text
stringlengths 56
126k
| meta
dict |
|---|---|
Van Pur
Browar Van Pur is a limited liability company based in Poland. The company operates 5 breweries in Jędrzejów, Koszalin, Łomża, Rakszawa and Zabrze. The headquarters of Van Pur is located in Warsaw.
Van Pur was launched as a Polish-German company at the time of the collapse of Communism in 1989, by Zbigniew Wantusiak, and Siegfried Pura of Astrid Pura. After a period of business experiments in unrelated fields, the company focused entirely on the production and distribution of beer. It is now one of the fastest growing beer manufacturers in Poland. In December 2010, Van Pur bought the Polish branch of the Danish Royal Unibrew group. In exchange, Royal Unibrew received 20% of shares of Van Pur in Poland with Van Pur retaining buyers options of the shares. In 2011 Van Pur, owned five breweries with the total production capacity of 4 million hectolitre of beer annually. October 15, 2012 Van Pur exercised its buyers option on the 20% shares previously held by Royal Unibrew for 111 million PLN. As of now, it owns about 10% of the market share in Poland.
After more than two decades of developing its competency on the beer market Van Pur launched a new branch of products in 2013. The company’s portfolio expanded to include non-alcoholic malt-based soft-drinks.
Product portfolio
Van Pur's beer brands include Van Pur, Łomża, Strzelec, BROK, Śląskie and Karpackie - their share in the domestic beer market puts the company at the fourth position among beer producers in Poland. The product range is complemented by malt drinks brands: Razowy and Jędrzej. The company also provides private label products for the largest European retail chains.
Lewiatan Holding S.A.
Goldbrayner Piwo Jasne ("Sparkling Beer") [500ml can; 4% ABV], Goldbrayner Radler [500ml can; 2% ABV (55% Beer, 45% Lemonade)], Goldbrayner Strong [500ml can; 6.6% ABV], Goldbrayner Super Mocne ("Super Strong") [500ml can; 9% ABV].
Morrisons
Morrisons Premium Lager [440 ml can; 4.8% ABV]
Tesco
Tesco Alcohol-Free Beer [500ml can; 0.5% ABV], Tesco-Value Beer [500 ml can; 3.5% ABV], Tesco-Value Piwo Jasne Pelne ("Sparkling Lager Beer") [500ml can ; 4% ABV], Tesco Lager [500 ml can; 4% ABV], Tesco Premium Lager [500ml can; 5% ABV], Tesco Strong Lager [500ml can; 7% ABV].
Notes and references
Van Pur
Category:Beer brands of Poland
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Karimabad, Kuhbanan
Karimabad (, also Romanized as Karīmābād) is a village in Toghrol Al Jerd Rural District, Toghrol Al Jerd District, Kuhbanan County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.
References
Category:Populated places in Kuhbanan County
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Children of the Nations
Children of the Nations (COTN) is a Christian nonprofit organization that exists to provide care for orphaned and destitute children in poverty-stricken areas of the world. Operating in Malawi, Sierra Leone, the Dominican Republic, Uganda, and Haiti, COTN helps nearly 7,000 children on a daily basis. COTN's stated goal is to "Raise children who transform nations."
Children of the Nations is a Christian nonprofit organization headquartered in Silverdale, Washington, USA.
History
Children of the Nations (COTN) was founded in 1995 by Chris Clark, a fifth-generation missionary raised in Africa, and his wife, Debbie Clark. On assignment in Sierra Leone, Chris and Debbie encountered orphans and refugee children in dire need of assistance and started COTN with the desire to meet the needs of those children.
Today, COTN is operating in Sierra Leone, Malawi, Uganda, Dominican Republic, and Haiti to provide holistic care for orphaned and destitute children.
Organizational structure
Children of the Nations International operates as a non-governmental organization (NGO) within the United States with its headquarters in Silverdale, WA. COTN also operates regional offices in Seattle, Washington; Orlando, Florida; and Orange County, California.
Each COTN country office is set up as its own NGO with a local board of directors overseeing operations within that country.
Operations
COTN's main area of focus is providing care for the most desperate children in each of the geographic areas where the organization serves. They do this through a two-pronged approach, by providing full-time care for orphaned children and by partnering with communities to care for orphaned and destitute children living with caregivers who are unable to provide for them. All children enrolled in COTN's programs receive food, education, medical care, and mentoring, depending on their specific needs.
COTN's main goal is to raise these children to become future leaders of their communities. This is accomplished through child sponsorship as well as the donation of funds, resources, and volunteer work related to the construction of children's homes, schools, medical clinics, vocational skills centers, farms, and feeding centers. This assistance is intended to lead to self-sustainability, not dependence.
The organization also puts a large emphasis on short-term mission trips in the countries where it serves. More than 400 individuals traveled overseas with COTN in 2016.
Ratings
Children of the Nations currently holds a four-star rating (the highest possible rating) from Charity Navigator, and is accredited by the Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability (ECFA).
References
External links
Children of the Nations Homepage
COTN Charity Navigator Entry
ECFA Entry
Category:Organizations established in 1995
Category:Christian charities based in the United States
Category:Charities based in Washington (state)
Category:Children's charities based in the United States
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Corporate workout
Corporate workout refers to financial rescue of a firm that is outside formal bankruptcy and insolvency law. Also known as out-of-court debt restructuring, corporate workout practices aim to remedy or avoid foreclosure and bankruptcy. The debtors, creditors as well as the main shareholder and bondholders voluntarily participate in the workouts in order to make rearrangements concerning financial investments and rescheduling and restructuring debt. As a way of response to corporate crisis, corporate workout arrangements were widely seen in the aftermath of the Asian financial crisis in 1997.
See also
Restructuring
Debt restructuring
Compromise agreement
Creditor
Debt
Insolvency
Voluntary redundancy
References
Further reading
Low, Linda. "Asian crisis, corporate and financial restructuring, and transformation of traditional Chinese enterprises." Rethinking Chinese Transnational Enterprises: Cultural Affinity and Business Strategies 7 (2002): 240.
Mako, William P. "Emerging-Market and Crisis Applications for Out-of-Court Workouts: Lessons from East Asia." Corporate Restructuring (2005): 99.
Category:Debt
Category:Restructuring
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Shirahatayama Open Stadium
Shirahatayama Open Stadium is a cross-country skiing venue in Sapporo, Japan. It was opened in 1990 and was Asia's first FIS-certified course. The course is approximately 25 km and wraps around Mt. Shirahata. The venue hosted the 1990 Asian Winter Games, 1991 Winter Universiade and the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2007. The venue hosted the cross-country skiing events at the 2017 Asian Winter Games.
References
Category:Sports venues completed in 1990
Category:Sports venues in Sapporo
Category:2017 Asian Winter Games Venues
Category:Ski stadiums in Japan
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Anto Jakovljević
Anto Jakovljević (born 25 September 1962 in Banja Luka) is a former Bosnian-Herzegovinian association footballer.
Club career
Jakovljević played for Borac Banja Luka and FK Sarajevo in the Yugoslav First League. Later he played for some lower-league clubs in Slovenia and Croatia.
His first name has also been spelled Anton and Ante.
