjell in 1999. This series became quite popular, it received the Gullruten award in 2000 for Best TV drama, a music album from the series received Spellemannprisen in 1999 for Best children's album, and the follow-up series Jul på månetoppen appeared in 2002.
Discography
Singles on the Columbia label (as child star)
1955: "Teddyen min"/"Cowboyhelten"
1956: "Den lille kjøkkenskriver"/"Jeg vil gifte meg med pappa" (with Frank Robert)
1956: "Maria Fly-fly"/"Eventyrswing"
1956: "Grethemor"/"Dukkestuen"
1956: "Til Nisseland"/"Ding-dong"
1957: "Min lille mandolin"/"Kjære lille vov-vov"
1957: "Hipp Hurra!"/"Lolly Poll"
1958: "Lillesøster"/"Musefest i kjelleren"
1959: "På tivoli"/"Pappas lille pike"
1960: "Souvenirs"/"Conny"
1960: "Det finns millioner"/"Europa Non Stop"
1963: "Gullregnen"/"Ønskedrømmen"
1964: "Hjerte"/"Hvis jeg var gutt"
Albums
Grethe gjennom 10 år (Columbia, 1964)
A Taste of Grethe Kausland (Troll, 1978)
Grethe synger Lille Grethe (Troll, 1979)
Stay With Me (Troll, 1984)
Jazzway to Norway (1991) (with several artists)
Jazz my way (Curling Legs, 2008)
Filmography
Smuglere i smoking (1957)
Selv om de er små (1957)
Far til fire og onkel Sofus (1957)
Far til fire og ulveungerne (1958)
Ugler i mosen (1959) (directed by Ivo Caprino)
To på topp (1965)
Tut og kjør (1975)
Vi spillopper (1979)
Over stork og stein (Stork Staring Mad, 1994)
Solan, Ludvig og Gurin med reverompa (Gurin with the Foxtail, 1998) (voice)
TV series
D'ække bare, bare Bernt (1996)
Karl & Co (1997–2000)
Jul i Blåfjell (1999) (Awarded Gullruten 2000 for Best TV drama, and Spellemannprisen 1999 for Best children's album)
Jul på månetoppen (2002)
Brødrene Dal og mysteriet med Karl XIIs gamasjer (2005) (mini TV Series)
Hos Martin (2005 episode)
Personal life
From 1966 to 1979 she was married to jazz guitarist Halvard Kausland. She did not revert to her maiden name Nilsen after the end of the marriage, but kept the name Kausland.
References
Category:1947 births
Category:2007 deaths
Category:Norwegian film actresses
Category:Norwegian child actresses
Category:Norwegian Eurovision Song Contest entrants
Category:Norwegian female singers
Category:Norwegian child singers
Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1972
Category:Melodi Grand Prix contestants
Category:People from Horten
Category:Melodi Grand Prix winners
Category:Spellemannprisen winners
Category:Leonard Statuette winners
Category:Deaths from lung cancer
Category:Norwegian television actresses
Category:20th-century Norwegian singers
Category:20th-century women singers
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Twan Poels
Antonius Johannes Petrus Poels (born 27 July 1963 in Oeffelt) is a retired Dutch professional cyclist.
In 1984, Poels rode the road race in the 1984 Summer Olympics as a member of the Dutch team, but did not finish.
Poels became a professional cyclist in 1985 for the team. He stayed with this team (that became in 1987 and in 1990) until he retired in 1992. He rode the Tour de France five times, finishing every time. After his professional career, he became an estate agent.
See also
List of Dutch Olympic cyclists
References
External links
Category:1963 births
Category:Living people
Category:Cyclists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Category:Dutch male cyclists
Category:Olympic cyclists of the Netherlands
Category:People from Boxmeer
Category:Tour de France cyclists
Category:Dutch real estate brokers
Category:Sportspeople from North Brabant
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Finn Rasmussen
Finn Rasmussen (born December 22, 1920, date of death unknown) was a Danish sprint canoer who competed in the late 1940s. He won a silver medal in the K-2 500 m event at the 1948 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in London.
Rasmussen competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics, also held in London, finishing fourth in the K-2 10000 m event. Note that the K-2 500 m event did not become an official event at the Summer Olympics until the 1976 Games in Montreal. The event has been on the Olympic program since then.
References
Category:1920 births
Category:Year of death missing
Category:Canoeists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Category:Danish male canoeists
Category:Olympic canoeists of Denmark
Category:ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak
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Eighteen Kingdoms
The historiographical term "Eighteen Kingdoms" () refers to the eighteen feudal states created by military leader Xiang Yu in China in 206 BCE, after the collapse of the Qin dynasty. The details of the feudal division are as follows:
The Eighteen Kingdoms were short-lived: almost immediately rebellion broke out in Qi, after which Tian Rong conquered Jiaodong and Jibei, reuniting the old Qi state. Meanwhile, Xiang Yu had Emperor Yi of Chu and King Han Cheng of Hán killed. Thereafter, Liu Bang of Hàn conquered the lands of the Three Qins, thereby starting the Chu–Han Contention. Following many battles and changing alliances, Hàn defeated Chu and subdued all other kingdoms, where Liu Bang appointed vassal kings while making himself the first Emperor of the Hàn Dynasty in 202 BCE.
See also
Fengjian
Ancient Chinese states
Kings of the Han dynasty
Notes
Yong, Sai and Zhai were collectively known as the Three Qins because they occupied the area of the former Qin state, better known as Guanzhong.
Jiaodong, Qi and Jibei were collectively known as the Three Qis because they occupied the area of the former Qi state.
References
Category:Qin dynasty
Category:Han dynasty
Category:Dynasties in Chinese history
Category:Former countries in Chinese history
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Tomáš Vošvrda
Tomáš Vošvrda (born September 12, 1989 in Ostrava) is a Czech professional ice hockey goaltender for the HK Poprad of the Slovak Tipsport Liga.
Vošvrda previously played for HC Vítkovice, HC Havířov, Medicine Hat Tigers, HC Slezan Opava, HC Benátky nad Jizerou and Bílí Tygři Liberec.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
References
External links
Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:Czech ice hockey goaltenders
Category:HC Bílí Tygři Liberec players
Category:HK Poprad players
Category:HC Vítkovice players
Category:Sportspeople from Ostrava
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Maliha Ali Asghar Khan
Maliha Ali Asghar Khan is a Pakistani woman politician, hailing from Mansehra District, belong to Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf who is currently serving as Member of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly. She is also serving as member of the different committees.
She is the wife of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf's leader from Abbottabad, Ali Asghar Khan and daughter in law of Air Marshal Asghar Khan
Political career
Maliha was elected as the member of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly on ticket of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf from Constituency WR-05 in 2013 Pakistani general election.
She was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as a candidate of PTI on a reserved seat for women in 2018 Pakistani general election.
References
Category:Living people
Category:Pashtun people
Category:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa MPAs 2013–2018
Category:People from Mansehra District
Category:Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf MPAs (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
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Alex Cable
Alex Cable is an American optical engineer, inventor and entrepreneur. He is the founder of optical equipment manufacturer Thorlabs.
Early life and education
Cable was born in Chester Borough, New Jersey, and grew up in nearby Freehold Township. As a child, he enjoyed hiking and camping in Sussex County. Cable dropped out of high school.
Cable's first job was as a dishwasher in a restaurant. He became chef and then restaurant manager with an eye toward fulfilling his entrepreneurial desires by opening his own restaurant. However, he soon realized that the outlook for a restaurant business did not meet his expectations and left the industry. He also worked briefly as a machinist, farm manager, and printer.
Cable returned to school, attending the County College of Morris. He subsequently earned a Bachelor of Science degree in physics from Rutgers University, and a graduate degree in material science from the Stevens Institute of Technology.
Career
Out of Rutgers, Cable was recruited by Steven Chu to work in his lab at Bell Labs in the spring of 1984. According to Cable, Chu especially liked Cable's diverse work history. Cable was official employed as a "technician", but Chu described him as "unofficially ... a super-graduate student". At Bell Labs, Cable became involved in a series of experiments on a low-temperature atom manipulation technique known as "optical molasses". In late 1987, Chu left Bell labs to take a position at Stanford University. Chu attempted to persuade Cable to join him at Stanford, but after "weeks of agonizing over the tempting offer", Cable declined the offer. Cable instead chose to pursue an entrepreneurial career, having only planned a brief stay at Bell Labs.
Cable had recently built a small . home in Freehold. Together with a college friend, he built two scanning tunneling microscopes for DuPont in his bedroom. The first microscope sold for about $50,000, leaving $20,000 of profit after expenses. Cable hoped to make a business out of it, entering the emerging market for the newly invented microscope. Cable's second microscope was less profitable. The business did not appear to be viable due to limited customers and limited working capital, so Cable abandoned the idea. Instead, he took "a more traditional approach", buying a milling machine which he used to design and build optomechanical parts. Selling the parts proved fruitful and also more enjoyable for Cable. In November 1989, he left Bell Labs to pursue the business full-time, naming it Thorlabs. He returned to Sussex County, and has made an effort to keep the business headquartered there due to his love for the area.
By 2004, Thorlabs had estimated annual sales of $50 million and was expanding into Europe. By 2010, sales had reached $125 million annually. As of 2013, the company produced approximately 20,000 unique products and employed 1,000 people. According to data published by Gale Business Insights, the company had estimated sales of $199.8 million in 2013, the most recent full-year available.
Cable is a founder and director of several photonics companies including KDD FiberLabs of Tokyo, Menlo Systems GmbH, and Stratophase Ltd. He is also a director of the Boston Micromachines Corporation. In 2010, Cable founded Idesta Quantum Electronics. He sits on the advisory board of the Center for Automation Technologies and Systems at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Academic work
While working at Bell Labs, Cable was part of a "lunchtime conversation" that led to a number of experiments which investigated atomic behavior at very low temperatures involving himself, Arthur Ashkin, John Bjorkholm, Steven Chu, and Leo Holberg. Subsequently, Cable was listed as a co-author on three papers in Physical Review Letters starting in 1985 that collectively have been cited more than 3700 times. The first of those papers, "Three-dimensional viscous confinement and cooling of atoms by resonance radiation pressure", led to Chu and his Stanford colleagues winning the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics. The paper was selected as one of the journal's greatest milestones by Physical Review Letters editors in 2008. The work has led to substantial improvement in the accuracy of atomic clocks and the discovery of the Bose–Einstein condensate.
In 2013, Cable met with several academics to explore the possibility that breath analysis could detect diseases after reading about dogs that were reported to detect cancer in their owners. His h-index is 24, according to Google Scholar.
Personal life
Cable is a fitness buff, who participates in endurance sports as a form of stress release. "Competing in sports makes me a better person in business. It translates back and forth and frees me to manage what otherwise could be a very stressful life," he remarked. Through Thorlabs, he advocates for personal fitness through community events.
References
Category:Living people
Category:21st-century American engineers
Category:American inventors
Category:American manufacturing businesspeople
Category:American restaurateurs
Category:American technology chief executives
Category:American technology company founders
Category:Bell Labs
Category:Businesspeople from New Jersey
Category:County College of Morris alumni
Category:Optical engineers
Category:People from Chester Borough, New Jersey
Category:People from Freehold Township, New Jersey
Category:Rutgers University alumni
Category:Stevens Institute of Technology alumni
Category:Engineers from New Jersey
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
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Wrestling at the 1999 Pan American Games
Men's events
Freestyle
Greco-Roman
Category:Events at the 1999 Pan American Games
Pan American Games
1999
Category:International wrestling competitions hosted by Canada
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{
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Natalia Ilienko
Natalia Ilienko (born March 26, 1967 in Alma Ata, Kazakh SSR ) is a Soviet gymnast. Her biggest accomplishment was becoming world floor champion in 1981. She was praised for her highly expressive and fluid performances.
Ilienko competed at the 1980 Junior European Championships, finishing 6th all around, and the 1981 European Championships, finishing 4th all around, before being selected for the world championships team in 1981. Although she only finished 10th all around at the Soviet Championships, her first and second-place finishes on beam at the Soviet and European Championships allowed her to make the team. She qualified 6th to the all around finals, but was not allowed to compete because five of her teammates had qualified ahead of her.
Ilienko was selected for both the 1983 World Championships team and the 1984 Olympic Team. When the Soviet Union boycotted the 1984 Olympics, she competed at the alternate games Friendship Games in Olomouc. Her performances in the team competition left her out of the all around as the fourth Soviet gymnast.
References
Category:1967 births
Category:Living people
Category:Kazakhstani female artistic gymnasts
Category:Soviet female artistic gymnasts
Category:World champion gymnasts
Category:Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
Category:Sportspeople from Almaty
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{
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The Goshen News
The Goshen News is a six-day, Monday through Saturday daily newspaper serving Goshen, Indiana, and adjacent portions of Elkhart, Kosciosko, Noble, LaGrange and Marshall Counties in Indiana, which publishes Monday through Friday with a Saturday Weekend edition. It is owned by Community Newspaper Holdings Inc., a subsidiary of Raycom.
External links
CNHI Website
Category:Newspapers published in Indiana
Category:Elkhart County, Indiana
Category:Companies based in Elkhart County, Indiana
Category:Publications established in 1837
Category:1837 establishments in Indiana
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1999 National League Division Series
The 1999 National League Division Series (NLDS), the opening round of the 1999 National League playoffs, began on Tuesday, October 5, and ended on Saturday, October 9, with the champions of the three NL divisions—along with a "wild card" team—participating in two best-of-five series. They were:
(1) Atlanta Braves (Eastern Division champion, 103–59) vs. (3) Houston Astros (Central Division champion, 97–65): Braves win series, 3–1.
(2) Arizona Diamondbacks (Western Division champion, 100–62) vs. (4) New York Mets (Wild Card, 97–66): Mets win series, 3–1.
The Diamondbacks were participating in the postseason in only their second year of existence, the fastest any expansion team had ever qualified. The Atlanta Braves and New York Mets went on to meet in the NL Championship Series (NLCS). The Braves became the National League champion, and were defeated by the American League champion New York Yankees in the 1999 World Series.
Matchups
Atlanta Braves vs. Houston Astros
Arizona Diamondbacks vs. New York Mets
Atlanta vs. Houston
Game 1, October 5
Turner Field in Atlanta
A pitcher's duel between Shane Reynolds and Greg Maddux highlighted Game 1. The Astros struck first in the top of the second when Tony Eusebio singled in Carl Everett. Gerald Williams would tie the game in the bottom of the fifth, singling home Jose Hernández. Daryle Ward would give the Astros the lead on a home run in the top of the sixth. The score would remain the same until the ninth. With Mike Remlinger pitching for Atlanta, Houston loaded the bases with one out as Carl Everett's sacrifice fly put them up 3–1, then a three-run homer by Ken Caminiti capped the inning's scoring. The Braves were retired 1-2-3 in the bottom versus Billy Wagner as the Astros took a 1–0 series lead.
Game 2, October 6
Turner Field in Atlanta
A brilliant performance by Kevin Millwood stole the show. Had it not been for Ken Caminiti's home run in the second and an error, Millwood would have pitched a perfect game. The Braves would take Game 2 behind his masterful performance. Atlanta drew first blood when Gerald Williams singled to lead off the first off of José Lima, stole second, moved to second on a groundout, and scored on Brian Jordan's single. With the game tied at 1, Ryan Klesko singled with one out in the sixth, moved to third on a double and scored on Eddie Perez's sacrifice fly to put Atlanta up 2–1. Next inning, Bret Boone doubled with one out, moving to third on an error and after Chipper Jones was intentionally walked, Brian Jordan's sacrifice fly scored Boone and moved Jones to second. Scott Elarton relieved Lima and allowed an RBI single to Klesko, Two wild pitches moved him to third before he scored on Andruw Jones's RBI single. The Braves' 5–1 win tied the series heading to Houston.
Game 3, October 8
Astrodome in Houston, Texas
The turning point of the series occurred in Game 3. Tom Glavine faced Mike Hampton, who were both coming off career years. The Astros struck first when Craig Biggio led off the bottom of the first with a single, moved to second on a groundout and after a walk, scored on Ken Caminiti's RBI single. A walk loaded the bases before another walk to Tony Eusebio made it 2–0 Astros. The Braves responded with a towering three-run home run by Brian Jordan in the sixth. The Astros tied the game in the seventh when Russ Johnson doubled off of Terry Mulholland and scored on Bill Spiers's single off of Mike Remlinger. In the bottom of the tenth, with the bases loaded and nobody out, John Rocker was called in to save the game. There was no margin for error. An unbelievable play by Walt Weiss prevented Ken Caminiti from scoring off Carl Everett's hit up the middle. Weiss dived and stopped the ball and threw home. Another forceout at the plate made it two outs. Ricky Gutiérrez struck out to end the threat. Jordan got them the win in the top of the twelfth with a two-run double off of Jay Powell after back-to-back one-out singles. Kevin Millwood retired the Astros in order in the bottom of the inning to put the Braves one game away from the NLCS.
Game 4, October 9
Astrodome in Houston, Texas
Shane Reynolds was once again called on to save the Astros, but facing him this time would be John Smoltz. Chipper Jones put the Braves on the board in the top of the first with a sacrifice fly after a leadoff double by Gerald Williams. A Bret Boone single drove in the second Atlanta run in the third after a leadoff double by Smoltz, who moved to third on a groundout. The Braves piled on in the sixth. After back-to-back leadoff singles, Chris Holt relieved Reynolds and allowed an RBI single to Andruw Jones and two-run single Eddie Perez. After Walt Weiss singled, Scott Elarton relieved Holt and after a sacrifice bunt, Williams's RBI single made it 7–0 Braves. Tony Eusebio homered to cut the lead to six in the seventh. In the eighth, after a hit-by-pitch and single, a three-run home run by Ken Caminiti brought the Astros to within three runs. Terry Mulholland relieved Smoltz and after a one-out single, Tim Bogar's RBI double cut the lead to two with five outs to go. John Rocker halted the Houston rally and brought the Braves back to the NLCS for the eighth straight year and history of the Astrodome to a close.
Composite box
1999 NLDS (3–1): Atlanta Braves over Houston Astros
Arizona vs. New York
Game 1, October 5
Bank One Ballpark in Phoenix, Arizona
The Arizona Diamondbacks won the National League Western Division in the franchise's second year. They were managed by Buck Showalter and finished the season with 100 wins. The New York Mets clinched the Wild Card in a one-game winner-take-all playoff against the Cincinnati Reds and qualified for the playoffs for the first time since losing the 1988 National League Championship Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers.
Masato Yoshii faced Randy Johnson in Game 1. Edgardo Alfonzo got the scoring started for the Mets in the top of the first with a one-out home run. Then a two-run home run by John Olerud after a walk made it 3–0 Mets in the third. Jay Bell's sacrifice fly after a one-out triple made it 3–1 in the bottom of the third, but Rey Ordóñez's sacrifice bunt with runners on first and third made it 4–1 Mets in the fourth. Erubiel Durazo's home run made it 4–2 in the bottom of the fourth. Then a two-run home run by Luis Gonzalez tied the game at four. The game remained tied into the ninth inning. A controversial move by manager Showalter allowed Johnson to stay in the game. Two singles and a walk loaded the bases and knocked Johnson out of the game. After the second out, Alfonzo hit a grand slam to put the Mets out in front 8–4. Armando Benítez shut the D'Backs down 1–2–3 in the bottom half to finish the game.
Game 2, October 6
Bank One Ballpark in Phoenix, Arizona
Kenny Rogers took on Todd Stottlemyre, hoping to even the series before moving to New York. Both pitchers were on even terms into the third inning. The Mets got on the board thanks to an RBI groundout by John Olerud in the third after Rickey Henderson hit a leadoff single, stole second and moved to third on a groundout. However, that was all the Mets got against Stottlemyre, who pitched 6 1/3 masterful innings. The Diamondbacks loaded the bases against Rogers in the bottom of the third after two outs on two singles and a hit-by-pitch. Then, Greg Colbrunn walked to tie the game at one. Steve Finley gave the Diamondbacks their first-ever postseason lead with a two-run single to right field. Then Finley had two more RBIs with a double to center in the fifth off of Pat Mahomes. In the seventh, the Diamondbacks loaded the bases on a walk, double and hit-by-pitch off of Octavio Dotel when Finley walked to force in a run, then Turner Ward's RBI groundout off of John Franco made it 7–1 Diamondbacks. The score would stand as the D'Backs evened the series at a game apiece.
Game 3, October 8
Shea Stadium in Queens, New York
In Game 3, Omar Daal faced Rick Reed. The Diamondbacks blew opportunities in the first two innings and that would cost them as the Mets would take a 1–0 lead on Rey Ordóñez's RBI single that scored Benny Agbayani. In the third, Edgardo Alfonzo doubled with one out and scored on John Olerud's single. A single moved him to third before he scored on Robin Ventura's groundout aided by an error by Andy Fox to give the Mets a 3–0 edge. The Diamondbacks made it a one-run game when pinch hitter Turner Ward hit a two-run homer in the fifth. The Mets blew the game open in the sixth, however. After two walks, Rickey Henderson's one-out RBI single made it 4–2 Mets. After an intentional walk, Dan Plesac relieved Darren Holmes and allowed a two-run single to Orelud and RBI single to Roger Cedeño. After Cedeno stole second and Ventura grounded out, Darryl Hamilton's two-run single made it 9–2 Mets. Three relievers held the Diamondbacks scoreless over the last three innings as the Mets were one win away from the NLCS.
Game 4, October 9
Shea Stadium in Queens, New York
In the potential clinching Game 4, Brian Anderson faced Al Leiter. The game would remain scoreless until the bottom of the fourth, when Edgardo Alfonzo's leadoff home run made it 1–0 Mets, but Greg Colbrunn homered to tie the game in the fifth. Then Agbayani's RBI double with two on made it 2–1 Mets. In the eight, Leiter allowed a two-out walk and subsequent single before Jay Bell's two-run double off of Armando Benetiz gave the Diamondbacks the lead, but the Mets tied the game in the bottom half when Alfonzo drew a leadoff walk off of Gregg Olson, moved to third on an error, and scored on a sacrifice fly by Roger Cedeño off of Greg Swindell. As the game moved to extra innings, John Franco came on in relief in the tenth and shut the Diamondbacks down 1–2–3. The Mets would win the series when Todd Pratt hit a home run to center field off of Matt Mantei. Steve Finley failed to catch the ball after making a leap to the wall.
Composite box
1999 NLDS (3–1): New York Mets over Arizona Diamondbacks
References
External links
ATL vs. HOU at Baseball-Reference
NYM vs. ARI at Baseball-Reference
Category:National League Division Series
National League Division Series
Category:Atlanta Braves postseason
Category:Houston Astros postseason
Category:New York Mets postseason
Category:Arizona Diamondbacks postseason
Category:1999 in sports in Arizona
Category:1999 in sports in Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:1999 in sports in New York City
Category:1999 in sports in Texas
Category:1990s in Atlanta
Category:1990s in Houston
Category:1990s in Phoenix, Arizona
Category:October 1999 sports events in the United States
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Arabesque (classical music)
The arabesque is a type of music which uses melodies to create the atmosphere of Arabic architecture.
Etymology
The word "arabesque" is derived from Western ideas of Arabic music, which were highly embellished.
Notable arabesques
The most well-known are Claude Debussy's Deux Arabesques, composed in 1888 and 1891, respectively.
Other composers who have written arabesques include:
Marin Marais: L'arabesque (1717), appears in the soundtrack of the film Tous les Matins du Monde
Robert Schumann: Arabeske in C, Op. 18 (1839)
Johann Friedrich Franz Burgmüller (1806-1874): Op. 100 (1852)
Hans von Bülow: Arabesques sur un thême de l’opéra Rigoletto (1853)
Moritz Moszkowski: Opp. 15/2 (1877), 61 (1899), 95/4 and 96/5(1920)
Enrique Granados: Arabesca, Op. 31, H. 142 (1890)
Cécile Chaminade: Opp. 61 (1892) and 92 (1898)
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-93)
Anton Arensky: Op. 67 (1903)
Adolf Schulz-Evler: Op. 12 Arabesques on "An der schönen blauen Donau"(1904)
Edward MacDowell (1860-1908)
Louis Vierne: Arabesque, Op. 31/15 (1913-4)
Jean Sibelius: Arabesque, Op. 76/9 (1914)
Bohuslav Martinů: Seven Arabesques for cello and piano (1931)
Edward Joseph Collins: Arabesque for violin an piano (1933)
William Kroll: Arabesque for violin an piano (1945) and for orchestra
Harold Budd: Arabesque 1, 2 & 3 (2005)
Samuel Hazo: Arabesque (2008)
Sigfrid Karg-Elert: Arabeske no.1 in G flat major Op.5 'Filigran'
See also
Arabesque (Turkish music)
References
Category:Western classical music styles
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Reinhard Brandl
Dr. Reinhard Brandl (born 11 August 1977) is a German politician of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU) who has been serving as a member of the German Bundestag since 2009, representing Ingolstadt.
Early life and education
Following his military service with the German Air Force in Manching, Brandl earned a degrees in industrial engineering from the University of Karlsruhe and the Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble between 1997 and 2003. For his diploma theses he stayed six months at the Xerox Research Centre Europe in Meylan. He subsequently took part in the doctoral program of the BMW Group and received his doctorate from Technical University of Munich. In 2009, he briefly worked as a consultant with Boston Consulting Group.
Political career
Brand was elected to the Bundestag in the 2009 national elections, succeeding Horst Seehofer.
Brandl has been a member of the Defense Committee since 2009. In 2013, he joined the Budget Committee, where he serves as his parliamentary group's rapporteur on the budgets of the Federal Ministry of the Interior and the Federal Ministry of Defence (since 2018). He is also a member of the so-called Confidential Committee (Vertrauensgremium) of the Budget Committee, which provides budgetary supervision for Germany’s three intelligence services, BND, BfV and MAD. In addition to his committee assignments, he has been a member of the German delegation to the Franco-German Parliamentary Assembly since 2019.
In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of Chancellor Angela Merkel's Christian Democrats (CDU together with the Bavarian CSU) and the SPD following the 2013 German elections, he was part of the CDU/CSU delegation in the working group on digital policy, led by Dorothee Bär and Brigitte Zypries. In similar negotiations after the 2017 federal elections, he was part of the same working group, this time led by Bär, Helge Braun and Lars Klingbeil.
Political positions
Throughout his time on the Budget Committee, Brandl has been a proponent of the Merkel government’s policy to refrain from any net new borrowing and instead focus all efforts on achieving a structurally balanced national budget.
Brandl has in the past voted in favor of German participation in United Nations peacekeeping missions as well as in United Nations-mandated European Union peacekeeping missions on the African continent, such as in Somalia – both Operation Atalanta and EUTM Somalia – (2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017), Darfur/Sudan (2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2017), South Sudan (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2017), Mali (2013, 2014, 2015 and 2017), the Central African Republic (2014) and Liberia (2015).
In June 2017, Brandl voted against Germany’s introduction of same-sex marriage.
Other activities
Nuclear Waste Disposal Fund, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2017)
Bundesverband eMobilität (BEM), Member of the Parliamentary Advisory Board
Gesellschaft für Sicherheitspolitik (GSP), Vice President
German Federal Film Board (FFA), Alternate Member of the Supervisory Board (since 2018)
Federal Agency for Civic Education, Member of the Board of Trustees (2009–2013)
References
Profile at the Bundestag website (German)
Category:1977 births
Category:Living people
Category:Members of the Bundestag for Bavaria
Category:People from Ingolstadt
Category:Christian Social Union in Bavaria politicians
Category:Karlsruhe Institute of Technology alumni
Category:Grenoble Institute of Technology alumni
Category:21st-century German politicians
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Walter Melchior
Walter P. Melchior (August 18, 1894 – October 22, 1976) was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.
Biography
Melchior was born on August 18, 1894 in Green Bay, Wisconsin and grew up in Algoma, Wisconsin. During World War I, he served with the Rainbow Division of the United States Army. He was awarded the Silver Star and the Croix de guerre of France. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1925. During World War II, he served as an officer with the Wisconsin Army National Guard. He died on October 22, 1976.
Political career
Melchior was elected to the Assembly in 1950. In addition, he was city attorney of New London, Wisconsin, as well as a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1932 and 1948. He was a member of the Wisconsin Progressive Party.
References
Category:Politicians from Green Bay, Wisconsin
Category:People from New London, Wisconsin
Category:Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
Category:Wisconsin lawyers
Category:Wisconsin Republicans
Category:Military personnel from Wisconsin
Category:National Guard of the United States officers
Category:United States Army soldiers
Category:American military personnel of World War I
Category:American army personnel of World War II
Category:Recipients of the Silver Star
Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Category:University of Wisconsin Law School alumni
Category:1894 births
Category:1976 deaths
Category:20th-century American politicians
Category:Wisconsin National Guard personnel
Category:People from Algoma, Wisconsin
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Swimming at the 2016 Summer Paralympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle S13
The Men's 400 metre freestyle S13 event at the 2016 Paralympic Games took place on 12 September 2016, at the Olympic Aquatics Stadium. Two heats were held. The swimmers with the eight fastest times advanced to the final.
Heats
Heat 1
9:30 12 September 2016:
Heat 2
9:37 12 September 2016:
Final
17:30 12 September 2016:
Notes
Category:Swimming at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
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Lake County Courthouse (Indiana)
The Lake County Courthouse, in Crown Point, Indiana, also referred to as the "Grand Old Lady", is a former county courthouse building that now houses the Lake County Historical Society Museum, offices, city court, and the chamber of commerce. The building is a combination of architectural styles, including Romanesque and Georgian. It was designed in 1878 by John C. Cochrane of Chicago, Illinois and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Crown Point Courthouse Square Historic District.
History
Lake County was organized in 1837 and a small log structure was used as the courthouse. At the time the county was created, three towns were vying to be the County Seat, Lake Court House (the name for Crown Point), Liverpool and West Point. In 1839 the County Commissioners picked Liverpool as the County Seat. Local dissatisfaction brought the state into the process and the following year (1840), Lake Court House was selected. Solon Robinson and Judge William Clark, with County Agent George Earle, gave Lake Court House a new name and in 1868 the town was incorporated as Crown Point.
Meanwhile, in 1849 the log courthouse was replaced by a frame building at a cost of $10,000. By 1876 the frame courthouse was too small. Prominent Chicago architect John C. Cochrane designed a larger and more ornate building. The central portion, including the clock tower, was started in 1878 and dedicated in 1880. The cost was $52,000.00. The brick facade is made of local bricks from the Henry Wise brickyard. The towers were added in 1907 and dedicated in 1909 at a cost of $160,000.00.
References
External links
Category:Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Lake County, Indiana
Category:Government buildings completed in 1880
Category:County courthouses in Indiana
Category:Buildings and structures in Lake County, Indiana
Category:Clock towers in Indiana
Category:1880 establishments in Indiana
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Pokémon Black 2 and White 2
are role-playing video games developed by Game Freak, published by The Pokémon Company and Nintendo for the Nintendo DS. Part of the fifth generation of the Pokémon video game series, the games are direct sequels to Pokémon Black and Pokémon White, being the first sequels in the series. They were first released in Japan in June 2012, with a worldwide release following in October 2012. The games were first revealed on the February 26, 2012 episode of the Japanese television program Pokémon Smash!, followed by an international confirmation on the Pokémon official website. The games feature the legendary Pokémon identified by Junichi Masuda as Black Kyurem and White Kyurem.
