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2018–19 Tennessee Lady Volunteers basketball team The 2018–19 Tennessee Lady Volunteers basketball team represented the University of Tennessee in the 2018–19 college basketball season. The Lady Vols, led by seventh-year head coach Holly Warlick, played their games at Thompson–Boling Arena and are members of the Southeastern Conference. The Lady Vols finished the season 19–13, 7–9 for a seventh-place tie in SEC play. They lost in the quarterfinals of the SEC Tournament to Mississippi State. They received an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament where they lost to UCLA in the first round. At the completion of the season, Warlick was fired as head coach. Missouri State's Kellie Harper, who was a point guard during Tennessee's 3-peat from 1996 to 1998, was hired as her replacement on April 8. Roster Rankings ^Coaches' Poll did not release a second poll at the same time as the AP. Schedule and results \|- !colspan=9 style=""\| Exhibition \|- !colspan=9 style=\| Regular season \|- !colspan=9 style=""\| SEC Women's Tournament \|- !colspan=9 style=""\|NCAA Women's Tournament See also 2018–19 Tennessee Volunteers basketball team References Tennessee Category:Tennessee Lady Volunteers basketball seasons Volunteers Volunteers Tennessee	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
J.A.C. J.A.C. is the fourth studio album by the Austrian band Tosca, which was released in 2005 on Studio !K7. The album is named after Joshua, Arthur, and Conrad, the sons of Richard Dorfmeister and Rupert Huber, respectively. Track listing "Rondo Acapricio" – 6:12 "Heidi Bruehl" – 4:44 "Superrob" – 4:18 "John Lee Huber" – 4:17 "Pyjama" – 3:52 "The Big Sleep" – 6:06 "Damentag" – 4:42 "Naschkatze" – 4:18 "Zuri" – 5:30 "Sala" – 8:18 "Forte" – 3:55 "No More Olives" - 5:47 Additional personnel "Superrob" – vocals: Earl Zinger; backing vocals: Valerie Etienne "John Lee Huber" - vocals: Chris Eckman; backing vocals: Diana Lueger "The Big Sleep" – vocals: Stephan Graf Hadik Wildner "Damentag" – vocals: Stephan Graf Hadik Wildner "Naschkatze" – vocals: Farda P. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20140120162227/http://www.toscamusic.com/discography/106-08_j-a-c Category:2005 albums Category:Tosca (band) albums Category:Studio !K7 albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jacco Macacco Jacco Macacco was a fighting ape or monkey who was exhibited in monkey-baiting matches at the Westminster Pit in London in the early 1820s. He achieved some measure of fame among the sporting community through his reputed prodigious record of victories against dogs, but was brought to wider attention by depiction in popular literature, artworks and by citation in speeches to Parliament by the animal welfare campaigner Richard Martin. Jacco's most famous fight, against the equally well-known bitch Puss, seems to have marked the end of his career: he may have died as a result of injuries received during the match or of an unrelated illness sometime afterwards. His ashes are housed at the True Crime Museum in Hastings, East Sussex. History Most details on Jacco come from second-hand or fictionalized accounts. In Pictures of Sporting Life and Character (1860), William Pitt Lennox gives a detailed account of Jacco's career: he was landed at Portsmouth where he fought dogs in a number of local sporting arenas before being purchased by a London sporting impresario and transported to Hoxton from where he continued his career, fighting in the Chick Lane and Tottenham Court Road pits, and earned one of his monikers as the "Hoxton Ape". Lennox writes that after biting his owner he was sold to the proprietor of the Westminster Pit, Charles Aistrop. Although he was already somewhat famous, at the Westminster Pit Jacco's fights began to attract spectators from the higher reaches of society and considerable wagers were placed on his fights. Aistrop gave a somewhat different account of Jacco's history. In a statement published in 1825 he claimed that Jacco had belonged to a sailor who had kept him for three years. Jacco had always been very calm but one day suddenly became aggressive over a saucer of milk and lacerated three of the sailor's fingers. The sailor had sold him to a silversmith called Carter from Hoxton. Carter had taught Jacco many tricks, but because the ape was extremely aggressive Carter had to purchase a large sheet of iron to use as a shield whenever he approached him. Carter finally tired of Jacco's constant attempts to attack him and took the ape into a nearby field where he set a dog on him. Jacco defeated both this dog and a second dog, and was then matched against a dog bred for fighting at Bethnal Green. When he also defeated this dog, his reputation began to grow and a fight was fixed for him at the Westminster Pit. Lewis Strange Wingfield (1842–1891) wrote in his 1883 novel Abigail Rowe: a Chronicle of the Regency of an advertisement for a hundred guinea match between Jacco and "Belcher's celebrated dog Trusty". Pierce Egan also wrote about a battle between the "monkey phenomenon" and a dog in his popular account of the adventures of the characters Tom and Jerry in various sporting venues, Scenes from London Life. Although Egan's account of Tom and Jerry's visit to the Westminster Pit to see the fight between Jacco and the dog is detailed and is accompanied by a fine print by George Cruikshank, it is a humorous fiction and even though it may be based on real events it is impossible to judge how accurate the record of the fight is. It appears that there was at least one contest between Jacco and the equally renowned white bull and terrier bitch, Puss, who belonged to the former prizefighter Tom Cribb. The various accounts of the fight and its outcome appear contradictory: the two animals may have been matched more than once, so reports may be from different fights. Aistrop puts the date of the contest as 13 June 1821. Lennox gives the terms of the fight on which he reports as a wager of fifty pounds that Puss could either kill Jacco or last five minutes with him (almost double the length of time which any of Jacco's previous opponents had managed) and reported Jacco as the victor though he did not record the eventual fate of the dog. Thomas Landseer produced an etching from his own sketch of Fight between Jacko Maccacco a celebrated Monkey and Mr Tho. Cribbs well known bitch Puss which shows the two combatants locked together tearing at one another's throats. Richard Martin, the MP for Galway who was known as "Humanity Dick" for his philanthropy and constant attempts to introduce legislation improve the treatment of animals, gave an impassioned speech to Parliament in 1822 when introducing a bill to prevent the mistreatment of horses, cattle and sheep (his earlier attempt in 1821 had been defeated in the Lords). He claimed that he had seen a bill advertising a fight between Jacco and Puss: The result, according to Martin, was that after the fight had gone on for half an hour the dog had its carotid artery severed and Jacco's jaw had been torn away causing the death of both animals within two hours. Martin's bill passed, but later his accounts of acts of animal cruelty were challenged in Parliament. Protected by Parliamentary privilege, he could not be accused of lying, but opponents managed to discredit some of his claims of acts of cruelty. Martin also revised his own account of the outcome of Jacco and Puss's match when he used the fight as an example of cruelty in an 1824 speech, claiming that the dog had been killed, but although the monkey's jaw had been torn away he had not been humanely dispatched but "allowed to languish in torment". Martin's version of Jacco's death was disputed by the owner of the Westminster Pit who claimed that Jacco had dealt with Puss in two and a half minutes (although he had not injured her fatally) and had died 15 months later of an unrelated illness. According to Aistrop, Jacco was then stuffed and sold to a Mr Shaw of Mitchum Common, which would have been impossible if the monkey's jaw was torn away. An account from George Charles Grantley Fitzhardinge Berkeley in My Life and Recollections also contradicted Martin's tale. Berkeley stated that he had attended the pit on the night of the match and had seen Tom Cribb cradling the dog's head in a suspicious manner before the fight began. When the dog was turned loose it immediately latched onto the monkey and gave Jacco no opportunity to fight back. Despite this the dog had appeared to be bleeding and slowly weakened. Cries from the audience eventually led to the contest being declared a draw and the two combatants were separated. Berkeley realised that Cribb had cut the dog before releasing it and this was confirmed by the unrepentant Cribb who claimed that it was for the purposes of giving the audience a good show. There is a possibility that the two animals fought twice: an extant poster from 1821 advertised a match between Jacco and a 19-pound bitch that was to take place on 27 November 1821 and referred to a match between Jacco and Puss that had already taken place. Record and fighting style Jacco was reported to weigh and was pitched against dogs of up to twice his weight. The 1821 advertising broadsheet for his match against the bitch states he was open to challenges from "any dog in England for 100 Guineas of 24lbs being double his own weight". According to Lennox: Lennox writes that after several fights, Jacco adapted his technique and would overcome his canine opponents by leaping directly on their backs and manoeuvring himself into a position where he could tear at their windpipes while remaining out of reach of their jaws. Lennox reports him as having overcome fourteen opponents in total and the advertising broadsheet states he had already been involved in thirteen matches "with some of the best dogs of the day including his combat with the wonderful bitch Puss of T. Cribbs and the famed Oxford one". Both Berkeley and Lawrence Fitz-Barnard (writing in Fighting Sports in 1922) cast doubt on Jacco's ability to beat any canine opponent in an un-rigged match though. Berkeley points to the bleeding of the dogs by Cribb and stresses the tendency of writers to exaggerate their accounts of simian ferocity and strength, while Fitz-Barnard dismisses out-of-hand the possibility of any but the largest apes being able to prevail against a fighting dog. Fitz-Barnard claims that Jacco was a "stock performer and put up a great battle with an indifferent dog. The monkey was given a club to assist him..." Most accounts agree that Jacco was held in a small cage when not fighting and was secured by a short length of thin metal chain during his matches. Identification Which species of monkey or ape Jacco belonged to is unknown. Lennox initially describes him as coming from Africa, but later writes that he belonged to the Asian gibbon family: Egan describes him as the "famed Italian monkey", Umberto Cuomo writing in Il Bulldog in 2002 says he was probably a mandrill. Before Aistrop had acquired Jacco, he had featured a baboon at the Westminster Pit in an attempt to capitalise on Jacco's growing fame, but, according to Lennox, this had only served to emphasise Jacco's skill by comparison. Neither the Cruikshanks' aquatint nor Henry Aitken's depiction of Jacco fighting an unidentified opponent are detailed enough to identify Jacco's species, even if they are taken from life (the Cruickshanks are more interested in depicting the spectators than in the accuracy of the depiction of the monkey). Landseer's etching shows Jacco with a short tail and is annotated with "...from a sketch made at the time by himself", so it is liable to be the most accurate of the illustrations of Jacco. Aistrop described Jacco as "canine mouthed and much larger than the common monkey". The term Macacco was in use as a general term for a monkey at the time; it came from the Portuguese macaco meaning "monkey," a derivative of a Bantu word that had been exported to Brazil where it was used to describe various type of monkey in the 17th century. As different authors applied the term to different species it is difficult to know which species, genus or family was meant. Macaca was given as a name to a widespread genus of Old World monkeys (the macaques) in 1799. Jaco was the specific name for a lemur and the term "Macauco" was also in general use to mean lemur, but there is no suggestion that Jacco was a lemur — Lennox specifically discounts this, and credits Jacco's forename as deriving from the "Jolly Jack Tars" that transported him to England and first observed his fighting abilities. Jacco's fame may have been associated with the rise of a Cockney slang word for a monkey "Murkauker" in the middle of the 19th century (although this was already obsolete by the 1890s), and "Jacco Macacco" itself was at least sometimes used as a generalised term for a monkey at the same period. Aistrop claimed that the sailor that had originally owned him had taken him from the "Isle of Maccacco". References Notes Citations Sources Books Newspapers Journals and magazines Category:Baiting (blood sport) Category:Individual monkeys Category:Individual animals in England Category:1820s in London	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
No Coke "No Coke" is a song recorded by the Sweden-based musician and producer Dr Alban. It was originally released as the B-side of the 12" version of his debut single Hello Afrika and became the second single off his debut album, Hello Afrika. Released in November 1990, the song was a hit in several European countries and reached number one in Sweden. To date, "No Coke" is one of Dr Alban's most successful songs, along with "It's My Life" and "Sing Hallelujah". The song was produced by Denniz Pop, who recorded the song's signature bassline using a Roland Juno-106 synthesizer. The song is recorded in English. The lyrics describe a tragic event outside Alban's nightclub Alphabet Street in Stockholm. Music video The music video for "No Coke" was directed by Scottish director Paul Boyd. Boyd also directed the music video for "Hello Afrika". Track listings CD single "No Coke" (radio mix) — 3:43 "No Coke" (swe-flow-mix) — 3:50 7" single "No Coke" (radio mix) — 3:43 "No Coke" (swe-flow-mix) — 3:50 Charts and certifications Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References Category:1990 singles Category:Dr. Alban songs Category:Dancehall songs Category:Number-one singles in Sweden Category:Songs written by Denniz Pop Category:Song recordings produced by Denniz Pop Category:Songs written by Dr. Alban Category:1990 songs Category:English-language Swedish songs Category:Songs about drugs	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2014 Swiss Indoors The 2014 Swiss Indoors was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 45th edition of the event known as the Swiss Indoors, and part of the 500 series of the 2014 ATP World Tour. It was held at the St. Jakobshalle in Basel, Switzerland, from 20 October through 26 October 2014. First-seeded Roger Federer won the singles title. Points and prize money Point distribution Prize money Singles main draw entrants Seeds Rankings are as of October 13, 2014 Other entrants The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: Marco Chiudinelli Borna Ćorić Alexander Zverev The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: Simone Bolelli Kenny de Schepper Gastão Elias Pierre-Hugues Herbert Withdrawals Before the tournament Julien Benneteau Juan Martín del Potro Nick Kyrgios Retirements Mikhail Kukushkin (shoulder injury) Doubles main draw entrants Seeds Rankings are as of October 13, 2014 Other entrants The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw: Marco Chiudinelli / Michael Lammer Sandro Ehrat / Henri Laaksonen The following pair received entry from the qualifying draw: Colin Fleming / Jonathan Marray Finals Singles Roger Federer defeated David Goffin, 6–2, 6–2 Doubles Vasek Pospisil / Nenad Zimonjić defeated Marin Draganja / Henri Kontinen, 7–6(15–13), 1–6, [10–5] References External links Official website Category:2014 ATP World Tour 2014 Category:2014 in Swiss sport *	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of Scandinavian flat horse races A list of notable flat horse races which take place annually in Scandinavia, including all conditions races which currently hold Group status in the European Pattern. Group 3 Other races References tjcis.com – Group races in Scandinavia. tjcis.com – Listed races in Scandinavia. Category:Horse racing in Denmark Category:Horse racing in Norway Category:Horse racing in Sweden	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Eagle Mountain (Minnesota) Eagle Mountain is the highest natural point in Minnesota, United States, at . It is in northern Cook County, in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness and Superior National Forest in the Misquah Hills, northwest of Grand Marais. It is a Minnesota State Historic Site. Eagle Mountain is only about from Minnesota's lowest elevation, Lake Superior, at 600 feet (183 m). It is part of the Canadian Shield. Confusingly, there is another, much shorter, peak named Eagle Mountain in northern Minnesota. The shorter peak is part of the Lutsen Mountains ski resort. The hike to the summit can be made in about two and a half hours. The distance to the peak is about with an elevation gain of . The trail is rocky and moderately strenuous. Whale Lake is about halfway along the trail and offers two campsites to hikers. The peak of the mountain is marked with a plaque. Permits are required because portions of this hike enter the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. Self-issued permits are available at any Superior National Forest ranger station or at the trailhead. Instructions and the permit can usually be found at the trailhead kiosk. Among the highest natural points (highpoints) in each U.S. state, Eagle Mountain ranks 37th. See also List of mountains of Minnesota List of U.S. states by elevation References External links Eagle Mt/Brule Lake, U.S. Forest Service. Map and access information. Category:Highest points of U.S. states Category:Mountains of Minnesota Category:Protected areas of Cook County, Minnesota Category:Superior National Forest Category:Mountains of Cook County, Minnesota	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Piemonte (disambiguation) Piemonte is the Italian name for Piedmont, a region of northern Italy. Piemonte may also refer to: Piemonte (wine) Piemonte F.C. 5162 Piemonte, a main-belt asteroid Ice piedmont, an ice feature 29 Infantry Division Peloritana, an infantry division of Italy of the Second World War	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Leptocometes spinipennis Leptocometes spinipennis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1885. References Category:Leptocometes Category:Beetles described in 1885	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Çiriş, Erdemli Çiriş is a village in Erdemli district of Mersin Province, Turkey. It is situated to the south of dense forestry of the Taurus Mountains. Distance to Erdemli is and to Mersin is . The population of Çiriş was 910 as of 2012. The village was founded in a place full of ancient ruins. It was named after the Turkish name of the plant Asphodelus. The main econoımic activity of the village is farming. Various vegetables and fruits (including greenhouse crops) are produced. Tropical fruits like avocado and kiwifruit are also produced. References Category:Populated places in Mersin Province Category:Mediterranean Region, Turkey Category:Villages in Turkey Category:Populated places in Erdemli District	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bridge of Don (bridge) The Bridge of Don is a five-arch bridge of granite crossing the River Don just above its mouth in Aberdeen, Scotland. History In 1605 Alexander Hay executed a Charter of Mortification for the maintenance of the 13th century Brig o' Balgownie further upstream, which later became the Bridge of Don Fund, which financed several bridges in the north-east of Scotland. This fund having accumulated a value of over , the patrons of the fund, the town council, sought an Act of Parliament to permit construction of a new bridge in 1825. The original design by John Gibb and John Smith was modified by Thomas Telford, and construction work started in 1827. Problems with the foundations meant it had to be partly taken down and have additional piles sunk. It was opened free to the public with no toll in 1830 and later gave its name to the suburb of the city on the north bank. It was listed as a Category B listed building in 1967. Design The bridge has five spans of dressed granite, and rounded cutwaters that carry up to road level to form pedestrian refuges. The spans are , with a rise of . It was widened in 1958-59, from , to by the construction of a new concrete bridge adjacent to the old one. It now carries four lanes of the A956 road, and is the last bridge on the River Don before it meets the sea. The bridge is just downstream from a substantial island in the river. Around the area of the bridge is the Donmouth Local Nature Reserve, designated as a LNR in 1992. Near to the bridge are a number of World War II era coastal defences, including a pill box. References Category:Road bridges in Scotland Category:Category B listed buildings in Aberdeen Category:Listed bridges in Scotland Category:Viaducts in Scotland Category:Bridges in Aberdeen Category:Bridges completed in 1830 Category:1830 establishments in Scotland	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Nezamabad, Borkhar Nezamabad (, also Romanized as Nez̧āmābād) is a village in Borkhar-e Markazi Rural District, in the Central District of Borkhar County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported. References Category:Populated places in Borkhar County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sicard Sicard is a surname of French and Italian origin which may refer to the following: Claude Sicard (1677–1726), French Jesuit priest and an early modern visitor to Egypt François-Léon Sicard (1862–1934), French sculptor Jean-Athanase Sicard (1872–1929), French neurologist and radiologist Jean Sicard (composer) (17th century–18th century), French singer and a composer, and father of Mme Sicard Mme Sicard (fl. 1678), French composer and daughter of Jean Sicard Maurice-Yvan Sicard (1910–2000), French journalist Montgomery Sicard (1836–1900), Rear Admiral in the United States Navy Pedro Sicard (born 1968), Mexican actor Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard (1742-1822), French abbé and instructor of deaf Romain Sicard (born 1988), French professional racing cyclist Other USS Sicard (DD-346), a Clemson class destroyer in the United States Navy Sicard Flat, California, an unincorporated community in Yuba County, California Sicard (given name)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Denzong Boys F.C. Denzong Boys Football Club (DBFC) is a football club in Sikkim, India. A wing of Denzong Welfare Association, it was formed in the year 2008. It is managed by Phurba Sherpa and coached by Bal Gopal Maharjan. As of March 2011, DBFC comprises 28 members. They started their 2011 I-League 2nd Division with 3–3 draw Josco FC. In their third match against Mohammedan sporting they tied at 0–0 References Category:Football clubs in India Category:I-League clubs Category:2008 establishments in India	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Thore Jederby Thore Jederby (October 15, 1913, Stockholm - January 10, 1984, Stockholm) was a Swedish jazz double-bassist, record producer, and radio broadcaster. Jederby received formal training in music at the Royal Swedish Academy of Music and began playing jazz in the mid-1930s, playing with Arne Hülphers's band from 1934 to 1938 and then with Thore Ehrling's ensemble from 1938 through the end of World War II. He also led his own group, the Swing Swingers, for studio recordings in the mid-1930s, and led smaller ensembles for recording sessions in the 1940s. Later in his life, Jederby became active in the capturing of the history of Swedish jazz; he was involved in reissues of early Swedish recordings, curated radio shows devoted to Swedish jazz, and participated in a national commission on the history of jazz in Sweden. References Erik Kjellberg, "Thore Jederby". The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz. 2nd edition, ed. Barry Kernfeld. Category:Musicians from Stockholm Category:Swedish jazz double-bassists Category:1913 births Category:1984 deaths Category:20th-century double-bassists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Michael Marmot Sir Michael Gideon Marmot, FBA, FMedSci, FRCP (born 26 February 1945) is Professor of Epidemiology and Public Health at University College London. He is currently the Director of The UCL Institute of Health Equity. Early life and education Marmot was born in London on 26 January 1945. When he was a young child, his family moved to Sydney in Australia, where he attended Sydney Boys High School (1957–1961) and graduated with a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degree from the University of Sydney in 1968. He earned a Master of Public Health in 1972 and a PhD in 1975 from the University of California, Berkeley for research into Acculturation and Coronary Heart Disease in Japanese Americans. Career Marmot has led research groups on health inequalities for over 35 years. He was chair of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH), which was set up by the World Health Organization in 2005, and produced "Closing the Gap in a Generation" in August 2008. He leads the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), and is engaged in several international research efforts on the social determinants of health. He served as President of the British Medical Association (BMA) from 2010 to 2011, and is the new President of the British Lung Foundation. He is a fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences, an honorary fellow of the British Academy, and an honorary fellow of the Faculty of Public Health of the Royal College of Physicians. He was a member of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution for six years and in 2000 he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II, for services to epidemiology and the understanding of health inequalities. Marmot is a Foreign Associate Member of the Institute of Medicine (IOM), and a former vice-president of the Academia Europaea. Marmot served as president of the World Medical Association for 2015–16. Marmot is a Vice-President of the Academia Europaea, a Foreign Associate Member of the Institute of Medicine (IOM), and the chair of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health set up by the World Health Organization in 2005. He won the Balzan Prize for Epidemiology in 2004, gave the Harveian Oration in 2006 and won the William B. Graham Prize for Health Services Research in 2008. Marmot advises the WHO. Research Marmot conducted ground-breaking studies of heart disease and stroke, comparing Japanese people in Japan (high stroke rates, low heart attack rates) with those in Hawaii and California, where, especially in later generations, the disease patterns became reversed after adopting lifestyle, stress and diet changes. He has more recently led the Whitehall Studies of British civil servants, again focusing on heart disease and other disease patterns. His department includes the MRC National Survey of Health & Development, a longitudinal study directed by Professor Michael Wadsworth of people born in Britain in 1946 and followed up since. There are 120 other academic staff in the department. Marmot has a special interest in inequalities in health and their causes, and has been a government advisor in seeking to identify ways to mitigate them. He served on the Scientific Advisory Group of the Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health chaired by Sir Donald Acheson, the former UK chief medical officer. This reported in November 1998. In The Status Syndrome: How your social standing directly affects your health and life expectancy, he argues that socio-economic position is an important determinant for health outcomes. This result holds even if we control for the effects of income, education and risk factors (such as smoking) on health. The causal pathway Marmot identifies concerns the psychic benefits of "being in control" of one's life. Autonomy in this sense is related to our socio-economic position. Based on comparative studies, Marmot argues that we can make our society more participatory and inclusive to increase overall public health. In 2008, Marmot appeared in Unnatural Causes: Is Inequality Making Us Sick?, an American documentary series examining the social determinants of health that drew heavily from Marmot's work on the Whitehall Studies. On 6 November 2008, Prime Minister Gordon Brown announced that the Secretary of State for Health Alan Johnson had asked Sir Michael Marmot to chair a Review of Health Inequalities in England to inform policy making to address health inequalities from 2010. The Review was announced at the launch of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health report Closing the Gap in a Generation. In 2020 the review was published. It found that life expectancy is falling among the poorest people and particularly amongst women in certain English regions. Real cuts to people’s incomes are damaging the nation’s health for the long term; lifespans are stalling,and people are living for more years in poor health. Awards and honours 2016 Awarded an honorary doctorate by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). 2015 C.-E. A. Winslow Medal, Yale 2012 Lifetime Award Fellowship Eur Academy of Occupational Health Psychology 2012 Patron of Medsin-UK 2012 European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology Fellowship 2011 Ambuj Nath Bose Prize, Royal College of Physicians 2011 Medal of City of Lima, awarded by Mayor of Lima 2011 Sir Liam Donaldson Lecture and Medal, Health Protection Agency 2011 Fellow, Association for Psychological Medicine 2011 Avedis Donabedian International Foundation Award 2010 Manchester Doubleday Award, Manchester School of Medicine 2010 Jenner Medal, Royal Society of Medicine 2010–11 President, British Medical Association 2008 Tore Andersson Award in Epidemiological Research, Karolinska Institutet, 2008 William B. Graham Prize for Health Services Research 2007 Centre for Disease Control (CDC) Foundation Hero Award 2006 Winner BMA Book Awards 2006 (Public Health) 2006 Harveian Oration, Royal College of Physicians 2004 Balzan Prize for Epidemiology 2004 Alwyn Smith Prize Medal for distinguished service to public health, Faculty of Public Health 2004 Bisset Hawkins Medal, Royal College of Physicians 2003 Visiting Fellow Commoner, Trinity College, Cambridge 2002 Decade of Behaviour Distinguished Speaker, Gerontological Society of America 2002 Patricia B Barchas Award, American Psychosomatic Society Selected bibliography Books Journal articles References External links Tackling health inequalities: ‘Marmot cities’ Coventry:A marmot city Category:1945 births Category:British medical researchers Category:British Jews Category:British epidemiologists Category:British public health doctors Category:Jewish scientists Category:Knights Bachelor Category:Living people Category:People educated at Sydney Boys High School Category:Australian medical doctors Category:People from Sydney Category:Sydney Medical School alumni Category:University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health alumni Category:21st-century English medical doctors Category:Fellows of the British Academy Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians Category:Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences Category:Academics of University College London	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ivan Kulichenko Ivan Ivanovych Kulichenko (; born on 7 July 1955, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR, USSR) is a Ukrainian politician who was from 2014 until 2019 People's Deputy of Ukraine; prior to this he was Mayor of Dnipropetrovsk for 15 years. Biography In 1977 Kulichenko graduated from the Dnipropetrovsk Institute of Civil Engineering. In 1979, after his conscription in the Armed Forces of the USSR, he became a civil servant in the urban planning department of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. In 1986 Kulichenko was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission of the Dnipropetrovsk City Council. Four years later he was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Executive Committee of Dnipropetrovsk. Kulichenko became the First Deputy Mayor of Dnipropetrovsk (city) in 1994. In 1999 Kulichenko became acting Mayor of Dnipropetrovsk. Since then he was (re-)elected Mayor four times, in 2000, in 2002, in 2006 and in 2010. In 2010 he was re-elected with 40,1% as a candidate of Party of Regions. His nearest opponent, Svyatoslav Oliynyk of Ukraine of the Future, received 16.1%. On 22 February 2014 Kulichenko left Party of Regions "for peace in the city". Earlier that day locals, while picketing the city council, had demanded his departure of Party of Regions. 22 February 2014 was also the day that Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych and the Party of Region's lead Second Azarov Government were ousted out of office, after the months long Euromaidan-demonstrations had accumulated into the 2014 Euromaidan regional state administration occupations and deadly violence in Kiev. In the 2014 parliamentary election Kulichenko won a constituency seat in constituency number 28 situated in Dnipropetrovsk as a candidate of Petro Poroshenko Bloc with 33.5% of the votes. He resigned as mayor on 21 November 2014. Kulichenko was not re-elected in the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election, as an independent candidate he failed this time to win a seat in constituency number 28. This time 13.49% of the voters of the constituency voted for him. Notes References External links Official website Category:1955 births Category:Living people Category:People from Dnipro Category:Mayors of Dnipro Category:Independent politicians in Ukraine Category:Party of Regions politicians Category:Petro Poroshenko Bloc politicians Category:People of the Euromaidan Category:Pro-Ukrainian people of the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Category:Eighth convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada Category:21st-century Ukrainian politicians	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Arrondissement of Mulhouse The arrondissement of Mulhouse is an arrondissement of France in the Haut-Rhin department in the Grand Est region. It has 79 communes. Its population is 351,012 (2016), and its area is . Composition The communes of the arrondissement of Mulhouse are: Attenschwiller Baldersheim Bantzenheim Bartenheim Battenheim Berrwiller Blotzheim Bollwiller Brinckheim Bruebach Brunstatt-Didenheim Buschwiller Chalampé Dietwiller Eschentzwiller Feldkirch Flaxlanden Folgensbourg Galfingue Geispitzen Habsheim Hagenthal-le-Bas Hagenthal-le-Haut Hégenheim Heimsbrunn Helfrantzkirch Hésingue Hombourg Huningue Illzach Kappelen Kembs Kingersheim Knœringue Kœtzingue Landser Leymen Liebenswiller Lutterbach Magstatt-le-Bas Magstatt-le-Haut Michelbach-le-Bas Michelbach-le-Haut Morschwiller-le-Bas Mulhouse Neuwiller Niffer Ottmarsheim Petit-Landau Pfastatt Pulversheim Ranspach-le-Bas Ranspach-le-Haut Rantzwiller Reiningue Richwiller Riedisheim Rixheim Rosenau Ruelisheim Saint-Louis Sausheim Schlierbach Sierentz Staffelfelden Steinbrunn-le-Bas Steinbrunn-le-Haut Stetten Uffheim Ungersheim Village-Neuf Wahlbach Waltenheim Wentzwiller Wittelsheim Wittenheim Zaessingue Zillisheim Zimmersheim History The arrondissement of Altkirch was created in 1800. In 1857 the subprefecture was moved to Mulhouse. In 1871 it was disbanded ceded to Germany. The arrondissement of Mulhouse was restored in 1919. In January 2015 it absorbed five communes of the former arrondissement of Guebwiller and two communes of the former arrondissement of Thann. As a result of the reorganisation of the cantons of France which came into effect in 2015, the borders of the cantons are no longer related to the borders of the arrondissements. The cantons of the arrondissement of Mulhouse were, as of January 2015: Habsheim Huningue Illzach Mulhouse-Est Mulhouse-Nord Mulhouse-Ouest Mulhouse-Sud Sierentz Wittenheim References Mulhouse	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Vision of Escaflowne is a 26-episode Japanese anime television series produced by Sunrise Studios and directed by Kazuki Akane. It premiered in Japan on April 2, 1996 on TV Tokyo, and the final episode aired on September 24, 1996. Sony's anime satellite channel, Animax also aired the series, both in Japan and on its various worldwide networks, including Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia. The series was licensed for Region 1 release by Bandai Entertainment. It is currently licensed by Funimation. The series follows a teenage high school girl named Hitomi, who finds herself pulled from Earth to the planet Gaea when a boy named Van appears on the high school track while battling a dragon. In Gaea, she is caught in the middle of a war as the Zaibach Empire attempts to take over Gaea. Van (King of Fanelia), with aid from Allen (an Asturian Knight), commands his mystical mech Escaflowne in the struggle to stop the Zaibach Empire. Hitomi's fortune telling powers blossom in Gaea as she becomes the key to awakening Escaflowne and to stopping Zaibach's plans. While the anime series was in production, two very different manga retellings were also developed and released: a shōnen version of the story entitled The Vision of Escaflowne and a shōjo retelling titled Hitomi — The Vision of Escaflowne. In addition, a second shōjo adaptation called Escaflowne — Energist's Memories was released as a single volume in 1997. The story was novelized in a series of six light novels by Yumiko Tsukamoto. A movie adaptation, entitled simply Escaflowne, was released on June 24, 2000, but bears only a basic resemblance to the original series. Four CD soundtracks and a drama CD have also been released in relation to the series. Plot Gaea is an alternate dimension that was created from the combined wishes of the inhabitants of Atlantis when it started to sink into the ocean. Gaea has 100 different countries. On Gaea, Earth is known as the Mystic Moon. Gaea's size, mass, atmospheric composition, temperature belts, and even seasons are the same as Earth’s, although its gravity is lower, as implied by some of the jumps and acrobatic feats of some of the show's characters. The series focuses on the heroine, Hitomi Kanzaki, and her adventures after she is transported to the world of Gaea, a mysterious planet where she can see Earth and its moon in the sky. Hitomi's latent psychic powers are enhanced on Gaea and she quickly becomes embroiled in the conflicts between the Zaibach Empire led by Emperor Isaac Dornkirk and the several peaceful countries that surround it. The conflicts are brought about by the Zaibach Empire's quest to revive the legendary power from the ancient city of Atlantis. As the series progresses, many of the characters' pasts and motivations, as well as the history of Atlantis and the true nature of the planet Gaea, are revealed. Production Shoji Kawamori first proposed the series after a trip to Nepal, during which he visited the foggy mountain region and pictured a hidden world where an epic focusing on both fate and divination should be set. When he returned, he proposed the series to Bandai Visual and Sunrise. According to Kawamori, his pitch for the series was simple: "if Macross was robotic mecha and love songs, why not a story about robotic mecha and divining powers?" He worked with Bandai producer Minoru Takanashi to finish fleshing out the original idea. They researched various mysteries for inspiration, particularly stories centered on the mythical land of Atlantis and the Bermuda Triangle. As the series began taking shape, they changed the lead character from a male, the norm for an action-mecha series, to a high school girl as the lead character. Nobuteru Yuki was hired as the character designer, and tasked with crafting a design for Hitomi and the rest of the cast. He would later state that Hitomi was his favorite character because it was the first one he'd ever designed completely from scratch rather than simply being adapted from an existing medium. Initially, Folken and Dilandau were a single enemy commander, but as the story was fleshed out, the creators felt the series would be more interesting if there were two with very different personalities. Initially, the series was planned at thirty-nine episodes, with Yasuhiro Imagawa brought on board to direct. He is credited with coining the word "escaflowne", a Latin-based derivative of the word "escalation", that would be used in the title. Imagawa saw the series as being a typical shōnen series that was heavily male oriented and featuring a shapely heroine and dramatic battles. However, he left the project before actual production started to direct Mobile Fighter G Gundam. Without a director, the series was put on hold and Kawamori left to work on other projects. After two years sitting on the shelf, Sunrise revisited the project and brought in relative newcomer Kazuki Akane as the new director. In order to broaden the potential audience, Akane decided to add more shōjo, or girl-oriented, elements to the series. The suggestive elements were removed, several of the male characters were given more bishōnen—"beautiful boy"—appearances, and the plot element around the tarot cards were added. Akane also gave the character of Hitomi a complete make over, taking her from being a curvy, air-headed, long-haired girl with glasses to the slim, athletic, short-haired and more intelligent and confident girl seen in the final series. With the series character designs finalized and the story set, Yoko Kanno was selected to write the songs for the series, including the background songs which she co-wrote with her then-husband Hajime Mizoguchi, with whom she had previously collaborated on the soundtrack for Please Save My Earth. Initially they found it difficult to score the series as the plot itself was still being reworked around the new concept, but the plot changes were finished in time for them to prepare the score and give the film the desired final "epic touch." 