References
https://web.archive.org/web/20110728033725/http://www.boracbl.net/intervju/f_jakovljevicanton.html
http://www.prvaliga.si/klubi/mostvo/igralec.asp?idi=19634&id=772&all=1
Category:1962 births
Category:Living people
Category:Yugoslav footballers
Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina footballers
Category:Association football goalkeepers
Category:FK Borac Banja Luka players
Category:FK Sarajevo players
Category:NK Pazinka players
Category:NK Mura players
Category:NK Ljubljana players
Category:NK Hrvatski Dragovoljac players
Category:HNK Suhopolje players
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Hotel Victory
The Hotel Victory was built on South Bass Island near Put in Bay, Ohio by James K. Tillotson and a group of investors opening in 1892. It was once one of the largest hotels in America but it was destroyed by fire in August 1919.
The Structure
The Hotel Victory consisted of one main building, another building with dining rooms and servant quarters, as well as a Natatorium. It was designed by E.O. Fallis and The Feick Construction Company of Sandusky built the frame and structure, laying the cornerstone in September 1889.
The main building was in the shape of a rectangle frame that was 600 feet wide by 300 feet deep. The frame surrounded an inner courtyard that measured 200 square feet. This main building housed the 625 guest rooms, 80 of which were suites with a bath. Other features of the main building included three elevators, bell boy stations on every floor, steam heating, and incandescent lights.
Connected to the main building by a grand lobby was the building that housed the main dining hall, the ordinary dining hall, the kitchen, and the servant quarters. The main dining hall was 155 feet long, 85 feet wide, and 52 feet high. The ordinary dining hall was 100 feet long and 50 feet wide. Together, the main and ordinary dining halls could serve up to 1,200 guests at a time.
The Natatorium, or swimming pool, was added to the Hotel in preparation for the season on 1898. It was located in front of the Hotel. The pool itself had a cement bottom and sides as well as a full canopy.
The Fire
On August 14, 1919, a fire began in the hotel. The flames originated in a cupola and quickly spread to the entire third floor. People in the hotel were notified by a phone call coming from outside of the building. As the structure burned, thieves took to removing the furniture, furnishings, and guest's personal belongings.
The Ruins
Today, only the ruins of The Hotel Victory remain. The swimming pool, or Natatorium, can still be viewed from up on the hill where the hotel once stood in the camping grounds of the state park. The site of the bronze statue "Winged Victory" remains intact. However, the actual statue was removed from the island and used for scrap metal.
References
External links
Ohio Memory, Images of The Hotel Victory
Ohio Memory, Blueprints of The Hotel Victory
Category:Hotel buildings completed in 1892
Category:Defunct hotels in Ohio
Category:Buildings and structures in Ottawa County, Ohio
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Qalandar Ayesh
Qalandar Ayesh (, also Romanized as Qalandar Āyesh) is a village in Sadan Rostaq-e Gharbi Rural District, in the Central District of Kordkuy County, Golestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 277, in 76 families.
References
Category:Populated places in Kordkuy County
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Gian Fulgoni
Gian Mark Fulgoni (Crickhowell, 24 January 1948) is a British businessman, entrepreneur and market research consultant.
His particular focus on the measurement of consumer behaviour and the effectiveness of advertising and promotion programs in TV, print and online. He has held several executive leadership positions, and has been a member of the executive team that managed the public offering of the research companies Information Resources, Inc. and comScore, Inc. He has also served on the boards of public companies in the software, consumer electronics, pet products, marketing services and market research industries.
Career
Fulgoni began his career in 1970 with Management Science Associates, Inc. a market research company and by 1977 had been named Executive Vice-President with responsibility for the company's Chicago office and national consumer behaviour analysis business.
During the period from 1981 to 1998, Fulgoni held the positions of President, CEO and Chairman of Information Resources, Inc. (IRI), the global supplier of retail UPC scanner data to the CPG industry, where, under his leadership, the company's revenues grew at an annual rate of 40% to more than $500 million annually and its market value reached $1.5 Billion. In 1996, IRI was recognised by Advertising Age magazine as the largest US market research firm. IRI used UPC scanner data for the analysis of consumer behaviour in the CPG industry through its BehaviorScan and Infoscan services.
From 1991 until 1999, he served as a member of the board of Platinum Technology, Inc., during which time the software services company grew from $80 million to more than $1 Billion in annual revenues. In 1999, Platinum Technology was acquired by Computer Associates in an all-cash transaction valued at $4 Billion—at the time the largest-ever acquisition in the software industry. Fulgoni also served on the board of US Robotics prior to its acquisition in 1997 by 3Com in a transaction valued at $8 Billion. In 1999 and 2000, Fulgoni served on the board of yesMail.com, a supplier of permission-based e-mail services. In March 2000, yesMail.com was acquired by CMGI for approximately $700 million.
Fulgoni co-founded comScore, Inc. in 1999, an Internet market intelligence company where he remained Executive chairman until 2014. In August 2016 Fulgoni was appointed CEO of comsScore. The company provides marketing intelligence for companies in the CPG, Internet, media, retail, telecom, and other industries, and operates in 43 countries. He is the co-holder of a US patent governing comScore's data collection technology. comScore was selected as a "Technology Pioneer" by the World Economic Forum before the forum's annual conference in Davos in 2007. In 2010 comScore was accepted by the World Economic Forum as a Global Growth Company Shaper, a program that recognises companies that are influencing global trends among growth technology companies.
Today, Fulgoni serves on the boards of PetMeds (NASDAQ:PETS), the largest pet pharmacy in the United States; InXpo, a supplier of technology for hosting virtual events; the Advertising Research Foundation (ARF); Prophet, a brand and marketing consultancy; Dynamic Signal, an internet social marketing services company; and the North American Foundation for the University of Manchester (NAFUM). Fulgoni is also a charter member of TiE Midwest, the world's largest not-for-profit organisation for entrepreneurs.
Fulgoni has authored articles in the Journal of Advertising Research, Admap and ESOMAR. He is a speaker at marketing industry conferences worldwide, discussing Internet industry trends and marketing.
Industry recognition
In 1991 and again in 2004, Fulgoni was named Illinois Entrepreneur of the Year, the only person to have twice received the award. In 1992, he received the Wall Street Transcript Award for outstanding contributions as CEO in enhancing the overall value of IRI to the benefit of its shareholders. In 2008, Fulgoni was inducted into the Chicago Entrepreneurship Hall of Fame. Also in 2008, Fulgoni was named Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year.
He was awarded the Honorary Fellowship by the University of Glamorgan in Wales in 2012, which recognises the efforts and achievements of individuals who have served a discipline area with particular distinction, in this case Fulgoni's career in the field of market research.
In 2009 the Advertising Research Foundation awarded him its "Great Mind Award".
Personal life
Fulgoni was born and raised in Pontypool, South Wales, the son of Italian parents who had emigrated from a small town in Bardi, Emilia-Romagna. Fulgoni's father owned and operated a small restaurant. Fulgoni attended the University of Manchester from 1966 to 1969 where he graduated with an honours degree in Physics in 1969 before graduating with an M.A. in Marketing in 1970 from Lancaster University Management School in the second year of the university's masters in marketing program, at the time the only such program in the UK upon graduating, Fulgoni was offered an entry-level position by Management Science Associates as a project analyst, and moved to the US to work at the company's headquarters in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
References
Category:1948 births
Category:Living people
Category:21st-century Welsh businesspeople
Category:20th-century Welsh businesspeople
Category:Alumni of Lancaster University
Category:Alumni of the University of Manchester
Category:People from Pontypool
Category:Welsh people of Italian descent
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Sungai Durian, Solok
Sungai Durian, or "Durian River", is a village in the district of IX Koto Sungai Lasi, Solok Regency in the province of West Sumatra, Indonesia.