A “Pokémon Grey” game was not released due to the title clashing with the theme of opposites found in Black and White.
Gameplay
Pokémon Black 2 and White 2 are set two years after the events of Black and White, and much of the beginning events take place in new locations on the western side of the Unova region. These new locations also feature several Pokémon that were previously unavailable in Black and White, featuring a total of 300 unique creatures available from the start of the game.
A new game mechanic introduced in Black 2 and White 2 is the "PokéStar Studios" side-game, where the player character participates in the filming of a movie involving Pokémon and other actors. A character named Brycen-Man also appears, as Brycen from the original games returned to his movie career. Another new mechanic is the Pokémon World Tournament, where the player battles powerful trainers from the previous games in the series, ranging from Gym Leaders Brock, Misty, Volkner, and Giovanni to Champions Cynthia, Steven, and Lance.
Black 2 and White 2 are also compatible with a new downloadable game for the Nintendo 3DS, Pokémon Dream Radar. Pokémon AR Searcher introduces the character Professor Burnet, as well as alternate forms for the Pokémon Tornadus, Thundurus, and Landorus, which can be transferred to Black 2 and White 2 after being captured in AR Searcher. Additionally, the Dream World makes a return from Pokémon Black and White, however, it was shut down on January 14, 2014, alongside all other services for fifth generation games. The mythical Pokémon Keldeo also received a new form in the game, known as the Resolute form.
Story
The player and their rival begin their Pokémon journey in the previously unexplorable western side of Unova. They live in the new Aspertia City, and receive their starter Pokémon from Bianca, an NPC that served as one of the player's rivals in Black and White. The player also meets Cheren, the other rival character, who is now a Gym Leader in Aspertia City. Much like other Pokémon games, the player travels around the region, battling Gym Leaders to acquire eight Gym Badges, and then goes on to challenge the Elite Four of the Pokémon League and its champion to beat the game.
The plot of Black 2 and White 2 features the antagonistic Neo Team Plasma, whom the player first encounters while running an errand, and later when travelling to the first other major city where the team announces its plans to take over the world and steal others' Pokémon in front of the player, the rival, and new Gym Leader Roxie. At the behest of Iris, the player helps Burgh track down more Neo Team Plasma members in the sewers of Castelia City, where the player meets Colress for the first time, who claims to be a researcher of the strengths of Pokémon.
Later, it is revealed that Neo Team Plasma has stolen a Purrloin the player's rival was planning on giving to his sister, which makes the rival angry towards the organization, including its reformed former members. After learning about the legendary Pokémon Kyurem, which arrived at the Giant Chasm years ago, the player discovers that Neo Team Plasma is working to use Kyurem to take over the world, harnessing its power to freeze large portions of Unova, including Opelucid City. The player tracks Neo Team Plasma to Humilau City, home of the final new Pokémon Gym led by Marlon, who helps the player battle Neo Team Plasma to remove Kyurem from their grasp. He also helps the rival retrieve his Purrloin, which has since evolved into a Liepard that is used in battle against the player and rival.
The battle reaches its climax in the Giant Chasm, where the player discovers Colress is working with Neo Team Plasma to learn more about the capabilities of Pokémon, and that Ghetsis is planning to use Kyurem, the "empty" Pokémon that is left over from when Zekrom and Reshiram split apart hundreds of years ago, by filling it with his ambition to rule the world. After battling the Shadow Triad with help from the player's rival, who receives his Liepard back, the player enters the inner sanctum of the Giant Chasm where they find Kyurem and Ghetsis. N appears with either his Zekrom in Black 2 or Reshiram in White 2 to try to talk sense into his father Ghetsis, but N's legendary Pokémon is defeated by and fused with Kyurem, transforming it into Black Kyurem in Black 2 or White Kyurem in White 2, and forcing the player to battle it. After defeating Kyurem, it separates from N's Pokémon and the player faces Ghetsis, who is stunned that he has been defeated again. N tries to talk sense into him, but Ghetsis leaves, and N thanks the player for his assistance in defeating Neo Team Plasma once and for all. After defeating Neo Team Plasma, the player is finally able to battle the Elite Four and the new Champion of the Unova League, Iris, and complete the main story.
After the game's main story is completed, the player is able to challenge N who has taken up residence in his former castle, where upon the defeat of his legendary Pokémon, it turns into the object that once held its essence and N gives it to the player. The player can then bring the item to another part of Unova where it transforms back into the Pokémon and the player can then capture it. Also, after completion of the game, the player can battle former Unova Champion Alder, Sinnoh Champion Cynthia, the former Striaton City Gym Leaders, and take on the Black Tower or White Treehollow challenges in Black City or White Forest, respectively. Through use of a unique game feature called "Memory Link", the player can access new content and side quests dependent on the original Black and White games, such as references to the player's name in the previous game, flashback sequences, the ability to capture Pokémon that once belonged to N, battling Cheren and Bianca who reminisce about the protagonist of the previous game, and participating in the Pokémon World Tournament.
Development
Music
Pokémon Black 2 and White 2 background music contains the music of Pokémon Black and White, adds brand new tracks, and utilizes the arrangements of most tracks from Pokémon Black and White. The official soundtrack of the game titled was released in Japan on July 25, 2012. Its DISC 4 also includes music from Pokémon Black and White, Pokémon Emerald, and Pokémon Platinum, which had not seen an original soundtrack release prior.
Reception
The games received "generally favorable reviews" from critics and holds an aggregate score of 80 according to Metacritic. Famitsu magazine awarded Black 2 and White 2 a point total of 36/40, slightly lower than their perfectly scoring predecessors. The games also received a 9.6/10 from IGN, praising the overall changes from their predecessors.
, Pokémon Black 2 and White 2 have combined sales of 7.81 million copies worldwide.
Notes
References
External links
Category:2012 video games
Category:Game Freak games
Category:Japanese role-playing video games
Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games
Category:Nintendo DS games
Category:Nintendo DS-only games
Category:Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection games
Black 2 and White 2
Category:Role-playing video games
Category:Video game sequels
Category:Video games developed in Japan
Category:Video games featuring protagonists of selectable gender
Category:Video games with alternate versions
Category:Video games with downloadable content
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1070 Tunica
1070 Tunica, provisional designation , is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 35 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 1 September 1926, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after Petrorhagia, a flowering plant also known as "Tunica".
Orbit and classification
Tunica is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. Conversely, is has also been considered a core member of the Ursula family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.0–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 10 months (2,123 days; semi-major axis of 3.23 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 17° with respect to the ecliptic.
The body's observation arc begins with its identification as at Heidelberg in September 1903, or 23 years prior to its official discovery observation.
Physical characteristics
Tunica is an assumed C-type asteroid.
Rotation period
In May 2017, a rotational lightcurve of Tunica was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer René Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 15.8 hours with a brightness variation of 0.24 magnitude (). Another lightcurve obtained in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in February 2010 gave a period of 15.673 hours and an amplitude of 0.32 magnitude ().
Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Tunica measures between 33.77 and 44.135 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0476 and 0.076.
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 33.79 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.08.
Naming
This minor planet was named after "Tunica" (Petrorhagia), a flowering plant derived from the common gillyflower.
Reinmuth's flowers
Due to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between and . This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).
References
External links
Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info)
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center
001070
Category:Discoveries by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth
Category:Minor planets named for plants
Category:Named minor planets
19260901
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Mahmudabad, Mazandaran
Mahmudabad (, also Romanized as Maḥmūdâbâd) is a city and capital of Mahmudabad County, Mazandaran Province, Iran.
It is located on the Caspian Sea.
At the 2006 census, its population was 27,561, in 7,513 families.
References
Category:Cities in Mazandaran Province
Category:Populated places in Mahmudabad County
Category:Populated coastal places in Iran
Category:Populated places on the Caspian Sea
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Mormon Bar, California
Mormon Bar is an unincorporated community in Mariposa County, California. It is located south-southeast of Mariposa, at an elevation of 1772 feet (540 m). Mormon Bar is located near State Route 49.
It was settled during the California Gold Rush. Mormons occupied the place during the winter of 1849/50. It was first mined by members of the Mormon Battalion in 1849. They did not stay very long, and other miners came and occupied the site.
At one time there was a significant Chinese presence there.
Mormon Bar is California Historical Landmark #323.
It is somewhat of a ghost town, and is listed on many maps and ghost town travel guides as such.
References
External links
Placenames
Ghosttowns
Mariposa Historical Landmarks
Category:Unincorporated communities in Mariposa County, California
Category:Mining communities of the California Gold Rush
Category:California Historical Landmarks
Category:Ghost towns in California
Category:Populated places established in 1849
Category:1849 establishments in California
Category:Unincorporated communities in California
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Nitish Mishra
Nitish Mishra (born 9 July 1973) is an Indian politician hailing from eastern Indian state of Bihar, India. He represents Jhanjharpur assembly constituency in Madhubani district in 13th, 14th and 15th Bihar Legislative Assembly. He is presently Vice President, BJP - Bihar.
He is contesting as BJP candidate from Jhanjharpur assembly constituency. Mishra had been at the helm of various ministries in Bihar government between 2005 and 2015. These included ministry of Rural Development, Department of Social Welfare, Department of Disaster Management(Minister of State, Independent Charge) and Department of Sugarcane Development (Minister of State, Independent Charge).
Early life and education
Nitish Mishra was born in a prominent political family of Bihar. His father Jagannath Mishra served thrice as the Chief Minister of Bihar.
Mishra's uncle, the late Lalit Narayan Mishra was also a well-known politician who held many cabinet berths during his career. Lalit Narayan Mishra was assassinated in a sensational bomb blast at a function in Samastipur, Bihar in 1975.
School Days
Mishra did his schooling at St. Michael’s High School, Patna and was also the school captain in 1990-91.
College Years
Mishra earned a bachelor's degree in history from the University of Delhi in 1994. He won College Crest Award for Co-curricular and Academic Excellence in the same year. In 1995, he graduated from the Fore School of Management, New Delhi and Maastricht School of Management, Netherlands with a Masters in Business Administration) In 1998, he went on to earn a post graduate diploma in Global Political Economy from the University of Hull, United Kingdom. He has also been awarded a Certificate of Completion for the Emerging Leader's Programme from Kennedy School at Harvard University, Executive Education.
Pre political career
Before joining politics, Mishra was an educationist and also dabbled in social work. From April 1999 to March 2002 he worked as Assistant Director for Bihar Institute of Economic Studies, a non-profit economic and social research organization.
From April 2002 to February 2005 Mishra was Additional Director (Administration) of the LN Mishra College of Business Management, Muzaffarpur an autonomous institution under Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University.
Political career
Performance in Assembly elections
Mishra has been consecutively elected to the 13th, 14th and 15th Bihar Legislative Assembly from Mishra family stronghold of Jhanjharpur Assembly Constituency in Madhubani. His father Jagannath Mishra also won the same seat five times(1972 to 1990).
Ministerial Berths in Bihar Government
Between 2005 and 2015, Mishra held charge of three different ministries in the Bihar Government. He served as Minister, Department of Rural Development,(November 2010 to February 2015), State Minister(Independent Charge), Department of Disaster Management(April 2008 to March 2009), and State Minister(Independent Charge, Department of Sugarcane Development(November 2005 to April 2008).
Performance as Minister, Department of Rural Development
Mishra is credited with revamping Department of Rural Development during his stint as minister. The department won three national prizes/recognition during his tenure. Two of these prizes were for effective and transparent implementation of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, The department won the first prize in ‘Transparency and Accountability in Implementation in MGNREGA’ and the second prize in ‘Convergence in MGNREGA’.
To ensure transparency and accountability in Department of Rural Development, all panchayat bank accounts were mapped on the Central Plan Scheme Monitoring System to streamline release of funds from district to panchayats. E-muster rolls were made mandatory to put an end to fake muster rolls and to make the process transparent and fool proof and regular social audits were conducted by gram sabhas.
Weekly MGNREGA Diwas was also observed every Wednesday to monitor the quality of work and processes in MGNREGA.
Information related to MGNREGA was put in public domain through a management information system.
Mishra also made it mandatory for the schemes to be wall painted, photographed and uploaded on a management information system.
For effective convergence with state rural development mission (Jeevika), self-employment and small entrepreneurship scheme as poultry farming, pond management, goat Rearing etc. were allowed to be taken up under MGNREGA.
Young professionals with degrees from prestigious institutes like LSE and IRMA were hired to implement state projects under National Rural Livelihood Mission.
Department of Rural Development, under the stewardship of Mishra inked memoranda of understanding with companies to provide training to the youth in state through skill development centres.
To bring about transparency and integrity in implementation of Indira Awas Yojna he came up with the innovative idea of holding block level disbursement camps for beneficiaries of the scheme. These camps were held in front of Ministers and Secretaries in charge of various districts, Divisional Commissioner, District Magistrate and panchayat level public representatives.
In an unprecedented move, Mishra adopted a policy of strict action to ensure people completed construction of their houses within a stipulated time period . Block administration was directed to issue white notices to those failed to complete their houses after two years of getting the first instalment. If the beneficiaries did not take action even after three months of issuance of the white notices, they are again issued red notices.
If he took action against defaulters, Mishra also made sure that he encouraged those who adhered to deadlines. An incentive of Rs. 2000 was announced for Mahadalit beneficiaries who completed their houses within two month of getting their second installment. Madalit families were also given incentives to build toilets in their houses.
Much before "Swach Bharat Abhiyan" gained popularity, Mishra took steps to enforce cleanliness by linking payment of final installment to Indira Awas Yojna beneficiaries with construction of toilets.
Mishra also introduced monitoring of Indira Awas Yojna completions through satellite based geotagged and time-stamped photography. This was an unheard of practice in Bihar and unparalleled in Indira Awas Yojna monitoring in the nation.
Mishra facilitated the setting up of online recruitment portal "Samvida" to recruit over 10,000 block and panchayat level staff for looking after Indira Awas Yojna. These recruitments were made in a short period of four months. Project Samvida got national recognition when it won the National Award for e-Governance (gold medal ) in the specific sector award category.
Department of Rural Development under Mishra’s leadership played an active role in setting up Development Management Institute, a state of art management institute in Bihar. This institute has been oriented to create a cadre of development management professionals and enhance competence of existing practitioners.
During Mishra’s tenure as the Minister for Department of Rural Development, Bihar became the first State to publish the draft list of Socio Economic and Caste Census (SECC) and distribute it to the actually surveyed people for putting forth their claims and objection against the draft publication. This was a mammoth task considering the size of population and limitations like delay in release of funds from the GoI(Government of India). Fifty lakh application were received from across the state for redressal of claims and objections in the draft publication which were disposed of in a record time. This SECC data was made available to the Food and Consumer Protection Department, Bihar and thus became the basis of rollout of the Food Security Act in Bihar.
As the Rural Development Minister, Mishra paved the way for creation of a separate cadre of Rural Development Officers and young officers were appointed for all 534 Blocks of Bihar through Bihar Public Service Commission. These officers were provided quality training of governmental rules and regulations, best practices in management and leadership, need for re-engineering governmental process, official etiquette and sensitivity to the needy at Bihar Institute of Public Administration and Rural Development. He also designed a performance appraisal mechanism for the regular and transparent evaluation of these BDO’s across state with the help of Harvard Kennedy School.
Performance as Minister, Department of Social Welfare
While at the helm of affairs at the Department of Social Welfare, Mishra initiated development of MIS wherein all information related to any Anganwadi Centre and the tagged/covered families was to be put online. An iris based bio-metric identification system for all the beneficiaries of any AWC was also created along with transferring funds directly to them. This process expedited the fund delivery system and reduced scope of any leakage in the process
Performance as Minister of State, Department of Disaster Management
As MoS, Department of Disaster Management, Mishra supervised one of nation's biggest rescue and relief operations for over three million people affected by flooding of river Kosi in August 2008. The floods were declared as a national calamity by the then Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh.
Supaul, Madhepura, Araria and Saharsa were the four worst affected districts. Stationing himself at Araria, Mishra personally monitored relief and rescue operations. He used his personal rapport to reach out to NGOs and corporate groups to lend a helping hand to flood affected families. 300 relief camps and mega camps were established where 2155 hand pumps and 3750 temporary toilets were built. 200 health centers and 150 veterinary centers were put in motion.
Performance as Minister of State , Department of Sugarcane Development
In his debut ministerial role, Mishra displayed business-like acumen in reviving the sick sugarcane sector in Bihar. He conceptualised state’s Sugar Industry Incentive Policy. Within two years of its launch, sugar industry in Bihar staged a turnaround. A privatisation policy was also initiated for 15 sick and closed sugar units in Bihar three of which were successfully privatised during his tenure. Signs of revival of sugar industry became evident as Bihar received proposal worth rupees 20 thousands cores for setting of new sugar complexes. Existing sugar mills witnessed over 40% expansion in production capacity. Mishra ensured that payments worth Rs. 8.84 crores pending in the Bihar State Sugar Corporation since 1997 were also cleared.
Other posts
Member, Committee on Public Sector Undertakings and Member Public Accounts Committee of Bihar Legislative Assembly (March 2009 – November 2010).
Member Railway Users Consultative Committee, Ministry of Railways, Govt. of India (2000-2001).
Member Telecom Advisory Committee, Ministry of Communications, Govt. of India (2000-2001).
Awards and achievements
Mishra was voted as the Pepsi MTV Youth Icon (Young Achievers) 2008. He won this award in a tough competition which had over 8000 national entries. Mishra was also identified as one of the most promising social entrepreneur by Digital Partners a Seattle (USA) based organization for the project on E-Swasthya in Madhubani district of Bihar. He won the prestigious British Foreign and Commonwealth(Chevening) Fellowship in 1997). He has been organising T-20 Annual Rural Cricket Tournament in Madhubani district since 2008.
Mishra was also nominated for Fame India-CVoter survey 'Minister no. 1' (मंत्री नं. 1) and voted for rank 2 during his regime as Rural Development and Sugarcane minister in 2013.
Publications
Essays in Political Economy – A Global Perspective, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1998.
External Alienation and Internal Apathy – An Analysis of Bihar’s Backwardness, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1999.
References
Category:1973 births
Category:Living people
Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians
Category:State cabinet ministers of Bihar
Category:Politicians from Patna
Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015
Category:People from Madhubani district
Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010
Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2004
Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar
Category:Hindustani Awam Morcha politicians
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Psychiatric intensive-care unit
A Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) is a type of psychiatric in-patient ward. On these wards staffing levels are higher than on a normal acute admission ward.
PICUs are designed to look after patients who cannot be managed on open (unlocked) psychiatric wards due to the level of risk the patient poses to themselves or others. The patient's length of stay is normally short (a few weeks) rather than prolonged as the patient should be treated and returned to an open ward as soon as their mental state is stable. Many PICUs have a seclusion room.
There is a common misconception amongst the public and some patients that a PICU is a type of "punishment ward" or "segregation unit" (as found in UK prisons). The role of a PICU does not encompass either of these two functions and patients are not sent to a PICU as a punishment for their behaviour. Clinical assessment of the risks posed by the patient to themselves and to others should be included in any decision to transfer a patient to a PICU.
Environment
PICUs typically have the following environmental components:
Higher than normal staff to patient ratios;
All exit/entry doors are locked;
Windows have restricted opening widths;
Visitors have their bags searched on entry, and dangerous items are removed;
Access to areas such as the unit's kitchen and secure external area (such as a garden) are controlled and risk assessed for each patient.
National Association of Psychiatric Intensive Care Units
The UK based National Association of Psychiatric Intensive Care Units and low secure units (NAPICU) is a multi professional organisation which aims to improve the practice within PICUs and low secure services, undertake research and audit and provide training and education. NAPICU has helped develop national guidance and worked with partner organisations to help develop standards for units to become accredited.
Journal of Psychiatric Intensive Care
The Association publishes the Journal of Psychiatric Intensive Care.
External links
NAPICU website
Journal of Psychiatric Intensive Care
Category:Psychiatric treatments
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Leaping Lena
Leaping Lena was a West German racing pigeon who got lost in Czechoslovakia during a routine 1954 flight. When she returned home two days later, there was a message addressed to Radio Free Europe attached to one of her legs. It read:
It was signed "Unbowed Pilsen."
Leaping Lena was brought to the United States in August 1954, quarantined for 3 weeks, and then was used to raise money for Radio Free Europe as part of a publicity campaign for the Crusade for Freedom.
Leaping Lena was then kept at Fort Monmouth's Pigeon Breeding and Training Center. When the Center was deactivated in 1957, fifteen hero pigeons were donated to zoos, while about a thousand others were sold to the public.
References
Further reading
External links
The following raise skepticism, noting that the Crusade for Freedom was a CIA front.
Category:Animals in politics
Category:Anti-communism
Category:Individual domesticated pigeons
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Thion Department
Thion is a department or commune of Gnagna Province in northern Burkina Faso. Its capital lies at the town of Thion.
Towns and villages
References
Category:Departments of Burkina Faso
Category:Gnagna Province
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Hartvig Nielsen
Hartvig Nielsen (1 April 1908 – unknown) was a Danish chess player, Danish Chess Championship medalist (1941).
Biography
From the late 1930s to the late 1950s, Hartvig Nielsen was one of the leading Danish chess players. He won silver medal in Danish Chess Championships in 1941.
Hartvig Nielsen played for Denmark in the unofficial Chess Olympiad:
In 1936, at second reserve board in the 3rd unofficial Chess Olympiad in Munich (+2, =0, -3).
Hartvig Nielsen played for Denmark in the Chess Olympiad:
In 1950, at reserve board in the 9th Chess Olympiad in Dubrovnik (+3, =1, -6).
References
External links
Hartvig Nielsen chess games at 365chess.com
Category:1908 births
Category:Year of death missing
Category:Danish chess players
Category:Chess Olympiad competitors
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Hoppity
Hoppity may refer to:
Hoppity, a British board game of the 19th century, which was the inspiration for Halma
Hoppity, a toy in the 1960s British puppet TV series Sara and Hoppity
Hoppity the Grasshopper, the main character in the 1941 American animated film Mr. Bug Goes to Town
Hoppity Hooper, an American animated TV series of the 1960s
See also
Space hopper, also known as hoppity hop, a rubber ball toy
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John Spencer (sheriff)
Sir John Spencer (1524–1586) was an English nobleman, politician, knight, sheriff, landowner, and Member of Parliament. He was an early member of the Spencer family.
Life and family
Spencer was the son of Sir William Spencer of Wormleighton Manor, Warwickshire, and Althorp, Northamptonshire, and his wife Susan Knightley, daughter of Sir Richard Knightley of Fawsley, Northamptonshire. He was probably trained in law at the Middle Temple and succeeded his father in 1532. He was knighted in 1553.
He was appointed Sheriff of Northamptonshire for 1551–52, 1558–59, 1571–72 and 1583–84. He was elected as a Knight of the Shire (MP) for Northamptonshire in April, 1554, and again in 1558.
Marriage and issue
Spencer married by 1545 Katherine Kitson, the daughter of Sir Thomas Kitson of the City of London and of Hengrave Hall, Suffolk. They had five sons and six daughters, including
Sir John Spencer (died 1600), who succeeded to his father's estates at Wormleighton and Althorp
Elizabeth Spencer, Baroness Hunsdon
Alice Spencer, who married Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby. Their daughter Anne (1580–1647) was heiress presumptive to the English throne upon the death of Elizabeth I according to the will of Henry VIII and the Third Succession Act. As Countess of Derby, Alice was a noted patron of the arts. The poet Edmund Spenser represented her as the character "Amaryllis" in his eclogue Colin Clouts Come Home Againe (1595) and she was the dedicatee of his poem The Teares of the Muses (1591).
Sir William Spencer, the third son, who became a landowner in Yarnton, Oxfordshire. His son Thomas was Member of Parliament for Woodstock 1604-1611, and was created Baronet of Yarnton on 29 June 1611 in the Baronetage of England.
Sir Richard Spencer, the fourth son, whose son John was a landowner in Offley Place, Great Offley, Hertfordshire, and was created Baronet of Offley on 14 March 1627 in the Baronetage of England.
Anne Spencer, who made three notable marriages, the third being to Robert Sackville, 2nd Earl of Dorset
Sir John Spencer died on 8 November 1586, and was buried with his wife Katherine Kitson in St Mary the Virgin Church, Great Brington (the parish church for Althorp) where his epitaph lists his sons, his daughters and their husbands. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Sir John Spencer (died 1600).
Notes
References
Category:1524 births
Category:1586 deaths
Category:People from Warwickshire
Category:Spencer-Churchill family
Category:High Sheriffs of Northamptonshire
Category:People of the Tudor period
Category:English MPs 1554
Category:English MPs 1558
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Pappa polis (TV series)
Pappa polis is a 2002 miniseries for children, based on Laura Trenter's novel Pappa polis.
Selected cast
Daniel Bragderyd - Julian Ståhl
Ola Rapace - Jim Pettersson
Jakob Eklund - Fredrik Ståhl
Thomas Hanzon - Martin
Inga Ålenius - Grandmother
Daniel Dunér - Mikael
Göran Forsmark - Arne Holmberg
Fredrik Hammar - Hunter
Henrik Hjelt - Executioner
Nathalie Kullenberg - Rebecka Ståhl
Ingar Sigvardsdotter - Anna Ståhl, mother
Bill Skarsgård - Tony
Daniel Widlund - Kent
References
External links
Category:2002 Swedish television series endings
Category:2002 Swedish television series debuts
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Ekaterina Semenova
Ekaterina Semenova (Russian: Екатерина Семёновна Семёнова; 18 November 1786–13 March 1849) was an actress in the Russian Empire.
Life
Semenova became a student in the Saint Petersburg Theatre School in 1790 where she was instructed by Ivan Dmitrevsky and debuted at the stage in 1797. She eventually became the leading interpreter of plays of William Shakespeare, Jean Racine, Friedrich Schiller and Vladislav Ozerov. She was coached by director Prince Sharkovsky and the poet Nikolay Gnedich.
Semenova was admired for her beauty, deep voice and passionate way of acting. She was mentioned in the poems of Alexander Pushkin, but also talked about because of her rivalry with Marguerite Georges, who was very popular in the Russian Empire at the time.
She retired in 1820, but returned in 1822 and made a great success with Phèdre in 1823. In 1826, Semenova married Prince Ivan Gagarin and afterwards only performed in private theatres.
References
Sources
Jennifer S. Uglow, The Macmillan Dictionary of Women's Biography.
External links
Ekaterina Semyonova at the St. Petersburg Encyclopedia
Category:1786 births
Category:1849 deaths
Category:18th-century Russian actresses
Category:19th-century Russian actresses
Category:Gagarin family
Category:Burials at Tikhvin Cemetery
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Worcester State Hospital Farmhouse
The Worcester State Hospital Farmhouse is a historic psychiatric hospital building at 361 Plantation Street, on the former grounds of the Worcester State Hospital in Worcester, Massachusetts. Built in 1895, it is a well-preserved local example of Georgian Revival architecture, and is notable as a prototype for similar buildings in the Massachusetts state hospital network. It served as an outbuilding of Worcester State Hospital until 1969, housing select residents who worked in its fields. It now houses state mental health offices. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.
Description and history
The former Worcester State Hospital Farmhouse is located near the eastern edge of the former Worcester State Hospital complex, a property of more than that has in part been redeveloped for commercial purposes. It is located just west of Plantation Street and south of Research Drive. It is a 2-1/2 story brick building that is L-shaped and covered by a hip roof with two cupolas. The building was historically divided functionally into a residence for the farm overseer and his family, with a dormitory and residence wing for hospital staff and inmates. The long dormitory wing is fronted on the Plantation Street side by a long shed-roof porch with a tall latticework skirt obscuring the basement and Tuscan columns for support.
The farmhouse was built in 1895 to a design by the Worcester architects Fuller & Delano. The Worcester State Hospital, founded in 1833 as the Worcester Lunatic Asylum, had been experiencing increased demand for its services, and in 1870 the state purchased land for the campus on Worcester's east side. The main building, a large Kirkbride Plan was built soon afterward (and was largely demolished in the 1990s). At the time of the 1870 land purchase, one of the extant farmhouses was adapted for use to house patients and staff involved in the hospital's agricultural activities. This building was built as a replacement for that house, and is a particularly elegant example of Georgian Revival architecture. Its design was used as a model for similar buildings at Danvers State Hospital (since demolished), Medfield State Hospital, and Westborough State Hospital.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in eastern Worcester, Massachusetts
References
Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Category:Colonial Revival architecture in Massachusetts
Category:Houses completed in 1895
Category:Houses in Worcester, Massachusetts
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Worcester, Massachusetts
Category:Historic district contributing properties in Massachusetts
Category:1895 establishments in Massachusetts
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Software cracking
Software cracking (known as "breaking" in the 1980s) is the modification of software to remove or disable features which are considered undesirable by the person cracking the software, especially copy protection features (including protection against the manipulation of software, serial number, hardware key, date checks and disc check) or software annoyances like nag screens and adware.
A crack refers to the means of achieving, for example a stolen serial number or a tool that performs that act of cracking. Some of these tools are called keygen, patch, or loader. A keygen is a handmade product serial number generator that often offers the ability to generate working serial numbers in your own name. A patch is a small computer program that modifies the machine code of another program. This has the advantage for a cracker to not include a large executable in a release when only a few bytes are changed. A loader modifies the startup flow of a program and does not remove the protection but circumvents it. A well-known example of a loader is a trainer used to cheat in games. Fairlight pointed out in one of their .nfo files that these type of cracks are not allowed for warez scene game releases. A nukewar has shown that the protection may not kick in at any point for it to be a valid crack.
The distribution of cracked copies is illegal in most countries. There have been lawsuits over cracking software. It might be legal to use cracked software in certain circumstances. Educational resources for reverse engineering and software cracking are, however, legal and available in the form of Crackme programs.
History
The first software copy protection was applied to software for the Apple II, Atari 800, and Commodore 64 computers.. Software publishers have implemented increasingly complex methods in an effort to stop unauthorized copying of software.
On the Apple II, unlike modern computers that use standardized device drivers to manage device communications, the operating system directly controlled the step motor that moves the floppy drive head, and also directly interpreted the raw data, called nibbles, read from each track to identify the data sectors. This allowed complex disk-based software copy protection, by storing data on half tracks (0, 1, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 6...), quarter tracks (0, 1, 2.25, 3.75, 5, 6...), and any combination thereof. In addition, tracks did not need to be perfect rings, but could be sectioned so that sectors could be staggered across overlapping offset tracks, the most extreme version being known as spiral tracking. It was also discovered that many floppy drives did not have a fixed upper limit to head movement, and it was sometimes possible to write an additional 36th track above the normal 35 tracks. The standard Apple II copy programs could not read such protected floppy disks, since the standard DOS assumed that all disks had a uniform 35-track, 13- or 16-sector layout. Special nibble-copy programs such as Locksmith and Copy II Plus could sometimes duplicate these disks by using a reference library of known protection methods; when protected programs were cracked they would be completely stripped of the copy protection system, and transferred onto a standard format disk that any normal Apple II copy program could read.