16-year-old Maaya Sakamoto, fresh from a small role in the anime adaptation of Mizuiro Jidai, was selected not only as the voice of Hitomi, but also to sing the Escaflowne theme song. Kanno is noted as saying that Sakamoto is an ideal interpreter of her work. After this project, they continued to collaborate on many other works and some consider her work on The Vision of Escaflowne to be the launching point of Sakamoto's career. As the series entered into production, the budget required it be cut down to twenty-six episodes before work began on the final scripts and the animation. Not wanting to cut out any of the characters or the already elaborately planned plot lines, the series was instead forced to fit into the shorter length and cover more of the story in each episode than originally planned. This can be seen some in the first episode, where in the credits were cut in favor of adding more exposition. In the retail Japanese video release, some of the deleted scenes were restored to the first seven episodes. Media Anime Twenty-six-episode run on September 24, 1996. Bandai Entertainment North American division, which licensed the series for home video distribution under its AnimeVillage label, first released the series with English subtitles, across eight VHS volumes, including a box set, from September 15, 1998 to December 15, 1998. In August 2000, Fox Kids began broadcasting the series in the United States. Produced by Saban Entertainment under license by Bandai Entertainment, these dubbed episodes were heavily edited to remove footage, add new "flashback" sequences to remind the audience of the events that just occurred, and to heavily downplay the role of Hitomi in the series. The first episode was skipped altogether, and the series soundtrack produced by Yoko Kanno was partially replaced with more techno rearrangements by Inon Zur. This modified version of the series was canceled after ten episodes due to "low ratings". Fox explained that they edited to meet their own target audience, to comply with broadcast standards, and to fit the allowed timeslot. The Canadian television channel YTV acquired Fox's dubbed version of the series for broadcast. Following Fox's planned broadcast schedule, they premiered the series on September 11, 2000 with the second episode. YTV aired all of the episodes Fox Kids dubbed, concluding with the series true first episode in February 2001. Bandai began releasing the dubbed version to VHS in 2000, discontinuing the releases in February 2001 after only four volumes had been released. Bandai later released the entire series, unedited and in the original episode order, to Region 1 DVD. Spanning eight volumes, the releases include the original Japanese audio tracks with optional English subtitles, and the uncut English dubbed track. Bandai also later released the series in several different box sets, including a Limited Edition set released on July 23, 2002, a "Perfect Collection"—which included the Escaflowne feature-length movie—released October 26, 2004, and an "Anime Legends" box set on April 11, 2006. At Otakon 2013, Funimation had announced that they have acquired both licenses to The Vision of Escaflowne and the movie. On February 27, 2016, Funimation launched a Kickstarter campaign to re-dub the Escaflowne TV series using the HD materials from Sunrise, with the goal of $150,000. Three pieces of theme music are used for the series. , performed by Maaya Sakamoto, is used for the series opening theme for the entire series, except the first episode in which no opening sequence is used. Performed by Hiroki Wada, "Mystic Eyes" is used for the ending theme for the first twenty-five episodes, while the final episode uses Yoko Kanno's instrumental piece . Soundtracks The Vision of Escaflowne is the debut work of Maaya Sakamoto, who not only voiced the main character of Hitomi Kanzaki, but also performed the opening theme song "Yakusoku wa Iranai" and other songs from the series. Yoko Kanno and Hajime Mizoguchi composed and produced the series' musical themes and background, incorporating a variety of styles including contemporary, classical, and Gregorian chant. Four CD soundtracks have been released in Japan by Victor Entertainment. Escaflowne: Over the Sky was released on June 5, 1996, with sixteen tracks, including the series' full opening and ending themes. The second CD, Escaflowne Original Soundtrack 2, was released on July 24, 1996 and contained an additional seventeen tracks. Released on September 28, 1996, Escaflowne Original Soundtrack 3 contained an additional fifteen tracks. The fourth CD soundtrack, The Vision of Escaflowne: Lovers Only, was released in on January 22, 1997 and contained twenty tracks, including the original TV length opening and ending themes and the ending theme used for the final episode of the series. Despite the relative popularity of the soundtracks, they were not licensed for release outside Japan for some time and were only available by importing them. However, all 4 soundtracks can now be currently purchased digitally via iTunes. Manga Three alternate retellings of The Vision of Escaflowne have been released in manga form, with first two manga series developed at the same time as the anime. Due to the radical changes in the anime series during production, these two manga series are very different from the original anime series and each other. The first series, also titled The Vision of Escaflowne was one of the first manga series to appear in the then new Shōnen Ace magazine from Kadokawa Shoten. Despite the anime series itself being on hold, Sunrise gave artist Katsu Aki the existing production and character designs, resulting in the first manga series having the heavy shōnen feel and curvaceous Hitomi that was originally planned for the anime series. Given free rein to change the story however he wanted, Aki's version is a violent saga focused primarily on fighting and has Hitomi transforming into a "curvaceous nymph" that is the power source of the mecha Escaflowne. The series premiered in Shōnen Ace'''s first issue on October 24, 1994 and ran until November 26, 1997. The thirty-eight chapters were collected and published by Kadokawa across eight tankōbon volumes. It was licensed for released in North America by Tokyopop with the first volume released on July 10, 2003. The Tokyopop English editions were also imported for distribution in Australia by Madman Entertainment. In 1996, with the premiere of the anime series, Messiah Knight — The Vision of Escaflowne was created. This shōjo oriented adaptation was written by Yuzuru Yashiro and serialized in Asuka Fantasy DX from April 8, 1996 through January 18, 1997. Unlike the first manga, it focused more on the interaction of the characters and severely toned down the violence to the point that the mecha are not used for battle at all and Escaflowne only appears near the end of the series. It was abruptly canceled after only 10 chapters and the end of the anime, due to the slowing popularity of the series. The individual chapters were released in two tankōbon volumes, at which time the series was retitled Hitomi — The Vision of Escaflowne.A final manga retelling, Escaflowne — Energist's Memories, was a collaborative effort of various manga artist around Japan to create 15 "mini-stories" related to the anime series. The single volume manga was published in January 1997 under Kadokawa's Asuka comics DX shōjo imprint. Artist's who contributed to the volume include: Tammy Ohta, Yayoi Takeda, Kahiro Okuya, Daimoon Tennyo, Kazumi Takahashi, Masaki Sano, and Kyo Watanabe. Novels Yumiko Tsukamoto and Shoji Kawamori collaborated in the writing on a novelization of the Vision of Escaflowne anime series. The light novel chapters were originally serialized in Newtype, and the illustrations were provided by Nobuteru Yuuki and Hirotoshi Sano. The individual chapters were collected and released in six individual volumes by Kadokawa under their "New Type Novels" label between June 1996 and August 1997. Movie is a ninety-eight-minute anime film released in Japan on June 24, 2000 that retells of the story in The Vision of Escaflowne. The film was produced by Sunrise, animated by Studio BONES, and directed by Kazuki Akane. Featuring character re-designs by Nobuteru Yūki, the film focuses on the relationship between Van and Hitomi and their personal issues. The characters themselves are also given different personalities; in the film Hitomi changes from a cheerful girl in love to a depressed, suicidal schoolgirl who suffers from self-induced feelings of loneliness and alienation and Van is now a violent, hot-headed man. In the film the world of Gaea has a more Asian design than the heavily European-influenced television series. Other media Victor Entertainment released one drama CD for the series, Escaflowne Original Drama Album, which was released on December 18, 1996. A video game based on the series, also titled The Vision of Escaflowne was released to the PlayStation system by Bandai Games in 1997. A limited edition version came packaged with a small collector's book and 26 tarot cards. The action-adventure game had an altered plot line and featured additional characters. Reception Though well received, The Vision of Escaflowne was not as popular in Japan as producers hoped. Outside Japan, however, it was a worldwide hit. In the United States, it outsold Gundam on video tape, and the first volume of the English DVD release of The Vision of Escaflowne was the fourth best-selling anime DVD for the month of September 2000. The series aired in South Korea where it enjoyed consistently high ratings. Producers noted that it was the worldwide success that led to the eventual creation of the anime film, Escaflowne. Egan Loo, writing for Animerica'', considered it an "epic fantasy" with some of the "most dramatic music in any soundtrack, anime, or live-action", and a "breathless pacing" that result in its being an "acclaimed masterpiece." References External links Official website Bandai Channel webpage Biglobe webpage BS11 website Official CR The Vision of Escaflowne website Hananokaze (French website still active about series, movie, shojo, shonen and derivatives (doujinshi...)) Tokyopop's manga webpage Madman Entertainment website (anime) Madman Entertainment website (manga) Animerica article Category:1994 manga Category:1996 anime television series Category:1996 Japanese novels Category:1996 Japanese television series debuts Category:1996 Japanese television series endings Category:1996 manga Category:Anime with original screenplays Category:Bandai Entertainment anime titles Category:Fantasy anime and manga Category:Fox Kids original programming Category:Funimation Category:Isekai anime and manga Category:Kadokawa Shoten manga Category:Light novels Category:Madman Entertainment anime Category:Madman Entertainment manga Category:Mecha anime and manga Category:Romance anime and manga Category:Shōnen manga Category:Shōjo manga Category:Sunrise (company) Category:Bandai Namco franchises Category:Tokyopop titles Category:TV Tokyo shows Category:YTV shows	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Phantasos In Ovid's Metamorphoses, Phantasos ('Fantasy') is one of the thousand sons of Somnus (Sleep). He appeared in dreams in the form of inanimate objects, putting on "deceptive shapes of earth, rocks, water, trees, all lifeless things". According to Ovid, two of his brothers were Morpheus, who appeared in dreams in human form, and one called Icelos ('Like'), by the gods, but Phobetor ('Frightener') by men, who appeared in dreams in the form of beasts. The three brothers' names are found nowhere earlier than Ovid, and are perhaps Ovidian inventions. Tripp calls these three figures "literary, not mythical concepts". However Griffin suggests that this division of dream forms between Phantasos and his brothers, possibly including their names, may have been of Hellenistic origin. Notes References . Ovid. Metamorphoses, Volume II: Books 9-15. Translated by Frank Justus Miller. Revised by G. P. Goold. Loeb Classical Library No. 43. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1916. Online version at Harvard University Press. Tripp, Edward, Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology, Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). . Category:Fictional characters with dream manipulation abilities Category:Greek sleep deities	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Canton of Auvillar The canton of Auvillar is a French former administrative division in the department of Tarn-et-Garonne and region Midi-Pyrénées. It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It consisted of 9 communes, which joined the canton of Garonne-Lomagne-Brulhois in 2015. Communes The communes in the canton of Auvillar: Auvillar Bardigues Donzac Dunes Merles Le Pin Saint-Cirice Saint-Loup Saint-Michel Sistels References Auvillar Category:2015 disestablishments in France Category:States and territories disestablished in 2015	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Winnert Winnert ( or Vinnerød) is a municipality in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. References Category:Nordfriesland	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Cazalot Cazalot is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Clarence P. Cazalot Jr. (born 1950), American energy industry executive Florian Cazalot (born 1985), French rugby union player	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Foschi Foschi is an Italian surname. Notable people with the name include: Francesco Foschi (1710–1780), Italian painter best known for painting winter landscapes Franco Foschi (1931-2007), Italian writer and politician J. P. Foschi (born 1982), American football player Jessica Foschi (born 1980), American competition swimmer Luciano Foschi (born 1967), Italian footballer Massimo Foschi (born 1938), Italian actor and voice actor, father of Marco Marco Foschi (born 1977), Italian film and television actor, son of Massimo Pier Francesco Foschi (1502–1567), Italian painter active in Florence Sigismondo Foschi ( 1520-1532), Italian painter of the Renaissance period Category:Italian-language surnames	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kono people The Kono people (pronounced koh noh) are a major ethnic group in Sierra Leone at about 7.6% of the country's total population. Their homeland is the diamond-rich Kono District in eastern Sierra Leone. The Kono are primarily diamond miners and farmers. The Kono people speak the Kono language as their first language and is the most widely spoken language among the Kono people. Many youth from the Kono ethnic group use the Krio language as the primary language of communication with other Sierra Leonean ethnic groups. Unlike many other Sierra Leonean ethnic groups, the Kono people rarely travel outside Eastern Sierra Leone; as a result only few Konos are found in the capital Freetown and in northern Sierra Leone. History The Kono people are the descendants of Mali-Guinean migrants who are said to have moved to Sierra Leone and settled in what is now Kono District in the mid-16th century, however there is archaeological evidence of settlement in Kono District as far back as 2200 B.C. Kono history claims that the Kono were once a powerful people in Mali and Guinea. The Kono migrated to Sierra Leone as peaceful hunters. The tribe was split during partitioning of Africa by European colonists and part of the tribe still exists in neighbouring Guinea. Attacks from the related Mende people forced the Kono to seek refuge in the Koranko territory to the north, where they were allowed to farm the land. The Mende eventually moved further south, and the Kono returned to their own land in the east. Economy and culture The Kono are primarily farmers and in some areas, alluvial diamond miners. They grow rice, cassava, corn, beans, groundnuts, sweet potato, peppers, cassava leaf, greens, potato leaf etc. as their main crops, along with banana, pineapple and plantain, and cash crops such as cocoa, coffee and kola nut. They live in towns and villages and travel daily to their surrounding farm lands to work. They are a polite and hospitable people and even allow strangers to lodge with them or their chiefs. The size of rural Kono villages varies from several houses to nearly one hundred dwellings. Kono District also contains the city of Koidu / Sefadu and several small towns. Kono houses were at one time round constructions made of mud, clay, and thatch. Although some of these houses still exist today, most are now rectangular and made of adobe blocks or cement with corrugated zinc sheet roofing. The rectangular houses have verandas where the women cook and others can enjoy the shade. After sunset, in the open compounds (courtyards) of the villages, the entire village may sing. The people dance in a single-file circle to the beat of drums. Each person develops his own individual steps and movements in an attempt to stand out in the crowd. The Kono year is divided into a rainy season and a dry season. Late dry season (March–April) is the time for preparation and clearing of farms and the rainy season is a time for farming. Families leave their homes early in the morning, walk to their farms, and return home at dusk. Cooking, bathing, and other household chores are done at the farms by most of the women, while the men and other women perform the agricultural tasks. After the rice harvest, the heavy agricultural work is finished, giving way to the dry season. Most people remain in town every day during the dry season since many social events take place at that time of year. During this period, young boys are initiated into the Poro society, and young girls, into the Bondo or Sande society. These societies teach youth the Kono culture and traditions. Training for these organisations bridges the gap between childhood and adult life. The dry season is also a time when much courting and many marriages take place. A man's wealth used to be determined by the number of wives he could support. Most men had more than one wife, and those men with many wives were shown the greatest respect and honour. Nowadays many men have only one wife although polygamy is still widely practised. During the dry season, women organise fishing expeditions and older men and women may be found outdoors weaving traditional country cloth. Religious and spiritual beliefs Most Konos practice Islam or Christianity. Some practice traditional religion as well. Konos invoke and pray to their ancestors and other spirits for protection, health, guidance and good fortune. They believe the ancestors are present during every activity, including eating, sleeping, and important events. Some Kono are also superstitious and use curses, omens, charms, and magic in their daily lives. Notable Kono people Foamansa Matturi, Sierra Leonean ruler and military strategist during colonial era Samuel Sam-Sumana, former vice-president of Sierra Leone Sheku Ahmed Sonsiama Fasuluku III, current Paramount Chief of Sandoh Chiefdom, current Paramount Chief Member of Parliament for Kono Tamba kpakiwa, Former opposition leader SLPU WEST VL. and current vice Secretary General SLNA WEST VL. Belgium Sahr Randolf Fillie-Faboe, former Sierra Leone's Ambassador to Liberia and former member of parliament Sia Nyama Koroma, Sierra Leone's first lady and wife of President Ernest Bai Koroma Samuel Komba Kambo, a retired captain in The Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces and one of the leading members of the NPRC junta administration Tamba Songu M'briwa, prominent Sierra Leonean politician and former paramount chief of Kono District Sahr John Yambasu, Kono District Council Chairman Peter Vandy, former Sierra Leone's Minister of Lands and the Environment Alex Tamba Brima, former commander of the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces Sahr Senesie, Sierra Leonean football star playing in Germany Solomon Yambassu, football star Sahr Ermaco Johnny, former Sierra Leone ambassador to China Sahr Ermaco Johnny Jnr., son of Ambassador Sahr Ermaco Johnny, China-based technology journalist, Internet entrepreneur and science fiction writer Komba Claudius Gbamanja, member of parliament of Sierra Leone representing Kono District Komba Yomba, Sierra Leonean football star Komba Eric Koedoyoma, member of Sierra Leone's parliament representing Kono District Tamba Kaingbanja, member of parliament of Sierra Leone representing the Kono District Abu Mbawa Kongobah, current paramount chief of Kono District Tamba Fillie Komeh, Economist Dr. Tamba S. Foday-Ngongou, former deputy minister of transport & communication Hon. Sia E. Foday-Ngongou, former deputy minister of works and maintenance, first kono woman to be appointed minister by Late President Tejan Kabbah Dr. Morie Komba Manyeh, Current Minister of Mines and Mineral resources - President Bio's 1st Cabinet Prof. Aiah Gbakima, Current Minister of Technical & Higher Education - President Bio's 1st Cabinet Fuambai Sia Ahmadu, Sierra Leonean-American Anthropologist See also Alatangana - Creator deity in traditional Kono religion. Present members of Parliament representing the Coalition for change are saa emerson lamina, rebecca kamara nee marquee, paul Sam, Komba Kamanda, sahr kassegbama whose Father s r kassegbama was also a minister and member of parliament, Tom tucker, M L fofanah, sahr Charles sahr bendu and present deputy minister of sportKomba Lawrence Mbayoh, komba sam, present mayor, tamba gbondo, present district council chairman, sahr lebbie kokotoa, consulting pharmacist in the USA, PC paul Gagga SaqueeV, chairman of council of paramount chiefs, fasuluku suku tamba former head of medical council in Sierra Leone and former member of parliament References Category:Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone Category:Mandé people	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rolim de Moura Esporte Clube Rolim de Moura Esporte Clube, commonly known as Rolim de Moura, is a Brazilian football club based in Rolim de Moura, Rondônia state. History The club was founded on November 1, 2002. They finished in the second position in the Campeonato Rondoniense Second Level in 2007. Stadium Rolim de Moura Esporte Clube play their home games at Estádio José Ângelo Cassol, nicknamed Cassolão. The stadium has a maximum capacity of 5,000 people. References Category:Association football clubs established in 2002 Category:Football clubs in Rondônia Category:2002 establishments in Brazil	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dikir barat Dikir barat (Jawi: دكير بارت; ; ) is a musical form, native to the Malay Peninsula, that involves singing in groups—often in a competitive setting. Dikir barat may be performed either with a percussion instrumental accompaniment, or with no instruments at all. The dance is partially similar in movement to Endang except that actions of hand clapping are further incorporated to produce rhythm. The origins of dikir barat are unclear; it is found in both Malaysia and Thailand, and today the Malaysia National Department for Culture and Arts actively promotes it as an important part of Malaysian national culture. Description Dikir barat is typically performed by groups of ten to fifteen members, though there is no actual set size, even in competitive environments. A group usually sits cross-legged on a platform, sometimes surrounded by the audience. Where the dikir barat is performed competitively, the two competing groups will both be on the stage at the same time. In a typical dikir barat performance, the group will perform two segments. The first is led by the tok juara, who is often the person in charge of the musical training of the group. This first segment usually contains the more complex musical arrangements, and will likely feature the awak-awak (chorus) singing in unison with the tok juara, as well as responsorial segments of singing, similar to what the tukang karut does with the awak-awak, later in the performance. Though musically more complex than what will follow, the first segment is seen as the "low-key" segment of the performance. The creative leader of a dikir barat group is the tukang karut. The tukang karut (who is often himself a former tok juara) is expected in his performance to utilise current social and political issues which will be relevant to the audience. His ability to do this helps to uphold the reputation of the dikir barat group. Leading the awok-awok during the second and concluding segment of the performance, the tukang karut sings pantuns—most of which are likely original and improvised on the occasion of the performance, but some which may be known to the audience. (Pantuns are an oral poetry form indigenous to the Malay region, and are not exclusive to the dikir barat.) That the dikir barat uses pantuns does not mean that it is a performance of poetry. Like any poet, the tukang karut is expected to create lyrics that touch upon everyday life, but he can also address social issues, legal matters, politics, government regulations, and human foibles. The tone can be satirical, sarcastic, or simply humorous, but above all it is expected that it be clever. The tukang karut makes up and sings lyrics on the topic of the performance (which may be pre-established or simply the choice of the tukang karut), and the awok-awok sings the same lyrics back to him. During the performance, members of the awok-awok clap and perform rhythmic body movements, which bring energy to the performance. Historically, dikir barat performances have been all-male. However, in recent years, especially with groups based in urban areas, female performers are beginning to appear. While most musical instruments are excluded from dikir barat, some groups to employ percussion instruments, including the rebana, maracas, or a shallow gong. Competition In a competitive performance, the two opposing dikir barat groups both sit on the stage platform at the same time. The performance is as musical as a non-competitive performance, but the competitive dikir barat is also, according to one observer, “a duel of wits”. The tukang karut from one group will throw out a topic or question, singing it to the awok-awok, who will sing it back to him. At this time the opposing dikir barat group’s tukang karut must reply with an answer more clever than the original question, and after the second awok-awok sings it back, the first tukang karut must take the dialogue another step higher. Essentially, what transpires is a type of lyrical debate, but instead of scoring technical debate points, tukang karuts who regularly produce well-created retorts will win audience laughter, affection, and admiration. Originally, dikir barat was limited to competition between neighbouring villages, but in the 20th century, as its popularity began to spread (aided by the ability to record performances), it became a national phenomenon. Today, dikir barat competitions have become wildly popular across Malaysia, and each year there are national champions crowned, not only for the dikir barat groups as a whole, but there also are national champion in the categories of tukang karuts and tok juara. Top tukang karuts are famous and popular, much like rock stars in the West. The government of Malaysia now officially sponsors dikir barat as a major element of national culture, and has experienced substantial success in spreading its popularity. To facilitate its spread, in 2006, then-Minister of Information Datuk Seri Zainuddin Maidin said he would encourage the development of English language dikir barat, as English is the most widely spoken second-language in the former British colony, and could thus be shared by more citizens. The national competitions in Malaysia have been broadcast on radio since 1993, and on television since 2006. Spread of dikir barat Origins Sources are divided on whether dikir barat originated in southern Thailand or the Malaysian state of Kelantan, which borders Thailand, or even from a wedding dance shared by both the Thai Malays and the Kelantanese Malay. Today, dikir barat has spread to the end of the Malay Peninsula, having reached Singapore, by some accounts, in the mid-1980s, where it is also being promoted by at least one government agency. Dikir barat in the West In recent years, Dikir barat performances have spread to the West, most commonly on university campuses. In 2007, a Malaysian student organisation at Penn State University, in the United States, included a dikir barat performance as part of a traditional Malaysian wedding being held on campus. The Malaysian Student Organisation of the University of Illinois also performed a dikir barat for the Malaysian Cultural Exhibition organised at the university. The Malaysian Society of Imperial College London, performs a dikir barat annually on its Malaysian Night organised by the university. The Malaysian Students Association (MSA) of The University of Warwick performs this art form on its Malaysian Night (MNight) every year. The Malaysian Students' Organisation of the Australian National University performs this performance on its Malaysian Night 2014 with Malaysian Student Council of Australia, Australian Capital Territory (ACT Chapter) and Kelab UMNO ACT. In popular culture One of the TV advertisements for the then upcoming Malaysian Idol had the instance of a battle of hawking trades in a pasar malam between a mango seller and an orange seller, where the former raps about his mangoes in English and the latter flaunts off his oranges in a singing manner similar to that of dikir barat. References External links An excellent example of dikir barat, showing audience reaction to humour Category:Malay dances Category:Malay culture Category:Malaysian styles of music Category:Dances of Malaysia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Wind power in Wyoming Wyoming has one of the highest wind power potentials of any state in the United States. As of 2016, Wyoming has 1489 megawatts (MW) of wind powered electricity generating capacity, responsible for 9.42% of in-state electricity production. Wyoming produced of 3,800 GWh in 2015, about 9% of the total. Resource Wyoming's geography of high-altitude prairies with broad ridges makes the state an ideal site for the development of wind resources. Other factors that positively affect Wyoming's wind power development potential include transmission capabilities, the high energy needs of nearby population centers, high public support of wind power development in the state (97% support), and the historical importance of energy sectors to the state's economy. Disadvantages to large-scale wind power production include competition from fossil fuels industry, as coal power provided 42.7 TWh (90%) of Wyoming electricity in 2016, compared to 3.8 TWh for wind. Wyoming taxes wind power with $1/MWh which provided the state with $3.8 million in 2015. History The first two wind turbines in Wyoming were constructed in Medicine Bow on September 4, 1982 by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the United States Department of Energy. The wind turbines were the largest in the U.S. The two turbines included the WTS-4 at 391 feet tall, and the MOD-2 at 350 feet tall. Mayor of Medicine Bow Gerald Cook held an event with 500 residents at the construction site and declared September 4 "Wind Turbine Day." Wyoming's first commercial wind farm was the Foote Creek Rim wind project located near Arlington completed on April 4, 1999. This 85 MW (megawatts) wind project had 69 wind turbines, and it is located in one of the windiest locations in the state. Due to average winds of 25 mph in the area, the wind project has a capacity factor of 43% of peak output annually, which is higher than most wind farms. As of 2016, the Foote Creek wind project has 183 turbines with a generating capacity of 134.7 MW. In 2003, the Wyoming Wind Energy Center began operations. It has 80 turbines with a 144 MW capacity and is located near Evanston in Uinta County. In 2008, the Glenrock Wind Project outside of Glenrock began operations on top of a reclaimed surface coal mine. PacifiCorp, the owner, "believe[s] this is the first wind facility in the West to recycle land that once provided fossil fuels into one that captures renewable energy." The wind project has 66 turbines that generate up to 99 MW. Seven Mile Hill and Seven Mile Hill II began operations between Hanna and Medicine Bow. It has 79 turbines with a generating capacity of 118.5 MW. In 2008, Mountain Wind Power, LLC and Mountain Wind Power II, LLC began operations. They have 67 turbines with a 140 MW capacity. In November 2008, the New York Times reported a land rush in Wyoming in anticipation of future wind power development projects. Citizens and land-owners in Wyoming have formed numerous "wind associations" in the hopes of collectively bargaining for higher compensation for the use of their land in wind power production and transmission projects. Most of these associations are located in the wind-power dense counties of southeastern Wyoming, including Platte, Converse, Goshen and Laramie counties. In 2010, the High Plains and McFadden Ridge Wind Energy Project near Rock River began operations with 66 turbines. It has a capacity of 99 MW. Three Buttes Windpower, LLC, began operations in Converse County near Glenrock and has 66 turbines with a 99 MW capacity. Casper Wind Farm began operations near Capser in Natrona County and has 11 turbines with a generating capacity of 16.5 MW. Energy Transportation Inc., headquartered in Casper, is a well-known logistics firm that transports overweight and outsized components used in the wind power industry. The Casper landfill is also a disposal site for windmill blades. In 2010, Dunalap I began operations near Medicine Bow. It has 74 turbines with 111 MW capacity. The Top of the World Windpower Project began operations in Converse County near Glenrock and has 110 Turbines with a 200 MW capacity. On November 16, 2016, Microsoft Corp bought 237 MW of wind power from Duke Energy's Happy Jack and Silver Sage wind farms in Wyoming along with Allianz Risk Transfer AG's Bloom Wind Project in Kansas to power a data center located in Cheyenne. This was the largest wind purchase in the history of Microsoft. Proposed wind farms The White Mountain Wind Energy Project is a proposed 360 MW wind farm which would result in the construction of up to 240 turbines on White Mountain just northwest of Rock Springs. The Chokecherry and Sierra Madre Wind Energy Project is the largest commercial wind generation facility under development in North America. Power Company of Wyoming has applied to the BLM to build approximately 1,000 wind turbines in an area located south of Rawlins, Wyoming, in Carbon County. The project is proposed to generate 2,000 to 3,000 megawatts (MW) of electricity and construction may take 3–4 years with a project life estimate of 30 years. Wind energy generation Source: Wind energy consumption In 2014, wind energy consumption in Wyoming was estimated to be 4,406 GWh. References External links Map of wind associations in southern Wyoming Category:Economy of Wyoming	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Shogo Yamaguchi Shogo Yamaguchi (born February 19, 1983) in Aichi Prefecture is a Japanese actor. He debuted as an actor in V-cinema in 2001, and made his theatrical film debut in 2003 in Azumi. His first main lead starring role was in the tokusatsu television series Madan Senki Ryukendo in 2006, which was a major breakthrough and made him rise to worldwide fame, and is also considered to be his best and most memorable performance to date. In 2008, he was selected from an audition of 500 actors to play the male lead against the heroine in the NHK Asadora Dandan. His other notable roles are in the movie Parazoku: Parapara ja Naika (2006) and the television series Hanchō. Personal Life The fact that he has a pet cat, named Ichimaru, is the only personal information available. Filmography Television Tv Serials AIBOU: Tokyo Detective Duo (2000-2019), Character name unknown Madan Senki Ryukendo (2006), Narukami Kenji aka Ryukendo Kobayakawa Nobuki no koi (2006), Jun Kanai Kekkon shiki he ikô! (2006-2007), Character name unknown Mop Girl(2007), Ozaki Hikaru Asadora:Dandan (2008-2009), Male lead; name unknown Hanchô: Jinnansho Azumihan (2009-2011), Taichirou Sakurai Honjitsu wa Taian Nari (2012), Yuki Yamada Naru yô ni Naru sa (2013-2014), Character name unknown Tachibana Noboru Seishun Tebikae (2016-2017), Seikichi CRISIS: Special Security Squad (2017), Character name unknown Massage Tantei Joe (2017), Harima Okusama Wa Toriatsukai Chûi (2017), Character name unknown Kaijû Club: Kûsô Tokusatsu Seishun Ki (2017), Nishi Joshiteki Seikatsu (2018), Takada Kenichi Segodon (2018), Nakaoka Shintarō [[The Story of Shotaro Ishinomori, The Man Who Created a Hero (TV semi-autobiographical one-off drama)]] (2018), Kushihara;Publishing company Tv Films Bizarre Tales 2008 Spring Special (2008),Horibe in flashback Ashita mo mata ikite ikô (2010),Yusuke Yoshizaki Senjô Parser Himuro Natsuko: Gôka ferry satsujin jiken (2012), Jun Akita Films Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack(2001), Character name unknown Azumi (2003), Komoru School Wars: Hero (2004),Rogue student Azumi 2: Death or Love (2005),Reprises role as Komoru; Archive footage Gakko no Toshi Densetsu Toire no Hanako-san (2006),Character name unknown Parazoku: Parapara ja Naika (2006),Fujita Rescue the Mach Train! (2008),Reprises role as Narukami Kenji from Madan Senki Ryukendo References External links Official profile Sun Music Brain (in Japanese) Category:1983 births Category:Living people Category:Japanese male actors Category:Actors from Aichi Prefecture	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Aaron Bauer's gecko Aaron Bauer's gecko (Gekko aaronbaueri) is a species of gecko. It is endemic to Laos. References Category:Gekko Category:Reptiles described in 2015 Category:Endemic fauna of Laos Category:Reptiles of Laos	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Wilson Bell Wilson Bell (May 24, 1897 – May 20, 1947) was an American politician. He served as the State Treasurer of Missouri from 1941 to 1945, and as Secretary of State of Missouri from 1945 to 1947. References Category:State treasurers of Missouri Category:Missouri Democrats Category:Deaths from kidney cancer Category:1897 births Category:1947 deaths Category:20th-century American politicians	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Safe from Harm (song) "Safe from Harm" is the third single and opening track from Blue Lines, the 1991 debut from Massive Attack, with vocals by Shara Nelson and Robert Del Naja. The bass, guitar, and drums are sampled from the song "Stratus" by Billy Cobham, from his album Spectrum (with guitar by Tommy Bolin). Additional drums are sampled from "Good Old Music" by Funkadelic. Other samples come from Herbie Hancock's "Chameleon", and some of the background vocals are based on Johnny "Guitar" Watson's 1961 song Looking Back. "Safe from Harm" (Perfecto Mix) is featured at the end of the Michael Mann-directed movie The Insider. Track listing "Safe from Harm" (radio edit) – 4:28 "Safe from Harm" (12" version) – 6:57 "Safe from Harm" (7" version) – 4:28 "Safe from Harm" (Perfecto Mix) – 8:09 "Safe from Harm" (Just a Dub)(by Steve Smith) – 3:14 "Safe from Harm" (Just a Groove Dub)(by Steve Smith) – 3:18 Inspiration The liner notes to Blue Lines mention the movie Taxi Driver as an influence, and it's clear that the movie was inspiration for this song's lyrics. The movie stars Robert DeNiro as a paranoid Vietnam vet who drives a taxi at night. He becomes obsessed with saving a child prostitute played by Jodie Foster, and ends up killing some people in his efforts. The spooky atmosphere in this song goes with the theme, as do the lines about protecting a child. Charts and sales Peak positions References External links Category:Massive Attack songs Category:1991 singles Category:Virgin Records singles Category:1991 songs Category:Songs written by Daddy G (English musician) Category:Songs written by Andrew Vowles Category:Songs written by Robert Del Naja Category:Songs written by Shara Nelson Category:Song recordings produced by Jonny Dollar Category:Black-and-white music videos	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pawtuxet River The Pawtuxet River is a river in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. It flows and drains a watershed of . There are four dams along the river's length. History The area around the river was occupied by members of the Patuxet tribe, who were part of the larger Narragansett tribe. In the native language, the word "pawtuxet" means "little falls." In 1638, Roger Williams purchased the land north of the Pawtuxet, thus founding Providence. In 1642, Samuel Gorton purchased the land south of the river, thus founding Warwick. The Pawtuxet River Valley played an important role in the early development of the textile industry in New England during the 19th century. Course The river is formed by the confluence of North and South branches of the river at River Point village in West Warwick. From there the river continues roughly east, through West Warwick, Warwick and Cranston, emptying