The village had 662 inhabitants as of the 2010 census.
Events
A barefoot futsal tournament was held in the village in July 2015 between KKN students and local youth, the Sungai Durian Cup.
At one point play was almost interrupted by a wandering buffalo.
In July 2016, towards the end of Ramadan, a dispute broke out between villagers of Sungai Durian and the neighboring village of Bukit Bais.
Police intervened and managed to prevent violence.
In January 2017 two women drowned when they slipped into what was said to be an abandoned open-pit gold mine in the village with a depth of about .
Police would not confirm that the pool was an excavated mine, and said that if it was a mine they did not know when the mining was done.
The mine would be illegal under the constitution, but presumably its presence was known by the local people and the police.
Notes
Sources
Category:Populated places in West Sumatra
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Russian Helicopters
JSC Russian Helicopters ( Vertolety Rossii) is a helicopter design and manufacturing company headquartered in Moscow, Russia. The company designs and manufactures civilian and military helicopters. The company's principal shareholder is Rostec. It is the world's 24th-largest defence contractor measured by 2012 defence revenues, and the second-largest based in Russia (after Almaz-Antey).
History
The company attempted to stage an IPO on the London Stock Exchange in May 2011, but failed to fill the order book at the expected valuation of $2 billion.
In 2011 Russian Helicopters and the Italian company AgustaWestland agreed to establish HeliVert, a joint company, in order to start production in Russia of the AW139 twin-engine multipurpose helicopter. The production plant is located in Tomilino, Moscow Region.
In 2016 the company delivered 189 aircraft to customers in 13 countries. In the same year, it ended a partnership with the Ukraine-based engine maker Motor Sich.
In 2017 the Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF) formed a consortium comprising leading Middle Eastern funds and finalized a deal to acquire a minority stake in Russian Helicopters (part of the Rostec State Corporation). Russian Helicopters valuation was estimated at $2.35 billion. No details have been revealed about the identity of the Middle Eastern investors.
The transaction consists of two stages. The first stage involves the sale of a 12% stake and an investment of $300 million, as well as an agreed-upon subsequent potential increase in investment to $600 million. The deal will increase the authorized capital of the holding company. This will accumulate a significant amount of funds within the Company. These funds are necessary for the implementation of the Company’s strategy and business plan, including the development of new types of helicopters. In addition, these funds will help implement the investment program of the holding company, as well as finance possible M&A activities aimed at increasing the holding’s value and finance capital programs.
Products
Russian Helicopters' products include:
Kamov Ka-27
Kamov Ka-31
Kamov Ka-52
Kamov Ka-60/62
Kamov Ka-226
Kazan Ansat
Mil Mi-8
Mil Mi-17
Mil Mi-24
Mil Mi-26
Mil Mi-28
Mil Mi-34
Mil Mi-38
Mil Mi-54
VRT 500
A fifth generation helicopter is currently under development.
Minoga naval helicopter project
In 2006 the Russian defense ministry awarded Russian Helicopters a R&D contract for a naval helicopter conducting antisubmarine warfare among other tasks, following the coaxials Kamov Ka-15, Ka-25, and Ka-27.
The resulting Minoga project has been wind-tunnel tested since, the Russian Navy will inspect a mockup in early 2019 and its maiden flight is planned for 2020.
It may be coaxial and could be based on the early 2000s Ka-92 concept competing with the Mil Mi-X1 for a high-speed civilian helicopter halted in 2015.
Powered by two 380 kg (772 lb) Klimov TV7-117V turboshafts developing 3,500-3,750 hp in emergencies, 2,500-3,000 at maximum takeoff weight, and 1,650 hp in cruise; they are interchangeable with their VK-2500 predecessor, indicating a larger rotorcraft than in 2015, powered by NPO Saturn RD-600V.
It has to be compact enough to store two in a ship hangar housing a single 12 tons Ka-27: Kamov studied a lightweight deck helicopters from four-five to seven-eight metric tons.
The Kamov Ka-52K Katran is in flight tests but is limited to electronic reconnaissance and airstrike.
Structure
The following entities are part of the company:
Designers
Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant
Kamov Design Bureau
VR-Technologies
Manufacturers
Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant
Kazan Helicopters
Rostvertol
Progress Arsenyev Aviation Company
Kumertau Aviation Production Enterprise
Components
Reductor-PM
Stupino Machine Production Plant
Joint ventures
HeliVert
See also
Comparable major helicopter manufacturers:
AgustaWestland
Airbus Helicopters
Bell Helicopter
Boeing Rotorcraft Systems
MD Helicopters
Sikorsky Aircraft
References
External links
Russian Helicopters
Category:Aerospace companies of Russia
Category:Helicopter manufacturers of Russia
Category:Holding companies of Russia
Category:Companies based in Moscow
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Clonyn Castle
Clonyn Castle also known as Delvin Castle, is a Victorian country house situated in Delvin, County Westmeath, Ireland some 18 km from Mullingar along the N52. It is a square, symmetrical, two-storey castle-like building of cut limestone with four tall, round corner towers at each corner. The interior has a large two-storey hall with gallery and arcading. It was one of the last Victorian baronial castles to be built in Ireland.
A golf course open to the public lies behind the castle, 500m from the centre of Delvin.
History
An early castle (now a ruin in the centre of the village of Delvin) is believed to have been built in 1181 by Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath for his brother-in-law, Sir Gilbert de Nugent. Sir Gilbert de Nugent, originally from the Nogent-le-Rotrou area in France, came to Ireland with Hugh de Lacy in 1171. Sir Gilbert was granted the title Baron of Delvin within the Lordship of Meath.
A second castle was built in 1639 by Richard Nugent, 1st Earl of Westmeath, on elevated ground overlooking the village of Delvin and may be referred to as either Delvin or Clonyn Castle. When Cromwell's army approached Nugent caused the house to be burnt down and fled to Galway. The castle was restored by his grandson and occupied until 1860.
The present house was built a short distance away from the previous castle by Lord Greville and his wife Lady Rosa. Following the death of George Nugent, 1st Marquess of Westmeath in 1871, Clonyn had passed to Lady Rosa, his only surviving child. She had married Fulke Southwell Greville-Nugent, 1st Baron Greville, who in 1866 had assumed by Royal Licence the additional surname of Nugent. This latest building remained a Nugent residence until 1922, when Patrick Nugent sold it and moved to Scotland. It was afterwards home to a community of Australian nuns.
In the post-World War II period, at the instigation of Rabbi Solomon Schonfeld, the castle served briefly as a home for Jewish children, most of them orphans of the Holocaust. Manchester businessman and philanthropist Yankel Levy was persuaded to buy the castle and associated land for £30,000 and some 100 children aged between 5 and 17 were temporarily housed before rejoining their families or starting new lives in England, America or Israel. Levy was consequently bankrupted.
It is currently privately owned by Mrs Dillon.