One of the primary routes to hacking these early copy protections was to run a program that simulates the normal CPU operation. The CPU simulator provides a number of extra features to the hacker, such as the ability to single-step through each processor instruction and to examine the CPU registers and modified memory spaces as the simulation runs (any modern disassembler/debugger can do this). The Apple II provided a built-in opcode disassembler, allowing raw memory to be decoded into CPU opcodes, and this would be utilized to examine what the copy-protection was about to do next. Generally there was little to no defense available to the copy protection system, since all its secrets are made visible through the simulation. However, because the simulation itself must run on the original CPU, in addition to the software being hacked, the simulation would often run extremely slowly even at maximum speed.
On Atari 8-bit computers, the most common protection method was via "bad sectors". These were sectors on the disk that were intentionally unreadable by the disk drive. The software would look for these sectors when the program was loading and would stop loading if an error code was not returned when accessing these sectors. Special copy programs were available that would copy the disk and remember any bad sectors. The user could then use an application to spin the drive by constantly reading a single sector and display the drive RPM. With the disk drive top removed a small screwdriver could be used to slow the drive RPM below a certain point. Once the drive was slowed down the application could then go and write "bad sectors" where needed. When done the drive RPM was sped up back to normal and an uncracked copy was made. Of course cracking the software to expect good sectors made for readily copied disks without the need to meddle with the disk drive. As time went on more sophisticated methods were developed, but almost all involved some form of malformed disk data, such as a sector that might return different data on separate accesses due to bad data alignment. Products became available (from companies such as Happy Computers) which replaced the controller BIOS in Atari's "smart" drives. These upgraded drives allowed the user to make exact copies of the original program with copy protections in place on the new disk.
On the Commodore 64, several methods were used to protect software. For software distributed on ROM cartridges, subroutines were included which attempted to write over the program code. If the software was on ROM, nothing would happen, but if the software had been moved to RAM, the software would be disabled. Because of the operation of Commodore floppy drives, one write protection scheme would cause the floppy drive head to bang against the end of its rail, which could cause the drive head to become misaligned. In some cases, cracked versions of software were desirable to avoid this result. A misaligned drive head was rare usually fixing itself by smashing against the rail stops. Another brutal protection scheme was grinding from track 1 to 40 and back a few times.
Most of the early software crackers were computer hobbyists who often formed groups that competed against each other in the cracking and spreading of software. Breaking a new copy protection scheme as quickly as possible was often regarded as an opportunity to demonstrate one's technical superiority rather than a possibility of money-making. Some low skilled hobbyists would take already cracked software and edit various unencrypted strings of text in it to change messages a game would tell a game player, often something considered vulgar. Uploading the altered copies on file sharing networks provided a source of laughs for adult users. The cracker groups of the 1980s started to advertise themselves and their skills by attaching animated screens known as crack intros in the software programs they cracked and released. Once the technical competition had expanded from the challenges of cracking to the challenges of creating visually stunning intros, the foundations for a new subculture known as demoscene were established. Demoscene started to separate itself from the illegal "warez scene" during the 1990s and is now regarded as a completely different subculture. Many software crackers have later grown into extremely capable software reverse engineers; the deep knowledge of assembly required in order to crack protections enables them to reverse engineer drivers in order to port them from binary-only drivers for Windows to drivers with source code for Linux and other free operating systems. Also because music and game intro was such an integral part of gaming the music format and graphics became very popular when hardware became affordable for the home user.
With the rise of the Internet, software crackers developed secretive online organizations. In the latter half of the nineties, one of the most respected sources of information about "software protection reversing" was Fravia's website.
Most of the well-known or "elite" cracking groups make software cracks entirely for respect in the "Scene", not profit. From there, the cracks are eventually leaked onto public Internet sites by people/crackers who use well-protected/secure FTP release archives, which are made into full copies and sometimes sold illegally by other parties.
The Scene today is formed of small groups of skilled people, who informally compete to have the best crackers, methods of cracking, and reverse engineering.
+HCU
The High Cracking University (+HCU), was founded by Old Red Cracker (+ORC), considered a genius of reverse engineering and a legendary figure in RCE, to advance research into Reverse Code Engineering (RCE). He had also taught and authored many papers on the subject, and his texts are considered classics in the field and are mandatory reading for students of RCE.
The addition of the "+" sign in front of the nickname of a reverser signified membership in the +HCU. Amongst the students of +HCU were the top of the elite Windows reversers worldwide. +HCU published a new reverse engineering problem annually and a small number of respondents with the best replies qualified for an undergraduate position at the university.
+Fravia was a professor at +HCU. Fravia's website was known as "+Fravia's Pages of Reverse Engineering" and he used it to challenge programmers as well as the wider society to "reverse engineer" the "brainwashing of a corrupt and rampant materialism". In its heyday, his website received millions of visitors per year and its influence was "widespread".
Nowadays most of the graduates of +HCU have migrated to Linux and few have remained as Windows reversers. The information at the university has been rediscovered by a new generation of researchers and practitioners of RCE who have started new research projects in the field.
Methods
The most common software crack is the modification of an application's binary to cause or prevent a specific key branch in the program's execution. This is accomplished by reverse engineering the compiled program code using a debugger such as SoftICE, x64dbg, OllyDbg, GDB, or MacsBug until the software cracker reaches the subroutine that contains the primary method of protecting the software (or by disassembling an executable file with a program such as IDA). The binary is then modified using the debugger or a hex editor or monitor in a manner that replaces a prior branching opcode with its complement or a NOP opcode so the key branch will either always execute a specific subroutine or skip over it. Almost all common software cracks are a variation of this type. Proprietary software developers are constantly developing techniques such as code obfuscation, encryption, and self-modifying code to make this modification increasingly difficult. Even with these measures being taken, developers struggle to combat software cracking. This is because it is very common for a professional to publicly release a simple cracked EXE or Retrium Installer for public download, eliminating the need for inexperienced users to crack the software themselves.
A specific example of this technique is a crack that removes the expiration period from a time-limited trial of an application. These cracks are usually programs that alter the program executable and sometimes the .dll or .so linked to the application. Similar cracks are available for software that requires a hardware dongle. A company can also break the copy protection of programs that they have legally purchased but that are licensed to particular hardware, so that there is no risk of downtime due to hardware failure (and, of course, no need to restrict oneself to running the software on bought hardware only).
Another method is the use of special software such as CloneCD to scan for the use of a commercial copy protection application. After discovering the software used to protect the application, another tool may be used to remove the copy protection from the software on the CD or DVD. This may enable another program such as Alcohol 120%, CloneDVD, Game Jackal, or Daemon Tools to copy the protected software to a user's hard disk. Popular commercial copy protection applications which may be scanned for include SafeDisc and StarForce.
In other cases, it might be possible to decompile a program in order to get access to the original source code or code on a level higher than machine code. This is often possible with scripting languages and languages utilizing JIT compilation. An example is cracking (or debugging) on the .NET platform where one might consider manipulating CIL to achieve one's needs. Java's bytecode also works in a similar fashion in which there is an intermediate language before the program is compiled to run on the platform dependent machine code.
Advanced reverse engineering for protections such as SecuROM, SafeDisc, StarForce, or Denuvo requires a cracker, or many crackers to spend much time studying the protection, eventually finding every flaw within the protection code, and then coding their own tools to "unwrap" the protection automatically from executable (.EXE) and library (.DLL) files.
There are a number of sites on the Internet that let users download cracks produced by warez groups for popular games and applications (although at the danger of acquiring malicious software that is sometimes distributed via such sites). Although these cracks are used by legal buyers of software, they can also be used by people who have downloaded or otherwise obtained unauthorized copies (often through P2P networks).
Trial reset
Many commercial programs that can be downloaded from the Internet have a trial period (often 30 days) and must be registered (= be bought) after its expiration if the user wants to continue to use them. To reset the trial period, registry entries and/or hidden files that contain information about the trial period are modified and/or deleted. For this purpose, crackers develop "trial resetters" for a particular program or sometimes also for a group of programs by the same manufacturer.
A method to make trial resets less attractive is the limitation of the software during the trial period (e.g., some features are only available in the registered version; pictures/videos/hardcopies created with the program get a watermark; the program runs for only 10-20 minutes and then closes automatically). Some programs have an unlimited trial period, but are limited until their registration.
See also
Reverse engineering
Warez
Warez groups
List of warez groups
References
Category:Hacker culture
Category:Copyright infringement
Category:Copyright infringement of software
Category:Warez
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Nuala Anne McGrail series
The Nuala Anne McGrail series of mystery novels were written by Roman Catholic priest and author Andrew M. Greeley.
The novels feature Nuala Anne McGrail and her husband, Dermot Michael Coyne.
Novels
There are twelve novels in the series:
Irish Gold (1994)
Irish Lace (1996)
Irish Whiskey (1998)
Irish Mist (1999)
Irish Eyes (2000)
Irish Love (2001)
Irish Stew! (2002)
Irish Cream (2005)
Irish Crystal (2006)
Irish Linen (2007)
Irish Tiger (2008)
Irish Tweed (2009)
Characters
Nuala Anne McGrail
Nuala Anne McGrail (née Moire Phioulaigh Ain Mac Griel, or Marie Fionnuala Anne McGrail) is a native of Carraroe, County Galway, Ireland popular and a very successful professional singer. She is married to Chicago native Dermot Michael Coyne. They met in Ireland but maintain their principal residence in Chicago. Nuala Anne is "fey," or psychic (one of the "dark ones"), and relies on her intuition to help her solve mysteries rooted in the past.
Dermot Michael Coyne
Dermot Michael Coyne is the American husband of Nuala Anne McGrail. He became an accidental millionnaire at the age of 25 while working at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, by mistakenly reversing an order. Deciding that he had no business being in that business, he retired to write. He is the primary narrator of the stories and assists Nuala Anne in solving mysteries (his photographic memory helps with historic and other relevant details), though he describes his involvement as being merely her "spear carrier."
Their family
Mary Anne, better known as Nellicoyne, is an avid and skilled photographer, and is also fey like her mother.
Micheal Dirmuid, named after his father and known as the Mick, is a year-and-half younger than Nellicoyne. A sports fan who loves to play with trucks, he also usually has a sketchbook in his pocket and often translates his sketches to computer graphics.
Socra Marie, a year-and-a half younger than the Mick, was a "miracle" child, beating the odds to survive a very premature birth. She is small for her age and wears glasses but makes up for it in vitality and is often referred to as the "tiny terrorist" for her unintentional skill in wreaking havoc.
Josef Porrig (Joseph Patrick), known as Jopat, is two-and-a-half years younger than Socra Marie. He was described by one of Dermot's sisters as "just like his father, big, strong, good-looking, and useless."
Fiona, a white Irish wolfhound, formerly with the Garda, is now the self-appointed guardian of Nuala Anne and her family.
Maeve, Fiona's offspring, also white, is co-guardian of the family.
Rev. George ("Prester George") Coyne, is Dermot Michael's brother.
Other recurring characters
Cardinal Sean Cronin
Coadjutor Archbishop John Blackwood ("Blackie") Ryan
Mike Casey
Cindasue L. McLeod, United States Coast Guard Captain, neighbor and friend; mother of Nelliecoyne's best friend.
Category:Novel series
Category:Mystery novels by series
*
Category:Chicago in fiction
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Tom Mitchell (Fijian rugby union)
Tom Mitchell (born 10 May 1958 in Taveuni) is a Fijian former rugby union footballer, who played as wing or centre.
Career
His first cap for Fiji was during a match against Tonga, at Nuku'alofa, on 28 June 1986. He was also part of the 1987 Rugby World Cup squad, where he played two matches, in the pool match against Italy and in the quarter-final lost against France. His last international cap was against Tonga, at Nadi, on 8 October 1988.
Notes
External links
Tom Mitchell international stats
Category:1958 births
Category:Fijian rugby union players
Category:Rugby union centres
Category:Rugby union wings
Category:Living people
Category:People from Taveuni
Category:I-Taukei Fijian people
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Hitchings
Hitchings is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
George H. Hitchings (1905-1998), American doctor who shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physiology
Helen Hitchings (1920–2002), New Zealand art dealer
Henry Hitchings (born 1974), British author, reviewer and critic
Lionel Hitchings (born 1936), English cricketer
See also
Hitching (disambiguation)
Hitchin (disambiguation)
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Samuel Livermore
Samuel Livermore (May 14, 1732May 18, 1803) was a U.S. politician. He was a U.S. Senator from New Hampshire from 1793 to 1801 and served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate in 1796 and again in 1799.
Life and career
Livermore was born in Waltham, Massachusetts, the son of Hannah (Brown) and Samuel Livermore, and attended Waltham schools. He graduated from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) in 1752, then studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1756, and commenced practice in Waltham. He moved to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in 1758 and later to Londonderry. He was a member of the New Hampshire General Court (the state's general assembly) 1768–1769. He was judge-advocate in the Admiralty court and Attorney General from 1769 to 1774. He moved to Holderness in 1775 and was State attorney for three years.
Livermore was a Member of the Continental Congress from 1780 to 1782 and again from 1785 to 1786. He was Chief Justice of the New Hampshire Superior Court of Judicature from 1782 to 1789, and a member of the State constitutional convention in 1788. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives for the First and Second Congresses, serving from March 4, 1789, to March 4, 1793. He was chairman of the House Committee on Elections in the Second Congress.
Livermore was president of the State constitutional convention in 1791 and in 1792 was elected as a Federalist to the United States Senate and was reelected in 1798 and served from March 4, 1793, until his resignation effective June 12, 1801, due to ill health. He served as President pro tempore of the Senate during the Fourth and Sixth Congresses.
Livermore died in Holderness, New Hampshire, and is interred in Trinity Churchyard there. He is featured on a New Hampshire historical marker (number 39) along New Hampshire Route 175 in Holderness.
Livermore was the father of Arthur Livermore, a U.S. Representative from New Hampshire, and Edward St. Loe Livermore, a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts.
References
External links
Category:1732 births
Category:1803 deaths
Category:Politicians from Waltham, Massachusetts
Category:American Episcopalians
Category:New Hampshire Federalists
Category:Continental Congressmen from New Hampshire
Category:18th-century American politicians
Category:United States senators from New Hampshire
Category:Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate
Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from New Hampshire
Category:Chief Justices of the New Hampshire Supreme Court
Category:Princeton University alumni
Category:People of colonial Massachusetts
Category:Federalist Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:18th-century American judges
Category:18th-century American lawyers
Category:People from Holderness, New Hampshire
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St Paul's Anglican Church, Ipswich
St Paul's Anglican Church is a heritage-listed church at 124 Brisbane Street, Ipswich, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1855 to 1929. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.
History
St Paul's Anglican Church is a Revival Gothic brick church completed in 1859, supervised by William Wakeling but probably to a design by Edmund Blacket. The side aisles were added in 1888/89, architect F.D.G. Stanley, and the western extensions were added in 1929, architect George Brockwell Gill.
The first Church of England services in Ipswich were held in a timber building in Ellenborough Street. A brick church was then erected in 1850 on the corner of Brisbane and Nicholas Streets, opposite the present-day church. This was always intended to be a temporary building and was later used as a Sunday School and day school; it was demolished in 1877.
The foundation stone of St Paul's was laid in 1855 but the church was not completed until June 1859. The architect is believed to have been Edmund Thomas Blacket. Ipswich at that time was in the Diocese of Newcastle and similar designs were used for St Paul's at West Maitland and St John's at Newcastle. Blacket's former pupil William Wakeling arrived in Ipswich in 1856 and worked there for several years including some time as the partner of Thomas Casey as builder/architects; he carried out supervision of St Paul's and was also responsible for "the internal arrangements".
The building was of a high quality because the church was designed and built at a time when Ipswich was socially and economically buoyant. There was also intense rivalry between Ipswich and Brisbane and the rector was hopeful of attracting the new bishop to the church, making Ipswich a cathedral town. A pipe organ was imported from England and installed in 1860, the first in the colony. This organ still exists, although it has been rebuilt, repaired and relocated.
The gallery was built in 1882. At the same time, two lancet windows were installed in the eastern wall and a cast iron porch was added.
North and south aisles were added in 1888, designed by F.D.G. Stanley and built by Robert Wilson and Co.
In 1926, the old cast iron "Galilee porch" was replaced by the present porch; the bell in this porch is from the 1850 church. In 1929, Ipswich architect and prominent parishioner George Brockwell Gill designed and supervised an extension to the chancel, and the addition of an organ chamber, sacristy, chapel and vestry to the west end and southern transept. Major conservation work was carried out in 1992 under the supervision of Buchanan Architects.
The church contains fine stained glass windows and numerous memorials including marble tablets honouring people notable in Queensland history such as George Thorn and Thomas de Lacy Moffat.
In the north-east corner is the Martyrs Chapel which honours New Guinea martyrs including medical missionary Mavis Parkinson who was killed by Japanese soldiers during World War II. The chapel contains a small bamboo cross in a glass case presented by the Bishop of South Tokyo and a cross found in an abandoned German mission. A Celtic cross in grey stone near the church entrance porch also honours Mavis Parkinson.
The church contains a memorial tablet for John Panton, an Ipswich pioneer, merchant and politician.
On 25 February 1966, the Governor of Queensland, Sir Henry Abel Smith, Governor of Queensland unveiled a commemorative baptismal font bowl and plaque in honour of Anna MacArthur (daughter of Philip Gidley King and wife of Hannibal Hawkins MacArthur), organised by the Queensland Women's Historical Association.
Hall
A church hall was built in 1908 but was demolished in 1962 along with the timber belltower and replaced by a new brick and steel parish centre which was dedicated as a war memorial; it was designed by Conrad and Gargett Architects.
Rectory
The rectory was built in 1895-6, designed by G. B. Gill. It replaced an earlier building on the same site which had become dilapidated. There have been only minor changes to this building since construction. It ceased being the rectory and is now used for church offices.
Grounds
The grounds of the church provide an attractive setting, and include a limestone perimeter wall, much of which was built prior to 1876. The Brisbane St section has long been a favourite place for Ipswich people to sit to watch processions. The limestone stone terraces were extended along Nicholas and Limestone Streets in the 1930s and the bus shelter in Nicholas Street was built in 1932.
Description
St Paul's Church occupies a whole block within the city centre of Ipswich. The site includes the church, church hall, rectory, gardens and perimeter limestone walls, all of which are dominant landmark elements within the urban setting.
The Revival Gothic church is of Latin cross plan form, with the sanctuary placed at the western end. External walls are of face brickwork and contain five arched windows of stained glass with small pivoting vents. The steeply-pitched gable roof is sheeted with flat pan-and-roll galvanised iron and is penetrated by dormer window ventilators. The roof structure consists of finely-proportioned hammer beam trusses which intersect above the crossing, supporting a raised lantern roof ventilator. The entrance porch is at the eastern end and leads to a foyer beneath the upper choir loft with timber screen, cast iron lace balustrading and cast iron spiral stair access. The new floor of the church is of traditional clear-finished hoop pine and walls are painted plaster. The church pews are of traditional design and appear to be original.
The northern transept now contains the organ and choir stalls, while the southern transept is extended to accommodate two vestries. Side aisles extend along both sides of the nave, terminating in small chapels at the western end. The church interior contains some fine timber joinery including sanctuary screens, communion rail and panelling of cedar and pine. The interior also contains numerous marble tablets and memorials, pulpit, baptismal font and lectern of fine quality. A chapel in the north-eastern corner of the nave honours Mavis Parkinson and contains an altar faced with New Guinea tapa cloth and a small bamboo cross in a glass case.
The rectory is a lowset timber building with verandahs on all sides and a fine projecting pedimented entrance porch to the east overlooking the town centre and d'Arcy Doyle Place. Walls are of chamferboard and the hipped roof is clad in corrugated galvanised iron. The roof form has distinctive metal ventilators and banks of brick chimneys with terracotta chimney pots.
The interior plan form of the rectory remains relatively unchanged except for minor modifications to accommodate the church offices, meeting rooms and storage space. Most of the cedar joinery, except for one fireplace surround, has survived. Contemporary car accommodation has been constructed at the rear and a disabled persons ramp built alongside the northern verandah.
The church grounds are raised above the surrounding footpaths and contained on all sides by early limestone retaining walls with sloping concrete copings, once surmounted by a small picket fence. A pair of circular crenellated gate pillars exist at the main northeast entrance and are constructed of random rubble limestone matching the walls adjacent. The garden contains some mature trees and a fine-grained Celtic cross memorial set on a stylobate of three steps and engraved with an inscription and traditional Celtic motifs.
Heritage listing
St Pauls Anglican Church and Rectory was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
The place demonstrates the pattern of Queensland's history, exemplifying the buoyant mood of pre-Separation Ipswich and the aspirations of its citizens to construct community buildings worthy of its perceived importance.
The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.
Completed in 1859, it is a rare example of a church built prior to Separation and is the oldest Anglican Church in Queensland; it contains the oldest pipe organ in Queensland.
The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.
The main church is a fine revival Gothic building constructed over a long period from 1855 to 1929. With its central city setting and landscaped grounds including a fine limestone wall and terraces, it is a major landmark in Ipswich.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The church has been closely associated with the spiritual and social life of the Ipswich community since the 1850s.
The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.
It is closely associated with two important Queensland architects F.D.G. Stanley and G.B.Gill and also with Edmund Blacket and William Wakeling.
It is associated with the life and work of Anglican Church martyr Mavis Parkinson, a medical missionary who was killed in New Guinea during World War II. The rectory is a finely-detailed example of a late Victorian residence and is a good example of the domestic work of G.B. Gill.
References
Attribution
External links
Category:Queensland Heritage Register
Category:Ipswich, Queensland
Ipswich
Category:Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Ipswich
Category:1859 establishments in Australia
Category:Churches completed in 1859
Category:Gothic Revival church buildings in Australia
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Kalaw Township
Kalaw Township () is a township of Taunggyi District in the Shan State of Myanmar. The principal town is Kalaw. This township contains Kalaw, Aungban and Heho.
f
Category:Townships of Shan State
Category:Kalaw Township
Category:Taunggyi District
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Drosophila albomicans
Drosophila albomicans is a species of vinegar fly in the family Drosophilidae. Drosophila albomicans is a member of the Immigrans-tripunctata radiation of the subgenus Drosophila. The D. albomicans genome was first sequenced in 2012 to study the evolution of novel sex chromosomes, a characteristic this species is best known for. One commonly accepted definition of the biological species concept is that individuals or populations are members of different species if they are incapable of successful interbreeding. While D. albomicans and Drosophila nasuta are commonly referred to as distinct species, there appears to be little to no sexual isolation between these two Drosophila species. Instead, behavioural differences appear to reproductively isolate these two species.
The Immigrans species group (to which D. albomicans belongs) is related to the Drosophila quinaria and Drosophila testacea species groups. The related species Drosophila immigrans has been used in evolutionary studies to understand how viruses evolve with their hosts.
References
Further reading
External links
albomicans
Category:Insects described in 1921
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Commonwealth Acetate of Lime Factory
Commonwealth Acetate of Lime Factory is a heritage-listed factory at 82 Colmslie Road, Morningside, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.It is also known as Colmslie Migrant Hostel, Fairmile Naval Base, Hans Continental Smallgoods Factory, and HMAS Moreton, Colmslie. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 December 2007.
History
The former Commonwealth Acetate of Lime Factory at Colmslie consists of a number of brick and timber buildings built between 1917 and 1920. Two timber demountable blocks were added as migrant accommodation c.1949. Since the early 1970s most of the site has been occupied by Hans Continental Smallgoods Pty Ltd, which has constructed a modern factory on the southern part of property. The remaining original buildings are used as offices and for storage. The riverfront fish markets have occupied the northern part of the original factory site since 1966.
During World War One the Australian Commonwealth Arsenal developed its own defence factories, due to disruption of the supply of manufactured goods and armaments to Australia. By 1919 the defence factories included the Lithgow Small Arms Factory in Lithgow, New South Wales; a Clothing Factory in South Melbourne; and the Defence Explosive Factory Maribyrnong (Cordite) at Maribyrnong, Melbourne; a Government Woollen Mill; and the Acetate of Lime Factory at Colmslie, Brisbane. The latter provided acetate of lime for cordite production at Maribyrnong.
After World War One the Australian government sought to protect the local steel, copper, chemical, and woollen textile industries, which had grown during the war, and to promote research and development. Government factories and laboratories were to provide a knowledge pool for the private sector, and the latter would then be able to help supply the country's defence needs in wartime. This policy of "Self Containment" led to Australia being able to supply itself with light weapons and ammunition by World War Two. The Munitions Supply Board (1921 to 1939) inherited the defence factories of the Commonwealth Arsenal, and its High Explosives and Filling Factory Group in Victoria became the centre of chemical engineering in Australia. Other Munitions Supply Board assets in the 1920s included the Ordnance Factory Group, Gun Ammunition Factory Group, and Small Arms Ammunition Factory in Victoria, and the Small Arms Factory Group in New South Wales. The Munitions Supply Board thus controlled the largest and most advanced factory system in Australia, and the largest industrial research laboratories, under the Munitions Supply Laboratories organisation.
A committee from the Commonwealth Department of Home Affairs selected a site for the Acetate of Lime Factory at Colmslie in mid 1916, after Cairns was considered and rejected. Subdivisions 2 and 3 of Eastern Suburban Allotment 22, Parish of Bulimba, County of Stanley, covering were resumed on 21 September 1916 at a cost of . A plan drawn up by the Department of Home Affairs in November 1916, and signed "HJB", laid out the main built elements of the factory, and their function, as designed by the bacteriologist and chemist Auguste de Bavay.
Born in Belgium, De Bavay had worked for a number of breweries (including Fosters, Swan, Cascade, Carlton and United), as well as working in the mining industry, and in the paper industry. He had designed the revolutionary ore-extraction technique of the "skin" or "film" flotation process, patented in 1905, to deal with "the Sulphide Problem". In 1914 de Bavay was asked by the Minister of Defence to investigate the manufacture of acetone for use in cordite manufacture, and in two weeks he had developed a process to ferment and distil molasses. He was later asked to build the Colmslie factory, which had a well-equipped chemical and bacteriological laboratory. His son, Francis Xavier de Bavay, became the first manager of the factory.
The cost of the factory was about . Production began in 1918, with 30 employees, and continued after the war ended, in order to lay up reserve supplies. When production of acetate of lime (calcium acetate) ceased early in 1922, about had been made; enough to produce of acetone, leading to of cordite, or about 400 million rounds of rifle cartridges.
The process of making acetate of lime started with molasses (from the Babinda and Mulgrave sugar mills) that had been shipped from Cairns to Brisbane. The molasses was pumped into a holding tank near the river, and was diluted with water. The liquid was then heated and cooled in the three-storey Agitator and Cooler House, to destroy foreign bacteria. In the two-storey Fermenting House yeast was added to large wooden temperature-controlled vats, with fermentation producing a dilute (8%) solution of alcohol (ethanol). The "wash" was transferred to vats on the top floor of the three-storey Settling House, where it was allowed to settle out. The wash was then transferred to the adjacent three-storey Acidifier House, where it was repeatedly pumped through wooden vats, which contained wood shavings and Bacterium Aceti. Over several days, the alcohol was converted into acetic acid (vinegar). The new wash was heated by steam coils, and the acetic acid and water was distilled off, in the two-storey Evaporator House. The acid distillate was neutralised with milk of lime to produce acetate of lime, and this solution was concentrated for evaporation on a heated revolving drum, where it was scraped off as solid flakes. The bagged product was then sent to Maribyrnong for conversion into acetone. Acetone enabled the combination of nitro-glycerine and trinitrocellulose to form cordite.
Alcohol distillation at the factory was approved in 1919, due to shortages of certain grades of concentrated alcohol, and the dilute alcohol produced by the fermentation of molasses was distilled to produce concentrated alcohol in the Alcohol Still House, a two-storey eastern extension to the Evaporator House. From early 1920 a pot still was used to produce alcohol for the ammunition factories, and in 1922 a continuous still was installed.
Due to fears that oil resources were limited, alcohol produced from molasses was also considered as an alternative fuel. "Power alcohol" was manufactured at Colmslie from August 1924 to June 1926, before production was halted by concerns that the cost was too high. Approximately 800 kilolitres of this alcohol was made, and was mixed with benzol and ether to produce 1200 kilolitres of motor fuel. This fuel was used by the Post Master General's Department, in its postal vehicles in Brisbane and Melbourne, and by Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) vehicles in Victoria.
From 1926 the factory was closed down to a reserve status, under a caretaker. In 1935 the factory's plant was moved to the Footscray and Maribyrnong factories in Melbourne, and the factory was handed over to the Department of the Interior in January 1936. In June 1936 the idea was floated that the Post Master General's Department could use a building for its frequency measuring equipment, using the chimney and water tower to mount aerials. The Department's Radio Broadcasting Branch, Wireless Experimental Section, occupied various buildings from 1937, including the Acidifier House and the Fitter's shop.
The Wireless Experimental Section's peace and quiet was disturbed when an advance party of RAAF personnel arrived at the factory on 23 May 1939. Several factory buildings were required for billeting and storage purposes while the RAAF was awaiting the completion of huts at Archerfield. The Ordnance Service also staked a claim for storage space from February 1940 onwards, and the Field Hygiene Section of the Seventh Division occupied a number of buildings in late 1940. The Engineer's Supply Service branch arrived in April 1941, and the Allied Works Council was present in 1942. The 6th Anti Aircraft battery was a resident by June 1942 and the 2nd and 14th AA batteries by August 1943.
The Post Master General, Ordnance Services, and the Anti Aircraft batteries were still using some buildings in October 1943, but from November 1942 onwards the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) gradually took over most of the complex, which became part of the Fairmile Naval Base (by 1948 the base was referred to as 'HMAS Moreton, Colmslie'). The factory's jetty became a refuelling wharf, and navy workshops and a repair slipway were built between the factory and the river.
New tenants were soon to follow. In December 1943 Prime Minister Curtin had expressed the view that, for security reasons, Australia's population had to increase to 20 million. The Commonwealth Department of Immigration was created in 1945, and in 1946 the goal was to allow 70,000 migrants into Australia each year, (roughly 1% of Australia's population at the time). The United Kingdom-Australia Free and Assisted Passage Agreements became active in March 1947. Adults would only pay towards their passage, and children aged 14–18 would be charged . A shipping shortage handicapped the program until 1948, but from 1947 to 1958, of 457,898 migrants moving from the United Kingdom to Australia, 68% received assisted passage. In this period the British represented about a third of all migrants to Australia. The peak years of assisted British migration to Australia were between 1949 and 1952.
In order to address labour shortages, the Australian Government also decided to use another source of immigrants: the mass of Displaced Persons in Europe. In July 1947 an agreement was reached with the United Nation's International Refugee Organisation, which would provide the ships to deliver a minimum of 12,000 Displaced Persons per year. This was the first assisted passage scheme for non-British migrants. The migrants included people from the Baltic States of Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania. Other Displaced Persons came from Eastern and Central Europe, including Czechs, Yugoslavs, Ukrainians, Hungarians and Poles. By 1951, about 170,000 Displaced Persons had moved to Australia.
In 1949 the Migrant Accommodation Centres Division was formed within the Commonwealth Department of Immigration. It was decided that Displaced Persons would go to Holding Centres, where the dependants would stay until the "breadwinner" of the family, working in the vicinity of the Holding Centre, could afford accommodation elsewhere. However, if a worker was allocated to a Worker's Hostel that had room for dependants, the family might be able to live together at the hostel. Although the Department of Immigration administered Holding Centres, the Department of Labour and National Service administered Worker's Hostels.