into the Providence River at Pawtuxet Village. The last three miles (5 km) of the river form the boundary between Cranston and Warwick. Crossings Below is a list of all crossings over the Pawtuxet River. The list starts at the headwaters and goes downstream: Tributaries Three Ponds Brook and the Pocasset River are the Pawtuxet River's only named tributaries, though it has many unnamed streams that also feed it. Water quality The Pawtuxet River is impacted by cadmium, mercury, pathogens, low dissolved oxygen and nutrients. It shows biodiversity impacts (Rhode Island 2006 List of Impaired Waters). The Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management has issued new discharge permits to the three major municipal wastewater treatment plants that discharge to the River (West Warwick, Rhode Island, Warwick, Rhode Island and Cranston, Rhode Island). Habitat restoration The Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management's Rhode Island Anadromous Fish Restoration Plan gives the Pawtuxet River a low overall ranking due to the river's poor water quality and the large number of dams. However, the Pawtuxet River Authority and Watershed Council is working with state and federal partners to evaluate fish passage alternatives for the first dam on the Pawtuxet, the Pawtuxet Falls Dam. Fish passage at this dam will open up of spawning habitat above the dam on the main stem of the river. Water use and availability The Scituate Reservoir on the North Branch of the Pawtuxet River provides over 60% of the water supply to the State of Rhode Island (USGS, Estimated Water Use and Availability in the Pawtuxet and Quinebaug River Basins, Rhode Island). This water is supplied to almost all the other basins in Rhode Island including the Blackstone River, Ten Mile River, Moshassuck River, Woonasquatucket River, Narragansett Bay and the Westport River. About 22% of the major public supply withdrawn from the Pawtuxet basin is returned to the basin and about 51% is exported to other basins. Some of the water exported out of the basin for drinking water returns to the Pawtuxet River as wastewater. Flow The US Geological Survey has five gauges in the Pawtuxet Watershed PONAGANSET RIVER AT SOUTH FOSTER, RI NOOSENECK RIVER AT NOOSENECK, RI CARR RIVER NEAR NOOSENECK, RI SOUTH BRANCH PAWTUXET RIVER AT WASHINGTON, RI PAWTUXET RIVER AT CRANSTON, RI The Pawtuxet River experiences periodic flooding. In October 2005 remnants of Tropical Storm Tammy produced torrential rains over New England. From October 13–15, the National Weather Service reported 7 to of rain in Rhode Island and the Pawtuxet River at Cranston and Warwick recorded its second worst flood, cresting at a stage of . On March 15 and March 16, 2010, the Pawtuxet River reached a new record high flood level after receiving over three inches of rain on the 13th and 14th. The river crested at in the evening of March 15. On March 29 and 30, 2010, an additional 6-10 inches of rainfall across Southern New England in addition to the 3+ inches that fell on the 23rd, bringing the total rainfall for the month of March to over 16" and causing the Pawtuxet River to exceed the previous flood level occurring only two weeks prior. The river crested at in the morning of March 31. This caused the worst flooding in over 200 years for the area, swamping the Warwick Mall, and many homes in the area forcing many evacuations across Rhode Island and Southeastern Massachusetts. The flooding also forced many schools to be closed for an extended period of time, due to road closures and washouts. Grassroots organizations There are two river organizations that focus on the Pawtuxet River: The Pawtuxet River Authority and Watershed Council Friends of the Pawtuxet http://friendsofthepawtuxet.org [4] See also List of rivers in Rhode Island North Branch Pawtuxet River Pocasset River Providence River South Branch Pawtuxet River External links Pawtuxet Village New England Towns References Maps from the United States Geological Survey Category:Rivers of Providence County, Rhode Island Category:Rivers of Kent County, Rhode Island Category:Rivers of Rhode Island Category:Tributaries of Providence River	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Very Big Carla Bley Band The Very Big Carla Bley Band is an album by American composer, bandleader and keyboardist Carla Bley released on the Watt/ECM label in 1991. Reception The Allmusic review by Brian Olewnick awarded the album stars and stated "The result is a fairly solid, if slightly bland, date that may cause the listener to pine for her earlier "excesses"... in the end, Bley's themes and structures tend more toward the competent than the stirring or memorable, leaving one desirous of the richer fare that she has served in the past". The Penguin Guide to Jazz awarded it 3 stars, stating "A stirring live outfit the Very Big Band translates well to record, with plenty of emphasis on straightforward blowing from featured soloists". Track listing All compositions by Carla Bley. "United States" – 15:32 "Strange Arrangement" – 7:46 "All Fall Down" – 12:46 "Who Will Rescue You?" – 7:12 "Lo Ultimo" – 9:25 Personnel Carla Bley – piano Lew Soloff, Guy Barker, Claude Deppa, Steven Bernstein – trumpet Gary Valente, Richard Edwards, Fayyaz Virji – trombone Ashley Slater – bass trombone Roger Janotta – oboe, flute, clarinet, soprano saxophone Wolfgang Puschnig – alto saxophone, flute Andy Sheppard – tenor saxophone, clarinet Pete Hurt – tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone Pablo Calogero – baritone saxophone Karen Mantler – organ Steve Swallow – bass guitar Victor Lewis – drums Don Alias – percussion References Category:ECM Records albums Category:Carla Bley albums Category:1991 albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Cattail Moon Cattail Moon (1994) is a young adult novel written by Jean Thesman. Plot Julia Foster gets a chance to break away from her domineering mother for a while by moving from Seattle to a small village in the Cascades called Moon Valley, to live with her father and grandmother. While trying to decide on the course of her life, especially whether she can have a career in music despite her mother's disapproval, she happens on a mysterious figure of an old-fashioned girl at night in the marsh by her house. And she meets Luke, a boy whose fate is tied to the girl in ways he doesn't want to explain to Julia, even though a true affection is blossoming between them. Julia must find the strength to make decisions about herself, her mother, and Luke, and investigating the mystery of the ghost of the marsh may be the way to sort things out. References Category:1994 American novels Category:American young adult novels	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Abdulafees Abdulsalam Abdulafees Abdulsalam (born 13 April 1984 in Lagos) is a Nigerian football player. He is an attacking player who can play striker based on his physical capability and football sense. Abdulafees has played for clubs in Nigeria, Benin, China, Malaysia and Middle East. In the second transfer window of the 2014 Malaysia Super League on April 2014, he joined Perak FA after a successful trial. He was a part of the Nigeria U17 in 2001 African U-17 Championship, who finished as the first rank in Group A, making it through to the next round, before winning gold medal in Seychelles Honours Club Qatar 2nd Division League Winners, Highest Goal Scorer - 2011 Qatar 2nd Division FA Cup winner, Highest Goal Scorer - 2011 Sheikh Jasim Cup, Qatar, Highest Goal Scorer - 2011 Bahrain Premier League, 2nd Highest Goal Scorer - 2010 China Premier League, 3rd Highest Goal Scorer - 2009 Malaysia Premier League, 2nd Top Scorer and Shahzan muda FC Top Scorer- 2006/2007 MVP - Shahzan Muda FC 2005/2006 Malaysia Premier League 2nd Top Scorer and Shahzan Muda FC Top Scorer- 2005/2006 Promotion to Premier League - 2005 League Champion: Shahzan Muda FC - Malaysia Premier II (Promoted to Div1).2004-2005 League Champion: Mogart 90 FC - Benin Republic Div. 1 - 2003/2004 League 2nd Finish: Nitel FC, Nigeria Pro Div. 1 League - 2002/2003 Champion of Africa: U-17 Nation Cup - 20 References External links Abdulafees Official Website Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:Association football forwards Category:Nigerian footballers Category:Nigerian expatriate footballers Category:Expatriate footballers in China Category:Expatriate footballers in Malaysia Category:Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Malaysia Category:Place of birth missing (living people) Category:Perak FA players Category:China League One players Category:Yanbian Funde F.C. players Category:Mogas 90 FC players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Henry Azra Henry Azra, also spelled Henri Azra, (born 21 January 1952 in Casablanca, Morocco) is a Los Angeles-based classical Moroccan musician. Henry Azra is the son of the renowned international Kanunist, Salim Azra, who contributed to much of the success of Samy Elmaghribi and Salim Halali. Salim Azra was a favorite to King Mohammad V and was regularly asked to play at the King's Royal Palace. Following in his late father's footsteps, Henry is famously known for playing the Kanun. Early life Henry Azra was born in Casablanca and moved to Canada at age thirteen. Growing up in Montreal, Azra became a student of his father; his life revolved around music and he spent much of his childhood learning about musicianship. Over the years, Henry Azra learned to master numerous instruments including the Kanun, Oud, Darbuka and Violin. Not widely known, Henry Azra in fact first started his career as a musician by playing the Darbuka at various musical clubs with his father in Montreal long before playing the Kanun. After years of playing the Darbuka, Azra slowly transitioned to the Kanun. As years went by, recognition throughout Quebec for his special talents grew. Henry Azra later moved to Los Angeles to continue his stardom and started his life there with his wife, Violette, and three children. Henry Azra is considered by many a virtuouso and is rated one of the top Qanunists. Music career His first professional recording experience was performing in the 1980s in Los Angeles, California with Heidi, one of Iran’s top traditional singers. Henry Azra played and recorded music with various Middle Eastern singers from around the world, including Haim Louk, Samy Elmaghribi, Ragheb Alama, and George Wassouf. In addition, Azra performed with Wadih El Safi, Sabah, Sayed Mekawy, a major composer for the world-famous singer, Oum Kalthoum, and many more. Azra currently performs classical Middle Eastern sensations around the world with his orchestra as the ensemble director. References External links Category:Moroccan musicians Category:1952 births Category:Living people Category:People from Casablanca Category:Moroccan emigrants to the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ee Nagaraniki Emaindhi Ee Nagaraniki Emaindi (English: What happened to this city?) is a 2018 Indian Telugu language buddy comedy written and directed by Tharun Bhascker Dhaassyam and produced by Suresh Babu.. The film received positive reviews from the audience and a majority of the film critics. Plot Vivek, Karthik, Kaushik and Uppi are childhood friends who dream of a career in film making during their college days. But they eventually give up their plans and settle in other jobs. Vivek resigns his job and lives in isolation, still trying to get over his breakup, Karthik works as a manager to a club and plans on marrying his owner's daughter and settle in USA, Kaushik works as a dubbing artist and Uppi works as a wedding photographer. After a misfired bachelors' party, they all end up in Goa. Karthik loses the engagement ring and needs ₹5 lakhs to buy a similar kind of one. So they decide to participate in Goa Short film festival for the prize money. Vivek doesn't agree to make a romantic film but later agrees as they don't have an alternative. Karthik handles cinematography, Uppi edits the film and Kaushik acts in it. Vivek couldn't get out of his past and gives a sad ending to the film, and later gives up on the project as he fears the negative feedback. Karthik realizes that he is losing everything else for the social status and calls off his marriage. Kaushik gets confidence to act in films and Uppi becomes an editor. After working on a few short films, they start their first feature film, Pelli Choopulu. Cast Vishwak Sen as Vivek (Psycho Vivek) Sai Sushanth Reddy as Karthik Gautham Menon as himself, Cameo Appearance Abhinav Gomatam as Kaushik Venkatesh Kakumanu as Upender/Uppi Anisha Ambrose as Shirley Simran Choudhary as Shilpa Vijay Deverakonda as himself Soundtrack This film has five songs composed by Vivek Sagar and Released By Aditya Music. Release Ee Nagaraniki Emaindi was released worldwide on 28 June 2018. Reception Box Office The film has collected $98,136 from the premiere shows in USA held on Thursday night. On Day 1 on Friday, the film has collected $81,127.The total US box office collection was $179,263. Critical reception The Hindu praised the film and stated "With Ee Nagaraniki Emaindi, Tharun Bhascker Dhaassyam breaks the second-film jinx that hounds many filmmakers who’ve delivered an impressive first film." The Times of India gave 3.5/5 rating and commented that: "Make no mistake, Ee Nagaraniki Emaindi belongs to Tharun Bhascker. The filmmaker’s flair for comedy once again shines through and his dialogues are terrific." 123 Telugu gave 3.25/5 rating and wrote, "With Ee Nagarainiki Emaindi, Tollywood steps into the buddy comedy genre which has been rarely explored. This movie has no great story but is filled with a lot of fun and precious moments which a group of buddies share in real life." The Hans India gave 3/5 rating and wrote, "...is one of the best youthful entertainers in the recent times. On the whole, the film is enjoyable entirely and even makes us emotional in parts." Idlebrain gave 3/5 rating and wrote, "...is a buddy comedy that has good moments and a slow second half!" References External links Category:2018 films Category:2010s Telugu-language films Category:Films shot in Telangana Category:Indian films Category:Indian buddy comedy films Category:2010s buddy comedy films Vishwak Sen Wiki	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Streptomyces radiopugnans Streptomyces radiopugnans is a halotolerant and radiation resistant bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from radiation polluted soil from the Xinjiang Province in China. Further reading See also List of Streptomyces species References External links Type strain of Streptomyces radiopugnans at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase radiopugnans Category:Bacteria described in 2007	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Business Process Management Journal The Business Process Management Journal is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers the field of quality management. The editor-in-chief is Majed Al-Mashari (King Saud University). The journal was established in 1995 as the Business Process Re-engineering & Management Journal and obtained its current title in 1997. It is published by Emerald Group Publishing. The journal is abstracted and indexed in DIALOG, Inspec, ProQuest databases, and Scopus. External links Category:Emerald Group Publishing academic journals Category:English-language journals Category:Business and management journals Category:Publications established in 1995 Category:Bimonthly journals Category:Hybrid open access journals	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ana Díaz Ana Margarita Díaz Aceves (born February 6, 1972), better known as Ana Diaz, is a Mexican composer and singer of contemporary Mexican songs. In her musical style, she mixes sounds like jazz, blues, bossa nova, ballad, pop, Latin music, cumbia and Mexican rhythms, which essentially makes her genre world music. Biography Ana Díaz was born in Oaxaca City. Her mother is from Guadalajara, Jalisco and her father from Sola de Vega, Oaxaca. Her love for music and words comes from them. In her most recent work, Ana has approached the Chilean solteca, a genre native to the region, which she inherited from her father's family, particularly her grandmother. Interested from an early age, she began singing as an adolescent. Years later, she attended the Universidad Intercontinental in Mexico City, where she got a degree in communications. Even though she did not study music formally, Ana dedicated herself to taking private singing lessons. Her first teacher was Nayeli Nesme, Mexican singer-songwriter, whose classes she paid for by singing in religious ceremonies on the weekends. She later moved back to Oaxaca and continued her self-taught musical studies. It was there that she associated with other musicians to form different groups, the most significant ones being the duet formed with Oaxacan singer-songwriter Lorenzo Lopez and that formed with Mexican jazz musician Julio Garcia: Reloj de Arena. With Garcia, she began experimenting with musical genres new to her, such as jazz, funk and blues, also taking her to choral music, traditional music and children's music. In 2004, she took up her work as a soloist again and together with Cuban pianist Nilda Brizuela, she recorded one of her most significant works: Clouds of June. It has been fundamental to Ana to not focus her work on one single genre. She has opted for fusing diverse musical forms that she has come in contact with and using them in each of her CD's and compositions. She is a singer, composer, elementary school teacher and businesswoman. Musical concept Aside from being a performer, Diaz writes part of the repertory she sings. She selects the rest of the material ranging from folkloric pieces from her native Oaxaca and Mexico to standards of jazz, bossa nova, trova, choral music, children's music, blues, Brazilian rhythms, African rhythms and Latin American folklore. She began by singing trova in 1993. Her concept is based on the fusion of diverse sounds and rhythms with palpable influences from Latin music, soft jazz, blues, pop and rock. History Ana was a fellow of the FOESCA grant in 2003 and the PECDA grant in 2010. From the beginning, she has been self-taught. She writes some of the songs she performs with arrangements by musicians like Cuban pianist Nilda Brizuela, jazz musician Julio Garcia and the jazz pianist and guitarist Oscar Rafael Martínez from Oaxaca. Throughout her career, Ana has worked with such artists as Ernesto Anaya, Mexicanto, Tania Libertad, Lila Downs, Fernando Delgadillo, David Haro, Jose Hinojosa, Gerardo Peña, Carlos Porcel Nahuel, Victor Martinez, Geo Meneses, Hector Infanzon, Lorena y Los Alebrijes and Jaramar, among others, on various stages of Oaxaca and the rest of Mexico. Ana Diaz's music has been transmitted by different media such as television and the Oaxacan state radio. In 2004, she presented her album Life Begins via the Internet on the radio program La Hora México, transmitted by Radio Círculo de Madrid in Spain which was presented by Alejandro Aura. In March 2007, an interview with her was aired nationally as part of the program Voices Inside for Radio Educación. She was interviewed for The National Hour, which airs throughout Mexico, in March 2007, introducing the production of Clouds of June. She devotes herself to promoting her work as a singer-songwriter and performer of contemporary popular music or fusion music giving concerts in various places inside and outside of Oaxaca. She promotes and supports several cultural projects such as the children's compositions by Rene Cortes, with whom she created Guess What, Tangerine, in 1998, a proposal of children's songs, which in 2004 allowed them to produce The Little House of the Sun, a collection of three books and a CD premiered with the Symphony Orchestra of Oaxaca. In 2008, she participated in the album It's Time to Learn about Children's Rights, produced by the State DIF in Oaxaca. In recent years, Diaz has collaborated with the Mexican singer Lila Downs to benefit the Guadalupe Musalem Scholarship Fund in Oaxaca City for poor, indigenous women to continue their studies.[3] At the moment, Diaz is working as a composer, since she recently received the Maria Greever grant, given by well-recognized Mexican institutions such as Auditorio Nacional, the Alfredo Harp Helu Foundation and CONACULTA, among others. This same year she received the award for Best Interpretation at the Mexico, Song of my Heart nationwide contest with her song “Arrecifes de Coral”. Concert highlights Among her most important shows are: 2006. Festival of Oaxacan Culture, Oaxaca, Oaxaca 2006. Third Coyoacan Festival, Mexico City 2007. Festival of Oaxacan Culture, Oaxaca, Oaxaca 2007. October Festival in Guadalajara, Jalisco 2007. Ocean Festival, Salina Cruz, Oaxaca 2008. Forum for Oaxacan Creators, Oaxaca, Oaxaca 2008. Autumn in Lagos, Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco 2009. San Marcos Fair, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 2009. Papirolas Festival, Guadalajara, Jalisco 2009. Dominical Route Festival, Teposcolula, Oaxaca 2009. Iztapalapa Christmas Festival, Mexico City 2010. Ortiz Tirado Festival, FAOT, Sonora 2010. Macedonio Alcala Theater Centennial, Oaxaca, Oaxaca 2010. Humanitas Festival, Oaxaca, Oaxaca 2011. May Festivals in Oaxaca 2011, Oaxaca, Oaxaca 2011. Rodolfo Morales Cultural Week, Oaxaca, Oaxaca 2011. Opening of the Pan-American Races, Huatulco, Oaxaca 2011. Opening for Armando Manzanero concert, Oaxaca, Oaxaca 2011. Singing roll in CATRINA, directed by Oaxacan dancer/choreographer Noel Suástegui, with eighty artists on stage Social causes 2002. Listen to the S.O.S., Concert for COESIDA, Oaxaca, Oaxaca 2004. First concert in benefit of Estancia Fraternidad, Oaxaca, Oaxaca 2005. Second concert in benefit of Estancia Fraternidad, Oaxaca, Oaxaca 2007. Concert in benefit of the Rosario Castellanos Women's Space, Oaxaca, Oaxaca 2007. Concert participation in benefit of the Guadalupe Musalem Scholarship Fund along with Lila Downs 2009. Musical evening participation in benefit of the Guadalupe Musalem Scholarship Fund along with Lila Downs 2011. Musical evening participation in benefit of the Guadalupe Musalem Scholarship Fund along with Lila Downs Live collaborations 2003. Participation in Amina Lawal, a dance performed by the Contemporary Ballet of the City of Oaxaca, by choreographer Laura Vera 2011. Participation in the Contemporary Ballet of the City of Oaxaca, by choreographer Laura Vera 2011. San Luis International Fair, with the children's musical group Bandula, San Luis Potosí, Mexico Singing roll in CATRINA, directed by Oaxacan dancer/choreographer Noel Suástegui, with eighty artists on stage Media presence La Hora Nacional (national radio) Animal Nocturno on TV Azteca (national television) Radio Educación (national radio) IMER (national radio) CORTV Oaxaca (local television) La Hora México, Spain Interview for Spain on musicnightinternational.com Various radio programs on the Internet Special program for Radio IRA 13, Bahía Blanca, Argentina El Imparcial (local press) Noticias (local press) Mujeres (local magazine) Discography Studio albums 2002: Recuerdos (Memories), independently produced 2003: La vida que comienza (Life Begins), independently produced 2004: Nubes de junio (Clouds of June), independently produced 2008: Esta noche (Tonight), independently produced Compilation albums 2007: Lo mejor de Ana Díaz (The Best of Ana Diaz), independently produced 2009: Armonía en el Zócalo (Harmony in City Square), produced by the Secretary of Culture and the Arts, Oaxaca State Government Collaborations 2000: La Luna (The Moon), CD by Italian singer-songwriter Daniel Semprini, independently produced 2003: La Casita del Sol (The Little House of the Sun), songs by Rene Cortes, produced by Editorial Porrua 2007: Es tiempo de aprender los derechos de los niños (It's Time to Learn about Children's Rights), produced by the DIF Oaxaca 2010: Canta, Oaxaca, y llora (Sing, Oaxaca, and Cry), produced by the Rotary Club of Oaxaca 2011: Chulita de mi alma (Precious Soul-Child), independently produced 2013: "La La La" ("FEEL" album) by Japanese pop-singer Namie Amuro (lyrics & music) References External links Category:Living people Category:Mexican female singers Category:People from Oaxaca City Category:Singers from Oaxaca Category:1972 births Category:21st-century Mexican singers Category:21st-century women singers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Heinz-Herbert Noll Heinz-Herbert Noll (born 1 January 1949) is a German sociologist. Education Noll studied sociology, economics, social policy and statistics at the Goethe University Frankfurt. After the diploma in sociology he wrote a dissertation at the chair of Wolfgang Zapf at the University of Mannheim and received his philosophers degree (Dr. phil.) in 1981 with a thesis on "Occupational Chances and Working Conditions: A Social Report for the Federal Republic of Germany 1950–1980“ („Beschäftigungschancen und Arbeitsbedingungen: Ein Sozialbericht für die Bundesrepublik 1950–1980“) (1982). Profession Research From 1981 to 1987 Noll was scientific member of the SPES-project and the Special Research Group 3 „Microanalytic Foundations of Societal Policies“ (Sonderforschungsbereich 3 „Mikroanalytische Grundlagen der Gesellschaftspolitik“) (Sfb3); afterwards he became project director and director of a research area of the Sfb 3. During this time he specialized in the field of labour market sociology and wrote a dissertation within this realm. In 1987 he became head of the newly created „Department for Social Indicators“ („Abteilung Soziale Indikatoren“) of ZUMA (today GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences). The main task of this research group consists in the permanent institutionalization of welfare research and of social reporting for Germany as a scientific basic service. Over several years, diverse activities developed from this general purpose. These consist in: to continue and update the SPES „Social Indicator Table“ for Germany to organize seminaries and workshops in social indicators research to contribute to the „Data Report“ („Datenreport“) to edit a Newsletter or „Information Service Social Indicators“ („Informationsdienst soziale Indikatoren“) scientific counselling and writing of expert opinions international co-operation, as e.g. in the International Society for Quality of Life Studies (ISQLS) to organize research projects, as, for example of a project to develop a system of European social indicators Teaching Noll taught at the Universities of Mannheim and Heidelberg, the University of Tartu, the Université Fribourg, the Università degli Studi di Firenze and the École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique in Paris. In addition he was offered guest professorships from several foreign research institutes and universities. Honorary offices Noll was called into several scientific and policy advisory bodies, for example as a speaker of the "Section of Social Indicators" ("Sektion Soziale Indikatoren") of the German Sociological Association (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Soziologie, DGS) or president of the ISA-Research Committee 55 "Social Indicators". Finally until 2012 he was president of the International Society for Quality of Life Studies (ISQLS). Noll furthermore held positions as a councillor in various research projects and was member of the Editorial boards of journals like Social Indicators Research, Current Sociology and Applied Research in Quality of Life Scientific importance Nollʼs sociological significance consists in institutionalizing the earlier work done by his teacher Wolfgang Zapf and his colleagues in SPES and Sfb 3: by doing this, Noll, in international comparison, saved Germany a prominent ranking place in the scale of social reporting intensity. This way, Germany became one of the leading actors in this field of applied sociology. In addition, Noll contributed to disseminate knowledge of social indicators on the European level, by this way encouraging attempts by Eurostat and the European Commission to make social reporeting a permanent task at the level of European Union authorities. Publications Books (author, co-author, editor) (1982), Beschäftigungschancen und Arbeitsbedingungen: Ein Sozialbericht für die Bundesrepublik 1950–1980. Frankfurt and New York: Campus. (Mannheim University, dissertation, 1981). (Schriftenreihe Sonderforschungsbereich 3 Mikroanalytische Grundlagen der Gesellschaftspolitik, vol. 9). (together with Wolfgang Glatzer, co-author), ed. (1992), Lebensverhältnisse in Deutschland: Ungleichheit und Angleichung. Frankfurt and New York: Campus. (Soziale Indikatoren, vol. 16). ed. (1993), System sozialer Indikatoren für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Zeitreihen 1950–1991; Tabellenband. Mannheim: Zentrum für Umfragen, Methoden und Analysen, Department Soziale Indikatoren. (Eine ZUMA-Publikation). (together with Roland Habich) (1994), Soziale Indikatoren und Sozialberichterstattung: internationale Erfahrungen und gegenwärtiger Forschungsstand; Expertise. Berne: Bundesamt für Statistik. (Bundesamt für Statistik, Statistik der Schweiz, 16: Kultur, Lebensbedingungen, Sport). (co-author and ed.) (1997), Sozialberichterstattung in Deutschland: Konzepte, Methoden und Ergebnisse für Lebensbereiche und Bevölkerungsgruppen. Weinheim et al.: Juventa-Verlag. (Grundlagentexte Soziologie). (together with Roland Habich, co-author), ed. (2000), Vom Zusammenwachsen einer Gesellschaft: Analysen zur Angleichung der Lebensverhältnisse in Deutschland. Frankfurt and New York: Campus. (Soziale Indikatoren, vol. 21). (together with Yannick Lemel, co-author), ed. (2002), Changing Structures of Social Inequality: A Comparative Perspective. Montreal et al.: McGill-Queenʼs University Press. (Comparative Charting of Social Change). Journal articles, chapters in edited volumes (1990), Lebensqualität in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Methoden der Messung und ausgewählte Ergebnisse. In: Evangelische Akademie Baden; Ulrich Duchrow, eds, Protokoll einer Konsultation der Evangelischen Akademie Baden am 29./30. September 1989 im August-Winnig-Haus, Wilhelmsfeld. Karlsruhe, 26–33. (1997), Sozialberichterstattung: Zielsetzungen, Funktionen und Formen. In: ibidem, ed., Sozialberichterstattung in Deutschland: Konzepte, Methoden und Ergebnisse für Lebensbereiche und Bevölkerungsgruppen. Weinheim et al.: Juventa-Verlag, 7–16. (Grundlagentexte Soziologie). (1999), Die Perspektive der Sozialberichterstattung. In: Peter Flora, ed., Sozialberichterstattung und Sozialstaatsbeobachtung: individuelle Wohlfahrt und wohlfahrtsstaatliche Institutionen im Spiegel empirischer Analysen. Frankfurt and New York: Campus, 13–28. (Soziale Indikatoren, vol. 20). (2002), Globale Wohlfahrtsmaße als Instrumente der Wohlfahrtsmessung und Sozialberichterstattung: Funktionen, Ansätze und Probleme. In: Wolfgang Glatzer, ed., Sozialer Wandel und gesellschaftliche Dauerbeobachtung. [Festschrift für Wolfgang Zapf]. Opladen: Leske and Budrich, 317–35. (2003), Sozialindikatorenforschung und Sozialberichterstattung: Ziele, Ergebnisse und aktuelle Entwicklungen. In: Barbara Orth, Thomas Schwietring et al., eds., Soziologische Forschung: Stand und Perspektiven: Ein Handbuch. Opladen: Leske and Budrich, 449–66. Working papers, expert opinions, hectographs Noll wrote numerous contributions to the Informationsdienst soziale Indikatoren (Information Service Social Indicators) (Mannheim: GESIS) which are not listed here individually. Please confer the entries under Journal editor and External links. (ca. 1977), Soziale Indikatoren der Beschäftigung: Daten für eine zielorientierte Politik. Frankfurt am Main. (SPES, no. 74). (1979), Kriterien und Mechanismen der beruflichen Plazierung: ein Aspekt der Wohlfahrtsproduktion. Frankfurt am Main: Johann Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität. (Sonderforschungsbereich 3, Working Paper, no. 7). (1982), Determinanten der Wiederbeschäftigung von Arbeitslosen: eine multivariate Analyse von Survey-Daten. Frankfurt am Main: Johann Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität. (Sonderforschungsbereich 3, Working Paper, no. 81). (1983), Probleme des Berufseintritts von Jugendlichen im Kontext der Entwicklungen auf dem Lehrstellenmarkt: Vortrag, gehalten in der Reihe Akademischer Winter 1982/83 der Stadt, Universität und der Abendakademie Mannheim: Perspektiven und Probleme der Beschäftigungspolitik in den 80er Jahren. Frankfurt am Main: Johann Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität. (Sonderforschungsbereich 3, Working Paper, no. 100). (1985), Weiterbildung und Berufsverlauf: Empirische Analyse zum Weiterbildungsverhalten von Erwerbstätigen in der Bundesrepublik. Frankfurt am Main: Johann Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität. (Sonderforschungsbereich 3, Working Paper, no. 177). (together with Walter Müller) (2003), Arbeit und Sozialstruktur. Mannheim: Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung. (MZES Working Papers, Arbeitsbereich I, no. 13). (1999), New Structures of Inequality: Some Trends of Social Change in Modernized Societies. Berlin: WZB. (Veröffentlichungen der Abteilung Sozialstruktur und Sozialberichterstattung des Forschungsschwerpunktes Sozialer Wandel, Institutionen und Vermittlungsprozesse des Wissenschaftszentrums Berlin für Sozialforschung, no. 99/405). (1999), Konzepte der Wohlfahrtsentwicklung: Lebensqualität und „neue“ Wohlfahrtskonzepte. Mannheim: Zuma. (EuReporting Working Paper, no. 3). With the same title published as: Working Paper of the WZB, Berlin 2000 (Veröffentlichungsreihe der Querschnittsgruppe Arbeit und Ökologie des Wissenschaftszentrums Berlin für Sozialforschung, no. 00/505). (together with Regina Berger-Schmitt) (2000), Conceptual Framework and Structure of a European System of Social Indicators. Mannheim: Zuma. (EuReporting Working Paper, no. 9). Journal editor Informationsdienst soziale Indikatoren (Information Service Social Indicators). Mannheim: GESIS, ISSN 0935-218X. References External links Site of Heinz-Herbert Noll at GESIS Category:German academics Category:Goethe University Frankfurt alumni Category:University of Mannheim faculty Category:Living people Category:1949 births	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Chersobius Chersobius is a genus of tiny tortoises in the family Testudinidae, endemic to southern Africa. The genus includes the smallest tortoises in the world. All three species were previously assigned to the genus Homopus. Naming As a group, these closely related species are commonly known in Europe and Africa as padlopers (originally meaning "path-walkers" in Afrikaans), due to their habit of making tiny pathways through vegetation. In other parts of the world, such as the United States, they are known as Cape tortoises. Distribution The genus is indigenous and endemic to southern Africa, one within South Africa, one only in Namibia, and one possibly spanning across the border region of both countries. Species The genus contains these species: C. boulengeri (Karoo padloper or Boulenger's cape tortoise), of the Karoo region C. signatus (speckled padloper or speckled tortoise), of the South African west coast region, the smallest tortoise species in the world C. solus (Nama padloper or Berger's cape tortoise, previously H. bergeri), of southern Namibia Conservation and captivity They are threatened by habitat destruction, traffic on roads, overgrazing, and poaching for the pet trade. Among the Chersobius species, C. signatus adapts well to captivity, as their diets are not highly specialized. The others do not generally survive well in captivity unless some effort is made to supply them with their natural food, that is, endemic plants from the Cape/Karoo regions. Many are taken from their natural habitat each year, and subsequently die as a result, as they do not readily adapt to typical captive diets and environment change. However, they can be very hardy in captivity, and most problems with captive care are caused by faulty nutrition, high humidity, or bad husbandry. References Category:Turtles of Africa Category:Reptiles of South Africa Category:Turtle genera Category:Taxa named by Leopold Fitzinger	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of members of the European Parliament for the Netherlands, 2004–09 This is a list of Members of the European Parliament for the Netherlands in the 2004 to 2009 session, ordered by name and by party. Party representation Mutations 2004 10 June: Election for the European Parliament in the Netherlands. 20 July: Beginning of the 6th European Parliament session. (2004-2009) 2005 April: Els de Groen leaves the Europe Transparent party and continues as an independent. She does remain part of the Greens–European Free Alliance group. 2007 22 February: Camiel Eurlings (CDA) leaves the European Parliament, because he became a minister in the Fourth Balkenende cabinet. 1 March: Joop Post (CDA) is installed in the European Parliament as a replacement for Camiel Eurlings. 10 April: Albert Jan Maat (CDA) leaves the European Parliament, because he became the chairman for LTO Nederland. 12 April: Esther de Lange (CDA) is installed in the European Parliament as a replacement for Albert Jan Maat. 1 September: Max van den Berg (PvdA) leaves the European Parliament, because he became a King's Commissioner in Groningen. 4 September: Lily Jacobs (PvdA) is installed in the European Parliament as a replacement for Max van den Berg. 16 October: Joop Post (CDA) leaves the European Parliament, because of a scandal with an investment project. 17 October: Cornelis Visser (CDA) is installed in the European Parliament as a replacement for Joop Post. 2008 20 April: Edith Mastenbroek (PvdA) leaves the European Parliament, because of health issues. 