Other Westmeath Castles
Ballinlough Castle
Killua Castle
Knockdrin Castle
Tyrrellspass Castle
Tullynally Castle
External links and references
The housing of the Jewish refugees
Category:Castles in County Westmeath
Category:Archaeological sites in County Westmeath
Category:National Monuments in County Westmeath
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Lysimachia nummularia
"Creeping Jenny" redirects here. Convolvulus arvensis is also sometimes known by that name.
Lysimachia nummularia (syn. Lysimachia zawadzkii Wiesner) is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae. Its common names include moneywort, creeping jenny, herb twopence and twopenny grass.
Distribution
It is native to Europe, but has been introduced to North America, where it is considered an invasive species in some areas. It aggressively spreads in favorable conditions, such as low wet ground or near ponds, but is usually easily removed by hand pulling.
Etymology
The Latin nummularia means "like a coin", referring to the shape and colour of the flowers; hence the common names, such as "moneywort", which also references coins.
Description
It is a vigorous, prostrate, evergreen perennial growing to in height and spreading rapidly and indefinitely by stem-rooting. It has rounded leaves, and cup-shaped yellow flowers 2 cm in diameter, in summer. It is particularly associated with damp or even wet areas, though in cultivation it will tolerate drier conditions. It is cold hardy, surviving lows of .
Cultivation
It is available for planting in temperate regions as a horticultural item, and is usually offered as an accent plant, but must be used with care because it can spread rapidly and crowd out other plants. It makes a nice groundcover where the range of its growth can be limited. It is also suitable for a bog garden or as an aquatic marginal plant.
The cultivar 'Aurea' (golden creeping Jenny) has yellow leaves, and is somewhat less aggressive than the species. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Traditional uses
Moneywort is used in herbalism for healing wounds. The plant contains a number of phenolic acids. In traditional Chinese Medicine, Lysimachia (whole plant) is used to treat stone lin syndrome, which encompasses gall stones and urinary bladder stones. Some practitioners are using this herb to battle painful gout symptoms.
References
External links
Jepson Manual Treatment (invasive species)
U.C. Photos gallery
nummularia
Category:Flora of Europe
Category:Medicinal plants of Europe
Category:Plants described in 1753
Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Category:Garden plants of Europe
Category:Invasive plant species in the United States
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Nanticoke, Maryland
Nanticoke is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Wicomico County, Maryland, United States. Its population was 225 as of the 2010 census. It is part of the Salisbury, Maryland-Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area.
References
Category:Census-designated places in Maryland
Category:Census-designated places in Wicomico County, Maryland
Category:Salisbury metropolitan area
Category:Populated coastal places in Maryland
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Gambia Supreme Islamic Council
The Gambia Supreme Islamic Council (GSIC or SIC) is the leading Muslim organization in the West African nation of The Gambia, based in Serekunda.
The organization was founded in 1992 and is made up of some 50 Islamic scholars. The Board of Directors consists of imams from different communities in The Gambia as well as principals various institutions, business people, teachers and opinion leaders. The council also specifies the dates of Muslim holidays in Gambia, such as for Eid al-Adha.
In January 2015, the council aired on state television its decision to declare the Ahmadiyya Islamic movement as a non-Muslim group. The move was condemned by Baba Trawally, the National President of the Gambian Ahmadiyya movement and Demba Ali Jawo, former president of the Gambia Press Union.
References
Category:Islam in the Gambia
Category:Persecution of Ahmadis
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Fernán Mirás
Fernán Gonzalo Mirás (born July 17, 1969) is an Argentine film and television actor and film director. He is sometimes credited as Fernando Mirás.
Career
He debuted in theater at the play El protagonista, in 1989. In 1993 he starred in the successful film Tango feroz: la leyenda de Tanguito and then consolidated as one of the most prominent actors in Argentine cinema. Acted on ¿Dónde queda el paraíso?, Caballos salvajes, Carlos Monzón, el segundo juicio, Buenos Aires viceversa, Mar de amores, Buenos Aires me mata, La noche del coyote. On television he acted in La banda del Golden Rocket and between 1996 and 1997 it was the Romina Yan heartthrob in Chiquititas. He then starred alongside Nancy Dupláa, Agustina Cherri, Marcela Kloosterboer, Nahuel Mutti, Juan Ponce de León, among others, the youth series Verano del '98. Then he acted in the units Vulnerables and Culpables in 2002 he returned to work with Cris Morena in the first season of Rebelde Way. In 2003 he starred with Gabriel Goity the miniseries Femenino masculino. He continued to participate in the fictions Ambiciones, Botines, Mujeres asesinas , Conflictos en red, Algo habrán hecho por la historia argentina, Socias and Para vestir santos. Between 2012 and 2013 he was one of the protagonists of the Pol-ka unit Tiempos compulsivos. In theater he acted in the works De rigurosa etiqueta,Tres versiones de la vida, La forma de las cosas, Un Dios salvaje, Los hijos se han dormido y El hijo de puta del sombrero. In cinema he acted in Claim, Un día de suerte, La ronda, Horizontal/Vertical, Desbordar, Juan y Eva, Verdades verdaderas, Una cita, una fiesta y un gato negro, The German Friend and Días de vinilo.
From 2014-2015, he joined the cast of Underground Producciones for Telefe, Viudas e hijos del Rock & Roll, starring Damian de Santo and Paola Barrientos. Since 2019, he has been part of the cast of the vintage soap opera Argentina, tierra de amor y venganza for Canal 13.
Theater
Movies
Television
References
External links
Category:1969 births
Category:Argentine male film actors
Category:Living people
Category:People from Buenos Aires
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Kit Reed bibliography
List of works by or about Kit Reed, American writer.
Novels
Mother Isn't Dead She's Only Sleeping (1961)
At War As Children (1964)
The Better Part (1967)
Armed Camps (1969)
Cry of the Daughter (1971)
Tiger Rag (1973)
Captain Grownup (1976)
The Ballad of T. Rantula (1979)
Magic Time (1980)
Fort Privilege (1985)
The Revenge of the Senior Citizens (1986)
Blood Fever (1986) [as by Shelley Hyde]
Catholic Girls (1987)
Gone (1992) [as by Kit Craig]
Twice Burned (1993) [as by Kit Craig]
Little Sisters of the Apocalypse (1994)
Strait (1995) [as by Kit Craig]
J. Eden (1996)
Closer (1997) [as by Kit Craig]
Some Safe Place (1998) [as by Kit Craig]
Short Fuse (1999) [as by Kit Craig]
@expectations (2000)
Thinner Than Thou (2004)
Bronze (2005)
The Baby Merchant (2006)
The Night Children (2008)
Enclave (2009)
Son of Destruction (2012)
Where (2015)
Mormama (2017)
Collections
Mister Da V. and Other Stories (1967)
The Killer Mice (1976)
Other Stories and...The Attack of the Giant Baby (1981)
Thief of Lives (1992)
Weird Women, Wired Women (1998)
Seven for the Apocalypse (1999)
Dogs of Truth : New and Uncollected Stories (2005)
What Wolves Know (2011)
The Story Until Now: A Great Big Book of Stories (2013)
Anthologies
Fat (1974)
Short stories
See also her bibliographic entry in the Internet Speculative Fiction Database and also in the Laboratory of Fantastic.