In June 1949 the Department of Immigration was planning to open four Holding Centres for "New Australians" in Queensland. Wacol opened 9 November 1949, on Army land; Stuart, on RAAF land south of Townsville (the former Operations and Signals Bunker at Stuart) opened 30 March 1950; Frazer's Paddock at Enoggera opened 14 April 1950, on Army land; and Cairns opened 19 August 1950, on acquired land. In 1952 the standard capacities of these camps were listed as: Wacol 1465; Stuart 500; Enoggera 515; and Cairns 370. At this time 13 Holding Centres were still active in Australia. By April 1960 Wacol was the only migrant Holding Centre left in Queensland.
In mid 1948 the Director of Migrant Hostels had visited the old Acetate of Lime Factory, now acting as a naval barracks, with representatives from the Department of Labour and National Service, and the Department of Works and Housing. In December 1948 the Department of Labour and National Service had asked the RAN for the use of the factory buildings for Baltic Displaced Persons, and the site was transferred from the Department of Interior to the Department of Labour and National Service. However, the land near the river would be used by the Army. In June 1949 it was reported that there would be a Worker's Hostel at Colmslie with a projected capacity of 500 persons. The existing buildings of the Acetate of Lime Factory would provide accommodation, but a number of timber huts were also added the site, as illustrated on an April 1949 map by the Commonwealth Department of Works and Housing (the huts are not present on a 1948 site map prepared by the Department of the Interior). Two of these huts, which were used as six room sleeping blocks, remain on site today, to the north of the brick Engineer's Office and Fitter's shop. By December 1949 the term "Colmslie Migrant Hostel" was being used in correspondence.
Initial government policy was that British migrants would not be sent to Holding Centres. The Immigration Depot at Yungaba, Kangaroo Point, was remodelled to receive the first post-World War Two British migrants to Queensland, who left Britain in May 1947. In general though, Yungaba was used as transit depot for those British migrants who had their own accommodation arranged. British migrants who needed longer-term accommodation would be housed at Workers' Hostels.
In January 1952 "Commonwealth Hostels Limited" took over management of the Colmslie Migrant Hostel. Although it was policy that assisted British migrants should live at hostels, there were also non-British migrants at Colmslie in the late 1950s. According to one woman who lived there between 1959 and 1962, these included Germans, Finns, Danes, Yugoslavs, and Russians. Mr Flood, the hostel's Manager at the time, lived in a bungalow (no longer extant) surrounded by palm trees and hibiscus. This was originally the Factory manager's office and laboratory, situated south of the Evaporator House.
As part of the Colmslie Migrant Hostel, the Acidifier House was used for accommodation, and as a dining room and kitchen. The Engineer's Office and Fitter's Shop became a baggage store and the Assistant Manager's quarters, and the Winch House became a tool room. The Evaporator House was used for accommodation, ablutions and recreation, and the Alcohol Still house was also used for accommodation. The Engine Room was used for accommodation and recreation, and the Boiler House was used as a laundry. The Lime Slacking Store became an office, and the Excise Office, Fertiliser House and Painter's Shop building (extended to the south around 1949) became a store.
The desire to keep the British out of Holding Centres seems to have weakened over time, since by 1959 it was suggested that Wacol could be used for British migrants. Due to the June 1959 "Nest Egg Scheme", whereby British migrants with in savings could get assisted passage without an accommodation sponsor in Australia, there was a need for emergency accommodation. Yungaba and Colmslie were to be used first, but any extra British could join the Dutch migrants at Wacol.
In November 1960 the RAN declared its remaining land near the hostel as surplus to requirements. The RAN workshops, slipway and jetty, which had been occupied by the Army's Small Boat Squadron since 1956, had been declared surplus by the Army by April 1960. The land adjoining the Hostel was thus transferred from the Department of Interior to the Department of Immigration in March 1962, and in 1966 this waterfront area, with the workshops, slipway, and part of the hostel grounds, was transferred to the Queensland Fish Board. The two-storied Fermentation House of the Acetate of Lime Factory still stands on this land, which now contains the Brisbane Fish Markets.
In January 1963 the Colmslie Migrant Hostel had a capacity of 270, with 30 Families resident. It was closed on 31 March 1963. Those migrants who could not find new accommodation were allowed to go to Wacol, which Commonwealth Hostels was taking over from the Department of Immigration. It appears that the Hostel was briefly reactivated in 1965, before closing permanently. Hans Van der Drift, a Dutch-born chef, started Hans Continental Smallgoods in Ascot in 1960, and his company occupied the remainder of the Colmslie hostel site in the early 1970s.
Although the molasses storage tanks and Montejus pit near the river were demolished before the end of World War Two, and the Agitator and Cooling House, Settling Tank House, and Laboratory/Bungalow have disappeared since World War Two, a number of the main buildings involved in the process of producing acetate of lime are still present on the site. However, the top two floors of the Acidifier House were removed some time after 1965, and with its modern cladding the building no longer resembles its earlier form.
Description
The former Acetate of Lime Factory, now a part of the Hans Continental Smallgoods factory, is accessed from Colmslie Road. A large modern factory building occupies most of the southern part of the site. The original factory buildings are further north, and are stepped down the north face of the slope towards the Brisbane River. Elements of the Acetate of Lime Factory that still exist on the eastern side of the internal roadway include: the Lime Slacking Store and the Lime Slacking House; the Excise Office, Fertilizer House and Painters' Shop building; the Evaporator House and Alcohol Still House; the Engine Room; the Boiler House and Chimney; and a small latrine block. To the west of the internal road are: the ground floor of the Acidifier House; the Winch House, and the Engineers' Office and Fitters' Shop. To the north of the Engineers' Office and Fitters' shop are two huts that were introduced as extra migrant accommodation.
The Lime Slacking Store is an L-shaped single-storey building, built of brick with a hipped roof clad in corrugated iron. It has been converted into a cold room. Some of the double-hung sash windows have been bricked over, while others have been painted over. A brick-lined gutter runs along the ground on the south side of the building. Just north of the store is the small, brick Lime Slacking House, which is visually obscured by a modern metal-clad extension to the south of the Alcohol Still House. Just to the west of the Lime Slacking Store is the T-shaped single storey timber Excise Office, Fertilizer House and Painters' Shop building, which is clad in weatherboards and has a hipped roof clad in corrugated iron. Between the Excise Office, Fertilizer House and Painters' Shop building and the Evaporator House is a concrete retaining wall.
Further north, the Evaporator House/Alcohol Still House, Engine Room, and Boiler House are staggered down the hill towards the chimney, each constructed of English Bond red bricks. Although they are adjoined externally, they do not have an internal thoroughfare.
The interior of the two storey Evaporator House and Alcohol Still House has been refurbished for use as offices, with a mezzanine level at the eastern end of the first floor. The original timber roof trusses survive above the office cubicles, there are small vents two thirds up the walls at regular intervals, and the ends of metal bolts can also be seen, ground-off flush with the brickwork. There is an outside stairway to the mezzanine level on the east face of the building, and there is a concrete ramp to the first floor entrance near the western end. Dormer windows have been added to the corrugated iron roof above the mezzanine floor.
A modern kitchen extension, of Stretcher Bond brick, protrudes north from the mezzanine level of the Evaporator House, and a modern flat-roofed shed adjoins the north side of the Alcohol Still House. There is also a modern flat-roofed extension to the south of the Alcohol Still House, clad in metal sheeting. East of the Alcohol Still House is a small brick latrine, with bull nosed corners, that is now used for chemical storage.
The Engine Room is used as a cold store, and the Boiler House is used as a storeroom. A modern cold-store extension conceals most of the lower floor of the Engine Room and Boiler House on the eastern side. The chimney has a steel ring encircling its summit, and it has a steel door on its lower north side, which was opened by swinging it completely away along a steel track.
To the west of the internal road is the remaining floor of the Acidifier House, which appears to have been substantially modified, with modern cladding. To the north is the Engineers' Office and Fitters' shop, made with Stretcher Bond brick, of one-storey with a mezzanine floor. To its north is a skillion-roofed timber extension. Just to the east of the fitter's shop is the Winch House, also of Stretcher Bond brick. It is open on one side, and has an extended roof that serves as an entrance porch for the Fitters' shop.
Two one-story wooden barracks stand to the north of the Engineers' Office and Fitters' shop. Raised on timber stumps, each is clad in weatherboards, with a skillion roof of galvanised iron, and timber-lined eaves. Each has six doors on the southern side. The southernmost hut has six windows on the northern side, but the northernmost hut has a sliding steel door in place of one of its windows.
Any post 1970 structures and extensions on the site are not significant, nor are the post 1970 internal modifications to the factory buildings significant. The surviving ground floor of the Acidifier House is no longer significant.
Heritage listing
The former Commonwealth Acetate of Lime Factory was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 December 2007 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
The remaining buildings of the Commonwealth Acetate of Lime Factory at Colmslie, built between 1917 and 1920 as part of the defence-factory program of the Australian Commonwealth Arsenal, demonstrate Queensland's role in Australia's early defence industry: using the products of sugar cane to contribute to Australian self-sufficiency in ammunition manufacture. Between 1943 and 1948 the factory was part of a Royal Australian Navy Base, illustrating how Commonwealth properties could be adapted for military use in a crisis. The use of the factory buildings as a hostel for migrants between 1949 and 1963, and c.1965, demonstrates the process of adapting Commonwealth defence properties to temporarily house migrants from Britain and Europe during Australia's post-World War Two period of mass immigration. In addition, the factory network of the Munitions Supply Board was related to a deliberate government effort to provide a scientific and technical knowledge base for Australian private industry.
The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.
The Acetate of Lime Factory at Colmslie was the only Commonwealth Arsenal/Munitions Supply Board Factory built in Queensland prior to World War Two, and was the only factory of its type in Australia. The two de-mountable timber huts on the site may be among the last remaining in-situ Queensland examples of the temporary accommodation provided on military properties for post-World War Two migrants.
The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.
The Acetate of Lime Factory at Colmslie has fine industrial aesthetic qualities and its relationship with the river is also aesthetically significant. In particular the brick chimney is an important landmark in the industrial river-scape of the Brisbane River.
The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.
An innovative process for manufacturing Acetate of Lime from molasses was developed for the Australian Government by the noted bacteriologist and chemist Auguste de Bavay, and the Colmslie factory was built to his specifications.
The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.
The factory buildings have a strong association with the chemist Auguste de Bavay. The factory is also associated with a number of Commonwealth government and military organisations of importance, including the Commonwealth Arsenal, the Munitions Supply Board, the Royal Australian Navy, the Commonwealth Department of Labour and National Service, and the Commonwealth Department of Immigration.
References
Attribution
External links
Category:Queensland Heritage Register
Category:Heritage of Brisbane
Category:Morningside, Queensland
Category:Industrial buildings in Queensland
Category:Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
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Mudgee
Mudgee is a town in the Central West of New South Wales, Australia. It is in the broad fertile Cudgegong River valley north-west of Sydney. Mudgee is at the centre of the Mid-Western Regional Council local government area. As at June 2018 Mudgee had a population of 12,410.
The Mudgee district lies across the edge of the geological structure known as the Sydney Basin.
History
Indigenous Australians, pre-colonisation until 1850
Historically, the Aboriginal heritage in Mudgee has not been widely told. The traditional custodians of the land were the Wiradjuri nation. The Wiradjuri nation was split and sub-split into many tribes. In Mudgee, the Mowgee clan extended over a 50 km radius. The Mowgee women's totem was the wedge tail eagle (Mullian) and the men's totem the crow (Waggan). They settled around the Cudgegong River, using its resources for food, and water.
The Mudgee district holds many sacred Aboriginal sites and cave painting, some sites with evidence of tool making. Some of the better known and accessible sites include Hands on the Rocks; The Drip; Babyfoot Cave.
Significance of local names
Many Mudgee districts were named after the local Wiradjuri tribal areas, including Mudgee itself. The name Mudgee is derived from the Wiradjuri term Moothi meaning "Nest in the Hills" or "mou-gee" meaning "contented". Others include Lue (Loowee, 'a chain of waterholes'); Gulgong ('a gully'); Wollar ('a rock water hole'); Menah ('flat country'); Eurunderee ('a local tree'); Guntawang ('a peaceful place'), Cooyal ('dry country'); Wilbertree ('a long switch'); Gooree ('native chasing live animal'); Burrendong ('darker than usual'). The Aboriginal name of the Rylstone area was Combamolang.
Settlement to 1850
James Blackman was the first European settler to cross the Cudgegong River in 1821 followed quickly by Lieutenant William Lawson who was then commandant of Bathurst. Lawson would later take up in the area.
George and Henry Cox, sons of William Cox, were the first settlers on the Cudgegong River when they established the Menah run, 3 kilometres north of the current town. The European settlers were soon in conflict with the Wiradjuri over a range of issues including the killing of livestock and animals such as kangaroos and possums which were major food sources for the Wiradjuri. Martial law was declared by Governor Thomas Brisbane in 1824, leading to the killing of a large number of the Wiradjuri people.
While the site of Mudgee was surveyed for a village in 1823, Menah was the original settlement having a police station and a lock-up by 1833. It has been incorrectly claimed that Robert Hoddle designed the village which was gazetted in 1838. Although Hoddle was the first surveyor in the region, marking out the boundaries of Putta Bucca and Bombira, by the time the village was gazetted, he had already left the district to become leader of the Port Phillip Survey. John Blackman built a slab hut, the first dwelling in Mudgee and its general store.
By 1841, there were 36 dwellings, three hotels, a hospital, a post office, two stores and an Anglican church. St John's Church of England was consecrated on 6 May 1841. The police station moved from Menah in the mid-1840s while an Anglican school was established in that decade as well.
1850 to present
In 1851, the population of Mudgee was 200. However, the population skyrocketed as the discovery of gold in nearby Hargraves by Edward Hargraves led to a gold rush in New South Wales. While no gold was found in Mudgee itself, the town prospered as gold was discovered in nearby New South Wales towns such as Gulgong, Hill End and Windeyer temporarily reached populations of 20,000. Mudgee was a centre for the local goldfields and grew rapidly as a result.
Mudgee was declared as a municipality in 1860 making it the second oldest municipality west of the Great Dividing Range with a population of 1500 in 1861. A public school was built in the 1850s together with the present Catholic and Anglican churches and a Methodist and Presbyterian church. A new police station, courthouse, Mechanics' Institute and a town hall were built in the 1860s. There were four coach factories operating in Mudgee to cater for the demand of the nearby goldfields. The National Trust of Australia has a number of these buildings registered including the Mudgee Museum (formerly the Colonial Inn), the Catholic presbytery, the court house, the police station and the Anglican Church. On 1 June 1861 the Electric Telegraph system arrived and was opened for messages to be transmitted and received at the Telegraph office.
One of the gold miners attracted to the Mudgee district was Niels Peter Larsen who married Louisa Albury in Mudgee in 1866. They had a child, leading Australian poet Henry Lawson in Grenfell in 1867 and changed their names to Peter and Louisa Lawson. By the birth of their third child, they moved to a selection at Pipeclay (now Eurunderee) 8 km north of Mudgee.
Louisa Lawson's vigorous lobbying led to the establishment of the slab-and-bark Eurunderee Public School in 1876 with Henry Lawson attending the school for the first time aged nine. He would later write about the school in his poem, The Old Bark School. Lawson would later attend St. Matthews Central School, Mudgee before his progressively worsening deafness leading to him leaving school at the age of 14. Lawson would live in the Mudgee district until the age of 15 and many of his stories were written about the district.
As the gold mines petered out in the latter half of the 19th century, Mudgee was sustained by the strength of its wool industry as well as the nascent wine industry established by a German immigrant, Adam Roth, in the 1850s. The opening of the railway extension from Rylstone to Mudgee occurred on 10 September 1884.
The railway boosted the town's agricultural industries. The railway between Rylstone and Mudgee closed on 2 March 1992. This same railway section re-opened eight years later, on 2 September 2000. The Wallaby Track Drive Tour visits various sites associated with Lawson including the old Eurundee Public School, the Henry Lawson memorial, the Budgee Budgee Inn, Sapling Gully, Golden Gully and the Albury Pub which was owned by Lawson's grandfather.
In 1890 a local newspaper was founded with the title the Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative. Its title changed in 1963 to the Mudgee Guardian and Gulgong Advertiser and is currently published twice a week.
Mudgee's Glen Willow Regional Sports Stadium hosted the 2012 City vs Country Origin rugby league match with an attendance of 8,621, and the 2017 match with an attendance of 8,322.
In the NRL, the St. George Dragons regularly host home matches there, emphasising the importance of the long-term prosperity of Rugby League in country areas.
Additionally, in the A-League, the Western Sydney based Western Sydney Wanderers have chosen to take their Community Round match to Mudgee's Glen Willow Regional Sports Stadium, as part of their new Regional Strategy,
In 2014, the local council found itself involved in a statewide corruption investigation when officers of the Independent Commission Against Corruption (New South Wales) raided the local council's offices.
Economy
Mudgee has developed as a wine producing region and wine manufacturing is a major part of its economy. It is also heavily dependant on several major mines in the surrounding area.
Other rural produce includes cattle, sheep, wheat, alfalfa, olives, fruit, tomatoes, sweetcorn, honey, and dairy products. These, however, do not play as major a role as the mining industry.
The Ulan coal mines are in the district. During the 19th century, the area was a major goldmining area and the district also produces marble, pottery clays, shale and dolomite. These mines have further potential to expand in the region, however they are also the topic of local environmental concerns.
Tourism is also a growing industry based largely on the wineries.
A laboratory was established in 1987 to test meat for pesticide residues.
Local real estate, petrol and living costs skyrocketed since 2010 when the mining boom began to peak. This has rolled onto the local population, who have since had increased difficulty in living in the town.
NSW Health is redeveloping the Mudgee Hospital. Major construction work commenced in March 2019 with the project due to be completed late 2020.
Climate
Mudgee has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), with semi-arid (Bsk) characteristics. Summers are hot with the occasional thunderstorm, however nighttime temperatures are still cool. Winters are relatively cold, with frosty mornings and sunny days, interspersed with periods of heavy rain and occasionally snowfall. Rainfall is moderate and falls fairly evenly all year round, with a slight peak in summer. Extreme temperatures have ranged from 43.9 °C (111.02 °F) to –8.3 °C (17.1 °F). The highest monthly rainfall ever recorded was 303.2 mm (11.9 in) of rain in March 1926. Mudgee gets 113.0 clear days, annually.
Heritage buildings
Mudgee has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
13 Church Street: St Mary's Roman Catholic Church
111 Lester's Lane: Binnawee Homestead
64 Market Street: Mudgee Town Hall
80 Market Street: Mudgee Post Office
Wallerawang-Gwabegar railway: Mudgee railway station
Churches
St Mary's Catholic Church
St John's Anglican Church
Mudgee Uniting Church
St Paul's Presbyterian Church
Frontline Assemblies of God
Salvation Army
Seventh Day Adventist Church
Mudgee Baptist Church
Schools and colleges
Mudgee High School
St Matthews Catholic School
Mudgee Public School
Cudgegong Valley Public School
Mudgee College (TAFE)
Gallery
Notable people
Natarsha Belling – national newsreader for Channel 10
Felicity Brown – milliner
Aaron Downes – professional soccer player
Jamie Fitzgerald – former professional rugby league footballer who played 71 First Grade NRL games
Darrell Hair – international cricket umpire
Lisa Keightley – cricketer, first woman to score a century at Lord's in England
Henry Lawson – one of Australia's most recognised poets and short story writers. Lived in Mudgee for 16 years during childhood after his birth in Grenfell
Louisa Lawson – mother of Henry Lawson and prolific feminist activist
David Lowe – Winemaker and owner Lowe Wines, President NSW Wine Industry Association, Vice President Australian Winemakers Federation
Scott McGregor – Australian actor, TV presenter and railway historian
Ted Noffs – Methodist minister and founder of the Wayside Chapel in Kings Cross 1964
James Stanton - Olympic water polo player for Australia.
Ken Sutcliffe – television personality, sports reader for Channel Nine
Dennis Talbot – professional boxer who represented Australia in the 1972 Olympics in Munich
Groups
Brothers3 – X-Factor contestants, 2014
See also
Mudgee Airport
References
External links
Category:Towns in New South Wales
Category:Towns in the Central West (New South Wales)
Category:Central Tablelands
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Jean Hatzfeld (hellenist)
Jean Hatzfeld (29 November 1880 – 30 May 1947, aged 66) was a French archaeologist and hellenist. He was a member of the French School at Athens, a professor at the Sorbonne (1928–1930) and at the École pratique des hautes études (1937).
Selected works
1926: Histoire de la Grèce ancienne, Paris, 1926
3e éd., revue et corrigée par André Aymard, Paris, Payot, 1950
rééd. coll. « Petite Bibliothèque Payot », 1962, 1995, 2002
1945: La Grèce et son héritage, Paris, Éditions Montaigne, (Aubier)
1951: Alcibiade. Étude sur l'histoire d'Athènes à la fin du Ve siècle, Paris, Presses universitaires de France.
External links
Category:French archaeologists
Category:French hellenists
Category:1880 births
Category:1947 deaths
Category:University of Paris faculty
Category:École pratique des hautes études faculty
Category:Members of the French School at Athens
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Sharpe's Rifles (TV programme)
Sharpe's Rifles is the first of the Sharpe television dramas, based on the Bernard Cornwell novel of the same name. Shown on ITV in 1993, the adaptation stars Sean Bean, Daragh O'Malley and Assumpta Serna. It began a long series of successful and critically acclaimed television adaptations of the novels.
The drama tells the story of Richard Sharpe, an ambitious and hardened soldier from Yorkshire. The story follows the exploits of Sharpe and his band of chosen men through Spain after they survive an ambush by French cavalry.
Filming took place in the Crimea, Portugal and England, during which Paul McGann who was the original actor cast for the role of Richard Sharpe, broke his leg and was quickly replaced with Sean Bean.
Plot summary
In 1809, Sir Arthur Wellesley (David Troughton), the commander of the British army fighting the French in Portugal, is saved from three pursuing French cavalrymen by Sergeant Richard Sharpe (Sean Bean). Wellesley rewards Sharpe with a field commission to lieutenant and command of the "chosen men", a handful of sharpshooters previously led by Rifleman Patrick Harper (Daragh O'Malley). The two men take an instant dislike to each other.
Wellesley has no money to pay his men; however, he has arranged for a loan from the Rothschild family. James Rothschild has set out from Vienna with a badly needed bank draft, but is overdue. Sharpe, his men, and a company under Major Dunnett (Julian Fellowes) are sent out to search for him. While Sharpe and his men are out scouting the terrain, the company is surprised and wiped out by enemy cavalry led by Colonel de L'Eclin (Malcolm Jamieson) and a man in dark civilian clothes (Anthony Hyde), with only Perkins and a gravely wounded Captain Murray as survivors.
The band takes refuge in a small cottage and Captain Murray succumbs to his wounds. Harper tells Sharpe that the men have decided that they want to go back; he and Sharpe end up fighting and are taken unawares by a band of Spanish guerrillas led by Commandante Teresa Moreno (Assumpta Serna) and Major Blas Vivar (Simón Andreu). Sharpe declares Harper a mutineer and joins forces with the Spanish guerrillas for mutual protection, since they are headed in the same general direction. Sharpe begins to bond with his men and also with Teresa. The guerrillas are protecting a chest; when Harper kills two French cavalrymen to save it, Sharpe frees him and drops the mutiny charge. Along the way, they encounter the Parkers, a Methodist missionary couple and their niece, whom they take under their protection.
Major Hogan, Wellesley's chief of military intelligence, shows up and orders Sharpe to assist Vivar with his mission to rouse the people. The Spaniard has brought a thousand-year-old family heirloom with him - the Gonfalon of Santiago or "Banner of Blood". Legend has it that Santiago (Saint James) himself will appear to defend Spain when the flag is raised over the chapel in the town of Torrecastro. Sharpe, Teresa, Vivar and their men attack and defeat the French garrison. Vivar crosses swords with the man in black, who turns out to be his own brother, the Count of Matamoros, and kills him. He then raises the flag. At the end of the battle, Colonel de L'Eclin is about to shoot an unarmed Sharpe, but is shot and killed by Rifleman Perkins. Sharpe rewards the young Perkins by making him a "chosen man". Hogan advises Perkins to decline the favour.
Sharpe reports back to Wellesley. When the general expresses his disappointment that Sharpe did not find Rothschild, Sharpe reveals that "Mrs. Parker" is the banker in disguise, to Wellesley's delight. Afterwards, Sharpe and Teresa make love, before she leaves to continue fighting the French.
Cast
See also
95th Regiment of Foot
Over the Hills and Far Away (traditional song)
Sharpe's Rifles (novel)
Sharpe (TV series)
References
External links
Category:1993 British television episodes
Category:1990s historical films
Category:1990s war films
Category:Films based on British novels
Category:Films based on historical novels
Category:Films based on military novels
Rifles
Category:Napoleonic Wars films
Category:Films shot in Ukraine
Category:War television films
Category:Fiction set in 1809
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Crown Victoria Custom '51
"Crown Victoria Custom '51" is a song co-written by Jerry Lee Lewis and released as a B side single by Lewis in the U.S. in 1995 on Sire Records. The song was from the Young Blood album released that same year.
Background
"Crown Victoria Custom '51" was recorded for Sire Records in the U.S. and was released as a 7" 45 B side single backed with "Goosebumps" in 1995 as 7-64423. The recording was produced by Andy Paley. The music and lyrics were written by Jerry Lee Lewis, James Burton, Andy Paley, and Kenny Lovelace. The song was published by Twilite Tunes, Warner Chappell, DeCapo Music Inc., James Burton Music, and Ken Lovelace Music. The song originally appeared on the Young Blood album. The recording was included on the 2006 3 disc career retrospective Half a Century of Hits as part of the Legends of American Music series by Time-Life Music.
The theme of the song is a 1951 Ford Victoria V8 coupe, a model based on the 1949 Ford. The Victoria hardtop had a "dual-bullet" grille and heavy chrome bumpers. A new "turn-key" ignition and front suspension featuring independent coil springs were also added. The head room was 36.1 inches. It was a new, post-war streamlined car model which could be customized into a hot rod. The Ford Crown Victoria model was produced in 1955. The opening and closing verse emphasizes the continuing popularity of the 1951 model: "Born in Detroit City back in '51 / She still looks pretty and she's loads of fun / Through thick and thin she's been my only one / It's my Crown Victoria Custom '51".
Jerry Lee Lewis performs a piano solo followed by an electric guitar solo by James Burton.
The recording is featured in the 1999 film A Texas Funeral starring Martin Sheen and Robert Patrick.
The song was favorably reviewed in Rolling Stone: "Whether reclaiming Hank Williams' wry 'I'll Never Get Out of This World Alive' or bragging about his hot rod — or is it his woman? — on 'Crown Victoria Custom '51,' Lewis is in high gear. He revels in the signatures of his fine madness, tossing random glissandi from his piano and shouting lyrics in a voice scuffed yet steel tipped."
Album appearances
"Crown Victoria Custom '51" appeared on the following albums:
Young Blood, Jerry Lee Lewis, Sire Records, 1995
Grooves, Volume Ten, Various Artists, Time-Life Music/BMG, 1996
Legends of American Music. Half a Century of Hits, Jerry Lee Lewis, Time-Life Music, 2006
Sources
Bonomo, Joe (2009). Jerry Lee Lewis: Lost and Found. New York: Continuum Books.
Tosches, Nick (1982). Hellfire. New York: Grove Press.
Gutterman, Jimmy (1991). Rockin' My Life Away: Listening to Jerry Lee Lewis. Nashville: Rutledge Hill Press.
Gutterman, Jimmy (1993). The Jerry Lee Lewis Anthology: All Killer, No Filler. Rhino Records.
Lewis, Myra; Silver, Murray (1981). Great Balls of Fire: The Uncensored Story of Jerry Lee Lewis. William Morrow/Quill/St. Martin's Press.
Legends of American Music. Half a Century of Hits. Jerry Lee Lewis. Time-Life Music. 2006.
References
Category:1995 songs
Category:Jerry Lee Lewis songs
Category:Rock-and-roll songs
Category:1995 singles
Category:Songs written by Andy Paley
Category:Songs written by Jerry Lee Lewis
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Saint Francois Township, Wayne County, Missouri
Saint Francois Township is an inactive township in Wayne County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.
Saint Francois Township took its name from the St. Francis River.
References
Category:Townships in Missouri
Category:Townships in Wayne County, Missouri
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Larimer School
The Larimer School in the Larimer neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania is a school built in 1896. An addition was made in 1904, and the auditorium and gymnasium were added in 1931. The interior includes terrazzo floors and marble wainscotting. The exterior includes an ornately decorated door on the southwestern side of the building (perhaps Romanesque-inspired Renaissance Revival) with statues on pillars, a bas-relief sculpture over the door, and human faces near a marble portion of the roof. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.
References
Category:Renaissance Revival architecture in Pennsylvania
Category:Art Deco architecture in Pennsylvania
Category:School buildings completed in 1896
Category:Schools in Pittsburgh
Category:School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Pittsburgh
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United States Bobsled and Skeleton Federation
The United States Bobsled & Skeleton Federation (USBSF) is the official national governing body (NGB) for bobsled and skeleton in the United States. It serves as the American representative for the International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation and is chartered by the United States Olympic Committee.
The USBSF is headquartered in Lake Placid, NY with administrative offices located in Colorado Springs, CO.
Bobsled Olympic Medal table
Skeleton Olympic Medal table
External links
Category:Organizations based in New York (state)
Category:Sports governing bodies in the United States
Category:United States at the Winter Olympics
Category:Skeleton in the United States
Category:Bobsleigh in the United States
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Dhammananda
Dhammananda is a name that combines Dhamma, the teachings of the Buddha, and Ananda, a disciple of the Buddha and "bliss" in Sanskrit. Ananda can be part of Hindu and Buddhist monastic names. Dhammananda may refer to:
Dr. K. Sri Dhammananda (1919 — 2006), a Sri Lankan Buddhist monk and scholar. He was ordained as a novice monk (samanera) at the age of 12 and was fully ordained in 1940.
Dhammananda Bhikkhuni, a Thai female monk, previously a professor of Buddhist philosophy known as Dr Chatsumarn Kabilsingh, who was controversially ordained in Sri Lanka in 2003. See: ,
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Moussa Njie
Moussa Njie (born 2 October 1995) is a Norwegian football midfielder who last played for Partizan.
He played youth football for his childhood club Holmlia SK. He made his Eliteserien debut for Vålerenga Fotball in November 2013 against Aalesund. In the summer of 2015 he joined Bærum. On 2 December 2015 he signed for Stabæk. On 17 January 2019 he signed for Partizan.
Career statistics
Club
Honours
Club
FK Partizan
Serbian Cup:2018-19
References
Category:1995 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Oslo
Category:Norwegian people of Gambian descent
Category:Norwegian footballers
Category:Norwegian expatriate footballers
Category:Vålerenga Fotball players
Category:Bærum SK players
Category:Stabæk Fotball players
Category:FK Partizan players
Category:Odds BK players
Category:Eliteserien players
Category:1. divisjon players
Category:2. divisjon players
Category:Serbian SuperLiga players
Category:Norwegian expatriates in Serbia
Category:Expatriate footballers in Serbia
Category:Association football midfielders
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For the Sake of Mahdi
For the Sake of Mahdi () is a 2012 Iranian social drama film written, directed, and produced by Hossein Shahabi (Persian: حسین شهابی).