8 May: Jan Cremers (PvdA) is installed in the European Parliament as a replacement for Edith Mastenbroek. Alphabetical By party On the Christian Democratic Appeal list: (EPP-ED Group) Bert Doorn Camiel Eurlings (top candidate) (replaced by: Joop Post) Albert-Jan Maat (replaced by: Esther de Lange) Maria Martens Lambert van Nistelrooij Ria Oomen-Ruijten Corien Wortmann-Kool Esther de Lange Joop Post (replaced by: Cornelis Visser) Cornelis Visser On the Labour Party list: (PES) Max van den Berg (top candidate) (replaced by: Lily Jacobs) Thijs Berman Emine Bozkurt Ieke van den Burg Dorette Corbey Edith Mastenbroek (replaced by: Jan Cremers) Jan-Marinus Wiersma Jan Cremers Lily Jacobs On the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy list: (ALDE) Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert Jules Maaten (top candidate) Toine Manders Jan Mulder On the GreenLeft list: (Greens-EFA) Kathalijne Buitenweg (top candidate) Joost Lagendijk On the Europe Transparent list: (Greens-EFA) Paul van Buitenen (top candidate) Els de Groen On the Socialist Party list: (EUL/NGL) Kartika Liotard Erik Meijer (top candidate) On the Christian Union – Reformed Political Party list: (IND&DEM) Hans Blokland (Christian Union) (top candidate) Bas Belder (Reformed Political Party) On the Democrats 66 list: (ALDE) Sophie in 't Veld (top candidate) Independent: (left their party delegation at some point during this European 2004-09 session.) Els de Groen References 2004 Netherlands *List	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2002–03 Polish Volleyball League 2002–03 Polish Volleyball League is the 67th season of Polish Championship (3rd season as professional league) organized by Professional Volleyball League SA () under the supervision of Polish Volleyball Federation (). GTPS Gorzów Wielkopolski and Polska Energia Sosnowiec were promoted to Polish Volleyball League in this season. In season 2002/2003 Mostostal-Azoty Kędzierzyn-Koźle and Galaxia AZS Częstochowa have been played in CEV Champions League, Skra Bełchatów, Gwardia Wrocław and Jastrzębie Borynia played in the CEV Challenge Cup. Mostostal-Azoty Kędzierzyn-Koźle achieved 5th title of Polish Champion. Final standing References Category:Polish Championship of men's volleyball seasons	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Peter Larsen Peter Larsen may refer to: Peter Laurentius Larsen (1833–1915), Norwegian-American educator and founding president of Luther College Peter Orry Larsen (born 1990), Norwegian footballer Peter Thal Larsen, Dutch journalist Peter Larsen, former Minister for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries of Denmark Peter Larsen (media scholar) (born 1943), professor of media studies Peter Larsen (wrestler) (1904-1985), Danish Olympic wrestler See also Larsen (surname) Peter Larsson (disambiguation) Peter Larson (disambiguation)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1876 Northwestern University football team The 1876 Northwestern University football team represented Northwestern University during the 1876 college football season. The first Northwestern football team played one game, losing to the Chicago Football Club with two goals from touchdown and three touchdowns scored. Schedule References Northwestern Purple Category:Northwestern Wildcats football seasons Northwestern Purple football	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Unaiuba bruchi Unaiuba bruchi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Melzer in 1927. References Category:Clytini Category:Beetles described in 1927	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Signals intelligence operational platforms by nation This article is a subset article under the main article Signals intelligence, which addresses the unifying conceptual and technical factors and common technologies in this intelligence discipline. This article deals with current signals intelligence collection equipment by nation, including fixed and mobile ground stations, ships, submarines, aircraft and satellites. See Signals intelligence by alliances, nations and industries for the organization of SIGINT activities, and for context, see Signals intelligence in modern history. For a complete hierarchical list of articles, see the intelligence cycle management hierarchy. Signals intelligence operational platforms are employed by nations to collect signals intelligence, which is intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether between people (i.e., COMINT or communications intelligence) or between machines (i.e., ELINT or electronic intelligence), or mixtures of the two. As sensitive information is often encrypted, signals intelligence often involves the use of cryptanalysis. However, traffic analysis—the study of who is signalling whom and in what quantity—can often produce valuable information, even when the messages themselves cannot be decrypted. Ground platforms It can be difficult to draw the line between a ground-based SIGINT receiving station, and facilities that have control, coordination, and processing functions in the "bigger picture" of signals intelligence. Many stations, for the countries with stations in many parts of the world, do have both aspects. There are also some that are clearly intercept only. The first signals intelligence platforms were listening stations on the ground. Early tactical stations were in use as early as World War I, but permanent strategic signals intelligence stations were established as world tensions grew before WWII. Arguably, one combined intercept and jamming technique of WWI was the use of shotguns against carrier pigeons, followed by reading the message attached to the bird. While pigeons can probably be safe, other collection techniques may enjoy a resurgence. One specialized technique, originally used in the First World War but again in the Korean War, was interception using ground return from wired telephones. In mountainous terrain, it might again have applications, such as Afghan caves where wire might be run without the danger of free-space interception. Satellite communications generally must be intercepted by large parabolic antennas on the ground, although there are possibilities that aircraft, intelligence satellites, and ships might also intercept. "To receive satellite signals ... only parabolic antennas are used. If the parabolic antennas are standing on an open site, it is possible to calculate on the basis of their position, their elevation and their compass (azimuth) angle which satellite is being received. This is possible, for example, in Morwenstow (UK), Yakima (USA) or Sugar Grove (USA)." Australia: Ground platforms The current (2019) Joint Military Communications Ground Station (JMCGS) is a SIGnals INTelligence intercept facility located at Kojarena appx 15 Mi east north east of Geraldton, Western Australia. The facility has been built in the early 1990s and originally manned by AUS defence personnel, later augmented by UK personnel previously assigned to Hong Kong. In 2007 the AUS and US authorities approved a Memorandum Of Understanding (MOU) stipulating the expansion and future rules of cooperation for the JMCGS. The new facility, becoming ops in 2010, is equipped with 4 large 25m radomes covering dish antennas intended to monitor and intercept voice and metadata SATtellite COMmunications. The other antennas, a 15m radome and 7 uncovered smaller dishes, are intended for the fully automated US naval Mobile User Objective System, a new 'next generation' narrowband networked satellite constellation for Ultra-High-Frequency satellite communications enabling secure all-weather and all-terrain 3 and 4G mobile telecommunications. The JMCGS is controlled by the Australian Signals Directorate (ASD) and is being operated under the UKUSA agreement meaning that all data obtained is being shared with the NSA. The Joint Defence Facility Pine Gap (JDFPG) a.k.a. Pine Gap facility is located appx 12 Mi west south west of Alice Springs, Northern Territory. JDFPG has been established in 1966, originally as a satelleite relay station becoming ops in 1970 as US-Australian NAVDET Combined Support Group with appx 100 AUS and US military personnel. In 1989 the unit has been renamed Joint Defense Space Research Facility, Pine Gap, in 1998 becoming US Naval Security Group Detachment, Alice Springs and in 2005 becoming Navy Information Operations Detachment (NIOD) Alice Springs, Australia. Currently (2019) NIOD Alice Springs strength is appx 700 AUS and US military and it is operating as an Echelon IV station subordinate to NIOC Maryland (CTF 1060). The JDFPG is currently equipped with 6 large radomes and 13 small radomes and uncovered dishes intended for military and civilian SATCOM, cellphone and internet voice and metadata interception. JDFPG is also being controlled by the Australian Signals Directorate (ASD) and is being operated under the UKUSA agreement. Former press and media statements that the facility is being operated by the CIA have never been confirmed; there is no proof of US civilian presence at JDFPG. The Joint Defence Facility Nurrungar (JDFN), located appx 9 Mi south of Woomera, South Australia, was a groundstation operated by the Australian Department of Defence and the USAF. Its official mission was space-based surveillance, in particular early warning for ICBM launches and nuclear detonations using US Defense Support Program satellites in geostationary orbits. Nurrungar derives from an aboriginal term meaning "listen". JDFN has been ops from 1969 through to its closure in 1999. The Department of Defence Receiving Station Shoal Bay is located appx 12 Mi north east of Darwin, Northern Territory. Shoal Bay is being controlled and operated by the Australian Signals Directorate (ASD) and its mission is SATCOM interception as well as interception of high frequency signals. It has a staff of 85 military and civilian personnel and is currently (2019) equipped with 14 dish antennas. Cuba: Ground platforms While Cuba had traditionally been a Soviet client, it both has been developing indigenous capabilities, including equipment design and manufacture, as well as having Chinese-operated stations on its soil. Within the Cuban intelligence ministry, a Counter-Electronic Warfare Department was established in 1997, at the same level as the Technical Department and the Foreign Intelligence) Department. In 1992, a tactically oriented Counter-Electronic Warfare Department was created. The national intelligence organization also runs electronic warfare and SIGINT for the Air Force and Navy. Russia and China, at various times, have operated or are operating intercept stations in Cuba. The largest and best-known, Lourdes SIGINT Station, was shut down by Russia in 2001, along with the Russian station at Cam Ranh Bay, Vietnam. Of the additional bases are in Cuba, two of which are operated by China: Bejucal Yaguajay Santiago de Cuba Paseo Chinese personnel, in 1998, began operating the Bejucal and Santiago de Cuba facilities. The first seems concerned with intercepting US telephone communications and data traffic, while the second appears aimed at US military satellites One is a large complex at Bejucal, just south of Havana, which has ten SATCOM antennas, and which is primarily concerned with intercepting telephone communications in the US. A 'cyber-warfare' unit at the station focuses on computer data traffic. The second is located northeast of Santiago de Cuba at the easternmost part of the country and is 'dedicated mainly to intercepting U.S. military satellite communications'. France: ground platforms France: strategic ground platforms The technical department of the French espionage service, DGSE, operates a major communications satellite collection site at Domme, in the Dordogne valley to the east of Bordeaux, in south-western France. This site, which includes at least 11 collection antennas, seven of them directed at Atlantic satellites, is clearly as extensive and capable as sites in the UKUSA network. Reports by journalists, cited in the European Parliament report, confirm the Domme installation, and also a facility at Alluetts-le-Roi near Paris. There were also reports of stations in Kourou in French Guyana and in Mayotte. France: tactical ground platforms At the tactical force protection levels, Thales was awarded a contract to build SAEC (Station d'Appui Electronique de Contact) force protection stations, by the French defence procurement agency (DGA). The contract was awarded in 2004 and initial operational capability is expected by 2007. The SAEC is an armored vehicle carrying ELINT and the Thales XPLORER COMINT to complement EW platforms. It will have wideband acquisition, direction-finding and analysis sensors, for real-time monitoring and recording for subsequent analysis. It can operate standalone, or network using VHF (PR4G) and HF (TRC3700) communication systems for networking with other SAEC and the SGEA higher level EW system. SGEA will do intelligence fusion, including from UAV-carried sensor, and coordinate with electronic attack. Germany: ground platforms Germany: strategic ground platforms Germany operates a strategic ground station at the Kommando Strategische Aufklärung (Strategic Reconnaissance Command) of the Bundeswehr, in Gelsdorf, which is responsible for controlling Germany's SAR Lupe and its replacement, the SARah, system and analysing the retrieved data. A large data archive of images will be kept in a former Cold War bunker. Its data is shared with the Bundesnachrichtendienst BND. Germany: tactical ground platforms Germany operates several tactical ground platforms for SIGINT gathering. Bad Aibling: ex US Army SIGINT now BND Satcom and cellular monitoring Bramstedtlund: BND directionfinder Butzbach: BND directionfinder Gablingen: ex US Army SIGINT now BND directionfinder Hof: ex US Army SIGINT now BND Satcom intercept Langen: ex USAF Rhein/Main site now BND cellular monitoring Rheinhausen: BND Satcom intercept Schöningen: BND Satcom intercept Übersee: BND directionfinder . New Zealand: ground platforms During the Second World War, New Zealand established seven radio interception stations to support the Anglo-American war effort against Japan. These seven stations and their Wellington intelligence headquarters were linked to the Allied analysis centres in Australia. In 1949, the Royal New Zealand Navy established a permanent radio-receiving station called NR1 (Navy Receiver 1), which was located south of Waiouru. NR1 was situated beside the Navy's main radio receiving Station, NR2. NR1 operated for thirty-three years until being closed down in 1982. On February 15, 1955, the New Zealand Combined Signals Organization (NZCSO) was established to collect signals intelligence and to operate the NR1 station. Between 1955 and 1974, New Zealand signal officers were also regularly posted to a secret interception station in Singapore which was jointly run by Britain and Australia. According to the peace researcher and journalist Nicky Hager, this station was used to support British and later American military operations in Southeast Asia. As of 2013, New Zealand has two ground-based signals intelligence stations at Tangimoana in the North Island's Manawatu-Wanganui region and the Waihopai Valley in the South Island's Marlborough region. These two stations are currently run and operated by the Government Communications Security Bureau, the successor to the NZCSO and New Zealand's main signals intelligence agency which was established in 1977. The GCSB is also member of the five-member UKUSA Agreement, which also includes the SIGINT intelligence services of the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada and Australia. The Tangimoana Station was built in 1981 by the Third National Government and began operations in 1983. Its existence was first revealed by the peace activist Owen Wilkes and subsequently confirmed by the National Party Prime Minister Robert Muldoon in June 1984. Meanwhile, the Waihopai Station was built by the Fourth Labour Government in April 1988 and began operations on September 8, 1989. According to Nicky Hager, the Waihopai Station was established to operate in tandem with the Australian Defence Satellite Communications Station near Geraldton in Western Australia. According to the academic Teresia Teaiwa, New Zealand, as part of the UKUSA alliance, collected and analyzed low frequency radio and international satellite communications from the South Pacific region. Known targets have included Vanuatu, the French overseas departments of New Caledonia and French Polynesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Tonga, Tuvalu, and the Solomon Islands. Besides Pacific governments, other targets have included non-UKUSA diplomatic missions businesses, and international organizations operating in the South Pacific. According to Hager, the GCSB's ground-based signal stations have in the past intercepted a wide range of foreign electronic communications including Japanese diplomatic cables, French military activities and nuclear weapons testing in the South Pacific, Pacific states' military maneuvers and trade agreements with the Soviet Union, and Russian/Soviet ships in the region and research bases in Antarctica. Russia: ground platforms Russia: strategic ground platforms Russia closed its major ground collection stations at Lourdes in Cuba and Cam Ranh Bay in Vietnam. Stations remain at the Ras Karma Military Airbase, near QaDub on Socotra Island in Yemen, across the Red Sea to Somalia, and at the mouth of the Gulf of Aden in the Indian Ocean. An inactive station at Ramona in North Korea may reopen. Russia: tactical ground platforms Arbalet-M is mentioned in Russian literature as a portable direction-finding and electronic attack system used in the Second Chechen War. Turkey: ground platform After 17–25 December Operations against government, existence of Genelkurmay Elektronik Sistemler (General Staff Electronic Systems) revealed. In 2012 institution assigned to MIT(National Intelligence Agency). United Kingdom: ground platforms United Kingdom: strategic ground platforms Journalist Duncan Campbell alleges that Ayios Nikolaos Station on Cyprus is a British SigInt collection installation. He further alleges that GCHQ Bude in Cornwall is also a SigInt collection system associated with the Echelon network. United States: ground platforms That TENCAP and TIARA complement one another, and benefit tactical and strategic units. United States: strategic ground platforms NSA, with NRO cooperation, operates a number of National Security Agency/Central Security Service (NSA/CSS) sites and other support activities. Europe Germany Bad Aibling. After deactivation in 2004 area handed over to the German authorities. Bundeswehr installed a communications unit on the premises using most of the antennas and several buildings. They are converted into a Technological Park. Current status: Bundesheer Bundesnachrichtendienst and various civil investment groups. Dagger Complex. The INSCOM European Cryptologic Center (ECC) - Darmstadt, also comprising the ICEBOX facility at 49°51'20"N 8°35'12" E and the TENCAP facility at 49°51'18"N 8°35'43"E. All are assigned 66th Military Intelligence Brigade - Wiesbaden. Consolidated Intelligence Center - Wiesbaden, Germany United Kingdom GCHQ Bude - Morwenstow, United Kingdom RAF Menwith Hill, United Kingdom Australia Geraldton Pine Gap Shoal Bay Asia Misawa Air Force Base, Japan (USMC Support Company E) North America NSA/CSS Colorado NSA/CSS Georgia NSA/CSS Hawaii The Marine units report National SIGINT Operations Center at NSA headquarters at Ft. Meade, MD. These facilities often have both a SIGINT receiving and a higher-level management and control function. Jeffrey Richelson, for the George Washington University National Security Archive, links the Air Force's 544th Intelligence Group with ECHELON operations. He places its Detachment 2 located at Sabana Seca, Puerto Rico; Detachment 3 at Sugar Grove, West Virginia; and Detachment 4 at Yakima, Washington. In the 1994 Air Intelligence Agency (AIA) history, Misawa is specifically associated with ECHELON only in the context of a collection system called LADYLOVE. Misawa, although many of its SIGINT units were deactivated in 2000–2001, still had an RSOC coordination role. The AIA history says the "Misawa LADYLOVE activity was initiated during the Cold War to intercept Soviet military communications transmitted via satellite—along with similar operations at Menwith Hill, UK; Bad Aibling, Germany; and Rosman, North Carolina." According to Duncan Campbell, "In 1999, the Sabana Seca field station appeared to have at least four radomes for satellite communications, one located beside an existing high frequency interception system targeted on Cuban radio communications." According to Richelson, this is the assignment of Detachment 2 of the 544th Intelligence Group. The Naval Security Group Activity (NAVSECGRUACT) at Sugar Grove, West Virginia, has missions defined including "maintaining and operating an ECHELON site". Detachment 3 of the US Air Force 544th Intelligence Group is a tenant at Sugar Grove, and the 544th has been associated with ECHELON activities. While the main subordinate command at Sugar Grove is redacted, it would appear, given the presence of large satellite antennas at Sugar Grove, but it not appearing in lists of NSOCs, that it is principally an intercept facility. Campbell associates Sugar Grove with NSA programs called TIMBERLINE, LANFORD, LATERAL, and SALUTE. The Yakima site, home of Detachment 4 of the 544th, is considered an ECHELON site: "Six satellite antennas have been installed on the site [they are claimed to be] trained on INTELSAT satellites over the Pacific (two satellite antennas) and INTELSAT satellites over the Atlantic, and on INMARSAT Satellite 2. "The fact that Yakima was established at the same time as the first generation of INTELSAT satellites went into orbit, and the general description of the tasks of the 544th Intelligence Group, suggest that the station has a role in global communications surveillance. A further clue is provided by Yakima's proximity to a normal satellite receiving station, which lies to the north." United States: tactical ground systems Some systems are used at land stations of all services. AN/TSQ-190(V) TROJAN SPIRIT II (TS II) is a mobile SHF satellite communications (SATCOM) system that uses commercial or military satellites to receive, transmit, and process secure, voice, data, video teleconferencing (VTC), and facsimile communications. It provides 14 channels of digital voice or data, to intelligence (SCI) or general military (GENSER) with a maximum aggregate data rate of 1.544 megabits per second (Mbit/s). LAN communications are supported by SCI and GENSER ethernets. Routers provide access to the SIPRNET, JWICS, NSA networks, and the defense SATCOM system, as needed for coordinating MAGTF SIGINT and other intelligence operations. The system fits into 3 HMMWVs with mounted standard integrated command postlightweight multipurpose shelters, tunnel-mounted power generation units, and towed 2.4 meter (C, Kuband) and 6.1 meter (C, Ku, X-band) antennas. TROJAN SPIRIT II is being replaced by AN/TSQ-226(V)TROJAN SPIRIT LITE. The TROJAN SPIRIT LITE is fielded in three versions: (V)1 -a commercial off-the-shelf version in a transit case configuration used to augment Military Intelligence dissemination and communications requirements primarily at corps and division, and some EAC (V)2) for the Marines (V)2-SBCT (pallet, shelter, ECV, trailer) for Army Brigade Combat Teams (V)3 is similar to (V)2 but adds an additional shelter and workstation. (V)4 for Echelons above Corps Both TROJAN SPIRIT II and TROJAN SPIRIT LITE will transition to the Warfighter Information Network-Tactical (WIN-T). US Army: tactical ground stations While some may call "Transformation of the United States Army" a "buzzword", the idea reflects some very major changes. Among the most basic is moving away from the Division as the fundamental unit of action, and moving to smaller and more flexible Brigade combat teams (BCT). As a very basic part of those changes, not only are considerably more intelligence assets being assigned to the BCTs, but to larger army formations. In both these cases, SIGINT represents a very major portion of the growth in assets. Each combat BCT has an organic military intelligence (MI) company, with improved SIGINT capability. In addition, five battlefield surveillance brigades (BfSB), of which an MI Collection Battalion is the core element, are being formed. Each of those battalions is 1/3 SIGINT; the Army expects to have more than 7,000 new MI soldiers by 2013. Prophet Block I began rolling out in 1999–2000, and was operational in Afghanistan. It replaced the AN/TSQ-138 Trailblazer, AN/TRQ-32 Teammate, AN/TLQ-17A Trafficjam, and the AN/PRD-12 systems. The system will be getting incremental improvements, which reflect both improvements in technology and in military organizational structure . At the time of initial operational capability, the assumption was that PROPHET would be issued six systems per division, four per armored cavalry regiment (ACR), three per Initial Brigade Combat Team (IBCT). Tasking for Prophet will come from primarily from the division-level Analysis and Control Element, modified by brigade-specific priorities and then send them to the Prophet via SINCGARS radio. Physically, the basic Prophet platform is built around a mounted AN/PRD-13(V)2 direction-finding (DF) system designed to provide force protection in a DS role to the maneuver brigade. This system operates in the HF, VHF and UHF spectra. It provides line-of-bearing (LOB) data and intercept on unencrypted, single-channel push-to-talk transmissions. It can be put into subassemblies that can be carried by a four-man team individual soldiers, although the more common deployment will be in an M1097 HMMWV. In the vehicle-mounted variant, it can operate while moving; the vehicle also has racks for two AN/VRC-92 SINCGARS Combat Net Radios with backpacks, and carries an antenna mast and other equipment. Tactical communications, not just for SIGINT, are "flattening", such that units do not just report up their chain of command, but to adjacent units. One of the rationales for doing so is that a combat unit can see an opportunity and move against it, without it being misidentified by a neighboring unit and being engaged with "friendly fire." Prophet Block II adds electronic attack (EA) capability to Prophet, while Block III upgrades the Prophet receiver to collect against advanced and special signals. These enhancements will be coordinated with UAVs and tactical aircraft with expanded SIGINT capability. Blocks IV (expected IOC 2008) and V (expected IOC 2015) add MASINT along with micro-and robotic receivers to the Prophet Ground system. MASINT will include ground surveillance radars (PPSSD) and the Improved—Remotely Monitored Battlefield Sensor System (I-REMBASS) aboard a shelter-mounted HMMWV. Prophet, with the I-REMBASS monitoring system, will form the Ground Sensor Platoon of the brigade combat team Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition (RSTA) Squadron. Prophet Air will begin in a UAV. For SIGINT operations, the basic US Marine augmentation to Force Recon is a 6-man detachment from a Radio Reconnaissance Platoon. There is a SIGINT platoon within the Intelligence Company of the new Marine Special Operations Support Group. Army Special Forces have the Special Operations Team-Alpha that can operate with an SF team, or independently. This is a low-level collection team, which typically has four personnel . Their primary equipment is the AN/PRD-13 SOF SIGINT Manpack System (SSMS), with capabilities including direction-finding capability from 2 MHz to 2 GHz, and monitoring from 1 to 1400 MHz. US Marine Corps: tactical ground stations Subordinate to Radio Battalions, US Marines have a multifunction AN/MLQ-36 Mobile Electronic Warfare Support System that gives the operators limited armor protection. It contains Two WJ-8618B(S1) acquisition receivers and a WJ-32850 MANTIS DF system which, together, provide signal intercept and radio direction finding One AN/ULQl9(V) electronic attack set a secure communications system, an intercom system installed logistics variant of the light armored vehicle (LAV)-25 The AN/PRD-12 is a tactical, man-transportable system that provides search, intercept, and DF on communications signals in the HF/VHF/UHF bands. Up to four PRD-12 stations can be networked, providing DF data to a mission control station via radio link with single-channel ground and airborne radio system (SINCGARS) equipment. Any of the four stations can act as mission control. Assigned 1 per Marine Division, 1 per Marine Air Wing, and one per Radio Battalion, the AN/MSC-63A is a shelterized communications switch that provides a secure semiautomated data communications switch and terminals for the processing of general service (GENSER) or defense special security communications system (DSSCS) sensitive compartmented information (SCI) record message traffic. The AN/TSQ-130(V)2/(V)5 technical control and analysis center (TCAC) is a tactical, transportable, SIGINT-processing, analysis and reporting system installed in a large, selfcontained, modified S-280G shelter. TCAC is the primary system used by the Radio Battalion SIGINT support unit. The (V)2 is the baseline system, while the (V)5 has upgraded communications capabilities. It is to be replaced by the AN/MYQ-8 TCAC-PIP will replace the TCAC. AN/MYQ-8 will consist of three remoteable analysis workstations (RAWSs), one communications interface module (CIM), and one supervisor control module (SCM). Remoteable Analysis Workstations (RAWS) provides the capability to do analysis and reporting in or away from the shelter, connecting via LAN or radio in the latter case. It also can operate in a stand-alone mode. Communications Interface Modules (CIM) provide man-machine interface between the TCAC PIP and other RadBn systems (e.g., team portable collection system, mobile electronic warfare support system) or external intelligence agencies. The Supervisor Control Module (SCM) is an administrator interface to file server and system supervision of the TCAC. The AN/USC-55 commander's tactical terminal (CTT) is a multiservice-developed, special application, UHF satellite communications receiver that can be dedicated to receive critical, timesensitive intelligence by commanders and intelligence centers at all echelons, in near-real-time, at GENSER or SCI levels. The receiver provides one full-duplex and two receive-only channels. The team portable collection system (TPCS) upgrade is a semiautomated, man-transportable communications intelligence (COMINT) system. It provides intercept, collection, radio direction finding, analysis, reporting, and collection management support. T The TPCS upgrade made up of three subsystems: COMINT collection subsystem (CCS), including the AN/PRD-12 direction finding set (to be replaced by TOPMAKER) and collection receivers analysis subsystem (AS) communications subsystem (CS) using single-channel radio nets are used to link TPCS upgrade outstations with the RadBn TCAC to allow automated processing and dissemination of collected information and ultimate dissemination to the MAGTF G-2/S-2 and other organizations. Intended for the Radio Reconnaissance Teams attached to Marine Expeditionary Units, the radio reconnaissance equipment program (RREP) SIGINT suite (SS)-1 is a semiautomated, integrated, open architecture radio intercept and DF system composed of a ruggedized computer and six functional modules that plug together. RREP SS-1 modules may operate independently or semi-independently. SS-1 enables the radio reconnaissance teams (RRTs) to target the majority of low-level, single-channel, unencrypted tactical signals of interest used by military, police, insurgents, and other potential hostile forces throughout the world. The RREP SS-2 will provide a highly deployable, man-transportable, signals intercept and DF system employed by RRTs in support of the entire spectrum of MAGTF operations. RREP SS-2 employs advanced receiver capabilities, cellular phone and other digital communications collection and DF technology, global positioning system map navigation software, a more modular design, and electronic attack capabilities. As with RREP SS-1, the SS-2 operates at the modular level and at the integrated system level. The system can be controlled manually or via subcompact personal computer. The handheld integrated directional receiver and homing (HIDRAH) system is a man-transportable, tactical, cordless, radio intercept and signal line-of-bearing (LOB) DF system consisting of several COTS items in an enclosure appropriate for the field. HIDRAH provides RRTs with a threat I&W capability during radio reconnaissance foot-mobile patrols and signal homing support for tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel operations. The HIDRAH system has a unique design that may be employed independently in a handheld manner or by mounting it to an M16 or M4 rifles. US Army and Marines: tactical ground stations An improved version of the AN/MLQ-36, used by the Army and Marines, is a multifunction, open-architecture AN/MLQ-36A Mobile Electronic Warfare Support System Product Improvement Program, which is a total replacement of the electronics in the AN/MLQ-36. The MEWSS PIP provides the ability to detect and evaluate enemy communications emissions, detect and categorize enemy noncommunications emissions (i.e., battlefield radars), determine Lines-of-Bearing (LOBs), and degrade enemy tactical radio communications during amphibious assaults and subsequent operations ashore. When mission configured, and working cooperatively with other MEWSS PIP platforms, the common suite of equipment can also provide precision location of battlefield emitters. The system is designed to have an automated tasking and reporting data link to other MAGTF assets such as the AN/TSQ-130 Technical Control and Analysis Center (TCAC) PIP. The MEWSS PIP and future enhancements will provide the capability to exploit new and sophisticated enemy electronic emissions and conduct Electronic Attack (EA) in support of existing and planned national, theater, Fleet, and MAGTF SIGINT/EW operations. Ship platforms Ad hoc installations were placed on US warships in the 1940 on. Modern ship installations generally involve intercept stations in mobile vans, which can be put onto the deck of a warship, although some nations, such as Russia and Spain, use essentially unarmed modified fishing vessels. There is a high level of interoperability among NATO vessels, using the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS). While not all ships have sufficiently secure areas for all-source (i.e., including SIGINT) intelligence sensors, commanders with access to all-source information can distribute appropriate parts to units under their command. China: ship platforms China operates at least 10 AGI-type vessels. Denmark: ship platforms Denmark can field one containerised SIGINT/ELINT component, to be fitted in its Flyvefisken-class patrol vessels. France: ship platforms France has operated several generations of SIGINT ships, but is moving to its first purpose-built vessel as the third generation. The first, a German cargo ship built in 1958 by a shipyard in Bremen, was transformed in France into an electronic eavesdropping ship between 1976 and 1977. Decommissioned in May 1999, the next generation was a former supply ship used since 1988 by the Nuclear Experiments Department for the Pacific Tests Centre (CEP), named Bougainville. For its new mission, it was equipped with SIGINT sensors and a Syracuse II satellite communication system, and has been operating since July 1999. It carried out significant missions in the Indian Ocean following the 11 September 2001 attacks. On 14 January 2002, the French Ministry of Defense launched a new purpose-built "Intelligence Gathering Auxiliary" ship project called MINREM, and was named . The vessel entered service in 2006, to replace Bougainville. Thales provided the electronics, and Compagnie Nationale de Navigation built the ship to requirements defined by the Military Intelligence Directorate (DRM) with a planned 30-year lifetime. Thales assigned overall systems and COMINT to its Thales Communication division, while Thales Defence Mission Systems division does the ELINT. Germany: ship platforms The German Navy operates the s which are purpose-built SIGINT and ELINT reconnaissance ships. Also other vessels, such as the , and s and s are equipped with extensive SIGINT/ELINT gear. New Zealand: ship platforms The Government Communications Security Bureau has trained and used Royal New Zealand Navy Electronic Warfare (EW) operators and vessels for intelligence-gathering missions since 1986. Between 1986 and 1990, the New Zealand Navy equipped four of its frigates—, , , and —with US$12.5 million worth of new electronic warfare equipment which had been purchased from the United States, one of the other Five Eyes partners. The Navy's hydrographic vessel was also used by the GCSB to intercept Fijian military radio communications during the 1987 Fijian coups d'état. The GCSB also outfitted the frigates Canterbury and Waikato with GCSB mobile stations, which were staffed by Navy EW personnel but answered directly to the GCSB. These two warships were also assigned with UKUSA station designations—NZC–334 and NZC–335 respectively—and were deployed on six-week missions to the South Pacific and Southeast Asia during the late 1980s and 1990s. Norway: ship platforms Norway uses FS , a purpose-built electronic intelligence (ELINT) collection vessel. Poland: ship platforms Poland's Marynarka Wojenna operates ORP Hydrograf and ORP Nawigator. Russia: ship platforms Before and after the breakup of the USSR, the Russian Navy operated a large number of AGI (Auxiliary General Intelligence) intelligence collection "trawlers". such as the In 1980 the Soviets built a group of more sophisticated purpose built vessels, such as the and s, which are operated by the Russian Navy today. Spain: ship platforms Spain has been reported to have acquired an ex-East German AGI, which it may operate in cooperation with its SIGINT aircraft. The vessel concerned is the 1,900-ton renamed Alerta, In East German service, she had extensive antennas and a large radome. Based in Cartagena, the SIGINT work is reportedly by two Israeli companies and a Spanish firm. A different source says that the SIGINT equipment is Russian. A Saturn 35 satellite antenna has been, according to Spanish sources, added. Sweden: ship platforms Sweden operates and plans to rebuild as a SIGINT ship. United States: ship platforms After two international incidents, US doctrine is to conduct ship-based SIGINT missions with warships, which can protect themselves as Pueblo and Liberty could not. The Gulf of Tonkin incident, in 1964, involved two-destroyer DESOTO patrols equipped with intercept vans, backed up with carrier air patrols. Why this level of protection was not available in 1967 is difficult to understand. One exception, the SIGINT auxiliary , generally stayed off the Nicaraguan coast. Current USN warships carry some version of the AN/SLQ-32 electronic warfare system, which has ESM capabilities. In addition to the AN/SLQ-32, s are in the process of evaluating an open-architecture Integrated Radar/Optical Sighting and Surveillance System (IROS3) and Ship Protection system, currently including an AN/SPS-73 radar, an electro-optical/infrared sensor, acoustic sensors and spotlights, coupled with remotely controlled machine guns. Standardized USN systems go beyond simple direction finding and into COMINT. The AN/SLR-25 is a passive cryptologic exploitation system principally for tactical use, but that can make contributions to higher levels of intelligence. The SLR-25(V)1 Advanced Cryptologic Carry-on Exploitation System (ACCES) is a portable version of the SLR-25(V)2 SSEE (Ship Signal Exploitation Equipment) without dedicated SIGINT spaces. Coupled with an AN/SSQ-120 Transportable Radio Direction-Finding system, the ACCES provides a complete SIGINT collection system. The AN/SSQ-120 has HF, VHF, and UHF antennas and direction-finding logic. More capable than the AN/SLR-25 with AN/SSQ-120 is the AN/SSQ-137 Ship Signal Exploitation System, an open-architecture system for command & control as well as intelligence. Submarine platforms Submarines are the original stealth platforms. When no more than a mast breaks the surface, in the worst case they can become radar targets, so virtually all modern submarines will have the minimum ELINT of a radar warning receiver. Far beyond that, however, many submarines will penetrate hostile areas, raise SIGINT receiver masts, usually with some type of radar-observant covering, and listen. Especially sophisticated SIGINT submarines may tap undersea cables. The minimum radar-warning receiver is usually a set of spiral antennas, backed with resonant cavities, whose amplitude can be compared to determine the direction of greatest signal strength. To go to the next level of sophistication, phase is considered as well as amplitude, and interferometry adds further information. Australia: submarine platforms Australia's has a SIGINT mission, emphasized when the vessels' combat system was replaced with an open-architecture surveillance system. Among the systems are the ArgoSystems/Condor AR-740. Canada: submarine platforms Canada's acquisition of reconditioned British diesel-electric submarines (ex-Upholder class, now Victoria-class submarine) raised eyebrows of many analysts, wondering how these could have a strategic effect given the strength of Canada's southern neighbour's undersea strength. Writing in the Canadian Military Journal, an officer of Canada's maritime forces gave some subtle insights, of which submarine intelligence capabilities play a significant role. "However, submarines also have a contribution to make in deterring and countering the asymmetric threats that now preoccupy Canadian/US (CANUS) planners. This is centered upon Intelligence-gathering, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) activities ... possession of submarines admits Canada to that exclusive group of states participating in regulated and highly classified submarine waterspace management and intelligence-sharing schemes. The intention to re-establish a Pacific submarine presence led to the immediate cooperation of the United States in development of a west coast Waterspace Management Agreement with Canada, whereas none existed previously. Likewise, Arctic transits and deployments by allied submarines are generally first signalled when Canada's Atlantic Submarine Operating Authority is advised of foreign submarine movement across 70 degrees North latitude. Taken together, these various factors result in a capability of strategic importance in so much as it exponentially expands the range of coercive options available to decision-makers." As part of the upgrade of the Upholder-class submarine purchased from the UK, the Litton Marine Guardian Star is on the Victoria-class submarines. Chile: submarine platforms An ARGOsystems/Condor AR-900 is aboard the French-built Chilean Scorpene-class submarines. China: submarine platforms Israeli Elbit provides the TIMNEX 4 CH ELINT/targeting set, which covers 2–18 GHz, provides radar warning, and 1.4 to 5 degree DF (depending on frequency). Denmark: submarine platforms Danish subs had the UK Racal/Thales Sea Lion precision DF system. Danish subs were phased out on 25 November 2004. Egypt: submarine platforms Egyptian submarines use ArgoSystems/Condor AR-700 series SIGINT for targeting their Harpoon missiles. France: submarine platforms Older French export submarines came with the Thales/Thompson-CSF X-band radar warning system, which is a manual analog system. The digital replacement, in French service, is the ARUR-13. It is reasonable to expect continuing upgrades from the EADS consortium. Germany: submarine platforms German submarines use multiple SIGINT systems. The newer Type 212 submarines use FL 1800U units made by the German-French EADS consortium. These units use four spiral antennas and a radar warning receiver under a common dome, with the ELINT function covering 0.5–18 GHz in five bands. This can achieve 5-degree direction finding. Airbus (formerly DASA) also equips German submarines with the Telegon 12 HF interception and DF suite. Greece: submarine platforms Greece uses the ArgoSystems/Condor AR-700 series of submarine ELINT/ESM for targeting Harpoon missiles. Italy: submarine platforms Older submarines use an Elettronica BLD-727 DF, but the newer Type 212s will use German SIGINT. Israel: submarine platforms German-built Dolphin submarines in Israeli service have several missions, SIGINT being one of them. Domestic Elbit makes the TIMNEX 4 CH ELINT/targeting set, which covers 2–18 GHz, provides radar warning, and 1.4 to 5 degree DF (depending on frequency). Netherlands: submarine platforms For Harpoon targeting, the Netherlands uses the ArgoSystems/Condor AR-700 series SIGINT. Russia: submarine platforms Akula and Oscar attack submarines have Rim Hat (NATO designation) Nakat-M SIGINT, which is integrated with a Snoop Pair search radar. Kilo export diesel-electric submarines have the NATO Squid Head/MRM-25 ESM, which includes IFF. South Africa: submarine platforms The domestic SAAB Grintek Defence (Formally Avitronics) firm installs the Shrike ESM system, covering 2–18 GHz, as does the Israeli Elbit TIMNEX 4 CH ELINT/targeting set, which provides radar warning, and 1.4 to 5 degree DF (depending on frequency). The CelsiusTech-Grintek Ewation partnership probably will provide systems as well. South Korea: submarine platforms These have GTE/Israeli SIGINT. Spain: submarine platforms Spanish boats have the domestically produced Indra BLQ-355, which may have been exported. With its