Book reviews
Partial listing
Doctors by Erich Segal
Cordelia Underwood, Or the Marvelous Beginnings of the Moosepath League, by Van Reid
Reservation Road, by John Burnham Schwartz
The Better Man, by Anita Nair
Critical studies and reviews of Reed's work
The story until now
Notes
Category:Bibliographies by writer
Category:Bibliographies of American writers
Category:Science fiction bibliographies
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Chantal Boulanger
Chantal Boulanger-Maloney (January 4, 1957 – December 27, 2004) was an anthropologist who wrote widely on South India and Tamil culture, including on the myriad of ways to wrap a Sari, documenting over 100.
References
Category:2004 deaths
Category:French anthropologists
Category:1957 births
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Rockfield, Highland
Rockfield () is a hamlet in the parish of Tarbat, on the Tarbat Peninsula, near the village of Portmahomack, Easter Ross, Highland, Scotland. There is a small stone jetty and the traditional way of life included fishing and agriculture. Rockfield is generally east-facing, below the level of a raised beach.
Coastal Walks
Rockfield is a good place to start or finish a coastal walk. In a south-south-west direction you can walk from Rockfield to the Seaboard Village of Balintore. In a north-north-east direction you can walk from Rockfield to Tarbat Ness, round the headland and return to Portmahomack on the other side of the peninsula.
Rockfield to Balintore
This walk places the Moray Firth on your left with the opportunity to observe dolphins and occasional whales. The distance is reported as 8.5 km with modest changes in elevation.
Rockfield to Tarbat Ness and on to Portmahomack
This walk may be broken into two halves. The first half, from Rockfield to Tarbat Ness is in a general north-north-west direction with the Moray First on the right-hand side. At Tarbat Ness, you can break your walk by viewing the Tarbat Lighthouse and tide pools. A road runs to the Lighthouse and an old salmon station.
The second half of the walk is on the opposite side of the Tarbat peninsula. You will be walking in a general south-south-west direction with more protected arm of the sea to your right-hand side. The walk ends in the village of Portmahomack.
External links
Category:Populated places in Ross and Cromarty
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Saint George's Church, Gavril Genovo
Saint George's Church (, tsarkva „Sveti Georgi“) is a church in Gavril Genovo, a village in northwestern Bulgaria, part of Georgi Damyanovo municipality, Montana Province. It was built in 1873 by the architect Alekso Angelkov of the Slavine Architectural School in the village of Sotochino, today one of the two neighbourhoods of Gavril Genovo. The church, otherwise a minor village parish church, is notable for its use of vernacular Gothic Revival features, a trademark approach of that school which set it apart from other architectural schools of the Bulgarian National Revival.
History and authorship
The church's construction can be conclusively dated to 1873 due to an inscription on a slabstone above the south gate. The inscription reads: "18✝73 созида сѧ храмъ сеѝ светаго Георгѝ" ("18✝73 was built [this] church of Saint George"). The architect, Alekso Angelkov from Slavine, also constructed the Dormition of the Theotokos Cathedral in Pirot (1866–1870) and the Saint George's Church in Bistrilitsa (1890), one of the most elaborately decorated Gothic Revival churches of the Slavine School. The authorship of the Gavril Genovo church has been established thanks to another inscription just above the first one, which reads "Маисторъ Алексі" ("Master Aleksi").
Architecture
Described as a "humble but beautiful village church", in terms of design Saint George's is a simple single-nave church which follows the typical single-nave design employed by the Slavine School. It has two gates, one from the south and one from the west, and nine relatively large windows which let a lot of light into the interior. The windows are of the more basic design used by Slavine School architects, with a simple sharp-pointed window bay, as opposed to a more complex (and also sharp-pointed) one. Such windows can be typically found on churches in poorer villages within the range of Slavine School activity. Their simplistic appearance is attributed to the limited financial resources of the congregation. The gates are also of a basic yet typical design.
Saint George's has a five-sided apse and at present lacks a dome, though it is not impossible that it had one at some point. The west facade of the church also has six stone corbels; these were installed in order to support a porch (an external narthex), which was either never built or did not survive. A characteristic detail of the church is the sharp-pointed window adorning the west side gable; it was hewn out of a single stone and boasts elaborate rosette grating.
Decoration and icons
Saint George's Church has exterior stone relief decoration, another trademark feature of the Slavine School. The bays of the two gates are decorated with various ornaments, floral and solar rosettes. The west gate decoration includes a stylized depiction of the tree of life and an archaic image of two birds, one standing atop the other and pecking it, which is a medieval symbol of the fight between good and evil. Architect Nikolay Tuleshkov finds the appearance of such archaic imagery in the exterior decoration "puzzling".
The iconostasis was painted by Petar Mitov, an artist from Samokov, in 1874. Mitov also did one of the icons ("Synaxis of the Archangel Michael") in the church in 1875, as well as the crucifix behind the altar in 1874.
Gallery
See also
Lopushna Monastery
Vernacular adaptations of Gothic Revival
References
Sources
Category:Churches completed in 1873
Category:19th-century churches
Category:Churches in Bulgaria
Category:Buildings and structures in Montana Province
Category:Gothic Revival architecture in Bulgaria
Category:Gothic Revival church buildings
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
TM2
TM2 or Tm2 may refer to:
Soyuz TM-2, the spacecraft used to launch a long duration crew to the Soviet space station Mir
Thermal Monitoring 2, a computer central processing unit thermal control
TM2, a Rolls-Royce Marine Olympus gas turbine
Square terametre (Tm2), a multiple of the SI unit of surface area, the square metre
Tm^2, a metric unit equal to a weber
See also
5857 Neglinka (1975 TM2), a main-belt asteroid
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Derviş Ali
Derviş Ali ( Modern Turkish: Derviş Ali) (d. 1673) was a 17th-century Ottoman calligrapher.
Life and work
His is known as Derviş Ali, the elder or by the nicknames Büyük, Birinci or ayırt Mâruf (to distinguish him from the two different calligraphers of the same name, who lived at a later time).
Very little is known about his early life. His date of birth is unknown. He was raised as a slave in the household of a Janissary officer by the name of Kara Hasan-oglu Huseyn Aga. As a young man, he served as a subaltern with the Janissaries. He later trained as a calligrapher with Halid Erzurumi (d. 1651).
He worked in the Köprülü Library, where he trained many calligraphers, of whom the most famous were the Grand Vizier, Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha, Hâfiz Osman and Suyolcuzade Mustafa Eyyubi Another of his students was Ismail Efendi, who executed the tomb of Hâfiz Osman and also produced 44 copies of the Q'ran.
He died at an advanced age in 1673, and was buried outside Top-Qapou (ancient gate of Saint-Romain).
See also
Culture of the Ottoman Empire
Hafiz Osman
Islamic calligraphy
List of Ottoman calligraphers
Ottoman art
References
Category:Ottoman culture
Category:Calligraphers of the Ottoman Empire
Category:1673 deaths
Category:Year of birth missing
Category:Place of birth missing
Category:17th-century calligraphers
Category:17th-century writers of the Ottoman Empire
Category:17th-century artists of the Ottoman Empire
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Jennifer Higham
Jennifer Higham (born 26 August 1984 in England) is a British actress who has played numerous roles in theatre, television and film.