Background
Release of the film was banned for Seven years issued by the Government of Iran for screening film festivals.
Starring
Mahdi Bakhtyar Nejhad
Negin Motazedi
Maryam Rohani
Iraj Moghimi
Mohammad Karhemmat
Mohammad Akbari
Ahmad Shahabi
Bahareh Ansari
Ali Habibpoor
Production crew
Cinematography: Hossein Shahabi
Sound Recorder: Mehrdad Moghimi
Make-up: Hossein Kashani
Production manager: Mohammad Karhemmat
Editor: Siavash Shahabi
Music: Hossein Shahabi
Costume Designer: Bahareh Ansari
Director's Assistants: Siavash Shahabi, Bahareh Ansari
References
External links
Catálogo 28º Festival Internacional de Cine de Mar del Plata
For the Sake of Mahdi at the Iranian Movie Database
For the Sake of Mahdi at the Internet Movie Database
Category:2012 films
Category:2010s drama films
Category:Iranian films
Category:Persian-language films
Category:Films set in Tehran
Category:Films shot in Iran
Category:Iranian independent films
Category:Iranian drama films
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How Institutions Think
How Institutions Think (first published 1986) is a book that contains the published version of the Frank W. Abrams Lectures delivered by the influential cultural anthropologist Mary Douglas at Syracuse University in March 1985.
Reviews
Ian Hacking in the London Review of Books, 8/22, 18 December 1986.
Kenneth Lipartito in the Business History Review, 80/1, Spring 2006, pp. 135-140.
Category:1986 books
Category:Books by Mary Douglas
Category:Anthropology books
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Buyaqchilu
Buyaqchilu (, also Romanized as Būyāqchīlū; also known as Būyāghchelū) is a village in Gerdeh Rural District, in the Central District of Namin County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 76, in 21 families.
References
Category:Towns and villages in Namin County
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Phausis reticulata
Phausis reticulata, commonly referred to as the blue ghost, is a species of firefly found in the eastern and central United States. The species is common in the southern Appalachians, and can be seen in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the Chattahoochee National Forest, as well as North Carolina's DuPont State Forest and Pisgah National Forest.
Description
The males of this all-brown species have a short second antennomere (compared to the third) as well as large eyes. It is an unusual firefly species in that, unlike many fireflies found in the eastern and central United States, the luminescence of P. reticulata males is characterized by a steady glow, instead of a species-specific pattern of flashes. "Blue ghost" fireflies are commonly thought to emit blue light (<490 nanometers), though this is a false perception of their truly green emission light due to the Purkinje effect.
Mating
The blue ghost fireflies’ ideal conditions for mating season include warm and moist forest areas that are surrounded by spongy leaf litter. The male fireflies fly a few feet off the ground spotting a female that is flickering a perceptually "blue" light. The female blue ghosts however, are wingless, unable to fly, and possess paedomorphism, a trait where the adult female firefly remains in larval form through adulthood.
References
External links
Discover Life in America website
Times News Article
Category:Lampyridae
Category:Bioluminescent insects
Category:Beetles of North America
Category:Taxa named by Thomas Say
Category:Beetles described in 1825
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Protanguilla
Protanguilla palau is a species of eel, the only species in the genus Protanguilla (first eel), which is in turn the only genus in its family, Protanguillidae. Individuals were found swimming in March 2010 in a deep underwater cave in a fringing reef off the coast of Palau.
Protanguillidae is a sister group to all other eels. They are monophyletic, yet also strongly synapomorphic with all other eel species. Molecular analysis shows that all other eels are also monophyletic, showing that they may have broken off directly from the Protanguillidae. for this reason it's known as a "Living Fossil."
Characteristics
The body is very small and slender, about 18 cm long. The eel has a second premaxilla and under 90 vertebrae, features previously found only in fossilised eels. Its full set of gill rakers in its branchial arches has never previously been found in an eel, but is common in bony fish. It is very different from all other living eels, and scientists estimate it must have diverged from the others around 200 million years ago, during the Mesozoic era. It thus has not only its own species, but also its own genus and family, as well, and has been referred to by scientists as a "living fossil".
References
External links
Youtube video
Category:Eels
Category:Fish of the Pacific Ocean
Category:Monotypic fish genera
Category:Fish described in 2012
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Presidency of Martin Van Buren
The presidency of Martin Van Buren began on March 4, 1837, when Martin Van Buren was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1841. Van Buren, the incumbent Vice President and chosen successor of President Andrew Jackson, took office as the eighth United States president after defeating multiple Whig Party candidates in the 1836 presidential election. A member of the Democratic Party, Van Buren's presidency ended following his defeat by Whig candidate William Henry Harrison in the 1840 presidential election.
The central issue facing President Van Buren was the Panic of 1837, a sustained economic downturn that began just weeks into his presidency. Van Buren opposed any direct federal government intervention and cut back federal spending to maintain a balanced budget. He also presided over the establishment of the independent treasury system, a series of government vaults that replaced banks as the repository of federal funds. Van Buren continued the Indian removal policies of the Jackson administration, as thousands of Native Americans were resettled west of the Mississippi River during his presidency. He sought to avoid major tensions over slavery, rejecting the possibility of annexing Texas and appealing the case of United States v. The Amistad to the Supreme Court. In foreign affairs, Van Buren avoided war with Britain despite several incidents, including the bloodless Aroostook War and the Caroline Affair.
Van Buren's inability to deal effectively with the economic crisis, combined with the growing political strength of the opposition Whigs, led to his defeat in the 1840 presidential election. His four-year presidency was marked as much by failure and criticism as by success and popular acclaim, and his presidency is considered average, at best, by historians. His most lasting achievement was as a political organizer who built the modern Democratic Party and guided it to dominance in the new Second Party System.
Presidential election of 1836
Van Buren had emerged as President Andrew Jackson's preferred successor during the Petticoat affair, and Van Buren won election as vice president in 1832. The two men –charismatic "Old Hickory" and the super-efficient "Sly Fox"--had entirely different personalities but had become an effective team in eight years in office together. Jackson declined to seek another term in the 1836 presidential election, but he remained influential within the Democratic Party, and he strongly supported Van Buren's candidacy in the 1836 election. With Jackson's support, Van Buren won the presidential nomination of the 1835 Democratic National Convention without opposition. Two names were put forward for the vice-presidential nomination: Representative Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky, and former senator William Cabell Rives of Virginia. Though most Southern Democrats favored Rives, Jackson preferred Johnson, and his influence helped lead to Johnson's nomination for the vice presidency.
The newly-established Whig Party, a loose coalition bound by mutual opposition to Jackson, sought to prevent Van Buren's victory in the election of 1836. Lacking the party unity or organizational strength to field a single ticket or define a single platform, the Whigs fielded multiple candidates in the hope of forcing a contingent election in the House of Representatives. Senator Hugh Lawson White of Tennessee, a former Jackson ally, emerged as the major Whig candidate in the South, touting himself as the only Southerner in the race. William Henry Harrison, who had gained notoriety for his service in the Battle of Tippecanoe, edged out Senator Daniel Webster to become the main Whig candidate in the North. The Whig Party campaigned on the themes of Jackson's alleged executive tyranny, and attacked Van Buren as an untrustworthy career politician.
Van Buren had to articulate a position on slavery that could win full-throated approval in both the pro-slavery South and the Northern states where slavery was illegal and unpopular. The biggest challenge came in the South, were all Yankees were automatically suspect on the slave question. Van Buren moved to obtain the support of Southerners by assuring them that he opposed abolitionism and supported the continued existence of slavery in states where it was present. Van Buren did not discuss his own personal beliefs, which held that slavery was immoral, but was sanctioned by the Constitution. Van Buren's strategy was not to defend his personal position, but to attack abolitionists, who were popular nowhere in the United States. As vice president, he cast the tie-breaking Senate vote in favor of a bill to subject abolitionist mail to state laws, thus ensuring that abolitionist mail would not be circulated in the South. While Southern Whigs cast doubt on his devotion to slavery, his supporters insisted he believed in three things: that Congress could not interfere with slavery in the states, that it would be "impolitic" to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia, and that agitation about slavery endangered the union. Van Buren and his supporters realized that to build a viable national party and to maintain the union they had to compromise by accepting slavery. The Democrats created the first modern party, but in doing so consciously removed slavery and abolition from the partisan agenda. In 1848, Van Buren became a leading opponent of the extension of slavery in the North, but by then he had abandoned any hope of Southern support.
Van Buren won the election with 764,198 popular votes, 50.9 percent of the total, and 170 electoral votes. Harrison led the Whigs with 73 electoral votes, White receiving 26, and Webster 14. Willie Person Mangum received South Carolina's 11 electoral votes, which were awarded by the state legislature. Compared to Jackson's 1832 campaign, Van Buren performed better in New England but worse in the South and West. Van Buren's victory resulted from a combination of his own attractive political and personal qualities, Jackson's popularity and endorsement, the organizational power of the Democratic party, and the inability of the Whig Party to muster an effective candidate and campaign. Virginia's presidential electors voted for Van Buren for president but William Smith for vice president, leaving Johnson one electoral vote short of election. In accordance with the Twelfth Amendment, the Senate elected Johnson vice president in a contingent vote. Meanwhile, in the concurrent congressional elections, Democrats retained control of both houses of Congress.
The election of 1836 marked an important turning point in American political history because of the part it played in establishing the Second Party System. In the early 1830s the political party structure was still changing rapidly, and factional and personal leaders continued to play a major role in politics. By the end of the campaign of 1836, the new party system was almost fully formed, as nearly every faction had been absorbed by either the Democrats or the Whigs.
Inauguration
Van Buren was sworn in as president by Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney on March 4, 1837, in a ceremony held on the East Portico of the United States Capitol. At age 54, he was the youngest person at the time to assume the presidency. Taking the oath as the eighth president, Van Buren defined his role as one of preservation: "sacredly to uphold those political institutions" created by the Founders and especially to safeguard the hallowed Jeffersonian principles of a limited national government and the liberty and sovereignty of "the people and the states."
The inauguration marked the departure of a vital personality–Jackson–and the arrival of his chosen successor–Van Buren–in a new presidential dynasty. They rode together in a small phaeton (built from the wood of USS Constitution) drawn by four gray horses. This was the first time that the outgoing president and incoming president rode together to the Capitol. The days festivities proved less a celebration of the incoming president than a tribute to the outgoing one. Van Buren's inaugural address took wistful note of it:
Administration
Cabinet
Van Buren retained much of Jackson's cabinet and lower-level appointees, as he hoped that the retention of Jackson's appointees would halt Whig momentum in the South and restore confidence in the Democrats as a party of sectional unity. The cabinet holdovers represented the different regions of the country: Secretary of the Treasury Levi Woodbury came from New England, Attorney General Benjamin F. Butler and Secretary of the Navy Mahlon Dickerson hailed from the mid-Atlantic states, Secretary of State John Forsyth represented the South, and Postmaster General Amos Kendall of Kentucky represented the West. For the position of Secretary of War, the lone unfilled post in the cabinet, Van Buren first approached William Cabell Rives, who had sought the vice presidency in 1836. After Rives declined to join the cabinet, Van Buren appointed Joel Roberts Poinsett, a South Carolinian who had opposed secession during the Nullification Crisis.
Van Buren's cabinet choices were criticized by Pennsylvanians such as James Buchanan, who argued that their state deserved a cabinet position, as well as some Democrats who argued that Van Buren should have used his patronage powers to augment his own power. But Van Buren saw value in avoiding contentious patronage battles, and his decision to retain Jackson's cabinet made it clear that he intended to continue the policies of predecessor. Additionally, Van Buren had helped select Jackson's cabinet appointees and enjoyed strong working relationships with them.
Dissatisfied with the discipline and morale of the navy, Van Buren pressured Dickerson to resign in 1838, and Dickerson was succeeded by James K. Paulding. That same year, Butler resigned and was replaced with Felix Grundy, a Senator from Tennessee with close ties to Jackson. Grundy was later succeeded by Henry D. Gilpin of Pennsylvania. John M. Niles, a party loyalist and former Senator from Connecticut, became Postmaster General in 1840.
Van Buren was closely involved in foreign affairs and matters pertaining to the Treasury Department, but the Post Office, War Department, and Navy Department all possessed high levels of autonomy under their respective cabinet secretaries. Van Buren held regular formal cabinet meetings and discontinued the informal gatherings of advisers that had attracted so much attention during Jackson's presidency. Van Buren saw himself as "a mediator, and to some extent an umpire between the conflicting opinions" of his counselors. He solicited advice from department heads, tolerating open and even frank exchanges between cabinet members. The president's detachment allowed him to reserve judgment and protect his own prerogative for making final decisions.
White House hostess
For the first half of his presidency, Van Buren, who had been a widower for many years, did not have a specific person fill the role of White House hostess, instead assuming such duties himself. When his eldest son Abraham Van Buren married Angelica Singleton in 1838, the president quickly acted to install his daughter-in-law as his hostess. She solicited the advice of her distant relative, Dolley Madison, who had moved back to Washington after her husband's death, and soon the president's parties livened up. After the 1839 New Year's Eve reception, the Boston Post raved: "[Angelica Van Buren is a] lady of rare accomplishments, very modest yet perfectly easy and graceful in her manners and free and vivacious in her conversation ... universally admired." As the nation endured a deep economic depression, newspaper coverage of Angelica van Buren's receiving style at receptions, influenced by her heavy reading on European court life, as well as the anecdotal claim that she intended to re-landscape the White House grounds to resemble the royal gardens of Europe, were used to attack her father-in-law. Pennsylvania Whig Congressman Charles Ogle referred obliquely to her as part of the presidential "household" in his famous "Gold Spoon Oration."
Judicial appointments
Van Buren appointed two associate justices of the Supreme Court. Congress had added two new seats on the Supreme Court with the Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837, but President Jackson had filled only one of those positions. To fill the vacancy, in early 1837 Van Buren appointed Senator John McKinley of Alabama, a key supporter of Van Buren's 1836 presidential campaign. A second Supreme Court vacancy arose in 1841 due to the death of Philip Pendleton Barbour. Van Buren appointed federal judge Peter Vivian Daniel to succeed Barbour. Van Buren also appointed eight other federal judges, all to United States district courts.
Domestic affairs
Panic of 1837 and treasury system
Panic of 1837
On May 10, 1837, some important state banks in New York, running out of hard currency reserves, suddenly refused to convert paper money into gold or silver. Other financial institutions throughout the nation quickly followed suit, marking the start of a financial crisis that would become known as the Panic of 1837. The panic was followed by a five-year depression in which numerous banks failed and unemployment reached record highs.
Van Buren blamed the economic collapse on greedy business and financial institutions, as well as on the over extension of credit by U.S. banks. Whig leaders in Congress, meanwhile, blamed Democratic economic policies, especially the 1836 Specie Circular. That policy had required the use of specie (coins), rather than paper money, in the purchase of government-held lands, and had had the effect of transferring specie from Eastern banks to Western banks and undermining confidence in banknotes. Whigs also blamed Jackson's dismantling of the Second Bank of the United States, thereby allowing state banks to engage in lending and the printing of paper money without effective regulation. Another contributing factor to the panic was the sudden contraction of English credit, which had helped to finance a period of strong economic growth since 1830.
Independent Treasury
While Whig leader Henry Clay promoted his own American System as the best means for economic recovery, Van Buren's response to the panic focused on the practice of "strict economy and frugality." The potential repeal of the Specie Circular policy split the Democratic Party, with prominent Democrats like William Cabell Rives and Nathaniel Tallmadge urging it as part of a move away from Jackson's hard currency policies. After a long period of consideration, Van Buren announced in May 1837 that he would not revoke the Specie Circular. Van Buren feared that revoking the Specie Circular would hurt western banks, and was reluctant to depart from a Jacksonian policy so quickly after taking office.
Van Buren's decision to uphold the Specie Circular represented the first step in his commitment to the separation of the government from all banking operations, a policy that would become the central economic policy of his tenure. During Jackson's presidency, the federal government had moved its funds from the Second Bank of the United States to so-called "pet banks." Both the Second Bank of the United States and the pet banks had used those federal deposits to engage in regular banking activities, specifically the extension of loans. Van Buren sought to fully divorce the federal government from banking operations by establishing the Independent Treasury system, essentially a series of vaults, to hold government funds. The Independent Treasury took its name from its supposed independence from banks and British creditors, as British creditors had made large investments in the Second Bank of the United States. The Independent Treasury was inspired by the writings of William M. Gouge, a hard currency advocate who argued that any federal collaboration with banks both risked corruption and reinforced a speculative boom and bust cycle that led to economic downturns.
When the 25th Congress convened in September 1837, Van Buren introduced his legislation to create the Independent Treasury system. Van Buren's plan allowed the government to accept paper money as payment, but the government would seek to convert that paper money to specie as quickly as possible. State banking interests strongly opposed Van Buren's proposal, and an alliance of conservative Democrats and Whigs blocked the creation of the Independent Treasury System. As the debate over the Independent Treasury continued, Rives and some other Democrats defected to the Whig Party, which itself grew more unified in its opposition to Van Buren. The Panic of 1837 loomed large over the 1837 and 1838 election cycles, as the carryover effects of the economic downturn led to Whig gains in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The Democratic Party retained a majority in both chambers after the elections, but a split among House Democrats led to the election of Whig Congressman Robert M. T. Hunter as Speaker of the House. Meanwhile, Whigs won gains in state elections across the country, including in Van Buren's home state of New York.
In early 1838, most banks ended their moratorium on converting paper into money into gold or silver, temporarily bringing an end to the monetary crisis. The economy began to recover, and an alliance of Democrats and Whigs repealed the Specie Circular that year. A second economic downturn, known as the Panic of 1839, began as the result of a cotton glut. With less income coming in from the cotton trade, land prices plummeted, industries laid off employees, and banks failed. According to historian Daniel Walker Howe, the economic crisis of the late 1830s and early 1840s was the most severe recession in U.S. history until the Great Depression. Partly in response to this second economic downturn, Congress enacted Van Buren's Independent Treasury proposal in June 1840. The Whigs would abolish the Independent Treasury system in 1841, but it was revived in 1846 and remained in place until the passage of the Federal Reserve Act in 1913.
Indian removal
Federal policy under Jackson had sought, through the Indian Removal Act of 1830, to move all indigenous peoples to lands west of the Mississippi River. Continuing this policy, the federal government negotiated 19 treaties with Indian nations in the course of Van Buren's presidency. By the time Van Buren took office, the Muscogee, Chickasaw, and Choctaw had been removed to lands west of the Mississippi River, but a large number of Cherokee were still in Georgia and the Seminole remained in Florida. An 1835 treaty signed by U.S. government officials and representatives of the Cherokee Nation had established terms under which the entire nation would cede its territory and move across the Mississippi River, but many Cherokee viewed the treaty as fraudulent. In 1838, Van Buren directed General Winfield Scott to forcibly move all those Cherokee who had not yet complied with the treaty. The Cherokee were herded violently into internment camps, where they were kept for the summer of 1838. The actual transportation west was delayed by intense heat and drought, but in the fall, the Cherokee reluctantly agreed to migrate west. During the Cherokee removal, part of the Trail of Tears, some 20,000 people were relocated against their will.
In the Florida Territory, the Seminole engaged the army in a prolonged conflict known as the Second Seminole War. The Seminole were more resistant to removal than other tribes of the South due in large part to the influence of hundreds of escaped slaves and other African Americans who lived among the Seminole. These escaped slaves feared that the departure of the Seminole would lead to their own re-enslavement. Prior to leaving office, Jackson had placed General Thomas Jesup in command of all U.S. troops in Florida in order to force Seminole emigration to the West. Forts were established throughout the Indian territory and columns of soldiers scoured the countryside. Feeling the pressure, many Seminoles, including head chief Micanopy, offered to surrender. The Seminoles slowly gathered for emigration near Tampa, but in June they fled the detention camps, driven off by disease and the presence of slave catchers who were hoping to take Black Seminoles captive.
In December 1837, Jesup began a massive offensive, culminating in the Battle of Lake Okeechobee. Following the American victory in the battle, the war entered a new phase, a long war of attrition. During this time, the government realized that it would be almost impossible to drive the remaining Seminoles from Florida, so Van Buren sent General Alexander Macomb to negotiate a peace with the Seminoles. It was the only time in U.S. history that a Native American nation had forced the United States to sue for peace. An agreement was reached allowing the Seminoles to remain in southwest Florida, but the peace was shattered in July 1839. Fighting was not resolved until 1842, after Van Buren had left office. The United States spent over $30 million in the Second Seminole War, which also cost the lives of over 1400 American military personnel, dozens of civilians, and at least seven hundred Seminole.
Historian Laurence M. Hauptman argues that dishonest and underhanded methods were deliberately employed to remove the Iroquois and Stockbridge-Munsee Indians from their lands in upstate New York without payment. He states that federal officials, James W. Stryker, John F. Schermerhorn, and Random H. Gillet, collaborated with Van Buren in fraudulently imposing the 1838 Treaty of Buffalo Creek using bribery, forgery, corruption, and deception. Meanwhile in Michigan, the Ottawas managed to remain in their ancestral home land by threatening to join the British in neighboring Canada, and by becoming landowners who had a higher status and were important factors in the local economy. They also deliberately sent thei young men into the local wage labor market to make their presence valuable to the white community. They never threatened the local whites and had significant support from the community.
Slavery
Slavery policy
The abolitionist movement had gained in popularity during the 1830s, and the activism of abolitionist groups like the American Anti-Slavery Society prompted denunciations from Southern leaders like John C. Calhoun. Van Buren viewed abolitionism as the greatest threat to the nation's unity. He opposed any attempt on the part of Congress to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia against the wishes of the slave-holding states, and to resist the slightest interference with it in the states where it existed. Reflecting the increasing importance of slavery as a topic of national debate, Van Buren was the first president to make use of the word "slavery" in an inaugural address, and his stances led to accusations that he was a "northern man with southern feelings." However, Van Buren was also sensitive to northern concerns about the expansion of slavery, and he opposed the annexation of Texas out of a desire to avoid sectional disputes.
During Van Buren's presidency, congressional leaders sought to avoid divisive debates over slavery through the "gag rule," an informal practice in which any discussion of the abolition of slavery in Congress was immediately tabled. While the gag rule was largely successful in stifling the debate over slavery in the Senate, Congressman (and former President) John Quincy Adams earned notoriety for his efforts to resist the gag rule in the House of Representatives. Adams defeated an attempt at censuring him, but a coalition of Southerners and Northern Democrats ensured that the gag rule remained in place. As the debate over slavery continued to gain prominence, a small group of anti-slavery activists founded the Liberty Party, which would nominate James G. Birney for president in the 1840 election.
Amistad case
Like the British and Americans, the Spanish had outlawed the importation of slaves from Africa, but high slave mortality rates encouraged smugglers to smuggle captured slaves from Africa into Spanish colony of Cuba. In June 1839, several recently-kidnapped Africans took control of La Amistad, a slave ship headed to Cuba. The Africans attempted to sail home, but were tricked by one of the crew members into heading towards the United States, where the Africans were apprehended and brought before the federal court of Judge Andrew T. Judson. The Spanish government demanded that the ship and its cargo (including the Africans) be turned over to them. The Van Buren administration, hoping to minimize the political domestic and international fallout from the incident, supported Spain's position at trial.
Defying the expectations of most observers, Judson ruled that the defendants be set free. After the federal circuit upheld Judson's ruling, the Van Buren administration appealed the case to the Supreme Court. In March 1841, the Supreme Court upheld Judson's ruling, holding that the Africans had been kidnapped illegally. After the case, the abolitionists raised money to pay for the return of the Africans, and they departed from the United States in November 1841. The unique nature of the Amistad case, involving international issues and parties, people of color testifying in federal court, and the participation of former president Adams and other high-profile lawyers, engendered great public interest. The Amistad case drew attention to the personal tragedies of slavery and attracted new support for the growing abolition movement in the North. It also transformed the courts into the principal forum for a national debate on the legal foundations of slavery.
Mormons
In 1839, Joseph Smith, Jr., the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, visited Van Buren to plead for the U.S. to help the roughly 20,000 Mormon settlers of Independence, Missouri, who had been forced from the state during the 1838 Mormon War. The Governor of Missouri, Lilburn Boggs, had issued an executive order on October 27, 1838, known as the "Extermination Order". It authorized troops to use force against Mormons to "exterminate or drive [them] from the state". In 1839, after moving to Illinois, Smith and his party appealed to members of Congress and to President Van Buren to intercede for the Mormons. According to Smith's grandnephew, Van Buren said to Smith, "Your cause is just, but I can do nothing for you; if I take up for you I shall lose the vote of Missouri".
Foreign affairs
Texas
The Republic of Texas had gained de facto independence from Mexico in the Texas Revolution, and Texans had subsequently voted overwhelmingly in favor of annexation by the United States. Just before leaving office in March 1837, Andrew Jackson had extended diplomatic recognition to the Republic of Texas, and the possibility of annexation heightened sectional tensions at home while also presenting the possibility of war with Mexico. New England abolitionists charged that there was a "slaveholding conspiracy to acquire Texas", and Daniel Webster eloquently denounced annexation. Many Southern leaders, meanwhile, strongly desired the expansion of slave-holding territory in the United States.
Boldly reversing Jackson's policies, Van Buren sought peace abroad and harmony at home. He proposed a diplomatic solution to a long-standing financial dispute between American citizens and the Mexican government, rejecting Jackson's threat to settle it by force. Likewise, when the Texas minister at Washington, D.C., proposed annexation to the administration in August 1837, he was told that the proposition could not be entertained. Constitutional scruples and fear of war with Mexico were the reasons given for the rejection, but concern that it would precipitate a clash over the extension of slavery undoubtedly influenced Van Buren and continued to be the chief obstacle to annexation. Northern and Southern Democrats followed an unspoken rule in which Northerners helped quash anti-slavery proposals and Southerners refrained from agitating for the annexation of Texas. Texas withdrew the annexation offer in 1838.
Relations with Britain
Canadian rebellions
British subjects in Lower Canada and Upper Canada rose in rebellion in 1837 and 1838, protesting their lack of responsible government. While the initial insurrection in Upper Canada ended with the December 1837 Battle of Montgomery's Tavern, many of the rebels fled across the Niagara River into New York, and Canadian leader William Lyon Mackenzie began recruiting volunteers in Buffalo. Mackenzie declared the establishment of the Republic of Canada and put into motion a plan whereby volunteers would invade Upper Canada from Navy Island on the Canadian side of the Niagara River. Several hundred volunteers traveled to Navy Island in the weeks that followed, procuring the steamboat Caroline to deliver supplies to Navy Island. Seeking to deter an imminent invasion, British forces crossed to the American bank of the river in late December 1837, and they burned and sank the Caroline. In the melee, one American was killed and others were wounded. Considerable sentiment arose within the United States to declare war, and a British ship was burned in revenge.
Van Buren, looking to avoid a war with Great Britain, sent General Winfield Scott to the border with large discretionary powers for its protection and its peace. Scott impressed upon American citizens the need for a peaceful resolution to the crisis, and made it clear that the U.S. government would not support adventuresome Americans attacking the British. In early January 1838, the president proclaimed U.S. neutrality with regard to the Canadian independence issue, a declaration which Congress endorsed by passing a neutrality law designed to discourage the participation of American citizens in foreign conflicts.
Though Scott was able to calm the situation, a group of secret societies known as "Hunters' Lodges" continued to seek the overthrow of British rule in Canada. These groups carried out several attacks in Upper Canada, collectively known as the Patriot War. The administration followed through on its enforcement of the Neutrality Act, encouraged the prosecution of filibusters, and actively deterred U.S. citizens from subversive activities abroad. After the failure of two filibuster expeditions in late 1839, the Hunters' Lodges lost their popular appeal and the Patriot War came to an end. In the long term, Van Buren's opposition to the Patriot War contributed to the construction of healthy Anglo–American and U.S.–Canadian relations in the 20th century; it also led, more immediately, to a backlash among citizens regarding the supposed overreach of federal authority.
Aroostook conflict
A new crisis between Britain and the United States surfaced in late 1838 in disputed territory on the Maine–New Brunswick frontier. Jackson had been willing to drop American claims to the region in return for other concessions, but Maine was unwilling to drop its claims to the disputed territory. For their part, the British considered possession of the area vital to the defense of Canada. Both American and New Brunswick lumberjacks cut timber in the disputed territory during the winter of 1838–39. On December 29, New Brunswick lumbermen were spotted cutting down trees on an American estate near the Aroostook River. After American woodcutters rushed to stand guard, a shouting match, known as the Battle of Caribou, ensued. Tensions quickly boiled over into a near war with both Maine and New Brunswick arresting each other's citizens, and the crisis seemed ready to turn into an armed conflict.
British troops began to gather along the Saint John River. Governor John Fairfield mobilized the state militia to confront the British in the disputed territory and several forts were constructed. The American press clamored for war; "Maine and her soil, or BLOOD!" screamed one editorial. "Let the sword be drawn and the scabbard thrown away!" In June, Congress authorized 50,000 troops and a $10 million budget in the event foreign military troops crossed into United States territory. Van Buren was unwilling to go to war over the disputed territory, though he assured Maine that he would respond to any attacks by the British. To settle the crisis, Van Buren met with the British minister to the United States, and Van Buren and the minister agreed to resolve the border issue diplomatically. Van Buren also sent General Scott to the northern border area, both to show military resolve, and more importantly, to lower the tensions. Scott successfully convinced all sides to submit the border issue to arbitration. The border dispute was put to rest a few years later, with the signing of the 1842 Webster–Ashburton Treaty.
Presidential election of 1840
Van Buren paid close attention to party organization, and support for the communication media such as newspapers and magazines. They receive subsidies in the form of government printing contracts. At an intellectual level, his administration was strongly supported by the monthly The United States Magazine and Democratic Review, based in Washington and edited by John L. O'Sullivan. IIts editorials and articles provided the arguments that partisan needed to discuss Democratic Party positions on the Mexican War, slavery, states' rights, and Indian removal.
Though he faced no serious opposition for the presidential nomination at the 1840 Democratic National Convention, Van Buren and his party faced a difficult election in 1840. Van Buren's term had been a difficult affair, with the U.S. economy mired in a severe downturn, and other divisive issues, such as slavery, western expansion, and tensions with Great Britain provided numerous for opportunities for Van Buren's political opponents to criticize his actions. Although Van Buren's renomination was never in doubt, Democratic strategists began to question the wisdom of keeping Johnson on the ticket. Even former president Jackson conceded that Johnson was a liability and insisted on former House Speaker James K. Polk of Tennessee as Van Buren's new running mate. Van Buren was reluctant to drop Johnson, who was popular with workers and radicals in the North and added military experience to the ticket, which might prove important if the Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison. Rather than re-nominating Johnson, the Democratic convention decided to allow state Democratic Party leaders to select the vice-presidential candidates for their states. The convention drafted the first party platform in U.S. history, fully endorsing Van Buren's views on economic policy and other matters.