participation in the EADS consortium, Spain obtains access to new technologies. Spain appears to be developing a coordinated SIGINT approach using submarine, ship, and aircraft platforms. Sweden: submarine platforms Sweden uses the ArgoSystems/Condor AR-700 series SIGINT. Taiwan: submarine platforms Israeli Elbit provides the TIMNEX 4 CH ELINT/targeting set, which covers 2–18 GHz, provides radar warning, and 1.4 to 5 degree DF (depending on frequency). United Kingdom: submarine platforms EADS (formerly DASA) also equips British submarines with the CXA(2) HF interception and DF suite. Several submarines have a COMINT system made by US Southwest Research, under the US code name CLUSTER SENTINEL. Author Sherry Sontag asserted in Blind Man's Bluff: The Untold Story of American Submarine Espionage that British submarines have been involved in collaborative SigInt collection since the 1950s. United States: submarine platforms Under the code names HOLYSTONE, PINNACLE, BOLLARD, and BARNACLE, began in 1959, US submarines infiltrated Soviet harbors to tap communications cables and gather SIGINT. They also had a MASINT mission against Soviet submarines and missiles. The program, which went through several generations, ended when compromised, by Ronald Pelton, in 1981. US submarines infiltrated the territorial waters of potential opponents to raise low-observability antennas and collect radio SIGINT. US submarines made extensive clandestine patrols to measure the signatures of Soviet submarines and surface vessels. Various submarines, including and , from the early 1970s onwards, reportedly tapped Soviet copper and optical undersea cables, using divers, probes from the main vessel, or remotely operated vehicles. While the s have been retired, as with any class of submarines, their design had tradeoffs. Sturgeons were more optimized for reconnaissance than the subsequent , which have greater speed, but less internal space, and optimized for blue water, principally anti-submarine, missions. They used the AN/WLQ-4 "Sea Nymph" SIGINT system, which may have been too large to fit the Los Angeles class. (Some Sturgeon-class submarines such as were fitted with the AN/WLR-6 and AN/BRD-7 Systems in the late 1960s.) The Sturgeon-class submarine Parche received an addition hull extension containing "research and development equipment" that brought her total length to . Of the three-vessel , also is of extended length for intelligence systems and special operations. The Seawolf and Los Angeles classes were directed at the Soviet threat, so the newer has additional capabilities for the littoral environment. Los Angeles-class submarines have modernized and smaller ELINT, the AN/WLR-18 "Classic Salmon" for lower frequencies and the AN/WSQ-5 "Cluster Spectator" for higher frequencies. The latter is in a series of code names suggesting it is for tactical use, while the former name is more associated with strategic systems, especially for intelligence. Newer submarines have an AN/WLR-8 radar signal analyzer and an AN/WLR-10 (or AN/BLR-15) radar warning receiver. There are variants, among the classes, of a radar antenna, interferometric direction finder, COMINT receiver. All US submarines, as new construction on the Virginia-class submarines and retrofitted to the Improved Los Angeles-class submarines and possibly Seawolfs, will receive an upgraded Electronic Support (ES) suite, designed as a minimally manned, passive receiving system capable of detection, acquisition, identification, and localization of a variety of signals of interest. ES contains the AN/BLQ-10 SIGINT system, which gives detection, emitter location and MASINT identification, direction finding, and strategic intelligence support. It was first implemented in 2000 and should be in all US submarines by 2012. ES is not limited to the AN/BLQ-10 alone, but a major improvement in receiving, with an expected 200% improvement in performance with the Type 18I periscope and Integrated Electronics Mast (IEM), especially in the littorals. Completing the current ES concept is the AN/ULR-21 CLASSIC TROLL system that increases the probability of SIGINT intercept by 500%, supporting tactical and national requirements. Aircraft platforms A wide range of aircraft were used with low-tech aircraft such as the WWII [B-24] with temporarily mounted electronics, to platforms extensively modified for the mission, and evolved to strategic RC-135 and EP-3E Aries II aircraft. Argentina: aircraft platforms After its experience in the Falklands, Argentina had a 707 converted to an ELINT aircraft by Israel. Australia: aircraft platforms Australia has operated six Boeing 737 AEW&C Wedgetails since 2010. The 18 AP-3C Orion were upgraded to include fitting each aircraft with a new Elta EL/M-2022(V)3 radar, a nose-mounted Star Safire III electro-optical and infrared system, "highly capable" signals and electronic intelligence (SIGINT/ELINT) equipment, the UYS 503 acoustic system, a new automatic information system processor, a new navigation system based on two Honeywell H764G Embedded GPS/INUs, a new communications system and other improvements. In late 2015 it was announced that a number of Gulfstream G550s are being acquired alongside eight P-8A Poseidons, with reports that they will possibly form the replacement for the electronic intelligence-gathering role performed by the RAAF's AP-3 Orions. Chile: aircraft platforms Chile has a full Israeli Phalcon system on a single 707 airframe. This system provides SIGINT as well as airborne radar warning and control. China: aircraft platforms Prof. Desmont Ball identified Chinese the first major airborne SIGINT platforms as the four-turboprop EY-8, a variant of the Russian An-12 'Cub' as China's main ELINT and reconnaissance aircraft a decade ago. EY-8 construction may be continuing for ELINT/SIGINT and electronic warfare missions. This capability, however, is much inferior to the Japanese equivalents. They were supplemented or replaced four locally modified Tu-154Ms, comparable to the Russian 1980s vintage Il-20 ELINT aircraft. France: aircraft platforms France operates the C-160 aircraft twin-turboprop tactical transport, due to be replaced by the Airbus Military A400M transport when that enters service from 2009. The French Air Force will begin retiring its fleet of C-160 transports in 2005. Gabriel SIGINT versions of the Transall are an upgraded electronic surveillance version in service with the French Air Force, which also operates four Astarte strategic communications relay versions. Thales developed the signals intelligence (SIGINT) system for which there are 10 workstations in the main cabin. C-160 fleets of France, Germany and Turkey will be replaced by the Airbus Military A400M transport when that enters service from 2009. The French Air Force will begin retiring its fleet of C-160 transports in 2005. Originally manufactured by the companies MBB, Nord Aviation and VFW formed the Transall group in 1959 for the development and production of the C-160 for the air forces of France, Germany, South Africa and Turkey. Production of the aircraft by the three companies ended in 1972, with 169 aircraft having been delivered. In 1976, responsibility for production of the aircraft was given to Aerospatiale in France and MBB (now DaimlerChrysler Aerospace) in Germany. Both companies are now part of EADS (European Aeronautics Defence and Space). Production of the aircraft from 1976 to 1985 included updated avionics, a reinforced wing housing and additional fuel tanks. French Transalls were upgraded in 1999, with a new head-up display and an upgraded electronic warfare suite, with a radar warning receiver, missile approach warner and chaff and decoy dispensers. Navigational systems include EFIS 854 TF Electronic Flight Instrumentation System, which includes an Electronic Attitude Director Indicator (EADI) and Electronic Horizontal Situation Indicator (EHSI). Three new sensors have been installed for aircraft position and attitude control: an inertial reference unit (IRU), an attitude and heading reference unit (AHRU), and a global positioning system (GPS). A flight management system with two Gemini 10 computers and a new radio management system have also been installed. The Transalls provided NATO SIGINT in Bosnia. For a number of years, France operated DC-8 aircraft "Sarigue" dedicated to ELINT. A reengined version, Sarigue-NG, went into service in 2000. The name stands for Systeme Aeroporte de Recueil d’Informations de Guerre Electronique (Airborne Electronic Warfare Information Gathering System) and also is the French word for Opossum, a shy and retiring animal. The updated aircraft was known as the SARIGUE-NG, with the NG standing for Nouvelle Generation or New Generation. Both DC-8s had a SIGINT system from Thompson-CSF, and operated in the Baltic, Mediterranean, French Africa, and during Desert Storm and NATO Kosovo operations. It had a distinctive sideways looking airborne radar (SLAR) in a "canoe" under the fuselage, as well as large rectangular antenna arrays at each wingtip. The aircraft was fitted with equipment developed by Thompson-CSF, similar to that installed in the earlirt Transall Gabriels. It is believed that the aircraft operated with a 24-man crew and as well as COMINT and SIGINT duties, it could even intercept mobile phone calls. Operated by the French Air Force on behalf of the armed forces and security services, it was seen in the Baltic, Mediterranean and French Africa, as well as being used in support of coalition operations during the Gulf War and NATO peace keeping operations in Kosovo. On 19 Sep 2004, it was reported that in addition to a 50% cost overrun on an electronics upgrade by Thales, the weight of the new upgrade violated safety limits. The French Defence Minister confirmed the Sarigue would be retired because of ‘high operating costs’. An Airbus replacement for the DC-8 was considered and rejected. Germany: aircraft platforms During NATO operations in Bosnia, Germany operated four SIGINT version of the French-German Atlantique patrol aircraft. Germany has selected a UAV platform for SIGINT, based on the Northrop Grumman MQ-4C Triton. Israel: aircraft platforms Israel is reported to have converted at least four Boeing 707 aircraft, codenamed Re'em (Antelope) and based at Lod to an electronic warfare role, two for countermeasures and two or more for SIGINT. An indicator of an ELINT role is the presence of a cheek-antenna array externally similar to the AEELS (Automatic ELINT Emitter Locating System) on the RC-135U/V/W. These aging aircraft are due for replacement, probably by Gulfstream G500 executive jets. The aircraft are known as Re'em (Antelope) and are operated by 134 Tayeset at Lod. Some other IAF 707s are possibly configured for AAR/SIGINT operations. Israel is currently looking for up to 9 dual role aircraft to replace their 707's and will purchase a number of Gulfstream G500s. India: aircraft platforms India appears to have a single 707 ELINT aircraft. Mexico: aircraft platforms The Mexican Air Force has 2 Embraer P-99s and 1 Embraer R-99A. The R-99A is an Airborne Early Warning & Control aircraft (AWACS) equipped with the Erieye airborne radar from Ericsson AB of Sweden. The P-99 is the maritime patrol version of the R-99. It retains many of the C3I and ELINT capabilities of the R-99B. Russia: aircraft platforms Russian aircraft with SIGINT capability include the Il-20 and Tu-214R. Saudi Arabia: aircraft platforms Several 707 derivatives, originally used as KE-3 tankers, are being converted to two models of SIGINT suites by E Systems. Later versions are on the E-6 modification of the Boeing 707, the E-6 used by the US as a TACAMO command and control aircraft. According to the US Department of Defense, the Tactical Airborne Surveillance System and upgrades will be installed on Saudi E-3 and E-6 aircraft. The estimated cost is $350 million. Spain: aircraft platforms Spain operates a single 707 variant, modified by Israel and equipped with Israeli and Spanish electronics. As well as an Elta EL/L-8300 SIGINT system, In the baseline version, this multi-operator Elta system contains 0.5 to 18 GHz ELINT (0.03 to 40 GHz as an option), 20 to 1,000 MHz (2 to 1,500 MHz as an option) COMINT, and control and analysis sub-systems. In addition to the SIGINT payload, the aircraft has a Tamam Stabilised Long Range Observation System (LOROS) high-resolution TV camera and recording systems. The SLOROS is reported to have a range of at least 62 miles (100 km). The aircraft has been reported around the western edge of North Africa, the Western Sahara and the Mediterranean. Sweden: aircraft platforms The Swedish Air Force operates the S-102B Korpen aircraft which is a modified Gulfstream G-IV business jet. Turkey: aircraft platforms Turkey has 6 C-130B ELINT aircraft, United Kingdom: aircraft platforms The British Nimrod R1 was a variant of the Nimrod maritime patrol aircraft. Its sensors covered the tactical to strategic spectrum. It is reported to have SIGINT suites from Thales. a.k.a. Starwindow, Extract and Tigershark. Starwindow introduced a network of 2 hi-speed and 22 digital pooled receivers, the ability to handle frequency-agile emitters, in-flight analysis capability, real-time preformatted tactical data report generation and active matrix color operator displays. The Extract update increased the platform's level of automation, adding a central database and data fusion capability, while Tigershark was especially tailor-made for COMINT ops in Asia. The Nimrod was retired from RAF use in 2011,. Under the AirSeeker program 3 Rivet Joint RC-135 signals intelligence aircraft have been purchased for £670 million in 2013. It is reported that one of these is already permanently operating over Iraq as part of the RAF effort to combat Islamic State militants. UK E3D AWACS do not have SIGINT capability. United States: aircraft platforms Some platforms considered strategic, including the P-3 and RC-135 RIVET JOINT aircraft, may be assigned in support of large tactical units. There are both MASINT and SIGINT versions of the RC-135, the best-known SIGINT variant being the RC-135V/W RIVET JOINT. United States: tactical aircraft platforms In the 1950s and 1960s, SIGINT personnel flew aboard Navy EA-3B aircraft. As a result of ASA casualties during ground SIGINT in Vietnam, ASA developed its own fleet of tactical SIGINT aircraft, starting with the U-6 Beaver. The reconnaissance mission for these aircraft was indicated with an "R" prefix, hence RU-6. Beavers, however, had poor capabilities. The RU-1 Otter had more built-in SIGINT equipment, but the first purpose-built Army SIGINT aircraft was the RU-8D Seminole, which had a Doppler navigation system and wing-mounted direction-finding equipment, although SIGINT operations still required much manual work. Some RU-8D aircraft had MASINT sensors for categorizing specific transmissions. Especially with tactical aircraft, there was a gap between the knowledge of SIGINT personnel and the understanding of warfighters. For example, end users often expected a direction-finding fix to be a point, rather than an area of probability. In 1968, the next tactical improvement was the RU-21 LAFFIN EAGLE and the JU-21 LEFT JAB, the latter being the first with computerized direction finding and data storage. Even more advanced ASA equipment was on P-2V aircraft borrowed from the Navy, and called CEFLIEN LION or CRAZY CAT platforms. During the Vietnam era, six UH-1 helicopters were converted to SIGINT platforms, called EH-1 LEFT BANK aircraft and operated in direct support of combat aircraft. US tactical SIGINT aircraft include the EH-60A Quickfix helicopter, which has interception capabilities in the 1.5–150 MHz and direction finding between 20–76 MHz. The EH-60L has better communications and ungradability than the A model, with the AN/MSR-3 TACJAM-A system. RC-12 Guardrail aircraft provide a corps-level ESM capability, with the unusual approach of putting all the analysis equipment on the ground, with the RC-12K/N/P/Q aircraft acting purely as intercept and relay platforms. The Guardrail aircraft normally fly in units of three, to get better cross-bearings in direction-finding. The Navy EA-6B Prowler replaced the USAF EF-111 Raven EW aircraft for all services, and the EA-6B Prowler is being replaced by the EA-18G Growler. All EW aircraft have some ELINT capability if for no other reason than targeting. Naval MH-60R helicopters have AN/ALQ-210 ESM suites. United States: strategic aircraft platforms The most common aircraft used in a strategic role by US allies are Boeing 707 conversions for the lower-budget, lower-capability installations, and Boeing 767 conversions for the higher-end. Gulfstream executive jets are another platform of interest. The US military is considering, as its aircraft age, replacing with variants on the foreign platforms, often built on US-made aircraft. Some features are common to multiple countries, such as a pair are two "chipmunk cheek" bulges containing SIGINT antennas. There is a US made set used on the RC-135V and RC-135W Rivet Joint aircraft. A US-made variant, reported to have internal differences, is used by Saudi Arabia. A third variant, with a similar appearance, but of Israeli manufacture, are used by Israel and South Africa. In no case, however, are these the only SIGINT antennas on the aircraft. Dedicated RC-135 aircraft, operated by the US Air Force, are in a variety of SIGINT and MASINT configurations. An effort is underway to develop a standard RC-135 open architecture, allowing at least some of the aircraft to be quickly reconfigured. RIVET JOINT is the most common SIGINT type. On the long-range Navy P-3 maritime surveillance aircraft is the AN/ALR-66B(V)3 ELINT/MASINT system targeted against radars. Major improvements are an improved direction-finding antenna and an EP-2060 pulse analyzer. The dedicated SIGINT EP-3 uses a JMOD (Joint Airborne SIGINT Modification) program to a JMOD common configuration (JCC). Northrop Grumman developed the SIGINT package for the Global Hawk UAV. An upgraded version of the same SIGINT payload is flown on U-2. Boeing has proposed a SIGINT variant of the P-8 multimission maritime patrol aircraft it has under development. Raytheon and Northrop Grumman would be the partners for the actual SIGINT electronics. Boeing also has built a "Wedgetail 737" for Turkey, and appears to be marketing this as an alternative to the lower-end systems being built for business jets such as the Gulfstream. Australia also has ordered this aircraft. Satellite platforms The US launched the first SIGINT satellites, followed by the Soviets. Recently, however, the French have been launching intelligence satellites, on French and Russian rockets, and are exchanging information with the Germans and Italians, both of which are deploying synthetic aperture radar MASINT constellations, with an undefined IMINT or electro-optical MASINT capability on the Italian satellites. Additional nations have launched IMINT satellites; SIGINT seems to be a lesser priority, with radar MASINT often a higher priority. There are a number of bilateral agreements for satellite cost and intelligence sharing. European military space policy European nations deal with a complex set of issues in developing space-based intelligence systems. Many of the operational and proposed systems have bilateral information sharing agreements, such as France providing ELINT to its radar MASINT SAR and its IMINT partners. SIGINT capability, however, is fairly rare, with France in the Western European lead. Quite a number of issues are driving European needs for intelligence policy. During the 1991 Gulf War, France's dependence on US assets convince it that it needed its own, or at least European, space-based intelligence. Balkan operations and both dependence on US assets, and exclusion from certain information, further pushed the desire, although the topmost levels of government had not yet been convinced. In 1998, a British-French meeting in St. Malo, France, produced a declaration that the EU needed "a capacity for analysis of situations, sources of intelligence, and a capability for relevant strategic planning (emphasis added). This was a major change in British policy toward the EU, in that Britain had wanted the EU to stay out of defense issues, leaving them to NATO. At a 1999 meeting in Cologne, Germany, while Kosovo was being bombed by NATO, the EU leadership repeated the St. Malo declaration, including having EU military forces not dependent on NATO. They also called for "the reinforcement of our capabilities in the field of intelligence/". WEU/EU military force At a Helsinki meeting in December 1999 and a follow-up meeting in Sintra, Portugal in February 2000, there was agreement on a 15 brigade multinational corps with air and naval support, ready by 2003. European defense policy called for three new bodies that would need intelligence support: a Political and Security Committee composed of ambassadors with an advisory role to the EU Council of Ministers, a Military Committee of senior officers, and a Multinational Planning Staff. There was additional consensus on merging the WEU into the EU WEU has concentrated on IMINT, which is increasingly less sensitive than other intelligence disciplines due to the availability of commercial imagery. The WEY headquarters does have an Intelligence Section that produces finished intelligence for the member states, within the capabilities of a staff of six. European Union Satellite Centre In May 1991, however, the WEU ministers agreed to create the European Union Satellite Centre in Torrejón de Ardoz, which became a permanent center in May 1995. The Center neither owns nor operates any satellites, but buys and analyzes commercial imagery. This is not wildly dissimilar to the way the US has the National Reconnaissance Office to launch and operate satellites, with the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) analyzing the imagery. It should be stressed that the Torrejon center deals only with IMINT and possibly SAR and multispectral MASINT. It does not receive information directly from satellites, but from their operators. The center contributed to planning with reference to situations in the Balkans and Africa in the mid-1990s. Up to May 13, 1997, the Center was only allowed to study an area after the WEU council agreed that an area was in crisis. After that date, they received a "general surveillance mission" and permission to build databases. Bosnian operations continued to point out dependency on the US for C4I. The balance between building European capability without duplicating NATO remained an issueGerman SIGINT units that were part of the French-led Multinational Division (MND) in Bosnia provided intelligence to the division-level French headquarters. Sharing the more sensitive disciplines The biggest problem in joint intelligence is sharing, especially the now more-sensitive SIGINT, HUMINT, and MASINT. The next largest is damage to bilateral relationships, especially with the US. Not all EU nations have the traditional French priority for autonomy. It is not clear how far other European nations, especially the six that are in the NATO but not the EU, are willing to cooperate. Turkey suggested that if it cannot be involved in EU policy, it might work to block EU access to NATO. Norway also expressed concern over the St. Malo declaration, and in February 2000, British officials spoke about a proposal that the EU take on collective defense, that still being a NATO responsibility. European Space Council and current concerns In 2004, the European Space Council was formed, although it is still struggling with dual-use issues, and the relationships with NATO and US policy. Complicating matters is that the European Space Agency (ESA) is new in non-civilian applications. Should Europe proceed on its security objective, a policy needs to be defined that will not jeopardize the peaceful application. This needs to happen without creating a false firewall with military activities, as the US created NASA as an ostensibly civilian-only organization, deliberately picking a civilian, Neil Armstrong to put the first footprint on the Moon. China's anti-satellite (ASAT) test in 2007 concerned ESA, as debris from the test has produced numerous near-misses of other satellites. ESA also suggested it might work on a data relay satellite such as TDRSS, which is dual-use. Some of its present communications projects are dual use. Next generation A pointer to the direction is whether there will be consensus on a next-generation European system of IMINT and radar MASINT satellites. A proposal in process is to generate the Multinational Space-based Imagery System for Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and Observation (MUSIS). The participants are Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy and Spain. EADS Astrium and Thales Alenia Space are competing, under the direction of the French defense procurement agency, DGA. This system could be operational somewhere around 2015–2017, around the time that the French Helios and joint French-Italian Pleiades IMINT satellites need replacement. The German SAR Lupe and Italian CosmoSkyMed radar satellites will last up to 2017 or 2018. Belgium: satellite platforms Belgium is a financial partner in the French Helios 2 IMINT satellite system. French Essaim ELINT satellites were launched with Helios 2A. It has not been announced if Spain, as a Helios 2 partner, will have access to French Essaim ELINT. Belgium is a MUSIS partner, which should be considered in assessing the potential of information sharing among the partners. France: satellite platforms John Pike states the Socialist government, elected in May 1981 and led President François Mitterrand were unknown at the time of his election in May 1981 marked the attempt to put SDECE under civilian control. In June 1981, Stone Marion, a civilian who was the former Director of the Paris Airport, was named to the head of the SDECE but met with opposition, as a socialist and civilian, from inside SDECE. France and Britain had both been facing both the desirability and cost of intelligence satellites independent of the US. In the mid-1980s, with the development of the Ariane launcher and its associated large launch complex in French Guiana, the French liked the idea of such independence. Planning started on French IMINT satellites called Helios, a radar imaging satellite called Osiris and then Horus, and a SIGINT satellite to be called Zenon when operational. France would launch technology demonstrators before a fully operational SIGINT satellite. France began its intelligence satellite program with Helios IMINT satellites, although they also planned on Horus (first called Osiris) radar MASINT and Zenon ELINT platforms. France, still desiring to have three different space-based intelligence systems (IMINT, radar surveillance, SIGINT), had to face extremely high costs. In 1994–1995, French legislators tried to reduce some of these plans. In response, the French government sought Italian and Spanish funding in, and cooperation with, the HELIOS 1 program. They also sought German involvement in Helios 2. Two first-generation Helios satellites, with 1-meter optical imaging resolution and no infrared capability, were launched in 1995 and 1999. Helios 1 was an Italian-Spanish. Helios 2 is a French–Belgian–Spanish partnership. On 18 December 2004, Helios 2A, built by EADS-Astrium for the French Space Agency (CNES), was launched into a Sun-synchronous polar orbit at an altitude of about 680 kilometers. There it will serve the French defense ministry, as well as cooperating European countries. Helios 2B is scheduled for launch in 2008. The same launcher carried French and Spanish scientific satellites and four Essaim ("Swarm") experimental ELINT satellites. Sources in the French procurement agency, DGA, confirmed Essaim, a system of ground station and satellite constellation, is working well. DGA, the French military procurement agency, announced that the constellation of four Essaim ELINT satellites launched with Helios 2A on 18 December 2004 would begin operations in May 2005. Essaims operate in a linked system of three active satellites with an in-orbit spare. There is one active earth station, with two due to follow. Essaim is a third-generation technology demonstrator with some operational capability. A radio propagation experiment, S80-T, was launched in 1992, as a predecessor of the ELINT experiments. The first generation was Cerise, launched in 1995 and damaged in 1996 by a collision with the French SPOT-1 earth resource observing satellite. Clementine, the second generation, was launched in 1999. Some French defense officials have criticized the DGA for insisting on a third in-orbit demonstrator program after a decade of initial validation with the previous satellites. DGA officials note that Essaim has greater capacity than its predecessors and will provide some operational data. They say Essaim is designed to maintain French expertise long enough to persuade other European governments to join in an operational eavesdropping effort, which France alone cannot afford. In a Ministère de la Défense 12/18/2004 statement, France announced that Helios 2A is part of an exchange program planned with the SAR-Lupe and Italian COSMO-SKYMED systems, under development respectively in Germany and Italy. France is also developing the new generation PLEIADES two-satellite optical dual-use (military-civilian) system. PLEIADES is intended to succeed France's SPOT system is considered part of the Franco-Italian ORFEO (Optical and Radar Federated Earth Observation) programme, being due for launch around 2008–10. France is a MUSIS partner, which should be considered in assessing the potential of information sharing among the partners. Germany: satellite platforms Germany's SAR Lupe is a constellation of five X-band SAR satellites in three polar orbits. Following the first successful launch on December 19, 2006, Germany, using a Russian booster, launched the second satellite in its planned five-satellite SAR-Lupe synthetic aperture radar constellation on July 2, 2007, the third on November 1, 2007, the fourth on March 27, 2008 and the last one on July 22, 2008. The system achieved full operational readiness with the launch of the last satellite. SAR is usually considered a MASINT sensor, but the significance here is that Germany obtains access to French satellite ELINT. In 2020 Germany will launch the first SARah satellite, which is the successor to SAR LUPE. Also the Bundesnachrichtendienst, Germany's foreign intelligence service, will receive an optical satellite system consisting of three satellites from 2022 onwards. The system is called "GEORG" ("Geheimes Elektro-Optisches Reconnaissance System Germany") Germany is a MUSIS partner, which should be considered in assessing the potential of information sharing among the partners. Greece: satellite platforms Greece is a MUSIS partner, which should be considered in assessing the potential of information sharing among the partners. Italy: satellite platforms The first CosmoSkyMed (Constellation of small Satellites for Mediterranean basin Observation) went into orbit in June 2007. The second should be launched in late 2007, and the remaining two in 2008-9. According to a Thales executive, Giorgio Piemontese, a followon needs to be planned soon to avoid a gap. Italy and France are cooperating on the deployment of the dual-use Orfeo civilian and military satellite system. Orfeo is a dual-use (civilian and military) earth observation satellite network developed jointly between France and Italy. Italy is developing the Cosmo-Skymed X-band polarimetric SAR, to fly on two of the satellites. The other two will have complementary French electro-optical payloads. The second Orfeo is scheduled to launch in early 2008. While this is not an explicit SIGINT system, the French-Italian cooperation may suggest that Italy can get data from the French Essaim ELINT microsatellites. Italy plains joint development, with France, of the ORFEO (Optical and Radar Federated Earth Observation) system, to be launched in 2008–10. Italy is a MUSIS partner, which should be considered in assessing the potential of information sharing among the partners. Russia: satellite platforms The USSR appears to have emphasized ELINT more than COMINT in their space-based SIGINT program. After proof-of-concept of an ELINT payload on the first-generation IMINT satellites, the Tselina program was started in 1964, and the first successful launch of the simpler, lower-sensitivity Tselina O was in 1967. The more complex Tselina D first flew in 1970, a more complex Tselina D spacecraft started flying. Both versions flew until 1984, when the Tselina D was set up in a constellation of 6 satellites. Both Tselina O and D versions were flying side by side until 1984, when Tselina O subsystem was abandoned and its functions integrated into those conducted by the Tselina D spacecraft. As the Western observers noted, the Tselina D spacecraft, known in the West as the "heavy ELINT," would orbit the Earth in groups of six satellites spread 60 degrees apart in their orbits. Requirements for the Tselina-2 series were issued in 1974, with a first test launch scheduled for 1980 and full operational capability in 1982. Requirements grew until the Tselina-2 was too heavy for the Tsyklon-3 booster, and the program was switched to the Zenit booster in development. With the capacity of the Zenit, additional capabilities were added, including telemetry through relay satellites. An interesting but poorly understood feature of the Tselina-2 system is that the satellites are placed into orbits that interact strongly with features of the Earth's gravitational field ("14th order harmonics") in such a way that the natural orbital decay caused by atmospheric drag is inhibited for long periods of time. On April 27, 1979, the Military Industrial Commission, VPK, officially approved the Zenit as a launcher for the Tselina-2 satellite. The VPK scheduled the beginning of flight tests for the 2nd quarter of 1981. The first Tselina-2 blasted off in September 1984 under official name Cosmos 1603 and declared operational in 1988. Tselina-2 system was declared operational in December 1988, which was confirmed by a government decree issued in December 1990. The most recent launch was on June 29, 2007, named Cosmos-2428. It is believed that was the last Tselina-2, with a next generation coming. According to, the Tselina-2 is intended for land targets, while the US-PU EORSAT is intended for naval ELINT. EORSAT is passive, not to be confused with the nuclear-powered radar ocean surveillance satellites (RORSAT), no longer operational. A full constellation of US-PU includes 3–4 spacecraft in LEO of 400 km, but not more than one has been in orbit since 2004, along with two Tselina-2's. A new generation of ELINT satellites, possibly combining the land and sea missions, may be in development. Spain: satellite platforms Spain is a financial partner in the French Helios 2 IMINT satellite system. Spain plans a dual-use optical and radar system. Due to the arrangement between France and Germany to exchange Helios 2 and SAR Lupe imagery, excluding the non-French partners in Helios. It has not been announced if Spain, as a Helios 2 partner, will have access to French Essaim ELINT. Spain is a MUSIS partner, which should be considered in assessing the potential of information sharing among the partners. United States: satellite platforms The first US SIGINT satellites, Galactic Radiation and Background (GRAB) were launched in 1960 by the Naval Research Laboratory, but the existence of the program was highly classified. The name of the program was changed to Poppy (satellite) after the National Reconnaissance Office was created in 1962. While there had been considerable resistance, in the 1970s, to admitting to "the fact of" satellite IMINT, there was considerably more sensitivity to admitting even to "the fact of" US satellite SIGINT. The US decided to admit to using satellites for SIGINT and MASINT in 1996. US SIGINT satellites have included the CANYON series Rhyolite/Aquacade series, succeeded by the Vortex/Magnum/Orion and Mentor. Where the preceding satellites were in close to geosynchronous orbit, JUMPSEAT/TRUMPET satellites were in Moliyna orbits giving better polar coverage. From 1972 to 1989, low earth orbit SIGINT satellites were launched only as secondary payloads with KH-9 and KH-11 IMINT satellites. They were code-named after female sex symbols, such as RAQUEL, FARRAH, BRIDGET and MARILYN. Four geosychronous RHYOLITE satellites were launched in the seventies, with COMINT and TELINT missions. After having the name compromised when Christopher Boyce sold information to the Soviets, the code name was changed to AQUACADE. In the late seventies, another class of geosynchronous SIGINT satellites, first called CHALET and renamed VORTEX after the code name was compromised. After the loss of Iranian monitoring stations, these satellites were also given a TELINT capability. JUMPSEAT ELINT satellites, using a Moliyna orbit, started launching in 1975. MAGNUM geosynchronous SIGINT satellites were first launched from the Space Shuttle in 1985. These were believed to be more sensitive and perhaps stealthier than RHYOLITE/AQUACADE. References Category:Applications of cryptography Category:Intelligence gathering disciplines	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Individually and Collectively Individually and Collectively is the seventh album of original material by American pop group The 5th Dimension, released in 1972. The album peaked at No. 58 on the Billboard Top 200 Albums chart on 24 June 1972. This album includes both of the group's final top 10 hits on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles chart — "(Last Night) I Didn't Get to Sleep at All" and "If I Could Reach You". Both feature lead vocals by Marilyn McCoo. The album's title is reflective of the record containing content in which the group goes from its famous five-part harmonies to lead-feature songs. Billy Davis, Jr. is the lead on nearly half of the album, including on the group's cover of Elton John's Border Song. Ron Townson is also issued a rare lead vocal on Band of Gold. Black Patch, a Laura Nyro composition which ends the album, features each member taking lead on part of a verse, including - for the first time - Lamonte McLemore. The group would perform this final song on Soul Train, along with the 1973 non-album single, Flashback. Track listing "Leave a Little Room" (Lead Vocals: Billy Davis, Jr.) (Last Night) I Didn't Get to Sleep at All (Lead Vocals: Marilyn McCoo) All Kinds of People (Lead Vocals: Florence Larue) Sky & Sea (From the Musical "Joy") Tomorrow Belongs to the Children (Lead Vocals: Billy Davis, Jr.) Turn Around to Me If I Could Reach You (Lead Vocals: Marilyn McCoo) Half Moon (Lead Vocals: Billy Davis, Jr.) Band of Gold (Lead Vocals: Ron Townson) (NOTE: not the Freda Payne hit of the same name) Border Song (Lead Vocals: Billy Davis, Jr.) Black Patch Personnel Marilyn McCoo - vocals Florence LaRue - vocals Billy Davis, Jr. - vocals Lamonte McLemore - vocals Ron Townson - vocals Category:The 5th Dimension albums Category:1972 albums Category:Bell Records albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Emperor Waltz (disambiguation) The Emperor Waltz or Emperor Waltz may refer to: Emperor Waltz, Op. 437 (Kaiser-Walzer), a waltz composed by Johann Strauss II in 1889. The Emperor Waltz, 1948 American musical film directed by Billy Wilder and starring Bing Crosby and Joan Fontaine. The Emperor Waltz (1953 film), Austrian drama The Emperor's Waltz (1933 film), German film directed by Frederic Zelnik Bing Crosby – The Emperor Waltz, 1948 Bing Crosby album of 78 rpm singles by from the film. Top o' the Morning / Emperor Waltz, 1950 Bing Crosby LP album by combining the 1948 recordings with others from the 1949 film Top o' the Morning	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Larry Lamb (disambiguation) Larry Lamb (born 1947) is an English actor and radio presenter. Larry Lamb may also refer to: Larry Lamb (newspaper editor) (1929–2000), English newspaper editor for The Sun and Daily Express Larry the Lamb, character in Toytown See also Lawrence Lambe (1863–1919), Canadian geologist and palaeontologist	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Herapathite Herapathite, or iodoquinine sulfate, is a chemical compound whose crystals are dichroic and thus can be used for polarizing light. The composition of herapathite has been shown by the Danish chemist Sophus Mads Jørgensen in 1877 and others to be 4QH2·3SO4·2I3·6H2O, where Q denotes the quinine molecule C20H24N2O2. The crystal can give up at least some of its water without losing its form and optical properties. According to Edwin H. Land, it was discovered in 1852 by William Bird Herapath, a Bristol surgeon and chemist. One of his pupils found that adding iodine to the urine of a dog that had been fed quinine produced unusual green crystals. Herapath noticed while studying the crystals under a microscope that they appeared to polarize light. In the 1930s, Prof. Ferdinand Bernauer invented a process to grow single herapathite crystals large enough to be sandwiched between two sheets of glass to create a polarizing filter; these were sold under the Bernotar name by Carl Zeiss. Herapathite can be formed by precipitation by dissolving quinine sulphate in acetic acid and adding iodine tincture. Herapathite's dichroic properties came to the attention of Sir David Brewster, and were later used by Land in 1929 to construct the first type of Polaroid sheet polarizer. He did this by embedding herapathite crystals in a polymer instead of growing a single large crystal. References Bernauer, F. (1935). "Neue Wege zur Herstellung von Polarisatoren". Forschritte der Mineralogie, Kristallographie und Petrographie