Higham attended Misbourne School in Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire. She has appeared in Crooked House as Ruth (2 episodes), Cassandra's Dream as Helen, Ella Enchanted as Olive, Ella's stepsister and Hattie's sister, Doctors, Persuasion as Louisa Musgrove, Born and Bred as Amy Marl, Gideon's Daughter as Girl playing Richard III, and I Shouldn't Be Alive as Jennifer.
She has also worked in theater, including a stint with Actors of the London Stage where she played Juliet (among other roles) in the production of Romeo and Juliet
References
External links
Actors from the London Stage
Category:1984 births
Category:English stage actresses
Category:English television actresses
Category:Living people
Category:English film actresses
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Higher Institute of Languages, Moknine
Higher Institute of Applied Languages, Moknine (Arabic: المعهد العالي للغات المطبقة , بالمكنين) or ISLAM is a Tunisian university founded in 2004 under the University of Monastir
Category:Universities in Tunisia
Category:Education in Tunisia
Category:Educational organisations based in Tunisia
Category:Educational institutions established in 2004
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Beryl Nashar
Beryl Scott Nashar (9 July 1923 – 5 May 2012) was an Australian geologist, academic and first female Dean at an Australian university.
Early life and education
She was born Beryl Scott on 9 July 1923 in Maryville, New South Wales. She grew up in the Newcastle area, the eldest of four children and attended Cardiff Public School and Newcastle Girls High School. She completed her Leaving Certificate, coming first in the state in geology. She received a scholarship to attend the University of Sydney, winning a prize each year and took her B.Sc. with Honours in 1947. Her early research looked at the geology of the Stanhope region of the Hunter Valley, near Newcastle. She would later study mineralogy, geochemistry and the formation of minerals in andesitic rocks within the eastern parts of New South Wales.
Early career
Beryl Scott worked as a staff demonstrator during her B.Sc., continuing her study toward an Honours degree. She won the University medal and a research scholarship. She took a Dip.Ed. from the University of Sydney in 1948. Although appointed to work as a teacher at Hunter Girls High School after graduation, Scott was offered a teaching position at the University of Tasmania, and she took this job whilst working toward her PhD. Her supervisor was Professor S. Warren Carey.
During her time at the University of Tasmania, Scott won a Rotary Fellowship, the first to be given to a woman to attend the University of Cambridge, and in 1949 studied there in the Department of Mineralogy and Petrology. Scott counted Germaine Joplin as an inspiration to her studies whilst at Cambridge. She met Ali El-Nashar, an Egyptian philosophy student who was also studying his PhD at Cambridge, and they married in 1952 after she completed her PhD at the University of Tasmania, the first woman to earn a PhD in geology from an Australian university. Following her marriage in Cairo, Egypt, Scott who was now known as Beryl Nashar, returned to Australia to give birth to their son, Tarek in 1953, while her husband remained in Spain, Lebanon and later Egypt. Ali El-Nashar was not able to find work in Australia.
An ambitious Nashar accepted a lecturing position at the Newcastle University College (then part of NSW University of Technology) in 1955, and was steadily promoted to senior lecturer, and associate professor. She became the foundation Professor of Geology in 1965, only the second woman to be promoted to a Professorial position at that time, after Dorothy Hill of the University of Queensland. When the college became the University of Newcastle in 1969, Nashar became the first female Dean at an Australian university.
Later life and awards
A longtime Newcastle resident, and with a strong ethic toward public service, Nashar sat on the Board of Directors of the Royal Newcastle Hospital for over 16 years, as well as the Faculty of Medicine. She was also on the Board of the Greater Newcastle Building Society. She was president of the Australian Federation of Business and Professional Women in 1964 and president of the International Federation of Business and Professional Women in 1974. She received an OBE in 1972. She was on the Secondary Schools Board from 1970–1975. She was appointed Woman of the Year by the NSW branch of the United Nations Association in 1975. She retired from the University of Newcastle in 1980, intending to join her husband, but Ali El-Nashar died the same year. Nashar was appointed Emeritus Professor. She sat on the Academic Committee of the Higher Education Board from 1982–1987. She also sat on the Committee that looked into the establishment of the University of Western Sydney. In 1999 she received the Rotary Foundations' Scholar Alumni Service award. She received a Commonwealth Recognition Award for Senior Australians in 2001 and was made an Officer of the Order of Australia in 2002 for "service to the community, particularly through raising awareness of issues affecting women, and to education". She was also awarded an Honorary D.Sc. in 1988. A portrait of her was submitted to the Archibald Prize in 1968.
Nashar published four books and 30 papers during her career.
Nashar died on 5 May 2012 in Newcastle, New South Wales. She was survived by her son and his family, and her siblings.
An annual scholarship is given in her name from the University of Newcastle, The Beryl Nashar Scholarship for Excellence in Geology.
References
Category:1923 births
Category:2012 deaths
Category:Australian women geologists
Category:University of Sydney alumni
Category:University of Tasmania alumni
Category:University of Newcastle faculty
Category:Officers of the Order of Australia
Category:Australian Officers of the Order of the British Empire
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Loma language
Loma (Loghoma, Looma, Lorma) is a Mande language spoken by the Loma people of Liberia and Guinea.
Dialects of Loma proper in Liberia are Gizima, Wubomei, Ziema, Bunde, Buluyiema. The dialect of Guinea, Toma (Toa, Toale, Toali, or Tooma, the Malinke name for Loma), is an official regional language.
In Liberia, the people and language are also known as "Bouze" (Busy, Buzi), which is considered offensive.
Writing systems
Today, Loma uses a Latin-based alphabet which is written from left to right. A syllabary saw limited use in the 1930s and 1940s in correspondence between Loma-speakers, but today has fallen into disuse.
Sample
The Lord's Prayer in Loma:
Yài è ga gé ɣeeai è gee-zuvɛ,
ɓaa ɣa la yà laa-zeigi ma,
yà masadai va,
è yii-mai ɣɛ zui zu è ɣɛ velei é ɣɛɛzu la è wɔ vɛ,
è zaa mii ŋenigi ʋe gé ya,
è gé vaa ʋaitiɛ zu ʋaa yɛ,
è ɣɛ velei gá ɓalaa gé zɔitiɛ zu ʋaa yɛga la gá ʋaa yega te va.
Mɛ lɛ kɛ tɛ-ga ɔ́ wo ga gíɛ,
kɛ̀ è gé wulo tuɓo-vele-yowũ nui ya.
Endnotes
References
Rude, Noel. 1983. Ergativity and the active-stative typology in Loma. Studies in African Linguistics, 14:265–283.
Sadler, Wesley. 1951. Untangled Loma: a course of study of the Looma language of the Western Province, Liberia, West Africa. Published by Board of Foreign Missions of the United Lutheran Church in America for the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Liberia.
External links
ISO proposal for Looma 'macrolanguage'
Category:Mande languages
Category:Languages of Liberia
Category:Languages of Guinea
Category:Scripts not encoded in Unicode
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Andrey Logvin
Andrey Logvin (; born April 4, 1964) is a Soviet and Russian poster artist, graphic artist, designer in the sphere of graphic design and advertising. Academician of graphic design and member of Alliance Graphique International (AGI).Owner of more than 30 awards of the International and Russian competitions of design and advertising. The winner of the State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of literature and art for 2000.