Van Buren hoped that the Whigs would nominate Henry Clay for president, which would allow Van Buren to cast the 1840 campaign as a clash between Van Buren's Independent Treasury system and Clay's support for a revived national bank. Clay had the backing of most Southerners at the 1839 Whig National Convention, but most Northerners favored Harrison. Northern leaders like William Seward and Thaddeus Stevens believed that Harrison's war record would effectively counter the popular appeals of the Democratic Party. General Winfield Scott also had some support, and he loomed as a potential compromise candidate between Clay and Harrison. Due in large part to effective maneuvering by Weed and Thaddeus Stevens, Harrison triumphed over Clay on the third ballot of the convention. For vice president, the Whigs nominated former Senator John Tyler of Virginia. Clay was deeply disappointed by his defeat at the convention, but he nonetheless threw his support behind Harrison.
Whigs presented Harrison as the antithesis of the president, whom they derided as ineffective, corrupt, and effete. Whigs contrasted their image of Van Buren as an aristocrat living in high style with images of Harrison as a simple man of the people who sipped cider in a log cabin. Issues of policy were not absent from the campaign; the Whigs derided the alleged executive overreaches of Jackson and Van Buren, while also calling for the re-establishment of the national bank and higher tariffs. Democrats attempted to campaign on the Independent Treasury system, but the onset of deflation undercut these arguments. Many Northerners attacked Van Buren for his support of the gag rule, while in the South, many Whigs claimed that the Virginia-born Harrison would presented less of a threat to the institution of slavery than did Van Buren.
The enthusiasm for "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too," coupled with the country's severe economic crisis, propelled Harrison to victory. Ultimately, Harrison won 53 percent of the popular vote, and defeated Van Buren in the electoral vote by a margin of 234 to 60. Voter turnout rose from about 55 percent in 1836 to approximately 80 percent in 1840, which represented the highest turnout in a presidential election up to that point in U.S. history. Van Buren won more votes in 1840 than he had in 1836, but the Whig success in attracting new voters more than canceled out Democratic gains. The Whigs also won control of the House and Senate, making the 1840 election the only time in U.S. history that the Whigs won unified control of Congress and the presidency.
Historical reputation
According to historian Robert Remini:
Van Buren's creative contribution to the political development of the nation was enormous, and as such he earned his way to the presidency. After gaining control of New York's Republican Party he organized the Albany Regency to run the state in his absence while he pursued a national career in Washington. The Regency was a governing consul in Albany consisting of a group of politically astute and highly intelligent men. He was one of the first statewide political machines in the country was success resulted from its professional use of patronage, the legislative caucus, and the official party newspaper.....[In Washington] he labored to bring about the reorganization of the Republican Party through an alliance between what he called "the planters of the South and the plain Republicans of the North."... Heretofore parties were regarded as evils to be tolerated; Van Buren argued that the party system was the most sensible and intelligent way the affairs of the nation could be democratically conducted, a viewpoint that eventually won national approval.
Van Buren's presidency is considered average, at best, by historians. His time in office was dominated by the economic disaster of the Panic of 1837, and historians have split on the adequacy of the Independent Treasury as a response to that issue. Van Buren's most lasting achievement was as a political organizer who built the Democratic Party and guided it to dominance in the Second Party System, and historians have come to regard Van Buren as integral to the development of the American political system.
A 2017 C-SPAN survey has Martin Van Buren ranked among the bottom third of presidents of all-time, right below George W. Bush and above Chester A. Arthur. The survey asked 91 presidential historians to rank the 43 former presidents (including then-out-going president Barack Obama) in various categories to come up with a composite score, resulting in an overall ranking. Van Buren was ranked 34th among all former presidents (down from 31st in 2009, and 30th in 2000). His rankings in the various categories of this most recent poll were as follows: public persuasion (30), crisis leadership (35), economic management (40), moral authority (33), international relations (26), administrative skills (26), relations with congress (28), vision/setting an agenda (33), pursued equal justice for all (30), performance with context of times (33). A 2018 poll of the American Political Science Association's Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Van Buren as the 27th best president.
Several writers have portrayed Van Buren as among the nation's most obscure presidents. As noted in a 2014 Time Magazine article on the "Top 10 Forgettable Presidents":
References
Works cited
online free to borrow.
, online free to borrow
Further reading
Graff, Henry F., ed. The Presidents: A Reference History (3rd ed. 2002) online
Mushkat, Jerome. Martin Van Buren : law, politics, and the shaping of Republican ideology (1997) online free to borrow
Remini, Robert. Martin Van Buren and the making of the Democratic Party (1959) online free to borrow
Shafer, Ronald G. The carnival campaign: How the rollicking 1840 campaign of "Tippecanoe and Tyler too" changed presidential elections forever (Chicago Review, 2016). 279p
Primary sources
James D. Richardson, ed., Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C., 1900), includes Van Buren's addresses to Congress and many important state papers.
John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., "The Autobiography of Martin Van Buren," Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1918, vol. 2 (Washington, D.C., 1920), was written during Van Buren's retirement; it ends in 1835.
External links
Martin Van Buren: A Resource Guide at the Library of Congress
The Papers of Martin Van Buren at Cumberland University
Martin Van Buren National Historic Site (Lindenwald), National Park Service
"Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren", from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits, May 3, 1999
Category:1830s in the United States
Category:1840s in the United States
Van Buren, Martin
Category:1837 establishments in the United States
Category:1841 disestablishments in the United States
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Eumig
EUMIG was an Austrian company producing audio and video equipment that existed from 1919 until 1982. The name is an acronym for Elektrizitäts und Metallwaren Industrie Gesellschaft, or, translated, the "Electricity and Metalware Industry Company."
History
Founding through World War II
EUMIG was founded in 1919 in Vienna, Austria, by Karl Vockenhuber, the engineer Alois Handler and Adolf Halpern, who furnished the bulk of the firm's initial financial resources. At its founding, the company produced lighters and cigarette cases and miscellaneous electrical materials. First located at 86 Wienzeile in Mariahilf, the 6th district of Vienna, in the same year EUMIG moved to 42 Schallergasse in the 12th district.
In 1921, the company, now with 65 employees, moved again, to 5 Hirschgasse, back in the Mariahilf. In 1924, EUMIG began manufacturing two models of radios, the "Low Loss Detektor Empfänger" ("Low Loss detector receiver") and a smaller model, the "Eumig Baby." In 1926 Vockenhuber and Handler bought out Halpern, who retired from the company. EUMIG continued production of radio receivers and sound recorders from 1924 until 1962.
In 1928, Eumig began producing film equipment, and three years later, in 1931 it introduced its first film projector, the "Eumig P 1." In 1932, the first movie camera "Eumig C 1" for 9.5-mm film was introduced, and a second model, the "Eumig C 2," also for 9.5-mm film, was introduced in 1935. This was the first movie camera in the world with semi-automatic tracking exposure control. Still expanding, that same year, EUMIG acquired the company Panradio, located at 11-13 Buchengasse, in the 10th district. In 1937 it introduced the movie cameras "Eumig C 3" (propelled by a spring mechanism), and the "Eumig C 4," which was the first amateur film camera in the world driven by electric motor. Overall, about 300,000 units of the C-3-series were built.
During this period, EUMIG benefitted from its employment of some of the best-known European industrial designers, including Walter Maria Kersting. It became the manufacturer of several models of the well-known Volksempfänger or "People's Radio," that the Nazis used to reach and control a huge audience throughout Germany in the 1930s and 1940s.
By 1941 EUMIG had grown to 1,000 employees, and during the war year, in addition to radios and cameras EUMIG also produced military equipment. Its factory on the Buchengasse in Vienna was destroyed in 1945 by bombing, but machinery had been moved the previous year to a branch in Micheldorf.
Postwar Era, 1945-1979
Despite the slow economic recovery after the destruction of the Second World War, EUMIG continued to develop new lines of equipment in the 1950s. In 1951 Charles Vockenhuber died, the same year that EUMIG began producing individual photographic cameras, introducing the "Eumigetta" for 6 x 6 cm rolls of film. Two years later, its successor, the "Eumigetta 2," debuted, though these cameras were eventually abandoned. 1954 saw the introduction of the projector Eumig P 8, the world's first home movie projector with a low voltage lighting system (12 volts). In 1955, EUMIG released its most successful radio model, the "Eumigette," which featured 7 tubes for FM and AM frequencies, ultimately producing approximately 500,000 units.
1956 was a landmark year for EUMIG. It built a new factory complex, designed by Oswald Haerdtl, on a site in Wiener Neudorf. Then, on the initiative of junior engineer Karl Vockenhuber, and after 6-week trials and a subsequent survey of the workforce, EUMIG introduced the first 40-hour work week in Austria. Finally, the C(amera) 16 was introduced for 16-mm film. In 1958, in recognition of its accomplishments, the company received the Staatliche Auszeichnung ("National Award") and was allowed to use the Bundeswappen, or the federal arms of Austria, in commercial transactions.
In 1960 Alois Handler, the last of the three original founders, died. EUMIG's postwar innovations continued, with 3,000 employees in 1961. In 1962, the radio production was abandoned and sold to HEA, after EUMIG had cumulatively sold some 3 million radios. The company then focused on the construction of movie cameras and projectors at its two plants in the Neudorf and Furstenfeld sections of Vienna.
After Kodak (USA) introduced Super-8 film, in 1965 EUMIG launched the movie camera "Viennette Super-8" and the projectors "Mark M Super-8" with threader and arrest projection and "Eumig Mark S Super-8" for Super-8 sound film. At the time, EUMIG was the only European manufacturer with a complete range of equipment for Super-8 film. In 1969, it expanded again, acquiring the Swiss company Bolex, before introducing the Eumig Movie Camera "mini" in 1971. It would go on to produce about 500,000 units of the mini series. In 1973, EUMIG introduced the silent film projector "Mark 610 D" (switchable for Regular 8 and Super 8 film), which was sold in a similar form as Bolex 18-3 Duo and the Revuelux 3003.
In 1974, the Executive Board of the Vienna Buchengasse moved to a new high-rise next to the factory in Neudorf. By 1975 EUMIG had become the largest film projector manufacturer in the world, turning out some 500,000 projectors a year, and employing some 5,000 people. In 1976, EUMIG entered into a contract with Polaroid (USA) for the production of instant film Polavision devices The system consisted of the camera, the presenter and film, delivered in special cassettes, that could be developed immediately after exposure and demonstrated after only 90 seconds. Two years later, however, EUMIG had to lay off 1,000 employees after Polaroid stopped its orders for Polavision.
In 1977 Eumig tried again in the radio hifi industry and introduced the 3-head stereo cassette deck "Metropolitan CCD", with a tuner and amplifier as a "Metropolitan CC" in a console design, with fully electronic sensor control and opto-electronic synchronization control. In 1979, EUMIG began working on a portable video recorder, first developed by BASF for the LVR system (Longitudinal Video Recording, wherein the recording is carried out in 48 parallel tracks). But later that year, the LVR project was discontinued, as the market opportunities were considered to be too few.
The Eumig FL-1000uP cassette deck came out in 1979, replacing the Metropolitan Series. It used a microprocessor, the Mostek MK 3870. It had a more advanced drive than the Metropolitan, with a front loading design in which the winding speed was electronically governed at Rewind (short rewind time), and was able to tape media positions accurately with an electronic counter, with an extremely short acceleration time. The built-interface could control up to sixteen decks from a computer. The FL 1000uP won the "Award for Design and Engineering" at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Chicago in 1979, where none of the Japanese devices shown had a similar functionality to EUMIG's. Also that year, Eumig launched the waterproof film camera "Nautica" for Super 8, usable up to 40 meters below the surface.
In 1980 Eumig had 3000 employees. That year it launched the two film cameras "Eumig Sound 125 XL" and "Eumig Sound 128 XL" for Super-8 sound film, which were the only sound film cameras EUMIG would produce itself. Previously, it had purchased sound film cameras from Bell & Howell.
Abrupt End, 1980-82
In 1981, EUMIG sold the development branch for SMD technology to the company Schrack. Soon afterwards, the Österreichische Länderbank ("Austrian National Bank") stopped the further financing of EUMIG, and the company terminated production of hi-fi equipment. In 1982 the company declared bankruptcy and began liquidating its assets. The EUMIG skyscraper in Neudorf was sold to Palmers AG, while the brand name "EUMIG" was sold to the Luxembourg company Interbasic. The EUMIG patent for the macro system in lenses was sold to the Japanese company Canon. The Fohnsdorf factory was taken over by AT&S (Austria Technologie & Systemtechnik). The bankruptcy process was completed in 1985. In 1989 the German company Rothenberger GmbH, Frankfurt, acquired the rights to the EUMIG name for the production of cameras and audio and video systems, and today it is under the name EUMIG industry-tv GmbH Environmental products for the channel and tube businesses are sold.
Museum
The Eumig Museum is in Wiener Neudorf.
External links
EUMIG Museum online
Category:Photography companies of Austria
Category:Manufacturing companies based in Vienna
Category:Electronics companies established in 1919
Category:Electronics companies disestablished in 1982
Category:1919 establishments in Austria
Category:1982 disestablishments in Austria
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Builders Exchange Building (Santa Ana, California)
The Builders Exchange Building, at 202-208 N. Main St. in Santa Ana, California, was built in 1929. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
It was designed by architect William Rohrbacher in simplified Beaux Arts style.
References
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Orange County, California
Category:Beaux-Arts architecture in California
Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1929
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Orion (ship)
Orion is the name of various ships and a ship class:
Naval
, Royal Swedish Navy signals intelligence ship
(S 61), Royal Australian Navy submarine
, various British Royal Navy ships
, British Royal Navy ship class
, various U.S. Navy ships
BAE Orion (H-101), Ecuadorian Navy ship, originally
(HSK-1), Nazi Germany naval ship
, Royal French Navy ship of the line
Civilian
, Swedish salvage ship and museum ship
(also: MS Orion, MY Orion) National Geographic exploration ship
, Arctic ice-strengthened cargo ship
, Orient Steam Navigation modified Orama-class ocean liner
, a British ferry which sank in 1850
Category:Ship names
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Ardent spirit
Ardent spirits (ethyl alcohol), in alchemy, are those liquors obtained after repeated distillations from fermented vegetables. They are thus called because they will take fire and burn. Examples include brandy, spirits of wine, etc.
References
Category:Alchemical substances
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1570s in Denmark
Events from the 1570s in Denmark.
Incumbents
Monarch – Frederick II
Events
1579
The construction of Skovsbo Castle is completed.
Births
1572
February 11 – Ellen Marsvin, noble, landowner (died 1649)
November 23 – Albret Skeel, Admiral of the Realm (died 1639)
1574
December 12 – Anne of Denmark, Queen Consort of Scotland, England and Ireland (died 1618)
1577
April 12 – Christian IV, King of Denmark (d. 1648)
October 11 – Jørgen Lunge, Rigsmarsk (died 1619)
1578
December 30 – Ulrik of Denmark, duke (died 1624)
Deaths
1575
October 24 – Peder Oxe, statesman (b. 1520)
References
Denmark
Category:Years of the 16th century in Denmark
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Pierre-Jean de Sales Laterrière
Pierre-Jean de Sales Laterrière (1 July 1789 in Baie-du-Febvre, Quebec – 1834 in Les Éboulements, Lower Canada) was a doctor, militia officer and author; the elder son of Pierre de Sales Laterrière and Marie-Catherine Delezenne.
In 1807 or 1808 he went to England to study medicine at St Thomas' Hospital in London under Sir Astley Paston Cooper, a famous surgeon. Admitted to membership in the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1809, he did a period of training in a military hospital at Ramsgate.
On returning to Quebec in 1810 Laterrière took over his father’s druggists shop and clientele. Early in 1812 he went into partnership with his younger brother Marc-Pascal de Sales Laterrière, who had recently returned from studying medicine in Philadelphia. At that time there were, other than Laterrière, few if any surgeons in Lower Canada with experience of military hospitals. Consequently on 24 April 1812 he was appointed surgeon to the Voltigeurs Canadiens, a militia regiment.
In 1815 he went to Europe to settle up a family estate, and married Mary Ann Bulmer in London on 16 August 1815. During his absence his father, Pierre de Sales Laterrière died. Thanks to both the inheritance he received from his father and money inherited from his wife's family he was quite rich and opened a new apothecary’s shop in the Ville de Quebec and started practising medicine again. He was active in social causes and was involved in the establishment of the Quebec Dispensary which provided free treatment to the poor. He lived for most of the last decade of his life in London and frequently travelled between Europe and Canada. In 1830 he published a book on Lower Canada to try to educate the British about the needs and expectations of their colony. He died, from diabetes, while on a visit to Les Éboulements.
References
Pierre-Jean de Sales Laterrière. A political and historical account of Lower Canada: with remarks on the present situation of the people, as regards their manners, character, religion, &c. &c. / by a Canadian. -- London : W. Marsh and A. Miller ; Edinburgh : Constable, 1830. Reprinted 2008 with
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
Category:Pre-Confederation Quebec people
Category:People from Centre-du-Québec
Category:1834 deaths
Category:1789 births
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Eri Nobuchika
is a Japanese singer-songwriter, under the Fearless Records label on Sony Music Associated Records. She currently resides in Tokyo.
Biography
Early years
Eri's professional career started at Sony Music SD "Gonna be a star" audition, a regularly held event for aspiring new pop artists. She sent in her demotape but forgot to include her address. The president of the audition wanted to contact her, and after asking for her through a few calls to Fukuokan post offices, he finally got hold of Eri.
At the audition, she raised interest in producer Shinichi Osawa. She received 7 more label offers, but ultimately signed with Sony Music, and teamed up with Shinichi Osawa. As an artist on his label, Fearless Records, Osawa would go on to primarily produce Eri's music as he did with fellow label artist bird.
2004–2006: Debut and nobuchikaeri
After finishing high school at the age of 19, Eri started work on her debut single, "Lights", which was released on December 8, 2004. The single features the title song, as well as an acoustic version and a karaoke version. The B-track, "I hear the music in my soul", shows off Shinichi Osawa's underground club music background with Eri providing a few vocals. "Lights" starred as the theme song of the Japanese film "深紅" (Shinku, or "The Deep Red") and the ending theme song for the anime FLAG. The song was also featured on Q Entertainment's PlayStation Portable game Lumines, along with "I hear the music in my soul". Many overseas fans discovered Eri through the game and it also helped launch her career in Japan.
Months later, on April 6, 2005, Eri's second single, "Voice" was released. The song carries a Latin atmosphere with the use of Spanish guitars and carries more of Osawa's club sound. Along with the title song are a studio live version, a karaoke version, and a remix of "I hear the music in my soul". On Oricon's Top 100 chart, the single reached a peak of No. 94 and stayed on the charts for 3 weeks.
On June 29, 2005, "Sketch for Summer" was released, a very different genre compared to the previous singles. It was a mellow ballad with some hints of jazz. The single comes with a studio live version, a karaoke version, and a remix of "Voice". In the PV, she is featured in colour for the first time, as all of her videos are black & white. The single scored even lower on Oricon at No. 175 for just one week.
Eri's fourth single, "鼓動" (Kodou, meaning "heartbeat") was released on December 7, 2005, another ballad containing elements of acid jazz, with Eri accompanied by piano and horns. The song appeared in a TV commercial for the mobilecast mLink. "Kodou" is accompanied by a remix, a karaoke version, and a remix of "Sketch for Summer". The single was re-released on two weeks later, replacing the karaoke version with an instrumental version with no background vocals.
Her debut album, "nobuchikaeri", was released on December 21, 2005. It contained her four singles, as well as "I hear the music in my soul", and five new tracks. One of the new tracks included Eri fully singing in English, and two of those tracks, "Yume no Kakera" and "SING A SONG" went on to become her first DVD single on March 1, 2006. The DVD single featured PVs for both songs; the PV for "Yume no Kakera" was created by Studio 4C, who also created animations for The Animatrix.
A 7-track album of remixes titled "nobuchikaeri.rx" was released on May 10, 2006. The album includes remixes of Eri's singles by artists such as Röyksopp, Akufen, and more.
Eri was featured in a radio program on the now-defunct bi-weekly vodcast "the swallowtail radio" (hosted by Sony Music Japan) in which she talked about her career, releases, and where she also addressed messages from fans.
2006 to present: Independent work and Hands
After the release of nobuchikaeri.rx and Shinichi Osawa's move to Avex Trax in 2006, Eri went into a lengthy hiatus with no releases.
An update on her blog told of a studio recording in Okinawa during the summer; this was eventually revealed as her collaboration with NAOTO, the leader of Japanese band Orange Range, in his solo project, delofamilia.
delofamilia's first album, quiet life, was released on December 5, 2007, featuring Eri and AIR as guest vocalists, although Eri appears on the majority of the songs singing in mostly English and some Japanese. Eri, NAOTO, and AIR all shared lyric-writing duties for the album.
In April 2009, Eri announced that her second album, "Hands," would be released on June 3, 2009, more than three years after her debut album. Eri also launched her mixi account and a Myspace page with song samples, along with a live concert on release day to coincide with the new album. The album is to be distributed through independent record label Daiki Sound, and it contains eight tracks produced and written by a variety of artists, such as DSK from Port of Notes, The Company, Yuu Sakai, and Ryuichiro Yamaki.
Discography
Studio albums
Remix albums
Singles
Promotional singles
Notes
References
External links
Official website
Official Sony Music Website
Eri's personal blog
Category:1985 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sony Music Entertainment Japan artists
Category:People from Fukuoka
Category:Japanese female singers
Category:Musicians from Fukuoka Prefecture
Category:21st-century Japanese singers
Category:21st-century women singers
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Shadow of Angels
Shadow of Angels () is a 1976 Swiss drama film directed by Daniel Schmid. It was entered into the 1976 Cannes Film Festival. The film is based upon the play Der Müll, die Stadt und der Tod by Rainer Werner Fassbinder.
Cast
Ingrid Caven - Lily Brest
Rainer Werner Fassbinder - Raoul
Klaus Löwitsch - Jude / Broker
Annemarie Düringer - Luise Müller
Adrian Hoven - Herr Müller, ihr Mann
Boy Gobert - Chief of Police: Mülller II
Ulli Lommel - Der kleine Prinz / Little Prince
Jean-Claude Dreyfus - Zwerg / Dwarf (as Jean-Claude Dreyfuss)
Irm Hermann - Emma
Debria Kalpataru - Marie-Antoinette
Hans Gratzer - Oscar
Peter Chatel - Mann / Thomas
Ila von Hasperg - Violet
Gail Curtis - Tau
Christine Jirku - Olga
Raúl Gimenez - Jim (as Raul Gimenez)
Alexander Allerson - Hans von Gluck
Harry Baer - Helfritz
References
External links
Category:1976 films
Category:Swiss films
Category:German-language films
Category:1970s drama films
Category:Films directed by Daniel Schmid
Category:Films produced by Michael Fengler
Category:Films set in Frankfurt
Category:Swiss films based on plays
Category:Films à clef
Category:Swiss drama films
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2012–13 U.S. Alessandria Calcio season
The 2012–13 season of U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912's was their 92nd in Italian football and their 16th in Lega Pro Seconda Divisione (former Serie C2).
Key dates
26 August: gaining only 1-point in the two games against Pavia and Savona, Alessandria is eliminated in the first qualification round of Coppa Italia Lega Pro.
2 September: Alessandria wins its championship debut match against Fano with a considerable 0–6 away.
12 May: with a 1-1 draw away to Bellaria Igea, Alessandria finished the season in 8th position.
Club
Management
Chairman: Maurizio Pavignano
Consulors: Valerio Bonanno, Paolo Camagna, Gianluigi Capra and Gisella Villata
General Secretary: Stefano Toti
Amministrative Secretary: Federica Rosina
Secretary: Stefano Carlet
Communication: Gigi Poggio
PR: Mario Risciglione
Supporters Communication: Emanuele Bellingeri
Referees Communication: Guido Nardone
Marketing: Massimiliano Baroglio, Alberto Viarengo, Antonio Visca and Carlo Zoccola
Coaching staff
Sporting Director: Massimiliano Menegatti
Coach: Egidio Notaristefano
Vice Coach: Giampaolo Ceramicola
Goalkeepers Coach: Gianluigi Gasparoni
Fitness Coach: Andrea Bocchio
Team Manager: Andrea La Rosa
Observer: Fabio Artico
Warehouser: Gianfranco Sguaizer
Medical staff
Director: Guido Ferraris
Team Doctor: Biagio Polla
Masseur: Luigi Marostica
Players
Transfers
In
Out
Profiles and statistics
Legend:
Matches
Lega Pro Seconda Divisione
Coppa Italia Lega Pro
Championship statistics
Results by round
Results summary
References
Alessandria
Category:U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912 seasons
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Paul Peters
Paul Peters may refer to:
Paul Peters (publisher) (born 1982), American publisher
Paul Douglas Peters, person convicted after 2011 Australian bomb hoax
Paul Evan Peters (1947–1996), American librarian
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Tizi Rached
Tizi Rached is a town and commune in Tizi Ouzou Province in northern Algeria.
References
Category:Populated places in Tizi Ouzou Province
Category:Communes of Algeria
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Ghatkopar
Ghatkopar is a suburb in eastern Mumbai. The area is served by the railway station on the Central Line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway, and the metro station on Line 1 of the Mumbai Metro.
Mumbai Metro Project
The Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar Metro corridor of the Mumbai Metro project is an 11.07 km long double line corridor on an elevated viaduct. The route uses Standard Gauge air-conditioned trains with 12 elevated stations. It has a carrying capacity of 60,000 persons per hour and the commuting time on the entire stretch is 21 minutes. The commute time between Versova and Ghatkopar was reduced by 70 minutes by this line. Metro started running successfully from July 2014.
See also
2000 Mumbai landslide
Ghatkopar metro station
Ghatkopar railway station
References
Category:Suburbs of Mumbai
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Lavendelstræde
Lavendelstræde (lit. "Lavender Street") is a street in the old town of Copenhagen, Denmark). It runs from Kattesundet-Hestemøllestræde in the northeast to Vester Voldgade in the west, linking Slutterigade and Nytorv and at Regnbuepladsen and Copenhagen City Hall in the southwest.
History
The street received its name in 1609. It from the area close to the city's central square Gammeltorv to the Gyldenløve Bastion of the West Rampart which followed present-day Vester Voldgade. The name of the street probably refers to the lavender that grew in a small group of herb gardens located next to the rampart.
The street was completely destroyed in the Copenhagen Fire of 1795. It buildings were rebuilt over the next few years, and a new combined townhall and courthouse was built at its beginning, fronting Nytorv.
On the Gyldenløve Bastion stood a stub mill, St. Lucy's Windmill (Sankt Lucie Mølle), which was also known as Lavendelstræde Windmill (Lavendelstræde Mølle) after the street. The rampart survived until 1885. The windmill was dismantled and rebuilt at Enghavevej.
Notable buildings
Lavendelstræde No. 1, 4–6 and 10 are listed. No. 1, located at the corner with Hestemøllestræde, dates from dates from 1806-07. It was expanded with five bays in 1892-93. Constanze Mozart lived in the corner apartment on first floor in the years 1812-1820 with her second husband, the Danish diplomat Georg Nicolaus Nissen. The widow of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, she devoted herself to writing a biography of Mozart with the help of Nissen, although it was not finished until 1829.
The street was destroyed in the Copenhagen Fire of 1795. No. 4–6 are from 1799 and No. 10 is from 1796-97. Taphouse (No. 15) is one of the largest beer bars in the city, offering more than 60 different beers on tap, mainly from Danish and foreign microbreweries.
References
External links
Lavendelstræde at indenforvoldene.dk
Category:Streets in Copenhagen
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VNN2
Vascular non-inflammatory molecule 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VNN2 gene.
This gene product is a member of the Vanin family of proteins which share extensive sequence similarity with each other, and also with biotinidase. The family includes secreted and membrane-associated proteins, a few of which have been reported to participate in hematopoietic cell trafficking. No biotinidase activity has been demonstrated for any of the vanin proteins, however, they possess pantetheinase activity, which may play a role in oxidative-stress response.
The encoded protein is a GPI-anchored cell surface molecule that plays a role in transendothelial migration of neutrophils. This gene lies in close proximity to, and in same transcriptional orientation as two other vanin genes on chromosome 6q23-q24. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene.
References
Further reading
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Help Conquer Cancer
Help Conquer Cancer is a distributed computing project that runs on the BOINC platform. It is a joint project of the Ontario Cancer Institute and the Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute. It is also the first project under World Community Grid to run with a GPU counterpart.
Project Purpose
Its goal is to enhance the efficiency of protein X-ray crystallography, which will enable researchers to determine the structure of many cancer-related proteins faster. This will lead to improving the understanding of the function of these proteins, and accelerate the development of new pharmaceutical drugs.
See also
BOINC
List of distributed computing projects
World Community Grid
External links
Help Conquer Cancer
References
Category:Cancer organizations based in Canada
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer in adults, and is the most common cause of death in people with cirrhosis.
It occurs in the setting of chronic liver inflammation, and is most closely linked to chronic viral hepatitis infection (hepatitis B or C) or exposure to toxins such as alcohol or aflatoxin. Certain diseases, such as hemochromatosis and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, markedly increase the risk of developing HCC. Metabolic syndrome and NASH are also increasingly recognized as risk factors for HCC.
As with any cancer, the treatment and prognosis of HCC vary depending on the specifics of tumor histology, size, how far the cancer has spread, and overall health.
The vast majority of HCC occurs in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, in countries where hepatitis B infection is endemic and many are infected from birth. The incidence of HCC in the United States and other developing countries is increasing due to an increase in hepatitis C virus infections. It is more common in males than females for unknown reasons.
Signs and symptoms
Most cases of HCC occur in people who already have signs and symptoms of chronic liver disease. They may present either with worsening of symptoms or may be without symptoms at the time of cancer detection. HCC may directly present with yellow skin, abdominal swelling due to fluid in the abdominal cavity, easy bruising from blood clotting abnormalities, loss of appetite, unintentional weight loss, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or feeling tired.
Risk factors
HCC mostly occurs in people with cirrhosis of the liver, and so risk factors generally include factors which cause chronic liver disease that may lead to cirrhosis. Still, certain risk factors are much more highly associated with HCC than others. For example, while heavy alcohol consumption is estimated to cause 60–70% of cirrhosis, the vast majority of HCC occurs in cirrhosis attributed to viral hepatitis (although there may be overlap). Recognized risk factors include:
Chronic viral hepatitis (estimated cause of 80% cases globally)
Chronic hepatitis B (about 50% cases)
Chronic hepatitis C (about 25% cases)
Toxins:
Alcohol abuse: the most common cause of cirrhosis
Aflatoxin
Iron overload state (hemochromatosis)
Metabolic:
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: up to 20% progress to cirrhosis
Type 2 diabetes (probably aided by obesity)
Congenital disorders:
Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
Wilson's disease (controversial; while some theorise the risk increases, case studies are rare and suggest the opposite where Wilson's disease actually may confer protection)
Hemophilia, although statistically associated with higher risk of HCC, this is due to coincident chronic viral hepatitis infection related to repeated blood transfusions over lifetime.
The significance of these risk factors varies globally. In regions where hepatitis B infection is endemic, such as southeast China, this is the predominant cause. In populations largely protected by hepatitis B vaccination, such as the United States, HCC is most often linked to causes of cirrhosis such as chronic hepatitis C, obesity, and alcohol abuse.
Certain benign liver tumors, such as hepatocellular adenoma, may sometimes be associated with coexisting malignant HCC. Evidence is limited for the true incidence of malignancy associated with benign adenomas; however, the size of hepatic adenoma is considered to correspond to risk of malignancy and so larger tumors may be surgically removed. Certain subtypes of adenoma, particularly those with β-catenin activation mutation, are particularly associated with increased risk of HCC.