Neunzehnter Band Category:Organoiodides Category:Nitrogen heterocycles Category:Polarization (waves) Category:Vinyl compounds	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kramplje Kramplje () is a small settlement north of Nova Vas in the Municipality of Bloke in the Inner Carniola region of Slovenia. References External links Kramplje on Geopedia Category:Populated places in the Municipality of Bloke	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Manggong cake Manggong cake () is a well-known speciality in Foshan City, Guangdong Province. It was initiated in the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty by a blind old man named He who lived in Jiaoshan Fang, Heyuan Street, Foshan City, and established the "Qianqiantang" divination hall to tell people about their fortune. One day, trying to be different, he baked a kind of cake with abraded rice crust, oil, sugar, peanut and sesame on charcoal fire, because of its high quality called this famous cake made by him, the blind man, "Manggong Cake" and Foshan Manggong Cake has therefore named after it. Because of its characteristics of golden colour and being sweet, appetizing and crisp, Manggong Cake, made by inherited method of production, has become a well-known local speciality in Foshan City. References Category:Cantonese cuisine Category:Chinese desserts Category:Cakes Category:Foshan	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Michael Gannon (politician) Michael Brennan Gannon (1847—1898) was an auctioner and politician in Queensland, Australia. He was a Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly. Early life Gannon was born in Sydney, New South Wales in 1847, the son of James Gannon and his wife Mary (née Phelps). After working as a clerk at the Christian Brothers' College Sydney and as a commercial agent with his brother, he relocated to Queensland in 1868. He acquired pastoral experience at Warra Warra and acted as manager for Thorn and a stockbuyer for Davenport. In 1880 he became an auctioneer in Ipswich. In partnership with R.A. Ryan, he purchased the produce and auctioneering company of Arthur Martin in 1882. He invested in grazing and real estate. On 6 June 1884, he married Amy England Pearce in Brisbane. Politics Michael Gannon unsuccessfully contested the electoral district of Ipswich in the 1881 by-election triggered by the resignation of John Malbon Thompson, but was beaten by Josiah Francis, a former mayor of Ipswich. Michael Gannon was elected to the Queensland Legislative Assembly in the electoral district of Toombul on 10 May 1888 in the 1888 colonial election. He held the seat until 29 April 1893 when he was defeated by Andrew Lang Petrie in the 1893 election. Michael Gannon unsuccessfully contested the electoral district of Bulimba in the 1896 election, unable to beat the sitting member James Robert Dickson. Later life The Gannon's permanent residence was at "Waratah", Toorak Road, Breakfast Creek. In February 1888, Michael Gannon purchased a large portion of land in the Wynnum-Manly area formerly part of Portion 57. Gannon sold off a considerable acreage of land, but retained ownership of that portion on which a residence was to be constructed. It is likely that the house was constructed as, on 30 April of that year, a Bill of Mortgage was registered from Michael Brennan Gannon to the Royal Bank of Queensland. The release for the mortgage was signed in September 1889. The house became the family's holiday home. Besides his political endeavours, Gannon was actively involved in Brisbane's social and sporting society. In 1888, Gannon was Vice-President of the Albert Cricket Club, Queensland Governor Anthony Musgrave was President; he was involved with the Queensland Rifle Association; the Brisbane Bicycling Club; the Breakfast Creek Rowing Club; a Director of the Federal Building, Land Investors Society Pty Ltd and Deposit Bank and a Justice of the Peace. During the early 1890s Gannon's speculative ventures began to fail. The Land Bank of Queensland was in possession of the land by the early 1890s and sold off smaller allotments from the block. Gannon was eventually declared bankrupt in 1895 with liabilities in excess of £97,000. Michael Gannon died in Brisbane on 9 April 1898 aged 50 years after a protracted illness that had forced him to retire. He was buried in the Toowong Cemetery on 11 April 1898. His obituaries described him as "universally respected for his outspokenness and the honourable motives which actuated his conduct" and that he would be remembered as "one of the most honest figures in mercantile circles; ... a man who in turn was most happy when sharing his bounty with others less prosperous. Everybody respected him, everybody trusted him. In politics, too, he was known as the 'straight man' whose first consideration was others ...". Legacy His holiday home, Michael Gannon residence, at Manly has been listed on the Queensland Heritage Register. See also Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 1888–1893 References Attribution External links Category:Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly Category:1848 births Category:1898 deaths Category:People from Sydney Category:Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register Category:19th-century Australian politicians	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tangendorf disc brooch The Tangendorf disc brooch is an Iron Age fibula from the 3rd century AD, which was dug up in 1930 from the sand of a Bronze Age tumulus near Tangendorf, Toppenstedt, Harburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. The front of the elaborately crafted garment fibula is decorated with a rear-facing four-legged animal, probably a dog or a deer. It is one of Harburg's most important finds from the period of the Roman Empire, and is in the permanent exhibition of the Archaeological Museum Hamburg in Harburg, Hamburg. Discovery The Tangendorf disc brooch was found in 1930 in a tumulus (at ) on a parcel of land known as (in the black dorn), on the outer northwest corner of Tangendorf. While digging off sand from a Bronze Age grave mound in his field, farmer Heinrich Wille found the fibula together with a bronze hair clip (German: ) and a bronze spear blade. The hair clip and the spear blade were passed to the Helms-Museum; however, the brooch was left with a teacher of the Tangendorf elementary school. In the summer of 1938 the teacher asked Helms-Museum's director Willi Wegewitz to pick up a neolithic stone axe. While handing over the stone axe the brooch was rediscovered in a drawer, among the school's exercise equipment. The teacher was considering disposing of the brooch because he thought it was simply a worthless modern object without any archaeological significance. Wegewitz immediately arranged an excavation of the tumulus. The mound's original diameter of was still clearly visible on the ploughed field and further remnants of a hair clip were discovered. The farmer revealed that he had found the brooch on the edge of the grave mound in the amount of the increased soil in sand; he had not noticed that Erdverfärbungen (earth discolorations), might indicate a cremation burial. Findings The fibula is a multilayered structure. Its face consists of a very thin fire gilded and contoured silver disc, having a diameter of . This is fixed by three silver rivet pins to an identically sized, thick copper plate and together with this on a stronger silver plate. The rear plate, in diameter, is significantly larger. On its rear, the pin was mounted. The reverse of the front plate was filled with a now whitish green mix of tin, lead and traces of copper in order to support the sensitive friction work and to prevent the pressing of the driven ornaments. But the tin components of the filler have damaged some of the metal parts of the decoration due to allotropic processes forced by low temperatures during long term storage in the soil (tin pest). The decoration consists of a quadrupedal animal walking to the right, with the animals head facing backwards. It has two ears and a protruding tongue. Around its neck it wears a collar shaped ornament. The legs are positioned under the body to accommodate the round shape of the disc. The background is decorated with irregularly distributed impressions, imitating a granulation. The scene is framed by two ribbed bands, which are enclosed by an ornamental wreath and another ribbed band. Around the body of the animal there are three rosette shaped rivet heads. The body of the animal has a large defect caused by the degenerated tin filling. Some of the protruding edges of the rear mounting plate are broken away. Beneath the copper plate, residual amounts of organic material were found, which were interpreted as ivory. Due to typological comparisons of the ornaments, the fibula was dated to circa 300 AD. Interpretation Due to the improper recovery without accurate documentation of the find, accurate statements can not be given about the archaeological context the disc brooch to the Iron Age burial and the Bronze Age secondary burial. It is also not known how many additional grave goods were lost. Compared to similar finds, all of these burials should have usually contained other jewellery and utensils. Based on the statements of farmer Wille, the Iron Age grave with the disc brooch was suspected to be a cremation burial, on top of a pre-existing burial mound, a suspicion which is supported from many other Iron Age grave findings. The brooch is a high-quality, most likely Germanic, goldsmiths' work, inspired by Roman models. The animal depicted is interpreted as a dog or an antler-less deer. The reason for the depiction of a rear-facing animal may be found in Germanic art conventions or it may based on mythological ideas, but it can also be attributed to the fact that it allows a larger depiction of the animal within the available space. The protruding edge of the rear silver disc and the remains of organic material beneath the copper disk suggests that the front plates of the fibula was surrounded by an ornate ring of ivory of about width. Comparable artwork A similar, diameter, disc brooch is known from a burial at Häven in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany, but depicts a forward-facing animal. The similarities in manufacture and decoration are so striking that Wegewitz believed they were produced in the same workshop. Parallels of the illustrated animal are known from archaeological finds on a silver goblet from Nordrup (near Skaftelev in Slagelse Municipality, Zealand (Denmark), a belt decoration plate from Skedemosse (Sweden), a drawing on a Quadi vessel shard of the 2nd century from Prikas, Olomouc, Moravia (Czech Republic), and on the gold bracteate of Ponsdorf Mistelbach District, Lower Austria. According to Willi Wegewitz the Tangendorf disc brooch is one of the most magnificent brooches of the period of the Roman Empire from northern Germany and Scandinavia. Reconstruction After detailed analysis of the construction, Hans Drescher manufactured two reconstructions of the Tangendorf disc brooch, one copy for the Helms-Museum and the second for the Niedersächsisches Landesmuseum Hannover. Drescher used ivory for the organic ring, giving a decorative contrast between its white color and the golden disc. Drescher published his detailed findings in 1955. Reception Since 2002, Toppenstedt has used a stylized representation of the brooch in its coat of arms. References Bibliography This article has been translated in part from the German Wikipedia equivalent. Category:Archaeology of Lower Saxony Category:Individual brooches Category:Iron Age Germany Category:Archaeological discoveries in Germany Category:Germanic archaeological artifacts Category:Archäologisches Museum Hamburg Category:Silver-gilt objects Category:Roman archaeology Category:3rd-century artifacts Category:1930 archaeological discoveries	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Felicia heterophylla Felicia heterophylla is a roughly hairy annual plant in the daisy family. It has alternate leaves of 1–5 cm long with an entire margin or few inconspicuous teeth. The flower heads are set individually at the tip of its stems, and contain a whorl of purplish blue ray florets around a center of blackish blue disk florets. Flower heads appear in winter and spring. It is called true-blue daisy in English and bloublomastertjie in Afrikaans. It is an endemic species that only occurs in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Description Felicia heterophylla is an annual herbaceous plant of up to 35 cm (12 in) high that branches richly particularly near its base. The leaves are set oppositely, are inverted lance-shaped, 1–5 cm (0.4–2.0 in) long and about ½ cm (0.2 in) wide, narrowed at its foot in a winged stalk, entire or with a few weak teeth, with a row of hairs along the margin and the surfaces bristly hairy. Leave have one main veins, or two additional inconspicuous veins to the sides. The flower heads are set individually at the end of grooved, glandular hairy flower stalks of up to 15 cm (6 in) long, that stand in the axils of the leaves. The heads contain both female ray and bisexual and male disc florets (so-called heterogamous capitula). At the base of the head, surrounding and protecting the florets before opening, are two whorls of sepal-like bracts or scales (or phyllaries) that together make up the involucre of about 8 mm (0.32 in) in diameter. The phyllaries are about 7 mm (0.28 in) long, with papery margins. The outer whorl of phyllaries are lance-shaped, about 1½ mm (0.06 in) wide, and set with rough glandular hairs, while the inner phyllaries are narrowly inverted egg-shaped with few glandular hairs. The approximately seven, deep blue ray florets surrounding the disc have a hairy tube, at the top changing into a spreading blade of about 15 mm (0.6 in) long and 5 mm (0.2 in) wide. The dry, one-seeded, indehiscent fruits (or cypselae) of the ray florets lack pappus. The many blackish blue, rarely brown-red and yellow, disc florets are bisexual and about 5 mm (0.20 in) long. Like in all Asteraceae, the five anthers have merged into a hollow tube through which the style grows when the floret opens, while gathering the pollen on its shaft. The anthers produce cream-coloured pollen, are themselves deep blue, and have a shortly triangular appendage at the top. The whitish pappus on each of the cypselas of the disc florets consists of many bristles of about 5 mm (0.20 in) long, with short teeth in the lower quarter but feathery further up, the side branches about 0.3 mm (0.012 in) long. The cypselas are elliptical, about 4½ mm (0.18 in) long and 2 mm (0.08 in) thick, with scaly, thickened ribs along the edge and the surface set with blunt hairs of 0.7 mm (0.028 in). Felicia heterophylla is a diploid having five sets of homologue chromosomes (2n=10). Differences with related species Most Felicia species have a yellow disc, and blue, purple or pink, rarely white or yellow ray florets, and many are perennials or shrublets. F. heterophylla, F. josephinae and a form of F. amoena subsp. latifolia are annuals and the only taxa with blackish blue disc florets. F. amoena subsp. latifolia has about twenty five ray florets, while F. heterophylla has about seven, but up to thirteen. F. josephinae differs by its broad creamy ray florets. Taxonomy As far as known, this species of was first described by Henri Cassini in 1817, who named it Charieis heterophylla. In 1820, Nees von Esenbeck called another specimen Kaulfussia amelloides. This specimen was reassigned in 1822 by Cassini, who named it Charieis neesii and remarked it was very close to heterophylla and might prove synonymous. In the same publication, Cassini also described Charieis caerulea, that he also considered possibly synonymous with heterophylla. In 1973, Jürke Grau agreed with Cassini that these three names were indeed synonyms and included them in the genus Felicia, making the new combination F. heterophylla for them. The species is considered to be part of the section Neodetris. Distribution, habitat and ecology Felicia heterophylla occurs between Clanwilliam in the north and the Cape Peninsula in the south. Use The true-blue daisy is sometimes used as an ornamental. Conservation Felicia heterophylla has a stable population and is considered a least-concern species. References External links photos on iNaturalist line drawing distribution map heterophylla Category:Endemic flora of South Africa Category:Plants described in 1817	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Istana The Istana is the official residence and office of the President of Singapore. Meaning "palace" in Malay, it is where the President receives and entertains state guests. The Istana is also the working office of the Prime Minister of Singapore. The estate was once part of the extensive nutmeg plantation of Mount Sophia. In 1867, the British colonial government acquired the land and built a mansion to be the official home of the British governor. This continued until 1959 when Singapore was granted self-government, and the governor was replaced by the Yang di-Pertuan Negara, who was in turn replaced by the President. History British Colonial Period Government House of Singapore was built between 1867 and 1869 on the instructions of Sir Harry Saint George Ord, Singapore's first colonial governor after the transfer from the East India Company to the Colonial Office. The architect was Major John Frederick Adolphus McNair. Within the same compound is Sri Temasek, one of several senior colonial officers' residences in the Government House previously assigned to the Colonial Secretary. Sir Harry's desire for a stately governor's residence arose from his dissatisfaction with the leased housing on Grange Hill and Leonie Hill that Governors had to make do with. An earlier governor's residence on Bukit Larangan (now Fort Canning) known as Government House, a flimsy timber structure once designed and built for Sir Stamford Raffles' residence by George Dromgold Coleman in 1822, had been torn down in 1859 to make way for the fort and was never replaced. Ord's views were met with much resistance amongst his colleagues, as to build a residence of palatial proportions and cost was deemed too extravagant. Ord stood his ground, however, and eventually acquired of land from C. R. Prinsep's nutmeg estate in 1867. Construction began later in the year after the design was finalised in March 1867. Disapproval of Ord's initial plans seemed to have evaporated by the time Government House was completed in 1869, as attested to in a report in The Straits Times on 24 April of that year: It was completed just in time for a visit by the Prince Alfred, the 1st Duke of Edinburgh. The entire Government House, its grounds and auxiliary residences were built by convict labour – John Frederick Adolphus McNair, supervisor for the construction of Government House, was conveniently superintendent of convicts. It was an impressive building and won accolades from its occupants, writers and visitors. A "nearly perfect" residence is how Sir Frederick Weld, Governor of the Straits Settlements and official resident there from 1880 to 1887, described it in a lecture at the Royal Colonial Institute in London. He said Government House was: World War II When Japan invaded in 1942, deliberate shelling destroyed the small ceremonial guns on the steps of Government House and left the building and its grounds in a state of ruin. The Governor, Sir Shenton Thomas, and Daisy, Lady Thomas loyally remained in Government House with their servants until the very last moments. When they finally evacuated, they took with them the Union Flag that had been flying in front of Government House and carefully kept it hidden throughout the Japanese Occupation. During the occupation, the house was occupied by Field Marshal Count Hisaichi Terauchi, commander of the Japanese Southern Army, and Major General Kawamura, commander of the Singapore Defence Forces. Post-war The building continued to be used by governors of the newly created Crown Colony of Singapore. When Singapore attained self-rule in 1959, the building was handed over to the Government of Singapore. It was then renamed the Istana. Yusof Ishak was appointed the first local head of state, the Yang di-Pertuan Negara, and took up office at the Istana. The building was extensively renovated between 1996 and 1998 to add more space and modern-day conveniences. The building today has six function rooms used for ceremonial and entertainment purposes. The offices of the President of Singapore and her staff are in the building. Present Since its first occupancy in 1869, the Istana has seen 21 terms of governorship (1869–1958), two terms of occupation by the Yang di-Pertuan Negara (1959–1965) and six terms of presidential occupation (since 1965), not to mention the Japanese occupancy between 1942 and 1945. Today, the Istana is the official residence of the President of Singapore. However, no presidents nor cabinet ministers have lived there after the tenure of Devan Nair, the third President of Singapore. The villas, which are meant to be used for foreign heads of state, are used rarely. The Istana building and its grounds are open to the public on five selected statutory holidays – Chinese New Year, Deepavali, Hari Raya Puasa, Labour Day and National Day. Due to the closeness of Deepavali and Hari Raya Puasa in some years, the grounds of the Istana are sometimes open only once during this period in commemoration of both public holidays. The grounds are also often used for state functions and ceremonial occasions such as swearings-in, investitures and the presentation of credentials by heads of foreign missions. The Prime Minister, Senior Minister and Minister Mentor have their offices in the Istana Annex. The current president, Halimah Yacob, had indicated that she will continue to live in her HDB flat in Yishun Avenue 4, however, was moved out due to the government's recommendation since the time she attained presidency, and it is where security is much concerned. The move took 2 months. On the first Sunday of the month, there is a Changing of the Guards parade, which is a popular public event. Architecture The Istana is similar to many 18th-century neo-Palladian style buildings designed by British military engineers in India. It has a tropical layout like a Malay house, surrounded by statuesque columns, deep verandahs, louvred windows and panelled doors to promote cross-ventilation. The central three-storey 28-metre-high tower block dominates the building. The reasonably well-proportioned two-storey side wings feature Ionic, Doric and Corinthian orders with Ionic colonnades at the second storey and Doric colonnades at the first storey. The building sits in its elevated position overlooking its stately grounds, the Domain, reminiscent of the great gardens of England. Buildings and structures in the grounds Sri Temasek, also built in 1869 for the Colonial Secretary of the Straits Settlements, is the official residence of the Prime Minister. The Annexe. The Istana Villa (1938). The Lodge (1974). The Japanese field-artillery gun (a Type 92 10 cm cannon), presented to the leader of the returning victorious British forces to Singapore, Lord Louis Mountbatten, following the official Japanese surrender to the British in 1945 at the end of WWII. Marsh Garden (1970). Victoria Pond. A nine-hole golf course. A burial place of Bencoolen Muslims who came to Singapore between 1825 and 1828 is located on the southern slopes of the grounds close to the Orchard Road entrance. Rooms in the main building First floor The Reception Hall is where the president introduces the Cabinet of Singapore to visiting dignitaries and foreign heads of state. As its name states, tea receptions are held here after a state dinner. In the Banquet Hall, guests dine with the President and are entertained. At the end of the hall is a trompe-l'œil painted with a backdrop of orchids. The room, formerly part of the kitchen and some workshops, is also used to display state gifts. The State Room is the seat and office of the President of Singapore. The hall is used for events such as the swearing-in of a newly elected Cabinet or President, or for presentations of awards. When it was the sitting room of Sir Shenton Thomas, he had a statue of Queen Victoria at one end of the room. The statue was later removed to make way for what is now the Presidential Chair and two state flags: the National Flag and the Presidential Standard. The statue of Queen Victoria now stands at the end of the Victoria Pond located south of the Istana Grounds. Second floor The Reception Room is a small parlour on the second floor leading to the East and West Sitting Rooms. It is where the President holds discussions with foreign dignitaries. The East Sitting Room features a collection of state gifts, including a set of chinaware made in France and presented to President Benjamin Henry Sheares which is displayed in a bulletproof glass case. The West Sitting Room is a parlour that has been the setting for many interviews with heads of state and Members of Parliament. The room is laid with original timber flooring from the 1930s. Displayed on the walls of the room are priceless replicas of Arab tapestry presented by the Sultan of Oman to President Ong Teng Cheong in the 1990s. The Sheares Room is a private dining hall named after Dr. Benjamin Sheares, the second President of Singapore. It is used by the President and his/her family or, in some cases, the Cabinet. Name cards indicating the sitting positions of each person are printed and gold-plated by Risis. Besides the unique boat-shaped dining table in the room, seven painted panels depicting the seven presidents and their respective Cabinet members hang on the right of the room. The Yusof Room is named for the first President of Singapore, Yusof bin Ishak; his bust sits at the end of this parlour. The room features a large Chinese-style panel painted with phoenixes and peonies. Mezzanine floor The U-shaped Grand Staircase leads to the second and third floors of the Istana. On the first landing stands the Guardian of the House on a raised display cabinet. The statue is made of wood from India, ivory and mother of pearl. The Guardian was made by Indian labourers who constructed the Istana and was presented to Sir Shenton Thomas to commemorate his taking up of residence there. During the Second World War, the statue was placed in a storeroom. It was forgotten until 1995 when Istana guards were tasked to clear the storeroom, at which time it was found lying next to the British coat of arms which used to hang at the main entrance to the Istana. Third floor Despite the name of the President's Lounge, it also serves as the main balcony of the Istana which overlooks the ceremonial square and lawn on the ground floor. The room is styled like the White House's Blue Room, which also overlooks the White House lawn. Facing this lounge is the office of the President. The Office of the President of Singapore, which is out of bounds to the public, has four main pieces of furniture: a maroon sofa for guests to rest on, the main office desk made out of wood, a cowhide office chair, and a wooden side desk. See also The Prime Minister's Office, based in the Istana. Istana Kampong Glam, former palace of the Sultan of Singapore. History of Singapore Timeline of Singaporean history Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth Similar British Malayan colonial residences: Governor's residence in Malacca. Suffolk House and The Residency in Penang. Carcosa in Kuala Lumpur. References . . Further reading . . . . . . . External links Istana Singapore – Office of the President of the Republic of Singapore Category:Government buildings in Singapore Category:Houses in Singapore Category:Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth Category:Houses completed in 1869 Category:Protected areas of Singapore Category:National monuments of Singapore Category:Orchard, Singapore Category:Official residences Category:Official residences in Singapore Category:Orchard Road Category:Presidential residences Category:Presidents of Singapore Category:Tourist attractions in Singapore Category:1869 establishments in the British Empire	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Nowjeh Deh, Tabriz Nowjeh Deh (; also known as Navābī, Navādeh, Novābī, Novādeh Pīr, Nuvābi, and Nuvady) is a village in Tazeh Kand Rural District, Khosrowshahr District, Tabriz County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 2,057, in 372 families. References Category:Populated places in Tabriz County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Gudula Naiga Basaza Gudula Naiga Basaza is a Ugandan business woman, entrepreneur and also the co-founder and managing director at Gudie leisure farm located in Najjera, Kira town council. The farm has a variety of leisure activities for each category of visitors. Among the activities is sport fishing, relaxing walkways which has enhanced physical fitness among the visitors. Background and education Gudula was born in Buganda region, Kampala, Uganda, married to Dr. Robert Basaza of Makerere Medical School who also doubles as the co-director at the Gudie leisure farm. Gudula was a Fulbright scholar at The George Washington university,USA (2009-2010). She attended Makerere university,Uganda and was awarded a bachelor's degree in Botany and zoology(1992) then in 1993 she also obtained a postgraduate diploma in education from the same university and later joined University of York,UK(1998) where she obtained a Masters in education and thereafter also went through University of Ghent, Belgium(2006) where she was awarded with a PhD in ICT Career Gudula started Gudie leisure farm on 14th January 2009 with the primary objective of creating employment opportunities and also building skills for young people who normally risk their lives into crime due to high costs of living and yet they nothing to offer. The farm is also serving about 20,280 small holder farmers with a purpose of transforming them into commercial farmers with a target of reaching 200,000 by 2026. Gudie leisure farm is currently affiliated with over 25 workers where each worker works for a maximum of three years and is able to start up his or her own business due to multiple skills and knowledge gained while working with the farm. Since 2009, Gudula has ventured in leisure activities like sport fishing, walkways, rides on donkey backs and in carts. Among other activities on the farm is an educative campsite which deals with fish farming,poultry, piggery and horticulture with a target of supplying 13.5 tonnes of fish per week and 500 broilers per day. Besides farming, Gudula was also recently employed as the vice chancellor and development officer at St. Joseph International university and St. Augustine International university, Uganda. she was also previously at Uganda Martyrs University Nkozi as the Director for center for distance learning studies and lecturer, educational technology Achievements Due to her daily endeavors, perseverance and mentor ship, Gudula was elected as the chairperson of Uganda Women Entrepreneur's Association Limited(UWEAL). She is also a member of the Dfcu women advisory council. Gudula is also the president East African Women Entrepreneurs Exchange Network. She also chairs the board of trustee of Kampala City Traders Association(KACITA) In 2017, Uganda Development Bank (UDB), through its initiative to support innovations and start up enterprises, recognized and awarded Gudula's farm as the top winner in that aspect and thus the farm received UGX25 million. She was also recognized during the 2019 Hi Pipo awards among the 50 most influential women in Uganda especially in the business sector. See also Fish farming in Uganda Agribusiness in Uganda References Category:Ugandan company founders Category:Ugandan women business executives Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Avro Tudor The Avro Type 688 Tudor was a British piston-engined airliner based on Avro's four-engine Lincoln bomber, itself a descendant of the famous Lancaster heavy bomber, and was Britain's first pressurised airliner. Customers saw the aircraft as little more than a pressurised DC-4 Skymaster, and few orders were forthcoming, important customers preferring to buy US aircraft. The tailwheel undercarriage layout was also dated and a disadvantage. Design and development Avro began work on the Type 688 Tudor in 1943, following Specification 29/43 for a commercial adaptation of the Lancaster IV bomber, which was later renamed Lincoln. The specification was based on recommendations of the Brabazon Committee, which issued specifications for nine types of commercial aircraft for postwar use. Avro first proposed to build the Avro 687 (Avro XX), which was a Lincoln bomber with a new circular section pressurized fuselage and a large single fin and rudder in place of the predecessor's double ones. During the design stage, the idea of a simple conversion was abandoned and the Avro 688 was designed, which retained the four Rolls-Royce Merlin engines. It was designed by Roy Chadwick who, due to wartime restrictions, could not design a completely new aircraft, but had to use existing parts, tools and jigs. Using the Lincoln's wing, Chadwick, who had worked on the Lancaster, designed the Tudor to incorporate a new pressurized fuselage of circular cross-section, with a useful load of 3,765 lb (1,705 kg) and a range of 3,975 mi (6,400 km). Two prototypes were ordered in September 1944 and the first, G-AGPF, was assembled by Avro's experimental flight department at Manchester's Ringway Airport and first flew on 14 June 1945. It was the first British pressurised civilian aircraft, although the prototype initially flew unpressurised. The prototype Tudor I had 1,750 hp (1,305 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin 102 engines, but the standard engines were 1,770 hp (1,320 kW) Merlin 621s. Technical description The Tudor was a low-wing cantilever monoplane with four engines, a single fin and rudder and a retractable tailwheel undercarriage (in its original configurations). The wing was of NACA 23018 section at the root, and was a five-piece, all-metal, twin-spar structure. The untapered centre section carried the inboard engines and main undercarriage, while the inner and outer sections were tapered on their leading and trailing edges, with the inner sections carrying the outboard engines. The ailerons were fitted with trim and balance tabs, and there were hydraulically operated split flaps in three sections on each side of the trailing edges of the centre section and inner wings. A fuel capacity was given by eight bag tanks, one on either side of the fuselage in the centre section and three in both inner wings. The all-metal tail unit had a dorsal fin integrated with the fuselage, and a twin-spar tailplane with inset divided elevators. The control surfaces were mass-balanced, and each had controllable trim and servo tabs. The circular cross-section fuselage was an all-metal semi-monocoque structure, of diameter, fitted with kapok-filled inner and outer skins above floor level. The hydraulically operated main-wheel units were similar to those of the Lancaster, had single Dunlop wheels and retracted rearward into the inboard engine nacelles. The twin tailwheels retracted rearward into the fuselage and were enclosed by twin longitudinal doors. Operational history Tudor I The Tudor I was intended for use on the North Atlantic route. At the time, the United States had the Douglas DC-4 and Lockheed Constellation, which could both carry more passengers than the Tudor's 12, and also weighed less than the Tudor's weight of . The Tudor's tailwheel layout was also a drawback. Despite this, the Ministry of Supply ordered 14 Tudor Is for BOAC, and increased the production order to 20 in April 1945. The Tudor I suffered from a number of stability problems, which included longitudinal and directional instability. The problem was handed over to the Royal Aircraft Establishment at RAE Farnborough, where an extensive programme of testing was carried out, the test pilot being Eric Brown. Following the RAE's recommendations, a larger tailplane was fitted, and the original finely curved fin and rudder were replaced by larger vertical surfaces. BOAC added to the delays by requesting more than 340 modifications, and finally rejected the Tudor I on 11 April 1947, considering it incapable of North Atlantic operations. It had been intended that 12 Tudors would be built in Australia for military transport, but this plan was abandoned. Twelve Tudor Is were built, of which three were scrapped, while others were variously converted to Tudor IVB and Tudor Freighter Is. As a result of all the Tudor I's delays, BOAC – with the support of the Ministry of Civil Aviation – sought permission to purchase tried and tested aircraft such as the Lockheed Constellation and the Boeing Stratocruiser for its Atlantic routes instead of the Tudor. Despite BOAC's reluctance to purchase Tudors, the Ministry of Supply continued to subsidize the aircraft. Tudor II The passenger capacity of the Avro 688 was considered unsatisfactory, so a larger version was planned from the outset. Designated the Avro 689 (also Avro XXI), the Tudor II was designed as a 60-seat passenger aircraft for BOAC, with the fuselage lengthened to compared to the Tudor I's and the fuselage increased by to diameter, making it the largest UK airliner at the time. At the end of 1944, while it was still in the design stage, BOAC, Qantas and South African Airways decided to standardise on the Tudor II for Commonwealth air routes, and BOAC increased its initial order for 30 examples to 79. The prototype Tudor II G-AGSU first flew on 10 March 1946 at Woodford Aerodrome. The changes in design had however resulted in a loss of performance and the aircraft could not be used in hot and high conditions which resulted in Qantas ordering the Constellation and South African Airways, the Douglas DC-4 instead, with the total order reduced to 50. During further testing, the prototype was destroyed on 23 August 1947 in a fatal crash on take off from Woodford which killed Roy Chadwick; air accident investigators later discovered that the crash was due to incorrect assembly of the aileron control circuit. The engines on the second prototype were changed to Bristol Hercules radials and the aircraft became the prototype Tudor 7, which did not go into production. Unimpressed by the type's performance during further tropical trials, BOAC did not operate the Tudor II and only three production Tudor IIs were built. Six aircraft were built for British South American Airways (BSAA) as the Tudor V. The third of the pre-production Tudor 2s, initially G-AGRZ, was used for pressurisation tests as VZ366 by the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough Airport, in Hampshire. The second Tudor II to be completed, G-AGRY, went to Nairobi for tropical trials as VX202, but these were unsatisfactory and Tudor II orders were reduced to 18. Eventually, only four Tudor IIs were completed including the prototype. From 1946 on, the potential purchase of US aircraft by operators such as BOAC led to criticism of government policy, because of the damage that could potentially be caused to Britain's civil aircraft industry by a failure to buy the Tudor. L.G.S. Payne, the Daily Telegraph's aeronautical correspondent, said that British government policy had led to the development of aircraft which were uncompetitive in price, performance and economy. He blamed the Ministry of Supply's planners for this failure, since the industry had effectively been nationalised and argued that the government should pursue the development of jet aircraft instead of "interim types" such as the Tudor. BOAC cancelled its order for Tudors in 1947, instead taking delivery of 22 Canadair North Stars which they renamed C-4 Argonauts, and used them extensively between 1949 and 1960. Six aircraft ordered as Tudor IIs were intended to be modified with tricycle landing gear, for use by BSAA as freighters, and designated the 711 Trader. They were not built, but a parallel design using the same landing gear was produced as the jet-powered Avro Ashton. Tudor III Two Tudor Is, G-AIYA and G-AJKC, were sent to Armstrong Whitworth for completion as VIP transports for cabinet ministers. They could accommodate 10 passengers and had nine berths. They were re-registered as VP301 and VP312, and both were acquired by Aviation Traders in September 1953, VP301 being reconverted into a Tudor I. In 1955, G-AIYA and the Tudor I G-AGRG were lengthened to Tudor IV standard. Together with the un-lengthened Tudor I G-AGRI, which had become a 42-seat passenger aircraft, they were used on the Air Charter Ltd Colonial Coach Services between the UK, Tripoli and Lagos. Tudor IV To meet a BSAA requirement, some Tudor Is were lengthened by , powered by 1,770 hp (1,320 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin 621s and 1,760 hp (1,310 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin 623s. With 32 seats and no flight engineer position, these were known as Tudor IVs, and when fitted with a flight engineer's position and 28 seats, as Tudor IVBs. BSAA's new flagships received mixed reviews from pilots. Some greeted it with enthusiasm, such as Captain Geoffrey Womersley, who described it as "the best civil airliner flying." Others rejected it as an unsound design. BSAA's chief pilot and manager of operations, Gordon Store, was unimpressed: "The Tudor was built like a battleship. It was noisy, I had no confidence in its engines and its systems were hopeless. The Americans were fifty years ahead of us in systems engineering. All the hydraulics, the air conditioning equipment and the recircling [sic] fans were crammed together underneath the floor without any thought. There were fuel-burning heaters that would never work; we had the floorboards up in flight again and again. The Tudor IV's fuel-burning heaters were made by Janitrol and were also used on the US-built passenger aircraft – such as the Lockheed Constellation – as well as later on US-ordered variants of the Vickers Viscount. The first example, G-AHNJ "Star Panther", first flew on 9 April 1947.The Tudor IV received its Certificate of Airworthiness on 18 July 1947, and on 29 September, BSAA took delivery of G-AHNK "Star Lion", the first of its six Tudor 4s to be delivered. It departed the next day from Heathrow on a flight to South America, and on 31 October began flights from London to Havana via Lisbon, the Azores, Bermuda and Nassau. On the night of 29–30 January 1948, Tudor IV G-AHNP "Star Tiger", with 31 people on board, disappeared without trace between Santa Maria in the Azores and Bermuda. Tudors were temporarily grounded and while the cause of the accident was never determined, the type returned to service on 3 December 1948, when a weekly service was begun from London to Buenos Aires via Gander, Bermuda, and other stops, returning via the Azores. Disaster struck again on 17 January 1949, when Tudor IV G-AGRE "Star Ariel" also disappeared, this time between Bermuda and Kingston, Jamaica, with the loss of 20 people, and the Tudor IVs were once more grounded. The subsequent fleet shortage led to BSAA being taken over by BOAC. Pressurisation problems were suspected to be the cause of the two accidents, and the remaining aircraft were flown as unpressurised freighters under the designations Tudor Freighter IV and IVB. A Tudor IV was tested at De Havilland's Hatfield Airfield on 1 April 1949 to check "no lift angle" and flown to Heathrow on 8 April. After storage for some years at Manchester Airport, four ex-BSAAC Tudor IVs were bought by Air Charter in late 1953. They were fitted with by cargo doors aft by Aviation Traders and designated Super Traders IV or IVB, receiving their Certificate of Airworthiness in March 1955. These were operated by Air Charter Ltd on long distance freight flights as far as Christmas Island. Some remained in service until 1959, until G-AGRH "Zephyr" crashed in Turkey on 23 April 1959. Tudor V The Tudor V was a modified version of the stretched Tudor II equipped with 44 seats. BSAA acquired five which never entered passenger service with the airline. They were instead stripped of their fittings and used as fuel tankers on the Berlin Airlift. They completed a total of 2,562 supply sorties in 6,973 hours, carrying 22,125 tons (20,071 tonnes) of fuel into Berlin. On 12 March 1950, G-AKBY, which had been returned to passenger service with Airflight Ltd, on a charter flight from Ireland, crashed at RAF Llandow, South Wales, with the resulting death of 80 of its passengers and crew. In 1953, Lome Airways leased an ex BSAA Tudor 5 from Surrey Flying Services as CF-FCY for freight operations in Canada. It was retired at Stansted and scrapped in 1959. Tudor VI The Tudor VI was to be built for the Argentinian airline FAMA for South Atlantic service, with 32–38 seats or 22 sleeper berths, but none were built. Tudor VII The Tudor VII was the first production Tudor II fitted with Bristol Hercules air-cooled radial engines in an attempt to give better performance. The sole example built, G-AGRX, made its first flight on 17 April 1946, and was later fitted in June 1948 with shorter landing gear with the engines repositioned (inclined) to give better ground clearance. G-AGRX was used for cabin temperature experiments, and was finally sold for spares in March 1954. Tudor 8 The second prototype Tudor I was rebuilt to Tudor IV standards. It was later fitted with four Rolls-Royce Nene 4 turbojets in under-wing paired nacelles. Given the serial VX195, The Tudor 8 carried out its first flight at Woodford on 6 September 1948, and a few days later, it was demonstrated at the SBAC Show at Farnborough. Later, the Tudor 8 was used for high-altitude tests at Boscombe Down and RAE Farnborough before being broken up in 1951. Tudor 9 Following tests of the Tudor 8, the Ministry of Supply ordered six Tudor 9s, based on the Tudor II but powered by four Rolls-Royce Nenes and utilizing a tricycle undercarriage. The original design was then modified and the type was produced as the Avro 706 Ashton with the first Ashton flying on 1 September 1950. Variants All except the prototype built by Avro at their Chadderton factory and assembled and test flown from Woodford Aerodrome. 