He is presented in the directory "Who is who in Graphic Design" (300 best designers of the world). He is one of the 108 leading graphic designers in the book is "All Men are Brothers - Designer's Edition". In 2004 the Chinese Lignan Art Publishing House published the monograph "Andrey Logvin" on 165 pages.
The poster "Life Is a Success" has become a calling card of the designer.
Biography
Born in 1964, in Ipatovo village of Stavropol Region.
Graduated from Ipatovo art school.
1982–1984 – military service in the Soviet Army.
In 1987 he graduated from the Moscow Art School named in memory of 1905 (Department of Industrial Graphics), on the subject of "composition" (design) was taught by Malinkovsky.
Right after Art School he was taken for work in "Promgrafika" workshop of the Moscow Artists' Union (one of the first professional associations in this country, engaged in development of a corporate style).
In 1989–1992 he was the art director of "IMA-press" publishing house.
In 1996 he founded "LOGVINDESIGN" virtual advertising group.
Since 1999 he teaches at the Higher Academic School of Graphic Design. Member of Russian Academy of Graphic Design and Alliance Graphique International (AGI).
In 2001 was awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of literature and art for 2000.
Teaches "communications design" at HSE Art and Design School in Moscow.
Awards
2001 — State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of literature and art (for a series of social, cultural and advertising posters of 1994–2000)
1999 — "Ad Person of the Year", "Press Prize" festival, St. Petersburg
Grand prix
2006 – Grand Prix of 17th Poster Festival in Chaumont in France for the poster "Life Is a Success" (for "Museum Night" in Krasnoyarsk Museum Center)
1998 — Grand Prix of "Best Russian Postcards" exhibition
1995 — Grand Prix "Red Apple" of V Moscow International Advertising Festival
1992 — Grand Prix of I International Poster Biennale in Moscow
Awards and prizes
2008 — Silver medal of 21st International Poster Biennale in Warsaw for the poster "Kaliningrad Branch of the National Centre for Contemporary Arts is 10"
2006 — Diploma "Golden Bee Award" of Moscow International Biennale of Graphic Design for the poster "Taste of life"
2005 — first prize of VI Krasnoyarsk Museum Biennale for the project "The girls are where the oil is", "Art project" nomination
2005 — Special Jury Prize of 2nd China Biennale of Graphic Design for the poster "Stefan Sagmeister in Moscow"
2004 — Special Prize of the City of Mons of 9th International Triennale of Political Posters, Mons, Belgium, for the poster "NUL…" (Universal declaration of human rights, Article 5. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.)
2004 — Diploma "Golden Bee Award" of Moscow International Biennale of Graphic Design for the poster "NUL…"
1999 — Diploma "Golden Bee Award" of IV Moscow International Biennale of Graphic Design
1999 — second prize of IX Moscow International Advertising Festival
1998 — Diploma "Golden Bee Award" of Moscow International Biennale of Graphic Design for the poster "Hold on, Yegoriy!"
1998 — first and second prizes of VIII Moscow International Advertising Festival
1997 — two first prizes and Special Jury Prize of VII Moscow International Advertising Festival
1996 — Gold medal of 15th International Poster Biennale, Warsaw, in the category of advertising posters for the poster for "LiniaGraphic" Moscow printing-house
1996 — two third prizes of VI Moscow International Advertising Festival
1995 — second prize of V Moscow International Advertising Festival
1995 — third prize of All-Russian exhibition "Design’95"
1994 — Critics award at the 16th International Biennale of design in Brno for the poster "Sasha"
1994 — third prize of IV Moscow International Advertising Festival
1993 — first prize of All-Russian exhibition "Design’93"
Posters
Life Is a Success
Life Is a Success is Logvin’s poster made in 1997. It is the sign poster of Russia of the 1990s era of primary accumulation of the capital. The vital motto by black caviar on a background of red caviar showed irony over optimism of a new social class – the young Russian bourgeoisie, or "New Russians". The poster snatched out the essence of the present by one gesture. This is the most well-known work of the author. The poster was published in the album The Russian Poster. 100 Masterpieces in 100 Years, and it was nominated for inclusion in the book Phaidon Graphic Classics about world icons of graphic design of all times. According to Artkhronika magazine it is one of the top 10 Russian masterpieces at the turn of the 21st century. The poster Life Is a Success is in the Tretyakov Gallery collection, and other numerous private collections.
It is sad without a label!
The poster was for the LiniaGraphic Moscow printing-house. In 1995 a symbolical poster It is sad without a label! appeared, on which the sad bottle which has a bent neck is represented. Ft first juices were "to be packed", then other food was. Today producers of food and drinks are the most frequent customers on working out packaging. Because label and packaging is effective goods promotion. In the USSR they made production, probably, not worse than western one on quality, but it had one essential shortcoming – there was no worthy packaging. It doesn't mean that there were no artists and designers in the country. There was no competition, and consequently there was no stimulus for better design of goods.
1995 – Grand Prix "Red Apple" of V Moscow International Advertising Festival.
1996 – Gold medal of 15th International Poster Biennale, Warsaw, in the category "Advertising".
This poster can be considered as a reference point of emergence of the packaging culture in Russia.
Kaliningrad Branch of the National Centre for Contemporary Arts is 10
On November 28, 2007, Kaliningrad Branch of the National Centre for Contemporary Arts celebrated its first decade. As an anniversary symbol the organizing committee chose a piece of coal, and visualization of the idea was they ordered to LOGVINDESIGN studio. Coal still heats many houses of Kaliningrad, including KBNCCA. Therefore, starting with the date of its foundation there is a heap of coal in the yard. The history of the poster creation you can see on the studio site. Photographer Vladislav Yefimov and the trainee from Switzerland Yannick Lambiel took part in this work.
2008 – Silver medal of 21st International Poster Biennale in Warsaw in the category B (advertising of events of culture, art, education and sports). For 42 years of existence of the most authoritative world posters competition it is the seventh medal of the Russian poster artists and the second – Logvin's.
Taste of life
The poster Taste of life was created for "Museum Night" in Krasnoyarsk Museum Center took place on April 16, 2005. That time Taste of life became a subject of one of the brightest cultural events of Krasnoyarsk city. That night the Krasnoyarsk Museum Center turned into the keeper of a unique collection of tastes, sounds, smells, feelings and moods of life. Each guest of the museum was offered to feel "taste of life", all wealth and a variety of reality which surrounds us, and to reflect what "taste" is. Coffee – invigorating consciousness and the thoughts, aggravating the imagination, one of the most democratic drinks, uniting practically all countries of the world and people of the most different age became a peculiar keynote of reflections over life, communication, creativity. Visitors could make fascinating travel on the various thematic platforms of the museum filled with a certain atmosphere of culture and a life of the countries of Europe, Asia, Australia, the cultures possessing bright and peculiar tastes of life, music, creativity, policy, history, time – unique "life kitchen".
VI "Museum Night" in Krasnoyarsk Museum Center
Therefore, in the center of the poster the cup of coffee is placed. Photographer: Vladislav Yefimov.
The poster won Grand Prix of 17th Poster Festival in Chaumont in France for the poster and "Golden Bee Award" Diploma of Moscow International Biennale of Graphic Design.