Children and adolescents are unlikely to have chronic liver disease, but if they suffer from congenital liver disorders, this fact increases the chance of developing HCC. Specifically, children with biliary atresia, infantile cholestasis, glycogen-storage diseases, and other cirrhotic diseases of the liver are predisposed to developing HCC in childhood.
Young adults afflicted by the rare fibrolamellar variant of hepatocellular carcinoma may have none of the typical risk factors, i.e. cirrhosis and hepatitis.
Diabetes mellitus
The risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in type 2 diabetics is greater (from 2.5 to 7.1 times the nondiabetic risk) depending on the duration of diabetes and treatment protocol. A suspected contributor to this increased risk is circulating insulin concentration such that diabetics with poor insulin control or on treatments that elevate their insulin output (both states that contribute to a higher circulating insulin concentration) show far greater risk of hepatocellular carcinoma than diabetics on treatments that reduce circulating insulin concentration. On this note, some diabetics who engage in tight insulin control (by keeping it from being elevated) show risk levels low enough to be indistinguishable from the general population. This phenomenon is thus not isolated to diabetes mellitus type 2, since poor insulin regulation is also found in other conditions such as metabolic syndrome (specifically, when evidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD is present) and again evidence of greater risk exists here, too. While there are claims that anabolic steroid abusers are at greater risk (theorized to be due to insulin and IGF exacerbation), the only evidence that has been confirmed is that anabolic steroid users are more likely to have hepatocellular adenomas (a benign form of HCC) transform into the more dangerous hepatocellular carcinoma.
Pathogenesis
Hepatocellular carcinoma, like any other cancer, develops when epigenetic alterations and mutations affecting the cellular machinery cause the cell to replicate at a higher rate and/or result in the cell avoiding apoptosis.
In particular, chronic infections of hepatitis B and/or C can aid the development of hepatocellular carcinoma by repeatedly causing the body's own immune system to attack the liver cells, some of which are infected by the virus, others merely bystanders. Activated immune-system inflammatory cells release free radicals, such as reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide reactive species, which in turn can cause DNA damage and lead to carcinogenic gene mutations. Reactive oxygen species also cause epigenetic alterations at the sites of DNA repair.
While this constant cycle of damage followed by repair can lead to mistakes during repair, which in turn lead to carcinogenesis, this hypothesis is more applicable, at present, to hepatitis C. Chronic hepatitis C causes HCC through the stage of cirrhosis. In chronic hepatitis B, however, the integration of the viral genome into infected cells can directly induce a noncirrhotic liver to develop HCC. Alternatively, repeated consumption of large amounts of ethanol can have a similar effect. The toxin aflatoxin from certain Aspergillus species of fungi is a carcinogen and aids carcinogenesis of hepatocellular cancer by building up in the liver. The combined high prevalence of rates of aflatoxin and hepatitis B in settings such as China and West Africa has led to relatively high rates of hepatocellular carcinoma in these regions. Other viral hepatitides such as hepatitis A have no potential to become a chronic infection, thus are not related to HCC.
Diagnosis
Methods of diagnosis in HCC have evolved with the improvement in medical imaging. The evaluation of both asymptomatic patients and those with symptoms of liver disease involves blood testing and imaging evaluation. Although historically a biopsy of the tumor was required to prove the diagnosis, imaging (especially MRI) findings may be conclusive enough to obviate histopathologic confirmation.
Screening
HCC remains associated with a high mortality rate, in part related to initial diagnosis commonly at an advanced stage of disease. As with other cancers, outcomes are significanty improved if treatment is initiated earlier in the disease process. Because the vast majority of HCC occurs in people with certain chronic liver diseases, especially those with cirrhosis, liver screening is commonly advocated in this population. Specific screening guidelines continue to evolve over time as evidence of its clinical impact becomes available. In the United States, the most commonly observed guidelines are those published by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, which recommends screening people with cirrhosis with ultrasound every 6 months, with or without measurement of blood levels of tumor marker alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Elevated levels of AFP are associated with active HCC disease, although inconsistently reliable. At levels >20 sensitivity is 41-65% and specificity is 80-94%. However, at levels >200 sensitivity is 31, specificity is 99%.
On ultrasound, HCC often appears as a small hypoechoic lesion with poorly defined margins and coarse, irregular internal echoes. When the tumor grows, it can sometimes appear heterogeneous with fibrosis, fatty change, and calcifications. This heterogeneity can look similar to cirrhosis and the surrounding liver parenchyma. A systematic review found that the sensitivity was 60% (95% CI 44–76%) and specificity was 97% (95% CI 95–98%) compared with pathologic examination of an explanted or resected liver as the reference standard. The sensitivity increases to 79% with AFP correlation.
Controversy remains as to the most effective screening protocols. For example, while some data support decreased mortality related to screening in people with hepatitis B infection, the AASLD notes. “there are no randomized trials [for screening] in Western populations with cirrhosis secondary to chronic hepatitis C or fatty liver disease, and thus there is some controversy surrounding whether surveillance truly leads to a reduction in mortality in this population of patients with cirrhosis.”
Higher risk people
In a person where a higher suspicion of HCC exists, such as a person with symptoms or abnormal blood tests (i.e. alpha-fetoprotein and des-gamma carboxyprothrombin levels), evaluation requires imaging of the liver by CT or MRI scans. Optimally, these scans are performed with intravenous contrast in multiple phases of hepatic perfusion to improve detection and accurate classification of any liver lesions by the interpreting radiologist. Due to the characteristic blood flow pattern of HCC tumors, a specific perfusion pattern of any detected liver lesion may conclusively detect an HCC tumor. Alternatively, the scan may detect an indeterminate lesion and further evaluation may be performed by obtaining a physical sample of the lesion.
Imaging
Ultrasound, CT scan, and MRI may be used to evaluate the liver for HCC. On CT and MRI, HCC can have three distinct patterns of growth:
A single large tumor
Multiple tumors
Poorly defined tumor with an infiltrative growth pattern
A systematic review of CT diagnosis found that the sensitivity was 68% (95% CI 55–80%) and specificity was 93% (95% CI 89–96%) compared with pathologic examination of an explanted or resected liver as the reference standard. With triple-phase helical CT, the sensitivity was 90% or higher, but these data have not been confirmed with autopsy studies.
However, MRI has the advantage of delivering high-resolution images of the liver without ionizing radiation. HCC appears as a high-intensity pattern on T2-weighted images and a low-intensity pattern on T1-weighted images. The advantage of MRI is that it has improved sensitivity and specificity when compared to ultrasound and CT in cirrhotic patients with whom it can be difficult to differentiate HCC from regenerative nodules. A systematic review found that the sensitivity was 81% (95% CI 70–91%) and specificity was 85% (95% CI 77–93%) compared with pathologic examination of an explanted or resected liver as the reference standard. The sensitivity is further increased if gadolinium contrast-enhanced and diffusion-weighted imaging are combined.
MRI is more sensitive and specific than CT.
Liver image reporting and data system (LI-RADS) is a classification system for the reporting of liver lesions detected on CT and MRI. Radiologists use this standardized system to report on suspicious lesions and to provide an estimated likelihood of malignancy. Categories range from LI-RADS (LR) 1 to 5, in order of concern for cancer. A biopsy is not needed to confirm the diagnosis of HCC if certain imaging criteria are met.
Pathology
Macroscopically, liver cancer appears as a nodular or infiltrative tumor. The nodular type may be solitary (large mass) or multiple (when developed as a complication of cirrhosis). Tumor nodules are round to oval, gray or green (if the tumor produces bile), well circumscribed but not encapsulated. The diffuse type is poorly circumscribed and infiltrates the portal veins, or the hepatic veins (rarely).
Microscopically, the four architectural and cytological types (patterns) of hepatocellular carcinoma are: fibrolamellar, pseudoglandular (adenoid), pleomorphic (giant cell), and clear cell. In well-differentiated forms, tumor cells resemble hepatocytes, form trabeculae, cords, and nests, and may contain bile pigment in the cytoplasm. In poorly differentiated forms, malignant epithelial cells are discohesive, pleomorphic, anaplastic, and giant. The tumor has a scant stroma and central necrosis because of the poor vascularization. A fifth form – lymphoepithelioma like hepatocellular carcinoma – has also been described.
Staging
BCLC Staging System
The prognosis of HCC is affected by the staging of the tumor and the liver's function due to the effects of liver cirrhosis.
A number of staging classifications for HCC are available; however, due to the unique nature of the carcinoma to fully encompass all the features that affect the categorization of the HCC, a classification system should incorporate tumor size and number, presence of vascular invasion and extrahepatic spread, liver function (levels of serum bilirubin and albumin, presence of ascites, and portal hypertension) and general health status of the patient (defined by the ECOG classification and the presence of symptoms).
Of all the staging classification systems available the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging classification encompasses all of the above characteristics. This staging classification can be used to select people for treatment.
Important features that guide treatment include:
size
spread (stage)
involvement of liver vessels
presence of a tumor capsule
presence of extrahepatic metastases
presence of daughter nodules
vascularity of the tumor
MRI is the best imaging method to detect the presence of a tumor capsule.
The most common sites of metastasis are the lung, abdominal lymph nodes, and bone.
Prevention
Since hepatitis B and C are some of the main causes of hepatocellular carcinoma, prevention of infection is key to then prevent HCC. Thus, childhood vaccination against hepatitis B may reduce the risk of liver cancer in the future. In the case of patients with cirrhosis, alcohol consumption is to be avoided. Also, screening for hemochromatosis may be beneficial for some patients.
Whether screening those with chronic liver disease for HCC improves outcomes is unclear.
Treatment
Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma varies by the stage of disease, a person's likelihood to tolerate surgery, and availability of liver transplant:
Curative intention: for limited disease, when the cancer is limited to one or more areas of within the liver, surgically removing the malignant cells may be curative. This may be accomplished by resection the affected portion of the liver (partial hepatectomy) or in some cases by orthotopic liver transplantation of the entire organ.
"Bridging" intention: for limited disease which qualifies for potential liver transplantation, the person may undergo targeted treatment of some or all of the known tumor while waiting for a donor organ to become available.
"Downstaging" intention: for moderately advanced disease which has not spread beyond the liver, but is too advanced to qualify for curative treatment. The person may be treated by targeted therapies in order to reduce the size or number of active tumors, with the goal of once again qualifying for liver transplant after this treatment.
Palliative intention: for more advanced disease, including spread of cancer beyond the liver or in persons who may not tolerate surgery, treatment intended to decrease symptoms of disease and maximize duration of survival.
Loco-regional therapy (also referred to as liver-directed therapy) refers to any one of several minimally-invasive treatment techniques to focally target HCC within the liver. These procedures are alternatives to surgery, and may be considered in combination with other strategies, such as a later liver transplantation. Generally, these treatment procedures are performed by interventional radiologists or surgeons, in coordination with a medical oncologist. Loco-regional therapy may refer to either percutaneous therapies (e.g. cryoablation), or arterial catheter-based therapies (chemoembolization or radioembolization).
Surgical resection
Surgical removal of the tumor is associated with better cancer prognosis, but only 5–15% of patients are suitable for surgical resection due to the extent of disease or poor liver function. Surgery is only considered if the entire tumor can be safely removed while preserving sufficient functional liver to maintain normal physiology. Thus, preoperative imaging assessment is critical to determine both the extent of HCC and to estimate the amount of residual liver remaining after surgery. To maintain liver function, residual liver volume should exceed 25% of total liver volume in a noncirrhotic liver, greater than 40% in a cirrhotic liver. Surgery on diseased or cirrhotic livers is generally associated with higher morbidity and mortality. The overall recurrence rate after resection is 50-60%. The Singapore Liver Cancer Recurrence score can be used to estimate risk of recurrence after surgery.
Liver transplantation
Liver transplantation, replacing the diseased liver with a cadaveric or a living donor liver, plays an increasing role in treatment of HCC. Although outcomes following liver transplant were initially poor (20%–36% survival rate), outcomes have significantly improved with improvement in surgical techniques and adoption of the Milan criteria at US transplantation centers. Expanded Shanghai criteria in China have resulted in overall survival and disease-free survival rates similar to those achieved using the Milan criteria. Studies from the late 2000s obtained higher survival rates ranging from 67% to 91%.
The risks of liver transplantation extend beyond risk of the procedure itself. The immunosuppressive medication required after surgery to prevent rejection of the donor liver also impairs the body's natural ability to combat dysfunctional cells. If the tumor has spread undetected outside the liver before the transplant, the medication effectively increases the rate of disease progression and decreases survival. With this in mind, liver transplant "can be a curative approach for patients with advanced HCC without extrahepatic metastasis". Patient selection is considered a major key for success.
Ablation
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) uses high-frequency radio waves to destroy tumor by local heating. The electrodes are inserted into the liver tumor under ultrasound image guidance using percutaneous, laparoscopic or open surgical approach. It is suitable for small tumors (<5 cm). RFA has the best outcomes in patients with a solitary tumor less than 4 cm. Since it is a local treatment and has minimal effect on normal healthy tissue, it can be repeated multiple times. Survival is better for those with smaller tumors. In one study, In one series of 302 patients, the three-year survival rates for lesions >5 cm, 2.1 to 5 cm, and ≤2 cm were 59, 74, and 91%, respectively. A large randomized trial comparing surgical resection and RFA for small HCC showed similar four-year survival and less morbidities for patients treated with RFA.
Cryoablation is a technique used to destroy tissue using cold temperature. The tumor is not removed and the destroyed cancer is left to be reabsorbed by the body. Initial results in properly selected patients with unresectable liver tumors are equivalent to those of resection. Cryosurgery involves the placement of a stainless steel probe into the center of the tumor. Liquid nitrogen is circulated through the end of this device. The tumor and a half inch margin of normal liver are frozen to −190 °C for 15 minutes, which is lethal to all tissues. The area is thawed for 10 minutes and then refrozen to −190 °C for another 15 minutes. After the tumor has thawed, the probe is removed, bleeding is controlled, and the procedure is complete. The patient spends the first postoperative night in the intensive care unit and typically is discharged in 3–5 days. Proper selection of patients and attention to detail in performing the cryosurgical procedure are mandatory to achieve good results and outcomes. Frequently, cryosurgery is used in conjunction with liver resection, as some of the tumors are removed while others are treated with cryosurgery.
Percutaneous ethanol injection is well tolerated, with high RR in small (<3 cm) solitary tumors; as of 2005, no randomized trial has comparing resection to percutaneous treatments; recurrence rates are similar to those for postresection. However, a comparative study found that local therapy can achieve a 5-year survival rate around 60% for patients with small HCC.
Arterial catheter-based treatment
Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is performed for unresectable tumors or as a temporary treatment while waiting for liver transplant ("bridge to transplant"). TACE is done by injecting an antineoplastic drug (e.g. cisplatin) mixed with a radio-opaque contrast (e.g. Lipiodol) and an embolic agent (e.g. Gelfoam) into the right or left hepatic artery via the groin artery. The goal of the procedure is to restrict the tumor's vascular supply while supplying a targeted chemotherapeutic agent. TACE has been shown to increase survival and to downstage HCC in patients who exceed the Milan criteria for liver transplant. Patients who undergo the procedure are followed with CT scans and may need additional TACE procedures if the tumor persists. As of 2005, multiple trials show objective tumor responses and slowed tumor progression, but questionable survival benefit compared to supportive care; greatest benefit is seen in people with preserved liver function, absence of vascular invasion, and smallest tumors. TACE is not suitable for big tumors (>8 cm), the presence of portal vein thrombus, tumors with a portal-systemic shunt, and patients with poor liver function.
Selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) can be used to destroy the tumor from within (thus minimizing exposure to healthy tissue). Similar to TACE, this is a procedure in which an interventional radiologist selectively injects the artery or arteries supplying the tumor with a chemotherapeutic agent. The agent is typically Yttrium-90 (Y-90) incorporated into embolic microspheres that lodge in the tumor vasculature, causing ischemia and delivering their radiation dose directly to the lesion. This technique allows for a higher, local dose of radiation to be delivered directly to the tumor while sparing normal healthy tissue. While not curative, patients have increased survival. No studies have been done to compare whether SIRT is superior to TACE in terms of survival outcomes, although retrospective studies suggest similar efficacy. Two products are available, SIR-Spheres and TheraSphere. The latter is an FDA-approved treatment for primary liver cancer (HCC) which has been shown in clinical trials to increase the survival rate of low-risk patients. SIR-Spheres are FDA-approved for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, but outside the US, SIR-Spheres are approved for the treatment of any nonresectable liver cancer including primary liver cancer.
Systemic
In disease which has spread beyond the liver, systemic therapy may be a consideration. In 2007, Sorafenib, an oral multikinase inhibitor, was the first systemic agent approved for first-line treatment of advanced HCC. Trials have found modest improvement in overall survival: 10.7 months vs 7.9 months and 6.5 months vs 4.2 months.
The most common side effects of Sorafenib include a hand-foot skin reaction and diarrhea. Sorafenib is thought to work by blocking growth of both tumor cells and new blood vessels. Numerous other molecular targeted drugs are being tested as alternative first- and second-line treatments for advanced HCC.
Other
Portal vein embolization (PVE): This technique is sometimes used to increase the volume of healthy liver, in order to improve chances of survival following surgical removal of diseased liver. For example, embolization of the right main portal vein would result in compensatory hypertrophy of the left lobe, which may qualify the patient for a partial hepatectomy. Embolization is performed by an interventional radiologist using a percutaneous transhepatic approach. This procedure can also serve as a bridge to transplant.
High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) (as opposed to diagnostic ultrasound) is an experimental technique which uses high-powered ultrasound waves to destroy tumor tissue.
A systematic review assessed 12 articles involving a total of 318 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with Yttrium-90 radioembolization. Excluding a study of only one patient, post-treatment CT evaluation of the tumor showed a response ranging from 29 to 100% of patients evaluated, with all but two studies showing a response of 71% or greater.
Prognosis
The usual outcome is poor, because only 10–20% of hepatocellular carcinomas can be removed completely using surgery. If the cancer cannot be completely removed, the disease is usually deadly within 3 to 6 months. This is partially due to late presentation with tumors, but also the lack of medical expertise and facilities in the regions with high HCC prevalence. However, survival can vary, and occasionally people survive much longer than 6 months. The prognosis for metastatic or unresectable HCC has improved due to the approval of Sorafenib (Nexavar®) for advanced HCC.
Epidemiology
HCC is one of the most common tumors worldwide. The epidemiology of HCC exhibits two main patterns, one in North America and Western Europe and another in non-Western countries, such as those in sub-Saharan Africa, Central and Southeast Asia, and the Amazon basin. Males are affected more than females usually, and it is most common between the ages of 30 and 50, Hepatocellular carcinoma causes 662,000 deaths worldwide per year about half of them in China.
Africa and Asia
In some parts of the world, such as sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, HCC is the most common cancer, generally affecting men more than women, and with an age of onset between the late teens and 30s. This variability is in part due to the different patterns of hepatitis B and hepatitis C transmission in different populations – infection at or around birth predispose to earlier cancers than if people are infected later. The time between hepatitis B infection and development into HCC can be years, even decades, but from diagnosis of HCC to death, the average survival period is only 5.9 months according to one Chinese study during the 1970-80s, or 3 months (median survival time) in sub-Saharan Africa according to Manson's textbook of tropical diseases. HCC is one of the deadliest cancers in China, where chronic hepatitis B is found in 90% of cases. In Japan, chronic hepatitis C is associated with 90% of HCC cases. Foods infected with Aspergillus flavus (especially peanuts and corns stored during prolonged wet seasons) which produces aflatoxins pose another risk factor for HCC.
North America and Western Europe
The most common malignant tumors in the liver represent metastases (spread) from tumors which originate elsewhere in the body. Among cancers that originate from liver tissue, HCC is the most common primary liver cancer. In the United States, the US surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database program, shows that HCC accounts for 65% of all cases of liver cancers. As screening programs are in place for high-risk persons with chronic liver disease, HCC is often discovered much earlier in Western countries than in developing regions such as sub-Saharan Africa.
Acute and chronic hepatic porphyrias (acute intermittent porphyria, porphyria cutanea tarda, hereditary coproporphyria, variegate porphyria) and tyrosinemia type I are risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma. The diagnosis of an acute hepatic porphyria (AIP, HCP, VP) should be sought in patients with HCC without typical risk factors of hepatitis B or C, alcoholic liver cirrhosis, or hemochromatosis. Both active and latent genetic carriers of acute hepatic porphyrias
are at risk for this cancer, although latent genetic carriers have developed the cancer at a later age than those with classic symptoms. Patients with acute hepatic porphyrias should be monitored for HCC.
The incidence of HCC is relatively lower in the Western Hemisphere than in Eastern Asia. However, despite the statistics being low, the diagnosis of HCC has increased since the 1980s and it is continuing to increase, making it one of the rising causes of death due to cancer. The common risk factor for HCC is hepatitis C, along with other health issues.
Research
Preclinical
Current research includes the search for the genes that are disregulated in HCC, antiheparanase antibodies, protein markers, non-coding RNAs (such as TUC338) and other predictive biomarkers. As similar research is yielding results in various other malignant diseases, it is hoped that identifying the aberrant genes and the resultant proteins could lead to the identification of pharmacological interventions for HCC.
The development of three-dimensional culture methods provides a new approach for preclinical studies of cancer therapy using patient-derived organoids. These miniaturized organoid 'avatars' of a patient's tumor recapitulate several features of the original tumor, rendering them an attractive model for drug-sensitivity testing and precision medicine for HCC and other types of primary liver cancer.
Furthermore, HCC occurs in patients with liver disease. A biomarker named six-miRNA signature allows effective treatment of patients with HCC and is able to predict its recurrence in the liver.
Clinical
JX-594, an oncolytic virus, has orphan drug designation for this condition and is undergoing clinical trials.
Hepcortespenlisimut-L (Hepko-V5), an oral cancer vaccine, also has US FDA orphan drug designation for HCC. Immunitor Inc. completed a Phase II trial, published in 2017.
A randomized trial of people with advanced HCC showed no benefit for the combination of everolimus and pasireotide.
See also
Hemihypertrophy
Oncovirus
Portal hypertension
References
Further reading
Liu, Chi-leung, M.D., "Hepatic Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma", The Hong Kong Medical Diary, Vol.10 No.12, December 2005 Medical Bulletin
External links
NCI Liver Cancer Homepage
Blue Faery: The Adrienne Wilson Liver Cancer Association
Category:Digestive system neoplasia
Category:Hepatology
Category:Infectious causes of cancer
Category:Hepatitis C virus-associated diseases
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Stone v. Graham
In Stone v. Graham, 449 U.S. 39 (1980), the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that a Kentucky statute was unconstitutional and in violation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, because it lacked a nonreligious, legislative purpose. The statute required the posting of a copy of the Ten Commandments on the wall of each public classroom in the state. While the copies of the Ten Commandments were purchased with private funding, the Court ruled that because they were being placed in public classrooms they were in violation of the First Amendment.
Opinion of the Court
The Court held that the Kentucky statute that required the Ten Commandments to be posted in school classrooms was in violation of the First Amendment. To interpret the First Amendment, the Court rested on the precedent established in Lemon v. Kurtzman and the three-part "Lemon test". The Court concluded that because "requiring the posting of the Ten Commandments in public school rooms has no secular legislative purpose," it is unconstitutional.
The Court approached the case through the lens created in Lemon v. Kurtzman. They agreed that if Kentucky's statute broke any of the three guidelines outlined in the Lemon test, the statute would be in violation of the Establishment Clause. The majority voiced that The Commandments convey a religious undertone, because they concern "the religious duties of believers: worshipping the Lord God alone, avoiding idolatry, not using the Lord's name in vain, and observing the Sabbath Day." But since "the Commandments are [not] integrated into the school curriculum, where the Bible may constitutionally be used in an appropriate study of history," they have no secular purpose and a definite religious purpose.
The Court concluded that even though The Commandments were paid for by a private institution and even though they were "merely posted on the wall ... the mere posting of the copies under the auspices of the legislature provides the 'official support of the State ... Government' that the Establishment Clause prohibits." Even though the Commandments were not used to indoctrinate or convert students but were quite passive, the Court maintained that, "it is no defense to urge that the religious practices here may be relatively minor encroachments on the First Amendment." Because it endorsed religion and had no secular purpose, the Court concluded that the Kentucky statute was unconstitutional.
Majority:
"This is not a case in which the Ten Commandments are integrated into the school curriculum, where the Bible may constitutionally be used in an appropriate study of history, civilization, ethics, comparative religion, or the like. [See Abington School District v. Schempp.] Posting of religious texts on the wall serves no such educational function. If the posted copies of the Ten Commandments are to have any effect at all, it will be to induce the schoolchildren to read, meditate upon, perhaps to venerate and obey, the Commandments. However desirable this might be as a matter of private devotion, it is not a permissible state objective under the Establishment Clause of the Constitution."
Dissent
Justice Rehnquist argued in his dissent that the statute did not violate the First Amendment because there was a legitimate secular purpose to the Ten Commandments' posting. Rehnquist argued that "the Ten Commandments have had a significant impact on the development of secular legal codes of the Western World," which he qualified as a secular purpose. Rehnquist's dissent also argued that something's relation to religion does not automatically cause it to "respect an establishment of religion."
Justice Rehnquist agreed with the framework proposed by the majority opinion, but thought that the Kentucky statute had a secular purpose. Rehnquist believed that just because "the asserted secular purpose may overlap with what some may see as a religious objective does not render it unconstitutional." The Court argued that since the Commandments are a 'sacred text' and are not taught in the context of history classes, their mandatory posting is unconstitutional. Rehnquist argued that the Commandments are a document that has "had a significant impact on the development of secular legal codes of the Western World." Rehnquist's dissent contended that since religion has "been closely identified with our history and government … one can hardly respect the system of education that would leave the student wholly ignorant of the currents of religious thought."
See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 449
Glassroth v. Moore (11th Cir. 2003)
Van Orden v. Perry (2005)
McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union (2005)
Pleasant Grove City v. Summum (2009)
Green v. Haskell County Board of Commissioners (10th Cir. 2009)
External links
Category:United States Supreme Court cases
Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
Category:Establishment Clause case law
Category:1980 in United States case law
Category:Legal history of Kentucky
Category:1980 in Kentucky
Category:1980 in religion
Category:Ten Commandments
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Malaulalo
Malaulalo is an uninhabited island in the Solomon Islands; it is the central one of the Olu Malau (Three Sisters) Islands located in Makira-Ulawa Province. It has an area of 3.34 km².
The first recorded sighting by Europeans of Malaulalo was by the Spanish expedition of Álvaro de Mendaña in May 1568. More precisely the sighting of Malaulalo was due to a local voyage that set out from Guadalcanal in a small boat, in the accounts the brigantine Santiago, commanded by Alférez Hernando Énriquez and having Hernán Gallego as pilot. They charted the three Olu Malau islands as Las Tres Marias (The Three Marys in Spanish).
References
Category:Islands of the Solomon Islands
Category:Uninhabited islands of the Solomon Islands
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Nera di Arbus
The Nera di Arbus, more fully Pecora Nera di Arbus ("black sheep of Arbus"), is a breed of small domestic sheep indigenous to the Mediterranean island of Sardinia, Italy. It takes its name from the comune of Arbus, in the province of Medio Campidano, in the south-western part of the island. It is raised in the provinces of Cagliari, Nuoro, Oristano and Sassari. The breed achieved official recognition in 2008.
The Nera di Arbus is one of the seventeen autochthonous Italian sheep breeds for which a genealogical herdbook is kept by the Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia, the Italian national association of sheep-breeders. In 2008, the first year of registration, 233 head were registered in the herdbook; in 2013 the total number recorded was 4118.
The milk yield of the Nera di Arbus, over and above that taken by the lambs, averages 50 litres in 100 days for primiparous ewes, and 88–98 l in 180 days for pluriparous ones. The milk averages 6.5% fat and 5.6% protein. Lambs weigh 9.5–9.8 kg at 30 days. Rams yield about 2 kg of wool, ewes about 1.2 kg; the wool is of coarse quality. It is used to make orbace, a coarse hand-woven cloth, from which two traditional Sardinian garments are made: sa mastrucca, the overcoat worn by shepherds; and su sacu, a heavy waterproof blanket.
References
Category:Sheep breeds originating in Italy
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Blonde in Bondage
Blonde in Bondage/Blondin i fara is a 1957 Swedish drama crime film directed by Robert Brandt, who also wrote lyrics to the film's two songs. Distributors Corporation of America released the film in the US as a double feature with The Flesh Is Weak.
Plot
New York City reporter Larry Brand is sent to Stockholm to do a story on Swedish morals. A traffic accident leads him into rescuing a strip tease artiste from drug addiction and pits him against a ruthless criminal gang.
Cast
Mark Miller as Larry Brand
Anita Thallaug as Mona Mace
Lars Ekborg as Max
Ruth Johansson as Laila
Birgitta Ander as Birgitta
Eva Laräng as Ingrid
Anita Strindberg as Telephone operator (credited as Anita Edberg)
Erik Strandmark as Olle
Stig Järrel as Kreuger
Börje Mellvig as Chief Inspector
Dangy Helander as a Prostitute
Norma Sjöholm as a second Prostitute
Sangrid Nerf as a taxi driver
Alexander von Baumgarten as Kuger's valet
John Starck ... Chief of guards
Soundtrack
The Blues Music by Ulf CarlénLyrics by Robert Brandt
Shock Around the ClockMusic by Ulf Carlén Lyrics by Robert Brandt
External links
Category:1957 films
Category:Swedish films
Category:Swedish-language films
Category:1950s crime films
Category:Swedish crime films
Category:Swedish black-and-white films
Category:Films about heroin addiction
Category:Films shot in Sweden
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Khmeli, Brest Voblast
Khmeli (, ) is a village in Belarus. It is located in the Kamenets District, Brest Region, 318 km south-west of the capital Minsk and near the Polish border.
External links
Location including the places
Category:Villages in Belarus
Category:Populated places in Brest Region
Category:Grodno Governorate
Category:Polesie Voivodeship
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New Street Law
New Street Law is a British legal drama television series produced by Red Production Company in association with One-Eyed Dog Ltd for BBC One. The series was created by G. F. Newman and Matthew Hall, and starred an ensemble cast headed by John Hannah and Paul Freeman. Hannah and Freeman play Jack Roper and Laurence Scammel respectively, two barristers heading rival chambers in Manchester. Roper's chamber works in defence, while Scammel—Roper's one-time mentor—works for prosecution. A large supporting cast played members of Roper and Scammel's teams.
Filming on sets took place at Web Film Studios, Little Hulton, near Bolton. Location work was done on the streets of Manchester, Bolton and Rochdale. Other interior locations included the Bolton Masonic Hall, St John Street Chambers in Manchester, and a hospital in Rochdale. Although the second series did not air until February 2007, there was only a six-week gap between filming.
The first series aired in May and June 2006 in a pre-watershed timeslot on BBC One. The second series was moved to 9 p.m. Low ratings saw the last two episodes moved to a 10.40 p.m. timeslot. In July 2007, the cancellation of the series was announced. This left an unresolved cliffhanger from the second series, with the audience left unaware of whether Jack survived a car crash.