688 Tudor 1 Production variant, 12 built, later conversion to other variants. 689 Tudor 2 Stretched version, five built. 688 Tudor 3 Tudor 1 modified by Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft as executive transport aircraft. It could seat up to nine passengers, two built. 688 Tudor 4 Stretched version of the Tudor 1 (but not the same as the Tudor 2 with the fuselage lengthened by only 6 ft/1.83 m). It could seat up to 32 passengers, 11 built. 688 Tudor 4B As Tudor 4 but retained the Tudor 1's flight engineers station. Small number of Tudor 1s were converted into Tudor 4Bs. 689 Tudor 5 Tudor 2 for BSAA, powered by four 1,770 hp (1,320 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin 621 piston engines, six built. One aircraft crashed in 1950 killing 80 in the Llandow Air Disaster. 689 Tudor 6 Ordered by the Argentinian airline FAMA, but the order was cancelled. None of the airframes were completed. 689 Tudor 7 Tudor 2 fitted with four 1,750 hp (1,305 kW) Bristol Hercules 120 radial piston engines, one prototype only. 688 Tudor 8 Jet-engined version of the Tudor 1. Tudor 1 VX195 was fitted with four Rolls-Royce Nene 4 turbojet engines. Tudor 9 Jet-engined version of the Tudor 2, became the 706 Ashton Super Trader 4B Re-engined version, fitted with four 1,760 hp (1,312 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin 23 piston engines. Tudor Freighter 1 Freight and cargo version, three aircraft were used by BOAC during the 1949 Berlin Airlift. 711 Trader Proposed freighter development of the Tudor 2 fitted with a tricycle landing gear; not built. Operators Lome Airways Air Charter Airflight British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) (freight only) British South American Airways Surrey Flying Services William Dempster Accidents and incidents 23 August 1947 – Tudor 2 prototype G-AGSU crashed on takeoff from Woodford. 30 January 1948 – Tudor 1 G-AHNP "Star Tiger" of British South American Airways disappeared in the western Atlantic. 17 January 1949 – Tudor 4B G-AGRE "Star Ariel" of British South American Airways disappeared in the western Atlantic. 12 March 1950 – Tudor 5 G-AKBY of Airflight Limited crashed on approach, Llandow, Glamorgan, United Kingdom. 26 October 1951 – Tudor 5 G-AKCC President Kruger of William Dempster Limited was damaged beyond repair landing at Bovingdon, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom. 27 January 1959 – Super Trader G-AGRG El Alamein of Air Charter destroyed by fire on takeoff from Brindisi, Italy. 23 April 1959 – Super Trader G-AGRH "Zephyr" of Air Charter flew into Mount Suphan, Turkey. Specifications (Avro 688 Tudor 1) See also References Notes Bibliography Angelucci, Enzo and Paolo Matricardi. World Aircraft – Commercial Aircraft 1935–1960. London: Sampson Low Guides, 1979. . Brookes, Andrew. Disaster in the Air. London: Ian Allan Publishing, 1992. . Eastwood, Tony and John Roach. Piston Engine Airliner Production List. West Drayton, UK: Aviation Hobby Shop, 1991. . Geiger, Till. Britain and the Economic Problem of the Cold War. Farnham, Surrey, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2004. . Holmes, Harry. Avro – The History of an Aircraft Company. Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press, 2004. . Jackson, A.J. Avro Aircraft since 1908, 2nd edition. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1990. . Jackson, A.J. British Civil Aircraft since 1919. London: Putnam & Company Ltd, 1973. . Jane, Fred T. "The Avro 688 Tudor I." Jane’s Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London: Studio, 1946. . Ottaway, Susan and Ian. Fly With the Stars: A History of British South American Airways. Andover, Hampshire, UK: Speedman Press, 2007. . Scholefield, R.A. Manchester Airport. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing Limited, 1997. . Yenne, William. Classic American Airliners. St Paul, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 2005. . External links Avro Tudor – British Aircraft Database Tudor – British Aircraft of World War II A picture of the jet-powered Tudor 8 via the Internet Archive The Avro Tudor II A 1946 Flight advertisement for the Tudor "The Avro Tudor I" – a 1945 Flight article on the Tudor "Tudor in the Air" a 1948 Flight article "More About Tudors" a 1948 Flight article Tudor Category:1940s British airliners Category:Four-engined tractor aircraft Category:Low-wing aircraft Category:Aircraft first flown in 1945 Category:Four-engined piston aircraft	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Robbin Robbin may refer to: Given name Robbin Crosby (1959–2002), former co-lead guitarist in the glam metal band Ratt Robbin Söderlund (born 1987), Swedish DJ and music producer Robbin Thompson (1949–2015), American singer-songwriter Robbin. Stable name for exceptional racehorse with danehill lines. Surname Jeff Robbin, vice president of consumer applications at Apple Tony Robbin (born 1943), American artist and author Other Robbin, Minnesota, an unincorporated community in Kittson County, Minnesota Robbin' the Hood, a 1994 album by Sublime See also Robin (disambiguation) Robbins (disambiguation)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Spiritual Conference for Radical Fairies The Spiritual Conference for Radical Fairies was organized as a "call to gay brothers" by early gay rights advocates Harry Hay and Don Kilhefner. The 1979 conference was held over three days, coinciding with Labor Day weekend: 31 August–2 September. Over 200 participants gathered at the Sri Ram Ashram near Benson, Arizona to explore ideas for merging spirituality into gay liberation. History The organizing group formed out of discussions between their members spanning 1973-1978. These discussions mixed the works of Edward Carpenter, Arthur Evans, Jungian psychology, and Hay's studies of Native American spirituality, on topics ranging from gay consciousness, gay mythos, and the evolving nature of gay subculture. By 1978, such discussions indicated the need for a retreat to focus more deeply on these topics. In the fall of 1978 Hay, Kilhefner, and Walker led a workshop at the Gay Academic Union at UCLA. This workshop broke from the conference's academic tone and instead led to a group discussion similar to what is now known as a "heart circle". Throughout the summer of 1979, they developed and distributed what Hay termed a "Call", a flier to invite gay men to the retreat. The conference was held over the Labor Day weekend and attracted over two hundred participants. The success of the retreat inspired organizers and participants to thereafter coalesce under the moniker of the Radical Faeries. Participants at the 1979 conference were also integral in establishing the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence later the same year. Notes References Sources Hay, Harry, with Will Roscoe (ed.) (1996). Radically Gay: Gay Liberation in the Words of its Founder. Boston: Beacon Press. . Shively, Charley. "Harry Hay". Collected in Bronski, Michael (consulting editor) (1997). Outstanding Lives: Profiles of Lesbians and Gay Men. New York, Visible Ink Press. . Timmons, Stuart (1990). The Trouble With Harry Hay. Boston, Alyson Publications. . External links The First Radical Faerie Gathering A bit of History of the Radical Faeries	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Wentzel van Huyssteen J. Wentzel van Huyssteen was a professor at Princeton Theological Seminary from 1992-2014. His official position was the James I. McCord Professor of Theology and Science. Born in South Africa, he was ordained as part of the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa. He received his MA in philosophy from the Stellenbosch University in South Africa, and his PhD in philosophical theology from the Free University of Amsterdam. His areas of expertise are theology and science as well as religion and scientific epistemology. He is currently on the editorial board for the American Journal of Theology and Philosophy, the Nederduits Gereformeerde Teologiese Tydskrif, and the Journal of Theology and Science, and is coeditor of the Science and Religion Series (Ashgate Press). In 2004 he was selected to deliver the esteemed Gifford Lectures, in which he presented his work titled “Alone in the World? Science and Theology on Human Uniqueness.” van Huysteen has also worked on cooperation with archaeologists, and has published an article on the development of self in Çatal Höyük. Major publications Ashgate Science and Religion Series: Anna Case-Winters, Reconstructing a Christian Theology of Nature: Down to Earth, coedited with Roger Trigg. Series Editors (Adlershot: Ashgate Press, 2007) Alone in the World? Human Uniqueness in Science and Theology (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2006) The Encyclopedia of Science and Religion (Two volumes). Editor-in-chief (Macmillan Publishers, 2003) The Shaping of Rationality: Toward Interdisciplinarity in Theology and Science (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1999) Duet or Duel? Theology and Science in a Postmodern World (SCM/Trinity Press, 1998) Also, Christopher Lilley and Daniel J. Pedersen (Eds.), Human Origins and the Image of God: Essays in honor of J. Wentzel van Huyssteen (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2017) References Category:Living people Category:South African theologians Category:Year of birth missing (living people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Healthy Village (constituency) Healthy Village () is one of the 35 constituencies in the Eastern District. The constituency returns one district councillor to the Eastern District Council, with an election every four years. The seat is currently held by Cheng Chi-sing. Healthy Village has estimated population of 13,831. Councillors represented Election results 2010s References Category:Quarry Bay Category:Constituencies of Hong Kong Category:Constituencies of Eastern District Council Category:1994 establishments in Hong Kong Category:Constituencies established in 1994	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Virginia State Route 391 (1923-1928) REDIRECT Virginia State Route 238	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
S. Sadanand Swaminathan Sadanand (1900–1953) was an Indian journalist. In 1927 Sadanand started the Free Press of India Agency, which was the first news agency owned and managed by Indians. In 1930 Sadanand became founder editor of the English-language The Free Press Journal which, according to A. R. Desai, was a strong supporter of the Indian National Congress's (INC) "demand and struggle for independence" from Great Britain. In 1933, he bought The Indian Express, (Madras), from Varadarajulu Naidu, an INC supporter who had founded it in 1932. The closure of The Free Press Journal caused The Indian Express to pass into the control of Ramnath Goenka. He was one of the seven initial shareholders of the Press Trust of India when it was founded in 1947. Sadanand never went to college and was a self-taught journalist. J. K. Singh calls him a great journalist but a poor business manager and a "sad failure". Rangaswami Parthasarathy calls him an able editor, an innovator and a fearless patriot. References Further reading Category:Journalists from Uttar Pradesh Category:1900 births Category:1953 deaths Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh Category:Indian publishers (people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tanzania at the Commonwealth Games Tanzania has competed in twelve of the thirteen Commonwealth Games since 1966, following the formation of the country in 1964, missing only the 1986 Commonwealth Games. One of its predecessor states, Tanganyika, competed in the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games. Overall medal tally History At the 2006 Commonwealth Games, Tanzania was nineteenth in the medal tally with two medals, and was twenty-fourth in the All-time tally of medals, with an overall total of 21 medals. References External links Tanzania Olympic Committee	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Great Escape (1986 video game) The Great Escape is a video game which shares a title and similar plot to the movie The Great Escape. It was programmed by Denton Designs, who went on to produce the similarly acclaimed Where Time Stood Still. It was published by Ocean in 1986 for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC and DOS. Scenario The player controls an unnamed prisoner of war who has been interned in a POW camp somewhere in northern Germany in 1942. The camp itself is a small castle on a promontory surrounded on three sides by cliffs and the cold North Sea. The only "official" entry to the camp is by a narrow road through the gatehouse and anyone passing through this must be carrying the correct papers. Everywhere else the camp is surrounded by fences or walls with guard dogs used to patrol the perimeter and guards in observation towers with searchlights posted to watch for any prisoners trying to escape. Beneath the camp there is also a maze of tunnels and drains, although these are dangerous to enter without some kind of light. The player's task is to escape from the camp. There are a number of different ways in which this can be achieved. Gameplay The gaming environment is displayed in isometric 2.5D with the player's character initially in bed at the beginning of a day in the camp. The prisoner has a daily routine, along with all the other prisoners, which includes roll call, exercising, mealtimes and bedtime. The other prisoners will follow this routine and, if the player does not control the main character for a short period of time, their character will join in the routine. There are soldiers guarding the camp and they will apprehend the player if he is seen out of routine (prison guards only arrest on touch and only detect prisoners in their line of sight or indoors). Critical reaction The ZX Spectrum version of The Great Escape was placed at number 23 in the Your Sinclair official top 100, after originally being awarded 9 out of 10 in that magazine's January 1987 issue. Both the tense atmosphere and the protagonist's 'automatic daily routine' were highlighted as excellent features. The game won the awards for best arcade adventure, and best advert of the year according to the readers of Crash magazine, as well as being the runner up for best game, and was also nominated in other categories, including best graphics. A reverse engineering project to create portable C source code from the game's binary was started in 2012. The project reached a compiling state in January 2016. See also The Abbey of Crime References External links The Great Escape gameplay with audio commentary on YouTube Category:1986 video games Category:Action-adventure games Category:Amstrad CPC games Category:Commodore 64 games Category:DOS games Category:Ocean Software games Category:Piko Interactive games Category:Video games developed in the United Kingdom Category:Video games set in prison Category:Video games with isometric graphics Category:World War II video games Category:ZX Spectrum games it:The Great Escape#Videogiochi	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Volker Deckardt Volker Deckardt (born 9 March 1944) is an Austrian former swimmer. He competed in the men's 200 metre butterfly at the 1964 Summer Olympics. References Category:1944 births Category:Living people Category:Austrian male swimmers Category:Olympic swimmers of Austria Category:Swimmers at the 1964 Summer Olympics Category:Place of birth missing (living people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Madagascar National Parks Madagascar National Parks, formerly known as l'Association Nationale pour la Gestion des Aires Protégées (ANGAP), is charged with managing a network of protected areas in Madagascar. It is a private association that is legally recognised to have a public function, and it operates under the supervision of the ministry responsible for the environment, which, in June 2008, is the Ministry of the Environment and Forests (MEF). The association's mission is: To establish, conserve and sustainably manage a national network of parks and reserves representative of the biological diversity and the natural heritage of Madagascar. External links Madagascar National Parks Official website (in English, French, German, Italian) Supporting urgent biodiversity conservation in Madagascar World Bank website on Conservation Project in Madagascar (in English, French) Category:Conservation in Madagascar Category:Environmental organisations based in Madagascar	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lea Brilmayer Roberta "Lea" Brilmayer (born 1950) is an American legal scholar. She is the Howard M. Holtzmann Professor of International Law at Yale Law School and an expert in conflict of laws, personal jurisdiction, and international law. Biography Brilmayer received a bachelor's degree in mathematics from University of California, Berkeley. After beginning graduate studies in mathematics, she switched to law, graduating with a JD from UC Berkeley School of Law and an LLM from Columbia Law School. Brilmayer was a professor at Yale until 1991 before leaving to be a professor at NYU School of Law. Prior to her first term at Yale, she was a professor at University of Chicago Law School, where she was at one time the only tenured female faculty member—a distinction she held in the 1980s at Yale as well. She returned to Yale Law School in 1998, teaching contracts and conflict of laws there. In addition to teaching at Yale, Chicago, and NYU, Brilmayer has taught at University of Texas School of Law, the University of Michigan Law School, Columbia Law School, and Harvard Law School. In addition to her work as a law professor, Brilmayer has been involved in various international law issues. She served in a legal capacity for the nation of Eritrea in their dispute with Ethiopia over various issues, including war crimes, boundary disputes, and other issues related to the Eritrean–Ethiopian War of the late 1990s. She was the Legal Advisor to the Office of the President of Eritrea at the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission, an independent commission tasked by the Permanent Court of Arbitration with arbitrating the disputes between the two nations. Works In addition to her teaching, Brilmayer is the author of an amica brief to the Supreme Court, as well as an arbiter in international law issues. She has been published in numerous legal journals, including the Yale Law Journal and Harvard Law Review. Additionally, she has also testified before congressional committees, including on the issue of gay marriage. Her books include the following works: Justifying International Acts American Hegemony: Political Morality in a One-Superpower World References External links Lea Brilmayer's profile at Yale Law School Category:American legal scholars Category:Columbia University faculty Category:Yale Law School faculty Category:Living people Category:University of Michigan faculty Category:UC Berkeley School of Law alumni Category:Columbia Law School alumni Category:Conflict of laws scholars Category:1950 births	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Om Prakash Munjal Om Prakash Munjal (In Punjabi ਓਮਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਮੁਂਜਾਲ 26 August 1928 – 13 August 2015) was an Indian businessman, poet and philanthropist. He was the founder and chairman of Hero Cycles, the world's largest integrated bicycle manufacturing company by volume and Hero Motors, an Indian two-wheeler components manufacturer, and ventured into newer business fields including luxury hotels and four-wheeler components. He is also known for philanthropic activities of running various schools and hospitals. He died on 13 August 2015 at DMC Hero Heart Centre, Ludhiana. Early life Om Prakash Munjal was born in Kamalia to Bahadur Chand Munjal and Thakur Devi. In 1944, his family moved to Amritsar to start a bicycle spare parts business with his three brothers, Brijmohan Lall Munjal, Dayanand Munjal and Satyanand Munjal. The business flourished, however, within a few years, the Partition of India occurred and severely affected the business environment in Amritsar. The brothers moved the base of their operations to Ludhiana. In 1956, they moved from component manufacturing to complete bicycle manufacturing with the brand name Hero, the first bicycle manufacturing unit in India, producing 639 bicycles in the first year. Mr. Munjal died on 13 August 2015. Hero Cycles Om started Hero Cycles with a capital of Rs.50,000 in 1956 raised as a bank loan. The rise of the company attracted indigenous talent in the form of skilled engineers, technocrats, administrators and entrepreneurs who helped in building an ancillary industry around the bicycle industry. The then chief minister of the Punjab state, Pratap Singh Kairon motivated Om and his brothers to set up and run their business. They acknowledge Kairon as being immensely helpful for their beginning. In the 1980s, Hero Cycles became the largest bicycle manufacturer in the world and was registered with Guinness Book of World Records in 1986 for this feat. Hero Cycles today produces around 19000 bicycles per day. Om and his brothers expanded the Hero Group in various businesses, diversifying into sectors like bicycle components, automotive, automotive components, IT, services etc. Om, his brother Brijmohan and the next generation of the family were instrumental in establishing Hero Honda, now Hero Motocorp, a joint venture between Hero Cycles and Honda for manufacturing motorcycles that went on to become the world's largest motorcycle producer. In the late 1990s, Om became one of the first to explore the idea of manufacturing electric bicycles in India. In 2010, Om assumed responsibility of leading Hero Cycles, Hero Motors, Munjal Kiriu Industries, ZF Hero and Munjal Hospitality. Om continued to serve as the Chairman of Hero Cycles and group companies. He has also served as the president of the All India Cycle Manufacturers’ Association multiple times. "I believe life is the biggest teacher and world is the biggest school. I learnt from my mistakes and crisis. There has hardly been a day when I have not learnt something," - Late O.P. Munjal. Personal life Om was married to Sudarshan Munjal and had five children - Neeru Khanna, Neeta Seth, Poonam Soni, Priyanka Malhotra and Pankaj Munjal. Munjal was known for cultural and literary activities and for patronizing upcoming talents in these fields. He was also known as a promoter of Urdu language through his Shers and Mushairas published in journals, magazines and company's annual diaries. Awards and honors Om has received recognition and honors from the former Presidents of India Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, V. V. Giri, Zail Singh and A. P. J. Abdul Kalam. He received the Udyog Rattan Award from Amrinder Singh for outstanding contribution towards economic development of the State (Punjab). Om also received the Samman Patra award for the contribution to exchequer of the state government, the Indira Gandhi National Unity award to recognize his social contribution and the Punjab Rattna award to commemorate his contribution to the state economy. References External links Official website Category:2015 deaths Category:1928 births Category:Businesspeople from Ludhiana Category:People from Toba Tek Singh District Category:Indian industrialists Category:Indian company founders Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople Category:Hero Honda motorcycles Category:Indian chief executives	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2014–15 Conference USA men's basketball season The 2014–15 Conference USA men's basketball season began with practices in October 2014, followed by the start of the 2014–15 NCAA Division I men's basketball season in November. Preseason Preseason Polls Preseason All-Conference Team Rankings Conference schedules Conference matrix This table summarizes the head-to-head results between teams in conference play. Player of the week Players of the week Throughout the conference regular season, the C-USA offices named one or two players of the week and one or two freshmen of the week each Monday. Honors and awards All-Conference USA Awards and Teams Postseason Conference USA Tournament March 11–14, Conference USA Basketball Tournament, Legacy Arena, Birmingham NCAA tournament National Invitation Tournament CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament References	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Moraice Moraice is a village in Pljevlja Municipality, in northern Montenegro. According to the 2003 census, the village had a population of 108 people. References Category:Populated places in Pljevlja Municipality	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jingxingji The Jingxingji (; literally "Record of Travels") was a now lost journey book written by Du Huan shortly after he returned to China in 762 from the Abbasid Caliphate. Only about 1,511 words are being preserved under the Tongdian. It recorded about thirteen main countries, and a separated book was later published by Wang Guowei under the title of Guxingji Xiaolu from this source. Other parallel quotes can also be found from the Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era, Taiping Huanyuji, Tongzhi and Tongkao. In 1866, a section with regard to the Byzantine Empire of the texts was being translated into English by Henry Yule. Since then, a few of the scholars such as Hirth (1885), Chavannes (1903), Shiratori (1904), Rockhill (1911) and Pelliot (1904 and 1929) carry on the translation and excerpt from the portion of the texts into their works. The texts has overall been held in high regard among the early Chinese scholars such as Zhang Xinglang, Feng Chengjun, Xiang Da and Bai Shouyi. References Zhang, Yi and Zhang, Yichun (2006, 2nd ed). Annotation and Interpretation on the "Memoir of the Pilgrimage to the Five Kingdoms of India" and the "Record of Travels". Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. . Yang, Tingfu, "Du Huan". Encyclopedia of China, 1st ed. External links A Chinese in the Nubian and Abyssinian Kingdoms (8th Century), Wolbert Smidt. Category:Chinese history texts Category:Tang dynasty literature Category:8th-century history books	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
13 Commandments 13 Commandments () is a 2017 Dutch-language (Flemish) television series starring Dirk van Dijck, Marie Vinck and Karlijn Sileghem. The plot revolves around Peter Devriendt (Dirk van Dijck), a divorced father and veteran cop working for Belgium’s Federal Criminal Police, and his new partner Vicky Degraeve (Marie Vinck). A serial killer begins a crime spree with the mission to punish individuals who have committed acts that counter the Ten Commandments. Plot The body of a 16-year old Turkish teenage girl is found in the town of Aalst, her throat cut. The police assume it to be an honour killing committed by her uncle but are stymied by the family's refusal to testify. Within a day, the suspect himself is found under a bridge, badly burned but alive. On the bridge above him, someone has sprayed the words "Thou shalt have no other gods", referencing the first commandment. This is the first in a series of crimes, committed by someone going by the name of Moses, each of which is in some way inspired by one of the Ten Commandments. Those who have been perceived to have violated the Commandments are hunted down and punished without mercy. Two police detectives, Vicky Degraeve (Marie Vinck) and Peter Devriendt (Dirk Van Dijck) are assigned to find the vigilante but are increasingly hindered by the public opinion, which supports Moses despite his excesses. Cast Dirk van Dijck as Peter Devriendt Marie Vinck as Vicky Degraeve Karlijn Sileghem as Liesbet Dujardin Line Pillet as Sara Devriendt Hans De Munterv as Georges Degraeve Lola Rose Delany as Blue Ella Leyers as Paulien Rooze Katelijne Verbeke as Chantal Theunissen Kim Hertogs as Kelly Karen van Parijs as Vicky's Mother Leo Achten as Peter's Father Gökhan Girginol as Hristo Bodurov Jeroen Perceval as Felix Monnet Bert Haelvoet as Simon Roelandts Koen van Impe as Tony Vermeire Ludo Hoogmartens as Jos Schatteman Joke Sluydts as Journaliste Tom Ternest as Marnix Santermans Hilde De Baerdemaeker as Sofie Vandekerckhoven Roy Aernouts as Mike De Meyer Maarten Mertens as Journalist Matthieu Sys as Lukas Heyde Release 13 Commandments was released on September 10, 2018 on VTM. References External links Category:2017 Belgian television series debuts Category:Flemish television programmes Category:2010s crime television series Category:Television shows set in Belgium Category:Dutch-language television programs	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Polyscia Polyscia is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae. References Category:Geometridae	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Schildau (disambiguation) Schildau can refer to three locations: Schildau, a town in Germany Kesselaid, an island in the Baltic Sea known in German as Schildau Wojanów, a town in Poland known in German as Schildau	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Gastone Bean Gastone Bean (; born 11 August 1936) is a former Italian professional footballer who played as a striker. Club career Growing up in San Canzian d'Isonzo, he joined A.C. Milan as a youngster. He played on loan at Piacenza, scoring 23 goals in 21 games in the 1955–56 C-Series season. He made his Milan debut on 14 October 1956. At the end of the 1956–57 Season the Rossoneri won the title thanks to his decisive contribution of 17 goals, including the initial goal in the derby on 10 March 1957, which ended with a 1–1 draw. He was the fourth best goalscorer of the season, and was voted "favourite Champion 1957" by the Italian magazine Il calcio e il ciclismo illustrato. With Carlo Galli alternated in the role of striker, the two took up the legacy of Gunnar Nordahl, who had moved to AS Roma. In the next season he scored 10 goals, always alternating with Galli. The 1958–59 season ended with another championship title. Despite a tally of 39 goals in four seasons, in 1960 he moved to Genoa, to be paired with Eddie Firmani. On 2 April 1961, Bean scored four goals past Novara, however, the Griffins remained in Serie B because of a penalty. The promotion came in 1961–62, when the MLS closed the season 64 goals and eleven points ahead of Naples, who finished second. Bean, deployed as a left winger, produced 20 goals. He was in Genoa for four seasons, contributing to the achievement of the Cup of the Alps in 1964 and Friendship Cup in 1963. Sold to Naples, in Serie B, he helped them to win promotion to the top flight in his first season in Campania. He ended his career in Naples in 1969, joining Bellaria Igea as player-coach. International career He was summoned to the national team during the qualifying flop for the 1958 FIFA World Cup. In total he played 4 games at international level. Management career After retiring as a player he spent twenty years as a coach with lower league sides Bellaria Igea, Ravenna, Cattolica, Lecco, Benevento, Barletta, Casertana, Cavese, and Fasano. Honours Club A.C. Milan Serie A: 1956–57, 1958–59 Genoa Serie B: 1961–62 References External links Profile at EnciclopediaDelCalcio.com Profile at MagliaRossonera.it International caps at FIGC.it Category:1936 births Category:Living people Category:People from San Canzian d'Isonzo Category:Italian footballers Category:Italy international footballers Category:Association football forwards Category:Serie A players Category:Serie B players Category:A.C. Milan players Category:Piacenza Calcio 1919 players Category:Genoa C.F.C. players Category:S.S.C. Napoli players Category:S.P.A.L. players Category:A.C. Bellaria Igea Marina managers Category:Calcio Lecco 1912 managers Category:Benevento Calcio managers Category:Italian football managers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Damariscotta River The Damariscotta River is a tidal river in Lincoln County, Maine, that empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Damariscotta is an old Abenaki word for "river of many fishes". There are 2,500-year-old oyster shell middens (heaps) along the banks of the Damariscotta River, which occupies a drowned river valley leading to the Gulf of Maine, a large embayment of the Atlantic Ocean. The Damariscotta River begins at the outlet of Damariscotta Lake, at Damariscotta Mills, a village straddling the boundary between the towns of Newcastle and Nobleboro. Damariscotta Lake extends north into the town of Jefferson and is fed from tributaries originating as far north as Washington and Somerville, Maine. From the lake's outlet, the Damariscotta River drops over just through Damariscotta Mills before reaching tidewater, at an arm of the river known as Salt Bay. The tidal Damariscotta flows southward between Newcastle, Edgecomb and Boothbay on the west and Damariscotta, Bristol and South Bristol on the east, reaching the Atlantic Ocean between Linekin Neck on the west and Inner Heron Island on the east. It is a navigable river for nearly its entire length, to the bridge between Newcastle and Nobleboro (). It is important in local commerce for tourism, Oyster and Mussel Farming as well as other forms of aquaculture, clamming, marine worming and fishing. See also Whaleback Shell Midden Damariscotta River Cruises Damariscotta River Association Downtown Damariscotta Visitors Information References External links Category:Estuaries of Maine Category:Rivers of Lincoln County, Maine Category:Damariscotta, Maine Category:Rivers of Maine	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Andrew Sherborne Andrew Sherborne (born 11 March 1961) is an English professional golfer. Sherborne was born in Bristol. He was the leading amateur at The Open Championship in 1984 and turned professional later that year. He played on the European Tour for nearly twenty years, winning the 1991 Madrid Open and the 1992 Peugeot Spanish Open. Towards the end of his tournament career he struggled to hold his place on the main tour, and during this period he picked up his third professional win at the Challenge Tour's 2001 Open Golf Montecchia - PGA Triveneta. His highest placing on the European Tour's Order of Merit was 30th in 1992. Professional wins European Tour wins (2) Challenge Tour wins (1) Results in major championships Note: Sherborne only played in The Open Championship. CUT = missed the half-way cut (3rd round cut in 1984 Open Championship) "T" = tied Team appearances Amateur St Andrews Trophy (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 1984 (winners) External links Category:English male golfers Category:European Tour golfers Category:1961 births Category:Living people	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
No. 66 Madhura Bus No. 66 Madhura Bus is a 2012 Malayalam road movie directed by M. A. Nishad and stars Pasupathy, Padmapriya, Shwetha Menon, Mallika, Makarand Deshpande, Thilakan and Jagathy Sreekumar in pivotal roles. The screenplay is by noted author K. V. Anil. A journey of love and revenge, the film's story unfolds amidst the travel of an interstate bus.M. A. Nishad, has earlier directed Pakal, Nagaram, Aayudham, Vairam and quite recently Best of Luck. M.Jayachandran composed musical score for the film with lyrics written by Vayalar Sharathchandra Verma & Rajiv Alunkal.The filim was flopp at the box office. Cast Pasupathy as Varadarajan Shwetha Menon as Rita Mammen/Jail Welfare Officer Padmapriya as Sooryapadmam (Voice dubbed by Bhagyalakshmi) Mallika as Bhavayami/Varadarajan's wife Makarand Deshpande as Sanjayan (Voice dubbed by Shammi Thilakan) Thilakan as Vettaikaran Varkey Jagathy Sreekumar as Mathaikutty/Bus Conductor Jagadeesh as Police Officer Sudheer Karamana as Parameshwaran Vijaybabu as Ravichandran/DFO Anil Murali as Antappan/Vettakkaran Varkky's son Seema G. Nair as Sumithra/Parameswaran's wife Abatis Thokalath as Sanjayan Jr. Rekha as Subadhra/Ravichandran's sister Sasi Kalinga as Swami Chembil Ashokan as Arumugam Sathar as Jailer Koshy Box Office The filim was flopp at the box office. Awards References External links Category:Indian films Category:2010s Malayalam-language films Category:2010s road movies Category:Indian road movies Category:2012 films Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dubost Dubost is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include: Antonin Dubost (1842–1921), French journalist and politician Charles Dubost (1905-1991), French lawyer Charles Dubost (surgeon) (1914-1991), French surgeon Coralie Dubost (born 1983), French politician Paulette Dubost (1910–2011), French actress Category:French-language surnames	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Elisângelo Ramos Elisângelo Ramos is a Cape Verdean journalist who has been at RTC since 1997. He belongs to the broadcasting, television and the press sectors. He is a reporter for RCV in the city of Praia and is a producer of cultural programs. Biography Before he appeared on the radio, he was a film producer in Mindelo in 1996. He appeared in three films filmed in Cape Verde as a producer and two as a secondary actor. He took a course in vocal expression at the Instituto Camões – Centro Cultural Português, Mindelo from 1993 to 1996. He is the co-founder of the cultural and artistic association Mindelact of Mindelo, São Vicente Island. In the 1990s, he published at Sons d'África and released some discs made by Cape Verdean musicians. In 1996, he formed a part of a group of employees that began broadcasting Rádio Nacional de Cabo Verde in 1997 which merged into Radiotelevisão Cabo-verdiana. During these years, he took part in public radio and thought of all works in political, cultural and social areas. He started a radio activity at a religious radio station: Rádio Nova - Emissora Cristã de Cabo Verde in 1993 and made different programs. He was a correspondent at Rádio Canal África in Johannesburg between 1998 and 1999 and at Lusa, Portuguese News Service, the Cape Verdean News Agency, Inforporess. He took part in different Capeverdean stations and today has aired twelve formations in special areas of journalism and radio. He aired at Luanda, the Angolan capital in 2009 in an intensive cultural journalism provided by the Academic Voice of Germany. References Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:Cape Verdean writers Category:Cape Verdean journalists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Claytonia perfoliata Claytonia perfoliata (syn. Montia perfoliata), also known as miner's lettuce, Indian lettuce, spring beauty, or winter purslane, is a flowering plant in the Montiaceae family. It is a fleshy, herbaceous, annual plant native to the western mountain and coastal regions, from southernmost Alaska and central British Columbia, all the way south to Central America, but most common in California in the Sacramento and northern San Joaquin Valleys. Together with Claytonia parviflora and C. rubra, C. perfoliata comprises what is almost certainly a polyploid pillar complex, which is based on three diploid species. Two key studies on the population ecology and genetics of the C. perfoliata complex were published in 2012. Description Claytonia perfoliata is a tender rosette-forming plant that grows to a maximum of in height, but mature plants can be as short as . The cotyledons are usually bright green (rarely purplish- or brownish-green), succulent, long and narrow. The first true leaves form a rosette at the base of the plant, and are long, with a typically long petiole (exceptionally up to long). The small pink or white flowers have five petals long. The flowers appear from February to May or June and are grouped 5–40 together. The flowers grow above a pair of leaves that are connected together around the stem so as to appear as a single circular leaf. Mature plants form a rosette; they have numerous erect to spreading stems that branch from the base. C. perfoliata is common in the springtime, and prefers a cool, damp environment. The plant first appears in sunlit areas after the first heavy rains of the year, though the best stands are found in shaded areas, especially in the uplands, into early summer. As the days get hotter and drier, the leaves turn a deep red color as they dry out. Subspecies There are three well-studied geographical subspecies of C. perfoliata: Claytonia perfoliata subsp. perfoliata: Pacific coastal United States and southwest Canada Claytonia perfoliata subsp. intermontana: interior western United States Claytonia perfoliata subsp. mexicana: coastal southern California and Arizona, all the way south to Mexico to Guatemala Uses The common name of miner's lettuce refers to how the plant was used by miners during the California Gold Rush, who ate it to prevent scurvy. It is in season in April and May, and can be eaten as a leaf vegetable. Most commonly, it is eaten raw in salads, but it is not quite as delicate as cultivated lettuce. Sometimes, it is boiled like spinach, which it resembles in taste and chemical composition. Caution should be used because wild C. perfoliata can sometimes accumulate toxic amounts of soluble oxalates (also present in spinach). It has been widely naturalized in western Europe, after being introduced there in the eighteenth century, possibly by the naturalist Archibald Menzies, who brought it to Kew Gardens in London in 1794. Gallery Other names Claytonia perfoliata is called piyada̠ʼ in the Western Mono language, a Native American language of California. References McIntyre, P. J. 2012. Cytogeography and genome size variation in the Claytonia perfoliata (Portulacaceae) polyploid complex. Annals of Botany (Oxford) 110(6): 1195-203. McIntyre, P. J. 2012. Polyploidy associated with altered and broader ecological niches in the Claytonia perfoliata (Portulacaceae) species complex. American Journal of Botany 99(4): 655-62. External links Flora North America Claytonia perfoliata Calflora database: Claytonia perfoliata (Miner's lettuce) Jepson Flora Project: Claytonia perfoliata Plants of British Columbia: Claytonia perfoliata perfoliata Category:Flora of Alaska Category:Flora of British Columbia Category:Flora of California Category:Flora of Central America Category:Flora of Mexico Category:Flora of Idaho Category:Flora of Oregon Category:Flora of the California desert regions Category:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.) Category:Flora of Washington (state) Category:Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands Category:Natural history of the Central Valley (California) Category:Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Willdenow Category:Taxa named by Aimé Bonpland Category:Annual plants Category:Leaf vegetables Category:Lettuce Category:Plants used in Native American cuisine Category:Pre-Columbian California cuisine	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mercury My The (my) mercury Concept (sometimes known as the Mercury My) is a concept car that was created by Mercury. The my mercury was first introduced at the 1999 North American International Auto Show. The my mercury was designed by J Mays, the same designer of the Volkswagen New Beetle. This might also explain why the my mercury's curved roofline resembles the New Beetle's. The assembly of the Mercury My concept car was made in Pretoria, South Africa. Design The my mercury features suicide-style doors that are center-opening. It also features two amber glass panels. The my mercury also sports a center console that holds a trackball which controls the sound system, climate controls and integrated global positioning system that is displayed on a screen mounted in the center. The entire my mercury looks like neither a car, truck, nor an SUV; it was a foreshadowing of the CUV cross-over segment to follow in the early part of the next decade. References My Category:Concept cars	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hello (Turn Your Radio On) "Hello (Turn Your Radio On)" is a song by the British-based pop duo Shakespears Sister, and was released as the fourth single from their second album Hormonally Yours. The single peaked at #14 and spent 6 weeks on the UK singles chart. Internationally, the single peaked at #27 in Ireland, #12 in Germany, #9 in Switzerland, #33 in the Netherlands, #20 in Sweden, #97 in Australia, and #43 in New Zealand. Background The single was released in the UK on 26 October 1992. The album version of the song was remixed for its single release, featuring more bass and adding drums. The single version is also slightly extended, with a repeat of the chorus towards the end of the song. The single sleeve artwork was created by Laurence Dunmore, with photography by Derek Ridgers. Music video The music video for "Hello (Turn Your Radio On)" was directed by Sophie Muller. Track listing European/Australasian CD Single "Hello (Turn Your Radio On)" (7" Version) — 4:23 "Hello (Turn Your Radio On)" (Alternative Piano Version) — 4:23 "Goodbye Cruel World" (BTO Remix) — 7:06 "Stay" (Andre Betts Remix) — 3:49 UK Limited Edition CD single "Hello (Turn Your Radio On)" (7" Version) — 4:23 "Hello (Turn Your Radio On)" (Alternative Piano Version) — 4:23 "Hello (Turn Your Radio On)" (Album Version) — 4:06 "Stay" (Andre Betts Remix) — 3:49 UK CD single "Hello (Turn Your Radio On) — 4:24 "Black Sky" (Dub Extravaganza Part 2) — 10:39 "Goodbye Cruel World" (BTO Remix) — 7:06 "Stay (André Betts 12" Remix) — 4:28 7"single "Hello (Turn Your Radio On)" (7" Version)" — 4:24 "Stay" (André Betts Remix) — 4:28 Cassette "Hello (Turn Your Radio On) — 4:24 "Stay" (André Betts Remix) — 4:28 U.S Promotional CD Single "Hello (Turn Your Radio On)" (7" Version) - 4:21 Charts Cover versions The Bates version Hello (Turn Your Radio On) was covered by German punk band The Bates, and was released as the group's lead single in 1994. Track listing CD single "Hello" — 3:21 "All in All" — 2:28 "It's a Heartache" (Punch in the Face Demo Mix) — 1:52 "Hello" (Punch in the Face Demo Mix) — 3:14 "Worse Than the Devil" (Punch in the Face Demo Mix) — 1:51 Queensberry version Hello (Turn Your Radio On) was covered by German girlgroup Queensberry, and released as the lead single off the second album On My Own in October 2009. Track listings CD single "Hello (Turn Your Radio On)" — 3:18 "Welcome to My World <small>(written by Andrew Bojanic, Elizabeth Hooper, Jim Marr, Wendy Page)</small)>" — 3:46 Charts References Category:2009 singles Category:Queensberry (band) songs Category:1992 singles Category:Music videos directed by Sophie Muller Category:Shakespears Sister songs Category:Songs about radio Category:Songs written by Siobhan Fahey Category:Songs written by Marcella Detroit Category:Songs written by David A. Stewart Category:1992 songs Category:London Records singles Category:Virgin Records singles Category:Warner Records singles	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Agrotis orthogonia The pale western cutworm (Agrotis orthogonia) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America, more specifically dry, semi-desert areas of western North America from southern Canada to California, ranging eastward nearly to the eastern edge of the Great Plains. The wingspan is about 34 mm. The larvae feed on various forbs and grasses. The species is occasionally of economic importance on winter wheat and small grains. It has also been reported from corn and sugar beets. Subspecies Agrotis orthogonia delorata Agrotis orthogonia duae References External links Species info Category:Agrotis Category:Moths of North America Category:Agricultural pest insects	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Host media processing A telephony system based on host media processing (HMP) is one that uses a general-purpose computer to process a telephony call’s media stream rather than using digital signal processors (DSPs) to perform the task. When telephony call streams started to be digitized for time-division-multiplexed (TDM) transport, processing of the media stream, to enhance it in some way, became common. For example, digital echo cancellers were added to long-haul circuits, and transport channels were shaped to improve modem performance. Then, in the mid-‘80s, computer-based systems that implemented messaging, for example, used DSPs to compress the audio for storage, and fax servers used DSPs to implement fax modems. However, since the late ‘90s, the millions of instructions per second (MIPS) of processing power available on low-cost PCs have been adequate to process several media streams, while still leaving enough processing power to handle the application. And, following Moore’s Law, PC capacity continues to double every 18 months, while the MIPS required to process a call’s media stream have remained relatively constant. Now, in the latter half of the century’s first decade, a single PC can handle well over 100 simultaneous calls. Prior to IP telephony, when you wanted to connect a telecommunications system to a telecom network it was necessary to have a telecom-specific physical interface. This could mean an analog interface (POTS/DS-0), for low-density non-network systems, or a digital interface, such as a T-1 or E-1 line (DS-1, delivering 24 or 32 DS-0s). A DS-4 connection delivers 274.176 Mbit/s or 4032 DS-Os. In each case, telecom-specific electronic interfaces, which were proprietary and, therefore, relatively expensive, were necessary. The situation changes dramatically with an all-IP telecom infrastructure. The network interfaces move from being a significant proprietary component to off-the-shelf high-performance IP interfaces, an inherent feature in every modern computing system. Today, 10-Gigabit Ethernet' telephony systems are being deployed. The term Host Media Processing was first used in a product name by Intel in the early 2000s. It was quickly adopted as a generic term for software-based telephony products, used by many companies including Aculab, Pika, Eicon Networks, Uniqall, Commetrex, and NMS. Intel's Host Media Processing product line (still called HMP) exists today under the Dialogic banner. The concept of using an industry standard PC to do telephony processing is now widely understood and accepted, with open-source platforms like Asterisk, YATE and FreeSWITCH using the same principle. The rise of interest in VoIP and Fax-over-IP (FoIP) have driven demand for open, host-based solutions that can be molded into a variety of different communications solutions. HMP components are used today to implement many different kinds of solutions including PBX, conference servers, unified communications servers and IVR. The emergence of virtualization in recent years also increases the appeal of HMP, since it is then possible to think of telephony resources as being virtual channels (rather than dedicated hardware boards), which offer the same benefit as virtual processors and servers, i.e. resilience; less hardware; space saving; lower maintenance. Network connectivity through low-cost industry-standard interfaces influences the consideration of whether to use DSPs or server blades for media processing, especially in media servers, where packet-delays are not as troublesome and TDM interfaces are not required. Without telephony interface blades and their attendant chassis and power systems available to host the DSPs, the addition of DSPs on proprietary blades must be independently justified. They will continue to be justified for the highest-density applications. However, with the semiconductor industry continuing to follow Moore’s law, host media processing will support 1500 channels on one blade in 2010. DSPs will always offer even higher densities, but if 1500 channels meets the system requirement, higher densities will have little incremental value. Not every use of the term “HMP” means the same thing. There are, for example, HMP systems that do no actual media processing, so it is important to understand how the term is being used today. Modern digital-media telephony systems require signal processing to transform a call stream or extract information from it. Transformation includes the processing required to send or receive a fax and to transcode the stream from one speech codec to another for capability matching or bandwidth reduction. DTMF detection, caller ID, and in-band call-progress analysis are good examples of information extraction. There are many limited-function media servers on the market that don’t actually do any media (signal) processing. There is an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) “RFC” (2833) that defines how a gateway can perform the in-band-tone analysis to extract some of the embedded information, such as DTMF and caller ID. In this case, all the media server need do is parse the RTP buffers from a gateway to derive the tone information. But what about transcoding, where one voice-compression scheme (vocoder) it transcoded to another? Some media servers, for example, simply process buffers, and, therefore, cannot perform any transcoding, limiting them to low-function voice messaging. RTP packets are simply stored and played back as they are received. This means no AGC, volume control, time-scale modification (playback speedup and slowdown), or capabilities matching with endpoint terminals, making this type of so-called HMP media server a viable option only in the most functionally constrained applications. For years, the terms “signal processing” and “media processing” have been used interchangeably, so, most appropriately, the term HMP is reserved for those systems where host MIPS are actually used to perform digital signal-processing tasks. See also FoIP VoIP References Category:Telephony Category:Digital signal processing	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Wire saw A wire saw is a saw that uses a metal wire or cable for cutting. Industrial wire saws are usually powered. There are also hand-powered survivalist wire saws suitable for cutting branches. Wire saws are classified as continuous (or endless, or loop) or oscillating (or reciprocating). Sometimes the wire itself is referred to as a "blade". Wire saws are similar in principle to band saws or reciprocating saws, but they use abrasion to cut rather than saw teeth. Depending on the application, diamond material may or may not be used as an abrasive. The wire can have one strand or many strands braided together (cable). A single-strand saw can be roughened to be abrasive, abrasive compounds can be bonded to the cable, or diamond-impregnated beads (and spacers) can be threaded on the cable. Wire saws are often cooled and lubricated by water or oil. Applications The simplest type of wire saw is the inexpensive "survivalist" (emergency) type intended for sawing branches which are sold in hunting and climbing shops. Continuous type wire saws are used to cut walls and other large constructions. Continuous type saws are used to cut silicon wafers for the semiconductor and photovoltaics industry. Diamond-impregnated wire saws are used in machine shops to cut metal parts. Wire saws are used in laboratories to cut fragile crystals, substrates, and other materials. In addition, the technology can be used for disassembling advanced research structures. For example, Bluegrass companies designed and fabricated a diamond wire sawing method to dismantle the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor for the Princeton plasma physics laboratory,“Based upon the demonstration at PPPL on the TFTR surrogate, the diamond wire cutting technology is superior to the baseline technology for both cost and safety considerations. The combination of void filling with this cutting technology will significantly reduce personnel radiation exposure through shielding, remote operation (normal application of this technology), and radionuclide stabilization”. Both continuous and oscillating type saws are used to cut intricate shapes in stained glass. Stone Mining and quarrying industries commonly use a wire saw to cut hard stone into large blocks that can then be shipped to processing plants to be further refined (in the case of ore dressing) or shipped to distributors (in the case of granite or marble for building). These wire saws are large machines that use diamond-impregnated beads on a cable. The saws allow the bottom of a quarry slab to be cut free (after the cable is passed through access drill holes); with the bottom cut, back and side charges (explosives) can cleanly cleave the slab. Quarry saws on this principle date back centuries; before the era of steel cables with diamond cutters, there were fiber ropes that drew sand through the kerf. The sand (flushed with water) cut the stone (albeit more slowly than diamond does today). Foam Foam manufacturers commonly use an abrasive wire saw, either manual or automatic, to cut foam to certain sizes or certain profiles (shapes). Foam saws are used in many industries, include housing (insulation, pipe insulation), furniture (couches, couch cushions, chair cushions), and entertainment (foam fingers, foam accessories). Abrasive-wire cutting is often done with a computer numerical control device that automatically cuts the pattern (or patterns) that are specified in a two-dimensional (2D) CAD/CAM drawing. The materials to be cut can range from polystyrene, polyethylene, and polyurethane, to high-density or rigid types of foam, such as cellular glass (e.g., Foamglas®). Oscillating saws are used to cut foam rubber. Advantages and disadvantages One major advantage of wire saws is their smaller kerf, as compared to a blade. Another is the precision of the cut. Their main disadvantage is the slower speed. Other disadvantages include a greater chance the wire will break and any surface imperfections can cause errors in the cut. Diamond wire cutting Diamond wire cutting (DWC) is the process of using wire of various diameters and lengths, impregnated with diamond dust of various sizes to cut through materials. Because of the hardness of diamonds, this cutting technique can cut through almost any material that is softer than the diamond abrasive. DWC is also practical and less expensive than some other cutting techniques, for example, thin diamond wire cost around 10-20 cents per foot ($0.7/m) in 2005 for 140 to 500 micrometer diameter wire, to manufacture and sells around $1.25 a foot ($4.10/m) or more, compared to solid diamond impregnated blade cutters costing thousands of dollars. Thus a 1,000 foot (300 m) spool of diamond wire costs around $200 to manufacture and sells for around $1,250. Selling cost may vary because of wire grade and demand. Other diamond wire cutting can use shaped diamond rings threaded through cables. These larger cables are used to cut concrete and other large projects. Advantages DWC produces less kerf and wasted materials compared to solid blades (slurry wire may be similar). On very expensive materials, this could save hundreds or thousands of dollars of waste. Unlike slurry saws that use bare wire and contain the cutting material in the cutting fluid, DWC uses only water or some fluid to lubricate, cool the cut, and remove debris. On some materials DWC may not need water or cutting fluid, thus leaving a clean dry cut. Disadvantages Using diamond wire for cutting does have the problem of being less robust (snapping when fatigued, bent, jammed or tangling) than solid cutting blades and possibly more dangerous because when the wire breaks it can whip. Because of the unique nature of DWC, most saws are expensive and are tailor-made to handle diamond wire. Commercial saws that utilize solid blades can be augmented with diamond dust blades and thus may be more economical to operate in some areas. Another problem is when the diamond wire breaks in say, the middle of a reel leaving two reels of wire, thus requiring up to twice the saw direction change cycles to do the same cut and wearing out the wire saw and remaining diamond wire quicker. If the diamond wire breaks more towards an end, these shorter pieces ( or less) of wire are practically unusable and are commonly disposed of due to the hundreds of feet required to thread the saw, leaving little wire to use for process cutting. Because the diamond abrasive is mechanically attached to the wire, the wire loses cutting effectiveness after a few cuts because most of the abrasive is worn off the wire. This means that the last cut may take much longer than the first cut making production timing less predictable. Diamond wire lasts around six cuts then either breaks in several places or is functionally worn out. The longevity greatly depends on the material cut and the number of slices per cut. Quality control of smaller diameter diamond wire also greatly affects wire life and getting a bad batch is not unknown. Surface quality The surface quality in the wire saw process is important for the semiconductor and photo-voltaic industries. The surface quality is also important in cutting stone and concrete for the construction industry. The wire saw process develops surface roughness on the cut surface. The relation between process parameters (wire speed, feed rate and wire tension) and surface roughness was analyzed in the literature. References External links Diamond Wire Sawing Diagram https://web.archive.org/web/20080830045951/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3983/is_200612/ai_n17196346/pg_4 Information and Photos on Cutting with Diamond Wire Example of DWC by DOE Cutting up a WW2 U-boat using DWC Category:Cutting machines Category:Metalworking cutting tools Category:Saws	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Drizztius Drizztius is a genus of spiders in the Salticidae family. It was first described in 2015 by Edwards. , it contains 2 species. References Category:Salticidae Category:Araneomorphae genera Category:Spiders of the Caribbean Category:Spiders of South America	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sackville High School Sackville High School is a Canadian public high school located in Lower Sackville, a suburban community of the Halifax Regional Municipality in Nova Scotia, Canada. It is operated by the Halifax Regional Centre for Education (HRCE). Its feeder schools are A.J. Smeltzer Junior High School and Leslie Thomas Junior High School. Along with English, Sackville High offers the French immersion program for all students in grades 9-12. It also has the largest gymnasium in the Atlantic provinces. Notable alumni Jeffrey Delisle (Class of 1990) References External links School's website School profile at Halifax Regional School Board An Alumni Website Category:High schools in Halifax, Nova Scotia Category:Educational institutions established in 1972	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Indiana v. Edwards Indiana v. Edwards, 554 U.S. 164 (2008), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the standard for competency to stand trial was not linked to the standard for competency to represent oneself. Background Prior jurisprudence The Court had recognized these two rights on competency for some time. In Dusky v. United States, , and in Drope v. Missouri, , the Court established the standard for competency to stand trial—the defendant must have a "rational and factual understanding" of the nature of the proceedings, and must be able to rationally assist his lawyer in defending him. In Faretta v. California, , the Court held that a criminal defendant cannot be forced to have a lawyer if he does not wish it, but that before the defendant relinquishes his right to counsel the trial judge must ensure that the defendant understands the "dangers and disadvantages" of representing himself. With the decision in Godinez v. Moran, , the Court held that a defendant may plead guilty (and thereby waive both his right to counsel and his right to represent himself) if he is competent to stand trial. Until Edwards, however, it remained an open question whether a criminal defendant could be simultaneously competent to stand trial and yet not competent to represent himself. The Court answered that question in the affirmative. The logic is that representing oneself at trial is more complicated than deciding what to plead. Edwards' trial Ahmad Edwards, who suffers from schizophrenia, tried to steal a pair of shoes from a department store in Indiana. Store detectives caught him in the act, and he drew a gun, fired at a store security officer, and wounded an innocent bystander. He was charged with attempted murder, battery with a deadly weapon, criminal recklessness, and theft. In 2000, he was deemed not competent to stand trial, and ordered to the state hospital for treatment. After seven months of treatment, he was restored to competency. Yet in 2002, his lawyers asked for another competency evaluation. That second competency evaluation resulted in a determination that Edwards was indeed competent to stand trial, although he still suffered from a mental illness. As trial preparations proceeded, his lawyers asked for a third competency evaluation, and in 2003 Edwards was again found not competent to stand trial and again committed to the state hospital. Eight months later, Edwards was again restored to competence, and trial preparations began again. In June 2005, as trial began, Edwards asked to represent himself and asked for a continuance in the trial. The judge denied the request for a continuance, and Edwards therefore proceeded to trial with counsel. He was convicted of criminal recklessness and theft, but the jury could not reach a verdict as to the attempted murder and battery charges. Before the second trial on the attempted murder and battery charges, Edwards again asked to represent himself. The judge denied that request, pointing to the lengthy record of Edwards's mental illness. Edwards proceeded to trial with appointed counsel, and was convicted of the attempted murder and battery charges. Appeals Edwards appealed to the Indiana Court of Appeals, arguing that his right to represent himself at trial was violated. The court agreed with Edwards and ordered a new trial. The State then appealed to the Indiana Supreme Court, which also agreed with Edwards. It reasoned that Faretta and Moran required the state to allow Edwards to represent himself at trial. The State of Indiana asked the U.S. Supreme Court to review the decision, and it agreed to do so. Opinion of the Court As Justice Breyer noted in his majority opinion for the Court, the Court's competency and self-representation cases "frame the question presented, but they do not answer it." A defendant who has a rational and factual understanding of the proceedings and who can rationally assist trial counsel is competent to stand trial. And a defendant who voluntarily and intelligently elects to stand trial without counsel—something he can only do if he is competent to stand trial to begin with—may do so. Even so, the right of self-representation is not absolute, and standby counsel may be appointed to assist the pro se defendant in matters of procedure and courtroom decorum. The Court came closest to answering the question presented by this case when it held that the standard for competency to stand trial and competency to plead guilty are the same, because the decision not to stand trial is "no more complicated than the sum total of decisions that a [represented] defendant may be called upon to make during the course of a trial." The crucial difference in Edwards, was that the pro se defendant was asking to proceed to trial without counsel. The difference, in other words, is the difference between the ability to end trial proceedings on one's own and the ability to conduct trial proceedings on one's own. The Court ultimately concluded that, in light of these rules, a state may require an otherwise competent criminal defendant to proceed to trial with the assistance of counsel. The standard for competency to stand trial presumes that the defendant will have a lawyer to assist him at that trial. Implicit therefore in the Dusky rule is the idea that the standard for competency to stand trial must be lower than the standard for competency to represent oneself. The right to represent oneself at trial is qualified by the trial court's interest in preserving courtroom decorum and promoting the orderly presentation of evidence, questioning of witnesses, and advancement of legal argument. For the Court, it was "common sense" that a defendant's mental illness might impair his ability to accomplish these tasks—tasks that any lawyer must if he is to press his client's case effectively. "A right of self-representation at trial will not affirm the dignity of a defendant who lacks the mental capacity to conduct his defense without the assistance of counsel." Moreover, the Court separated the standards for competency to stand trial and for competency to represent oneself out of a concern for the fairness of the trial process. Criminal trials "must not only be fair, they must appear fair to all who observe them." "No trial can be fair that leaves the defense to a man who is insane, unaided by counsel, and who by reason of his mental condition stands hopeless and alone before the court." For these reasons, the Constitution allows trial courts to "take realistic account of the particular defendant's mental capacities by asking whether a defendant who seeks to conduct his own defense at trial is mentally competent to do so." Dissenting opinion Characterizing the right of self-representation as "a specific right long understood as essential to a fair trial," Justice Scalia disputed the Court's conclusion that "a State may... strip a mentally ill defendant of the right to represent himself when that would be fairer." Because counsel's role under the Sixth Amendment is merely one of "assistance," or because the "right of self-representation could also be seen as a part of the traditional meaning of the Due Process Clause," Faretta had held that a state may not force a lawyer upon a defendant who does not want one. Faretta required the trial judge to inform Edwards about the dangers and disadvantages of representing himself, and Scalia believed that Edwards had taken that warning to heart. For Scalia, ultimately the right of self-representation rests on the right to present one's own case to the jury, however foolhardy an endeavor that might be. Scalia also rejected the "dignity" premise that supported the Court's decision. "While there is little doubt that preserving individual dignity (to which the Court refers) is paramount," he wrote, "there is equally little doubt that the loss of dignity the right [of self-representation] is designed to prevent is not the defendant's making a fool of himself by presenting an amateurish or even incoherent defense. Rather, the dignity at issue is the supreme human dignity of being master of one's fate rather than a ward of the State—the dignity of individual choice." Scalia necessarily overlooks the possibility that a mental illness could impair a person's ability to rationally make a dignified individual choice whether or not to have representation and as to the proper defense while at the same time not impair his ability to understand the nature of the proceedings of which he is at the center and rationally assist his representation, as required under Dusky. Godinez had found that the competency standard for pleading guilty or waiving one's right to counsel was the same as the standard for standing trial; therefore in Scalia's view if Edwards had the right to waive his defense completely he surely had the lesser right to mount a (presumably inferior) pro se defense. Finally, consistent with his originalist theory, Scalia sought to quell doubts regarding the authenticity of the right of self-representation. "The right is not explicitly set forth in the text of the Sixth Amendment, and some Members of this Court [including Justice Breyer] have expressed skepticism about Faretta'''s holding." But, Scalia pointed out, the Sixth Amendment gave the defendant personally, and not his lawyer, the right to call witnesses on his behalf, the right to confront the prosecution's witnesses against him, and to have counsel assist him (assuming he so wishes). If the defendant is bound by counsel's decisions not to call certain witnesses or not to cross-examine others, he must have the right to represent himself in order to give substance to those other rights the Sixth Amendment protects. "Otherwise, the defense presented is not the defense guaranteed him by the Constitution, for in a very real sense, it is not his'' defense." See also List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 554 List of United States Supreme Court cases Further reading External links Amicus brief of the Criminal Justice Legal Foundation Transcript of oral argument Amicus brief of the Solicitor General Commentary from The Atlantic Amicus brief of the American Psychiatric Association Opening brief of State of Indiana as Petitioner Category:United States Supreme Court cases Category:2008 in United States case law Category:United States Sixth Amendment self-representation case law Category:Adjudicative competence case law Category:Self-representation case law Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lemyra rubidorsa Lemyra rubidorsa is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Frederic Moore in 1865. It is found in Pakistan (Kashmir), India (Himachal-Pradesh, Sikkim, Assam) and China (Yunan, Tibet). References rubidorsa Category:Moths described in 1865	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Concept-based image indexing Concept-based image indexing, also variably named as "description-based" or "text-based" image indexing/retrieval, refers to retrieval from text-based indexing of images that may employ keywords, subject headings, captions, or natural language text (Chen & Rasmussen, 1999). It is opposed to Content-based image retrieval. Indexing is a technique used in CBIR. Chu (2001) confirms that there exist two distinctive research groups employing the content-based and description-based approaches, respectively. However, research in the content-based domain is currently dominating in the field, while the other approach has less visibility. See also Document classification Subject (documents) References Ahmad, K., M. Tariq, B. Vrusias and C.Handy. 2003. Corpus-based thesaurus construction for image retrieval in specialist domains. In Sebastiani, F. (ed.). Proceedings of the 25th European Conference on Information Retrieval Research (ECIR-03). 502–510. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. Angeles, M. (1998). Information Organization and Information Use of Visual Resources Collections. VRA Bulletin, 25 (3), 51-58. http://urlgreyhot.com/personal/publications/information_organization_and_information_use_of_visual_resources?PHPSESSID=05f07e15bb719a05b4c621657f8cd897 Chen, H.-L., & Rasmussen, E.M. (1999). Intellectual access to images. Library Trends, 48(2), 291–302. Chu, H. T. (2001). Research in image indexing and retrieval as reflected in the literature. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 52(12), 1011-1018. Fidel, R.; Hahn, T. B.; Rasmussen, E. M. & Smith, P. J. (1994). Challenges in Indexing Electronic Text and Images. Medford, NJ: Learned Information. (ASIS Monograph Series) Heidorn, P. B. & Sandore, B. (Eds.). (1997). Digital Image Access & Retrieval: Proceedings of the 1996 Clinic on Library Applications of Data Processing. Illinois: University of Illinois, Graduate School of Library and Information Science. Jörgensen, C. (2003). Image Retrieval. Theory and Research. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. Landbeck, C. R. (2002). The organization and categorization of political cartoons: An exploratory study. The Florida State University, School of Information Studies. (Master of Science thesis). https://web.archive.org/web/20120331122537/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-06272003-144515/unrestricted/crl01.pdf Lamy-Rousseau, F. (1984). Classification des images, materiels et donnees = Classification of images, materials and data . 2nd ed. Longueuil, Quebec: F. Lamy-Rousseau. Panofsky, E. (1962). Studies in Icology: Humanistic themes in the art of the Renaissance. New York: Harper & Row. Rasmussen, E. M. (1997). Indexing images. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 32, 169-196. Shatford, S. (1986). Analyzing the Subject of a Picture: A Theoretical Approach. Cataloging and Classification Quarterly, 6(3), 39-62. Wang, J. Z. (2001). Integrated Region-Based Image Retrieval. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Book review: http://www-db.stanford.edu/~wangz/project/kluwer/1/review.pdf Wang, Xin; Erdelez, Sanda; Allen, Carla; Anderson, Blake; Cao, Hongfei & Shyu, Chi-Ren (2011). Role of Domain Knowledge in Developing User-Centered Medical-Image Indexing. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, early view October 2011. Warden, G.; Dunbar, D.; Wanczycki, C. & O'Hanley, S. (2002). The Subject Analysis of Images: Past, Present and Future. https://web.archive.org/web/20080726185732/http://www.slais.ubc.ca/PEOPLE/students/student-projects/C_Wanczycki/libr517/homepage.html Ørnager, S. (1997). Image retrieval - Theoretical analysis and empirical user studies on accessing information in images. Proceedings of the ASIS annual meeting, 34, 202-211. Category:Index (publishing)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2014 Women's European Water Polo Championship Qualifiers The qualification for the 2014 Women's European Water Polo Championship were played between 16 and 19 January 2014. The teams are in two groups. Group A Group B References Category:Women's European Water Polo Championship qual Euro	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Illey Illey is a village near Halesowen (where population details as taken at the 2011 census can be found), in the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley, England. Category:Villages in the West Midlands (county) Category:Halesowen	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mimi Segura Mimi Segura (born May 28, 1981 in Melilla) is a singer and actor from Melilla, Spain. Biography Mimi Segura was born to Segura Ruiz on May 28, 1981 in Melilla, the Spanish autonomous city located on the north coast of Africa. She has been active in the entertainment scene since 2008. She made her first appearance on the television series Operación triunfo which run on set from 2008 to 2011. Mimi Segura is best known for her audition performance in the 2010 Eurovision contest in 2010 in Oslo. She teamed up with Diana Tovar and Marta Mansilla to form a singing group that auditioned for the Eurovision contest. Although they did not make it to Oslo, they receive the highest votes in locally, subsequently leading them to form the group Venus, that has had television and radio airtime to embark on musical projects. The trio released their first album "Like a superstar" in 2011. She is also known for her appearance in the movie Gala 20 aniversario. She is presently casting for the television series Los mejores años, which started airing on television in 2009. References Category:Living people Category:1981 births Category:People from Melilla	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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