Acorn Media UK have released both series on DVD in Region 2. In Region 1, Entertainment One have released the entire series on DVD.
Cast and characters
John Hannah as Jack Roper
Paul Freeman as Laurence Scammel QC
John Thomson as Charlie Darling
Lisa Faulkner as Laura Scammel
Chris Gascoyne as Al Ware
Penny Downie as Honor Scammel
Lee Williams as Joe Stevens
Lara Cazalet as Annie Quick
Ace Bhatti as Ash Aslan
Jayne Ashbourne as Sally Benn
Don Warrington as Judge Ken Winyard
Ben Owen-Jones as Chris Quick
Episode list
Series 1 (2006)
Series 2 (2007)
References
External links
New Street Law at bbc.co.uk
Category:2006 British television series debuts
Category:2007 British television series endings
Category:2000s British drama television series
Category:2000s British legal television series
Category:BBC television dramas
Category:English-language television programs
Category:Television shows set in Manchester
Category:Television series by Entertainment One
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Jama Mohamud Takar
Jama Mohamud Takar () (Jan 14 1930 – 18 November 2008) was a senior Somali politician and one of the leaders of Mohamed Muumin, a Leelkase sub-clan. He was one of the earliest members of the Somali Youth League.
Jama Mohamud Takar joined Somali Youth League 1955. Then in the late 1950s turned into the Somali Great League which was the only organisation challenging SYL, in the early 1960s he became the vice-president of the league.
In 1962 Jama Mohamud Takar established the first Somali free Megazine Etihad Alsha'ab which the military regime later named Xiddigta October
Jama Mohamud Taker had a large family including 4 wives and 16 children. His children were initially 20 but 4 of them have passed away.
Jama Mohamud Taker has over 75 grandchildren now, and his name and legacy continues to grow every year.
Category:1930s births
Category:2008 deaths
Category:Darod
Category:Somali Youth League politicians
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Citizens Action Party (British Columbia)
The Citizens Action Party (formerly the British Columbia Grey Party) was a minor political party in British Columbia, Canada. It was formed in 2002 as a protest movement of senior citizens against their perceived victimization by the BC Liberal Party. Its leader was Bill Savage.
The party changed its name in an effort to broaden its support base, and put forward a platform heavily invoking "common sense" solutions to political problems.
In September 2004, it joined with the British Columbia Democratic Alliance, Link BC and the British Columbia Moderate Democratic Movement to form the "British Columbia Democratic Coalition". Link BC and the CAP pulled out of the coalition less than a month later, and announced their own plans to merge under the Link BC name. The BCDC became the founding core of Democratic Reform British Columbia. The Citizens Action Party was de-registered by Elections BC in June 2009.
See also
List of British Columbia political parties
External links
CAP BC
Category:Provincial political parties in British Columbia
Category:Citizens' Action Parties
Category:2002 establishments in British Columbia
Category:Political parties established in 2002
Category:2009 disestablishments in British Columbia
Category:Political parties disestablished in 2009
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Pseudicius ridicularis
Pseudicius ridicularis is a jumping spider that lives in Ethiopia.
See also
Pseudicius
References
Category:Salticidae
Category:Fauna of Ethiopia
Category:Spiders of Africa
Category:Spiders described in 2008
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Leptostylus fuligineus
Leptostylus fuligineus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1885.
References
Category:Leptostylus
Category:Beetles described in 1885
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Benjamin F. Deming
Benjamin F. Deming (January 1, 1790 – July 11, 1834) was an American merchant and politician. He served as a U.S. Representative from Vermont.
Biography
Deming was born in Danville, Vermont; he pursued academic studies and became a merchant. He was the clerk of the Caledonia County Court from 1817 until 1833. From 1822 until 1833, he was the probate judge in Vermont, and he served as a member of the Governor's council from 1827 until 1832. Deming was elected as an Anti-Masonic candidate to the Twenty-third Congress, and served from March 4, 1833 until his death on July 11, 1834.
Personal life
He married Eunice Clark on June 6, 1816. They had five children together; Harriet Deming, Henry Hopkins Deming, Charles Deming, Franklin Deming and William Deming.
Death
In the summer of 1834, Deming became ill while in Washington, DC and decided to return home. He died in Saratoga Springs, New York en route to his home in Danville. He is interred at the Danville Green Cemetery.
A cenotaph for Deming is located in the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)
References
External links
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Govtrack.us
The Political Graveyard
Category:1790 births
Category:1834 deaths
Category:People from Danville, Vermont
Category:Anti-Masonic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Vermont
Category:Vermont state court judges
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Yo-kai Watch
is a mixed-media franchise of role-playing video games and toys, created and developed by Level-5. The first game in the series was released for the Nintendo 3DS in 2013. 3 main sequels and several spinoffs, on both Nintendo and mobile platforms, have been released. In December 2019, they expanded to PlayStation.
Six manga adaptations have also been produced; one, a shōnen manga series that began serialization in Shogakukan's CoroCoro Comic from December 2012, became an award winner. An anime television series produced by OLM, Inc. began airing in Japan from January 2014 and was a ratings success, boosting the franchise in popularity, and began airing in North America from October 2015. An animated film was released in December 2014; with three more films being produced. As of 2016, the game series had shipped 13 million copies worldwide.
Despite not meeting Level-5's expectations in the United States, the franchise still enjoyed a successful U.S. launch, with the original 3DS game selling 400,000 units, as well as toys and an airing of the TV series on Disney XD. However, interest in the Yo-kai Watch franchise steadily declined, and Hasbro's Yo-kai Watch toy line was discontinued in the United States in 2017 and in Europe and Latin America in 2018.
Concept
The franchise was first thought up as a Doraemon IP, something that could be long lasting over a long period of time. Akihiro Hino, CEO of Level-5, researched extensively what makes a franchise long-lasting, and came up with Yo-kai Watch.
Yo-kai Watch revolves around befriending Yo-kai that are haunting the city. They are based on traditional Japanese yōkai, but often with clever twists. If one befriends a Yo-kai, they get their friendship medal, an object that allows one to summon Yo-kai. With these, they can summon Yo-kai to either fight other Yo-kai, befriend others, or solve everyday tasks.
The basic plot for most of the media is that the main character (either Nate or Katie) obtains a Yo-kai Watch through Whisper, a butler Yo-kai. They then befriend Jibanyan, a cat Yo-kai who haunts an intersection because he thinks his owner from when he was alive named Amy called him lame for getting hit by a truck. During the anime's run, other Yo-kai were introduced.
Media
Main video game series
The main video game series is a role-playing video game where the player befriends Yo-kai, and fights the bad ones that seek to rule over the world. The main emphasis in the games is placed on fighting the Yo-kai. All of the main series' games up to Yo-kai Watch 2 have the same battle style; using the 3DS's touchscreen during battles to rotate amongst the player's Yo-kai at will. All of the Yo-kai have powerful moves called Soultimates; some being healing moves, but most of them being offensive. In Yo-kai Watch 3, the battle system was changed into more of a grid-based movement system, and the added use of the Dream Link to use the Yo-kai Blaster against foes during battle.
Yo-kai Watch
The first game in the main series, Yo-kai Watch, was announced at the 2011 Tokyo Game Show and first released in Japan on July 11, 2013. It sets the foundation for the rest of the video game franchise, introducing all of the main mechanics.
Yo-kai Watch 2
The second main game in the series, was released in Japan on July 10, 2014 as two versions, Bony Spirits and Fleshy Souls. Yo-kai Watch 2 expands the areas to be explored, with nearly 100 new Yo-kai in the present day of the Kemamoto region (called Harrisville outside of Japan) and the past, where the player time travels to meets traditional Yo-kai and sees their grandfather, who made the predecessor to the Yo-kai Watch. A third version, Psychic Specters, was released on December 12, 2014 to coincide with the first Yo-kai Watch film Yo-kai Watch: Tanjō no Himitsu da Nyan!. Psychic Specters featured characters and scenarios not initially included in Bony Spirits and Fleshy Souls.
Bony Spirits and Fleshy Souls were localized in English and released in the United States on September 30, 2016 (April 7, 2017 in Europe). The localized Bony Spirits and Fleshy Souls received the Oni Evolution update on September 14, 2017, making those games compatible with save data from the western release of Psychic Specters on September 29, 2017.
Yo-kai Watch 3
In Japan, Yo-kai Watch 3 was announced alongside Yo-kai Watch Busters in April 2015 and released in July 2016 in two versions, Sushi and Tempura. The game features a new story mechanic, where two main characters are playable at the same time: Nate and Hailey. The first half of the game has Nate and his family moving from Japan (Springdale in the localization), to the United States (which is called BBQ in the localization), in the fictional town of St. Peanutsburg, where new American-themed Yo-kai can be found. The other half of the game focuses on a new character, Hailey Anne Thomas, and her partner Yo-kai Usapyon, who run a detective agency together. A third version, Sukiyaki, was eventually released in Japan on December 16, 2016. Sukiyaki combines Sushi and Tempura into one game, as well as additional exclusives.
On September 27, 2018, Nintendo of America announced that Yo-kai Watch 3 was getting a localization release outside of Japan, which released December 7, 2018 in Europe and February 8, 2019 in North America.
Yo-kai Watch 4
Yo-kai Watch 4 was released for the Nintendo Switch in Japan on June 20, 2019, and will be released worldwide in 2020. It features character designs from Yo-kai Watch Shadowside, as well as the original designs. The game also includes characters from previous games, as well as the main characters from Yo-kai Watch: Forever Friends.
An enhanced version, Yo-kai Watch 4++, was later released both as paid DLC as well as at retail for both the Switch and PlayStation 4 on December 5, 2019.
Other video games
Blasters
A spin-off game, was first announced in the April 2015 issue of CoroCoro Comic alongside Yo-kai Watch 3. Busters allowed up to four players to cooperate in battling boss Yo-kai. The first two versions of the game, and , were released on July 11, 2015. A free expansion for the two Yo-kai Watch Blasters games called was released on December 12, 2015, adding characters and settings featured in second anime feature film Yo-kai Watch: Enma Daiō to Itsutsu no Monogatari da Nyan!.
A sequel, , was also released in two versions, and , on December 16, 2017. The sequel games are compatible with save data from the first games as well as the three versions of Yo-kai Watch 3.
The first game was localized in English regions as Yo-kai Watch Blasters, where it released on September 7, 2018. The game would be released outside Japan under the same two version branding, as Red Cat Corps and White Dog Squad. A free update for both games, Moon Rabbit Crew, was released on September 27, 2018.
Other associated games
The Data Carddass game was first location tested in late December 2013, and debuted at the Next Generation World Hobby Fair Winter 2014 before being released in early 2014. The game is played much like Bandai's other Data Carddass games, in which the player uses an interface resembling a slot machine to determine the events of a battle between 3 of the player's Yo-kai against 3 enemy Yo-kai, after the player sought them out on the game interface. Winning the game awards the player a card that can be used for future Tomodachi UkiUkipedia play.
was announced alongside Busters and Yo-kai Watch 3 in April 2015. Sangokushi was made in collaboration with Koei Tecmo's Romance of the Three Kingdoms series as well as several mobile games.
In August 2015, a collaboration with Ubisoft to release a special version of the Just Dance series was announced, set to feature songs from the anime's soundtrack, and the result was , which was released on the Wii U on December 5, 2015, exclusively in Japan.
On June 27, 2018, Level-5 and GungHo Online Entertainment announced the release of Yo-kai Watch World, in a special live stream on that day. (Before the same-day release of the game, it was teased online as a "game that will shock the world", as stated from Level-5.) Said to compete with Pokémon Go, it featured many new gameplay mechanics, as well as the battle sequences being similar to the original 3DS games. Currently, it's only able to work within Japan, as other locations do not mostly work outside of Japan.
Console-based spin-offs
Yo-kai Watch Blasters (Nintendo 3DS, 2015) – released worldwide (outside Korea) on September 7, 2018, with Moon Rabbit Crew update released on September 27, 2018
Yo-kai Watch Dance: Just Dance Special Version (Wii U, 2015) – Exclusive to Japan, Co-developed and published by Ubisoft as part of the Just Dance series
Yo-kai Sangokushi (Nintendo 3DS, 2016) – Japan only, Collaboration with Koei Techmo's Romance of the Three Kingdoms series
Yo-kai Watch Blasters 2 (Nintendo 3DS, 2017) — Japan only
Smartphone apps
Yo-kai Land (iOS, Android, 2015) – Produced by Hasbro
(iOS, Android, 2013)
(iOS, Android, 2015)
Yo-kai Watch: Wibble Wobble (iOS, Android, 2016)
(iOS, Android, 2018)
(iOS, Android, 2018)
(iOS, Android, 2018) – Co-produced with Koei Tecmo
(iOS, Android, June 27, 2018) – Co-produced by GungHo Online Entertainment inc., with a Google Maps-based engine
(iOS, Android, 2019) – Co-produced with Netmarble
Manga and comics
Six manga adaptations based on the series have been published by Shogakukan. A shōnen manga series by Noriyuki Konishi began serialization in CoroCoro Comic from December 15, 2012. This series has been licensed by Viz Media under its Perfect Square imprint for its North American releases up to Volume 10, and is now directly from Viz Media as of Volume 11. In other countries (like Europe, for example), it is under the Kazé imprint.
A shōjo manga series by Chikako Mori, titled , began serialization in Ciao magazine from December 27, 2013. In this series, it was based on the alternate timeline, in which Katie Forester would receive the Yo-kai Watch. This is in contrast to the main timeline, where Nate Adams is the primary.
A yonkoma series by Coconas Rumba, titled , began serialization in CoroCoro Comic SPECIAL from October 2014.
Another yonkoma series by Santa Harukaze, titled , began serialization in CoroCoro Ichiban! from April 2015.
A shōnen and seinen manga series by Shō Shibamoto, titled , began serialization in HiBaNa on April 10, 2015 and ended on September 10 of that year.
A manga series based on Yo-kai Watch Blasters by Atsushi Ohba began serialization in CoroCoro Comic in June 2015 and ended in October of that year.
A comic book series was announced in January 2017, courtesy of IDW Publishing, and was released in May 2017. It was cancelled after three issues.
Noriyuki Konishi version
Loosely based on the main Yo-kai Watch series, this shonen manga series by Noriyuki Konishi started serialization before the release of Yo-kai Watch on the 3DS, and the debut of the original Yo-kai Watch anime. In the series, the art style was different from the current designs, like the early design of the Yo-kai Watch, and also has different character personalities. As the games and anime were released, the manga kept the art style, but the characters also slowly developed over time.
Volume 16 transitioned the manga into the current "Yo-kai Watch!" anime timeline, while still keeping the art style of the previous edition.
Yo-kai Watch: Exciting Nyanderful Days
Yo-kai Watch: 4-Panel Pun-Club
Yo-kai Watch Busters
4-Panel Yo-kai Watch: Geragera Manga Theater
Komasan: A Time for Fireworks and Miracles
Anime
An anime television series based on the game, produced by OLM, began airing in Japan on TX Network on January 8, 2014. Most of the episodes focus on Nathan "Nate" Adams solving problems caused by Yo-kai. It has a higher focus on comedy than the games. Some of the episodes have a "Mini-Corner" which features one of the main Yo-kai characters.
On April 7, 2015, Level-5 unveiled a promotional video for a second season of the anime series, which premiered in July 2015. The second season features a new protagonist named Hailey Anne Thomas and her Yo-kai companion Usapyon. It also features new models of the Yo-kai Watch called the "Yo-kai Watch Model U" and the "Yo-kai Watch Dream" model. The third season of the anime series premiered on January 6, 2017, and entered a Busters Arc in July. In February 2018, a sequel series titled Yo-kai Watch Shadowside started airing after the original series ended on March 30, 2018. The first two episodes of the Shadowside anime were broadcast as an hour-long special on April 13, 2018. The Yo-kai Watch Shadowside anime lasted for over 49 episodes, ending on Match 29, 2019.
A revival series known as Yo-kai Watch! started on April 5, 2019 in Japan. It is slated to be a continuation of the original series. while serving as a sort of prologue to the fourth movie, in which Nate receives the Yo-kai Watch Elder Version K, which looks like the same watch as the Yo-kai Watch Elder used in Yo-kai Watch Shadowside. While introducing some new Yo-kai, some elements of Shadowside still retain in the new series, like the Yo-kai Arks, and the Shadowside Tribes that were used, for example.
In the course of the franchise's history, six Yo-kai Watch movies have been made. The first one, Yo-kai Watch: The Movie, was released in Japan on December 20, 2014,
The second, Yo-kai Watch: Enma Daiō to Itsutsu no Monogatari da Nyan!, was released in Japan on December 19, 2015, and the third movie, Yo-kai Watch: Soratobu Kujira to Double no Sekai no Daibōken da Nyan!, an anime and live action movie, was released in Japan on December 17, 2016 The fourth film, Yo-kai Watch Shadowside: Oni-ō no Fukkatsu, opened in Japan on December 16, 2017. A fifth movie, Yo-kai Watch: Forever Friends, released in Japanese theatres on December 14, 2018. A sixth movie, Yo-kai Watch Jam the Movie: Yo-Kai Academy Y - Can a Cat be a Hero?, was released in Japanese theatres on December 13, 2019.
The series is being released on DVD box sets, along with rental DVDs, in Japan by Kadokawa Media Factory. Every episode to date is available for streaming on multiple video on demand services in Japan, such as Hulu and Rakuten Video Showtime.
Overseas
At the premiere of the Yo-kai Watch film, Level-5's president Akihiro Hino officially announced that the Yo-kai Watch anime would begin broadcast internationally in 2015. He also jokingly requested Etsuko Kozakura and Tomokazu Seki, who voice Jibanyan and Whisper respectively, to "study English".
In North America
Dentsu Entertainment USA announced in April 2014 that they were seeking broadcast and merchandising partners in North America for the anime. The anime began broadcast as a 26-episode season on Disney XD on October 5, 2015, with the official Yo-kai Watch YouTube channel posting episodes a month later. Since the show had performed well, a second season (no relation to the Japanese second season) with an additional 50 episodes was broadcast on August 1, 2016. The third season premiered on July 2, 2018, on Disney XD US, and ended on December 29, 2018. In 2019, Disney XD removed the Yo-kai Watch anime from its lineup due to declining ratings; but eventually returned to the network in a weekend-only timeslot in January 2020, re-taking the place of a previous replacement, Inazuma Eleven: Ares. The first season's first volume was released on DVD by NCircle Entertainment on February 26, 2019, and one version of that set comes with a free comic book. The first season's second volume was released on September 3, 2019.
The first movie was also brought over, as a special screening one day screening, on October 15, 2016. This was only in the US, via Fathom Events. Those who attended got a Hovernyan medal.
Outside of the US, the first season and the movie are currently streaming on Netflix.
The English version of the anime dub used a cast from Bang Zoom! Entertainment for the first two seasons, but they were replaced in the third season with actors from SDI Media due to budget costs.
MarVista Entertainment has licensed the series in Latin America.
In Europe and Africa
Viz Media Europe has licensed the series in Europe, Russia, and Africa. They premiered the anime in the UK and Ireland on Cartoon Network on April 23, 2016. In France it showed on three different stations: Boing in April, 2016, Gulli in September, 2016, and Cartoon Network France in March, 2017. Other countries it aired in are Germany and Austria (Nickelodeon), Spain and Africa on Boing, Belgium and the Netherlands on Nickelodeon, and Israel on Noga. Cartoon Network also has it airing on their Portugal, Turkey, Poland and the Nordic, Central and Eastern Europe feeds, starting in Spring 2016.
Viz has also hired Bulldog Licensing and German brand-management company m4e to represent the brand in the UK and German-speaking territories, respectively.
In Other Asian Countries
An alternative English dub began airing on Cartoon Network Asia and Toonami Asia in Asian countries from June 27, 2015. The alternative English dub uses the original Japanese names.
Shogakukan Asia also licensed the series in the Philippines. Similarly, for a few years, GMA Network also made a Tagalog dub of the original anime.
For Yo-kai Watch Shadowside, a subbed version will air in the Southeast Asia area, which is scheduled for 2019 via Animax Asia.
In Australia and New Zealand
The Fusion Agency acquired the licensing and merchandising rights for the series in Australia and New Zealand. It aired in Australia on 9Go! on December 14, 2015.
Music
The music for the games and anime series is composed by Level-5 employee Kenichiro Saigo. The following themes are used in both the video games and anime series. In the original anime, all opening themes are performed by King Cream Soda, with lyrics by m.o.v.e vocalist Motsu. The anime themes are also dubbed into English for its North American broadcast.
Merchandise
Various toys, such as the eponymous Yo-kai Watch and Yo-kai Medals, have been produced based on the series, receiving high commercial success. Hasbro released a toy line based on the series worldwide in December 2015. In July 2016, Square Enix's MMORPG Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn held a special crossover event lasting until October which allowed players to gather Medals from existing in-game battles and exchange them for minions modeled after the franchise's titular Yo-kai as well as weapons inspired by them. In January 2018, McDonald's began offering Yo-kai Watch toys in US Happy Meals, alongside the much more popular Shopkins.
Reception
The original Yo-kai Watch game received a score of 36/40 from Famitsu, with its sequel Yo-kai Watch 2 also scoring 36/40. Yo-kai Watch 2 won the Grand Prize in the Japan Game Awards. It also won 3 other awards: The Best Sales Award, and two Excellence Awards (for the 2nd game and its third version). In 2014, Yo-kai Watch'''s manga in CoroCoro Comic won the 38th Kodansha Manga Award in the Best Children's Manga category. In the following year, it also was awarded the Best Children's manga at the 60th Shogakukan Manga Awards.
When the anime first aired, in 2014, the franchise became really popular in Japan. By February, the first game, which originally sold only 53,654 copies, was at over 500,000 shipped and the anime was surpassing Pokémon in the TV rankings; being compared to it and being dubbed the "Pokémon Killer". By the second game's release, the first game had sold 1,195,287 copies and the second game surpassed that at release at 1,316,707 copies. The third version also impressed, at 1,244,171 units.
Even the president of Level-5, Akihiro Hino, was surprised by Yo-kai Watch's popularity. "While I did believe that it would get its break, honestly, to have it come this far, where the children of Japan would get so hopped-up on Yo-kai, to the point where all the goods would sell out, is something I didn’t expect." They were the second most popular characters in Japan, in a survey by Video Research Ltd. Explanations for its popularity ranged from catchy songs and dances, to being something parents and kids could enjoy together, to "weird adults" not being interested in it. Hino himself said that it was the relatable characters and situations relatable to modern kids that made it popular.
This also translated into toy sales, racking in 55.2 billion yen for Namco Bandai. Yo-kai Watch toys were frequently out of stock; people having to wait in lotteries to get a Yo-kai Watch and search hard for medals. Other merchandise had to wait longer because of the long licensing wait times. This demand made it the second highest product in Nikkei Trendy that year.
It was a top seller in many other areas as well: The Yo-kai Watch Guide was the number one book in 2014, its first theme song, Geragerapo no Uta, was the number 50 song on the Oricon Singles Chart, and the movie had the highest opening of any Japanese film since 2000. Yo-kai Watch even had a special segment on Kohaku Uta Gassen, Japan's most viewed music program.
By 2015, sales had started to fall to numbers ranging from around a quarter to 1/8 of what they were the previous year. Prices were cut and there was less visible excitement among children. By the time the third games were released, in 2016, it was on a downward slope with the game launching with about half of what the second games did, with 632,135 units and the third version of the game launched with half of what the first versions sold with 337,979 units. The toy sales were 10.4 billion yen in toy sales and estimated to be at 6.3 billion yen in 2017. This was largely due to hype building for two games that were coming from Nintendo's Pokémon franchise, the Pokémon Go smartphone app and Pokémon Sun and Moon for the 3DS.
In addition to the wake of Pokémon's renewed popularity, analysts had a few other theories on why Yo-kai Watch was falling. Ken Hōri of The Business Journal and Ollie Barder of Forbes thought it was mainly distribution issues; products that were ordered from the summer vacation were over stocked, because of the six-month waiting period for copyright approvals. Another reason he had was that the toys had incompatible medals with later watches, leading to a loss of interest. Barder and Sato of Siliconera also mentioned oversaturation, with it being Sato's main focus.
Unlike in its native Japan where it experienced a short period of great popularity, Yo-kai Watch had an overall underwhelming performance in the United States. Although it got off to a promising start in that region, with the original game selling at least 400,000 units there as of 2016, the sequel, Yo-kai Watch 2'', sold less than 200,000 copies in comparison. Meanwhile, Disney XD's English broadcast of the anime series has estimated only 100,000-300,000 viewers per episode, and has been discontinued as of 2019, being replaced with another Level-5 adaptation - Inazuma Eleven Ares - in its initial weekend timeslot. Despite the franchise's unsatisfactory western response, it maintains a cult following. The franchise is also popular in Europe, with the original game's sales out pacing the Japanese release as of October 2016.
Notes
References
External links
DisneyXD website
Category:Anime and manga featuring anthropomorphic characters
Category:Comedy anime and manga
Category:Anime series
Category:Disney XD original programming
Category:Japanese mythology in anime and manga
Category:Level-5 franchises
Category:Level-5 (company) games
Category:Nintendo games
Category:OLM, Inc.
Category:Shogakukan franchises
Category:Shogakukan manga
Category:Shōnen manga
Category:Supernatural anime and manga
Category:TV Tokyo shows
Category:Video game franchises introduced in 2013
Category:Viz Media manga
Category:Winners of the Shogakukan Manga Award for children's manga
Category:Yōkai in popular culture
Category:Yo-kai Watch
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Walter Hill (disambiguation)
Walter Hill (born 1942) is an American film director.
Walter Hill may also refer to:
People
Walter Hill (garden curator) (18201904), Scottish-born Australian botanist, founder of Brisbane Botanic Gardens
Walter Barnard Hill (18511905), American lawyer, Chancellor of the University of Georgia 18891905
Walter Hill (footballer) (before 1891after 1899), English footballer
Walter Hill (British Army officer) (18771942), British soldier, Colonel of the Royal Fusiliers
Walter Hill (sportscaster) (19282014), American sportscaster
Walter Newell Hill (18891955), American Medal of Honor recipient
Places
Walter Hill, Queensland, a locality in the Cassowary Coast Region, Australia
Walterhill, Tennessee, census-designated place in Rutherford County, Tennessee
Other uses
Filmworks II: Music for an Untitled Film by Walter Hill, an album of music by John Zorn not used in the movie Trespass
Hill (surname)
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Borek, Krapkowice County
Borek (German Waldwinkel) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krapkowice, within Krapkowice County, Opole Voivodeship, in southwestern Poland. It lies approximately north of Krapkowice and south of the regional capital Opole.
Before 1945, the area was part of Germany (see Territorial changes of Poland after World War II).
References
Borek
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Trochosa hungarica
Trochosa hungarica is a wolf spider species in the genus Trochosa found in Hungary.
See also
List of Lycosidae species
References
External links
Category:Lycosidae
Category:Wolf spiders of Europe
Category:Spiders of Europe
Category:Spiders described in 1879
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Lee Copeland
Lee G. Copeland is an American architect and urban designer. He served as Dean of the University of Washington College of Architecture and Urban Planning (now College of Built Environments) from 1972 to 1979 and thereafter as Dean of the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Fine Arts (now PennDesign) from 1979 to 1991. He is currently a consulting principal at Mithun.
Copeland was elected a Fellow in the American Institute of Architects in 1979. He won the AIA Seattle Chapter Medal in 2000, and in 2001 he received the AIA/ACSA Topaz Medallion for Excellence in Architectural Education.
Education
University of Pennsylvania — Master of City Planning
University of Pennsylvania — Master of Architecture
University of Washington — Bachelor of Architecture
External links
AIA Seattle Honors Archive
Category:Fellows of the American Institute of Architects
Category:Architects from Seattle
Category:University of Pennsylvania faculty
Category:University of Washington faculty
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:American architects
Category:American urban planners
Category:University of Washington College of Built Environments alumni
Category:University of Pennsylvania School of Design alumni
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{
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Alexander Barantschik
Alexander Barantschik (born 1953) joined the San Francisco Symphony as Concertmaster in September 2001, having served as Concertmaster of the London Symphony Orchestra and Netherlands Radio Philharmonic.
Born in St. Petersburg, after training at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, he performed with various Soviet orchestras, including the St Petersburg Philharmonic, before emigrating in 1979 to become concertmaster of the Bamberg Symphony Orchestra. He was concertmaster of the Netherlands Radio Philharmonic from 1982–2001 and leader of the London Symphony Orchestra from 1989-2001. He moved to the United States in 2001 at the request of San Francisco Symphony music director Michael Tilson Thomas.
Barantschik has won various competitions, including the International Violin Competition in Sion, Switzerland, and the Russian National Violin Competition. As a chamber musician, he has performed with Mstislav Rostropovich, Maxim Vengerov, and Yuri Bashmet.
He performs on the c.1742 Guarnerius del Gesù violin that was once owned by Ferdinand David, and Jascha Heifetz. Barantschik has used the instrument in performances with the San Francisco Symphony and The San Francisco Academy Orchestra.
External links
Profile and interview from San Francisco Chronicle
The San Francisco Academy Orchestra Press Room
San Francisco Symphony - Members of the Orchestra
Category:Russian violinists
Category:Male violinists
Category:Concertmasters
Category:Living people
Category:1953 births
Category:21st-century classical violinists
Category:21st-century male musicians
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Ken Russell's ABC of British Music
Ken Russell's ABC of British Music is a 1988 British documentary directed by Ken Russell.
It was an edition of The South Bank Show. Russell said: "Some people said it was the most beautiful film they'd ever seen, and others wrote it was shocking and obscene, because I showed a naked woman in a lake, an image not commonly associated with romantic music."
References
External links
Ken Russell's ABC of British Music at BFI Screenonline
Ken Russell's ABC of British Music at BFI
Category:1988 television films
Category:British films
Category:British television films
Category:British documentary films
Category:English-language films
Category:Films directed by Ken Russell
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Takenoko-zoku
Takenoko-zoku (竹の子族, lit. "bamboo shoot tribe") describes a type of dance group active from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s in Tokyo, especially in Harajuku. The teenagers, mainly girls but often with one boy leading, were colorfully dressed and danced in a distinctive style on the sidewalk to music from stereos. To an extent, they were precursors to the gyaru groups that would eventually arise in the 90s.
A performance of a takenoko-zoku group can be seen in Chris Marker's film Sans Soleil.
Notes
External links
Takenoko-zoku photos
Category:Performing arts in Japan
Category:Shibuya
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1994–95 FIS Freestyle Ski World Cup
The 1994/95 FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup was the sixteenth World Cup season in freestyle skiing organised by International Ski Federation. The season started on 15 December 1994 and ended on 11 March 1995. This season included four disciplines: aerials, moguls, ballet and combined. This was the last season when combined events were in world cup calendar for ladies.
Men
Aerials
Moguls
Ballet
Combined
Ladies
Aerials
Moguls
Ballet
Combined
Men's standings
Overall
Standings after 40 races.
Moguls
Standings after 10 races.
Aerials
Standings after 11 races.
Ballet
Standings after 10 races.
Combined
Standings after 9 races.
Ladies' standings
Overall
Standings after 40 races.
Moguls
Standings after 10 races.
Aerials
Standings after 11 races.
Ballet
Standings after 10 races.
Combined
Standings after 9 races.
References
Category:FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup
World Cup
World Cup
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