NUL…
NUL… (Nobody…) was created by request of the Ministry of National Education, France. The poster illustrates the Article 5 of the Declaration of human rights. 70,000 copies were printed.
Article 5.
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
Universal declaration of human rights
In 2004 the poster won Special Prize of the City of Mons of 9th International Triennale of Political Posters, Mons, Belgium, and "Golden Bee Award" Diploma of Moscow International Biennale of Graphic Design.
Teaching activity
Logvin teaches at the Higher Academic school of graphic design. He gave lectures and master-classes in Switzerland, Turkey, France, Ukraine, China, Mexico.
Logvin set such wild study speed, that it was impossible to stay not active. Tasks replaced one another with an interval of 15 minutes – 5 minutes work, 15 minutes discussion, 5 minutes work, 15 minutes discussion, and all three hours that way. The course fully justifies the name of "intensive".
From "Summer school" Logbook (the educational project of the Higher Academic School of Graphic Design), 2002
Author's posters are in collections of
State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow;
Russian State Library, formerly Lenin Library, Moscow;
State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg;
Poster Museum at Wilanów, Warsaw, Poland;
Moravian Gallery in Brno, Czech Republic;
The International Poster Collection, Colorado State University;
Museum of Modern Art, Toyama, Japan;
Ogaki Poster Museum, Japan;
Lahti Art Museum, Finland;
New Art Museum, Munich, Germany;
M'ARS Gallery collection, Moscow.
Personal exhibitions and actions
2010 – personal exhibition in Avla Gallery, Slovenia;
2008 – personal exhibition in Gutenberg Museum, Fribourg, Switzerland;
2005 – (jointly with V. Chayka and Y. Surkov), Paris;
2003 – «Return of the Amber Room». Art-Moscow, CHA, Moscow;
2002 – "Logvin, Peret, Plyuta, Tartakover". Poster Museum at Wilanów;
2001 – "K. Kujasalo, J. Lin, A. Logvin, R. Tissi", Lahti Art Museum, Finland;
2001 – "Grafist 5". MSU Tophane-i Amire Cultural Center Art Gallery, Istanbul, Turkey;
2000 – "Graphistes autor du monde", Eshiroles, France;
2000 – "…NO, ME!", XL Gallery, Moscow;
1998 – "U.G. Sato, Koji Mizutani, Andrey Logvin". Poster Museum at Wilanów;
1998 – "The End", XL Gallery, Moscow;
1998 – "Triplet. Kitayeva. Logvin. Chayka". (jointly with V. Chayka and E. Kitayeva). DNP Duo Dojima Gallery, Osaka, Japan;
1997 – "Life Is a Success!", performance. Central House of Artists, Moscow;
1995 – "Stake on green!", cockroach races, devoted to presidential elections. M. Guelman Gallery, Moscow;
1995 – "Happy birthday, Death!" (jointly with Y. Shabelnikov). The action devoted to the 50th anniversary of nuclear bombing of Hiroshima. M. Guelman Gallery, Moscow;
1994 – "Zenbook". Studio 20 Gallery, Moscow;
1994 – "Andrey Tykvin. The Logvins". Punkt Gallery, CHA, Moscow.
References
External links
Andrew logvin's facebook
Andrew logvin's Master Class at the exhibition "Creative Future 2009"
Category:Living people
Category:Russian designers
Category:State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates
Category:Russian poster artists
Category:1964 births
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Braxton Sutter
Jesse Guilmette (born June 3, 1980) is an American professional wrestler, currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) under the ring name The Blade. He is known for his work in Impact Wrestling under the ring name Braxton Sutter and for Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW) - where he was a one-time CZW World Tag Team Champion - under the ring name Pepper Parks.
Professional wrestling career
Early career
Guilmette was trained by Les Thatcher. He has worked a number of matches under his legal name with the WWE, facing wrestlers such as The Boogeyman, Vladimir Kozlov and Shad Gaspard in squash matches.
Independent circuit (2000–2019)
In 2000, Guilmette began appearing for the Midwestern independent promotion Heartland Wrestling Association under the ring name Pepper Parks where he would be paired up with Chet Jablonski as the tag team, The A Squad. Debuting on July 27, 2000, the team faced Astin Ambrose and JJ Duquesne in a losing effort. Parks would wrestle for HWA for six years. During this time, he won the HWA Cruiserweight Championship on June 26, 2001, defeating Matt Stryker. On January 1, 2006, Parks gained his first heavyweight championship, defeating Jon Moxley in the tournament finals for the vacant HWA Heavyweight Championship. Parks would lose the title to Moxley on May 9, 2006 and regain it once again on November 11, 2006 defeating Chad Collyer in title vs. career match. His second reign lasted 28 days before vacating the title on December 5, 2006 and leaving HWA.
Throughout 2007, Parks would primarily wrestle for the NWA New York based promotions – NWA Empire, NWA Upstate and NWA New York. On May 19, 2007, at the NWA Empire First Anniversary Show, he defeated Brodie Lee to become the NWA Empire Heavyweight Champion. On October 20, 2007 Parks would also win the vacated NWA National Heavyweight Championship.
On January 16, 2010, Parks began appearing for Empire State Wrestling, losing to Freddie Midnight in his first match. On September 11, 2010, he would go on to win the ESW Tag Team Championship with Kevin Grace. Parks and Grace would drop the titles on June 4, 2011 to The Rochester Wrecking Crew. On October 11, 2014, he unsuccessfully challenged John McChesney for the PWR Heavyweight Championship in a casket match at PWR Halloween Mayhem.
On July 18, 2015, Parks and Cherry Bomb made their debut for Tommy Dreamer's House of Hardcore at the ninth HOH event in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. They would appear at the next four HOH events, starting a feud with Dreamer and Mickie James in the process.
Ring of Honor (2007, 2012–2015)
Guilmette first wrestled for Ring of Honor on April 13, 2007, defeating Mitch Franklin in a dark match. Years later, he would make his official debut for ROH on June 30, 2012, losing to Adam Cole. On February 16, 2013, Parks made his return, losing to former ROH World Tag Team Champion Charlie Haas. On the April 6, 2013, episode of Ring of Honor Wrestling, Parks was defeated by Roderick Strong. He continued to wrestle matches for Ring of Honor throughout 2014 and 2015. Parks made his final appearance for Ring of Honor on September 26, 2015 losing to Caprice Coleman on the ROH Reloaded Tour.
Combat Zone Wrestling (2012–2016)
Guilmette would make his first appearance for Combat Zone Wrestling on September 8, 2012 at the promotions annual Down with the Sickness event, defeating Kekoa. He would go on to make regular appearances for the promotion over the next four years. In 2015, Parks and his wife Cherry Bomb would align themselves with BLK Jeez, and form the villainous stable known as TV Ready. On December 12, 2015 at CZW's seventeenth annual Cage of Death event, TV Ready would go on to win the CZW World Tag Team Championship, defeating Dan Barry and Sozio. On May 14, 2016 TV Ready lost the CZW World Tag Team Championship to Da Hit Squad at Prelude to Violence 2016, the match was also Parks' final appearance for CZW after signing with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling.
On September 10, 2016, Guilmette returned to CZW using his Braxton Sutter ring name for their annual Down with the Sickness event, teaming with BLK Jeez as TV Ready to challenge for the CZW World Tag Team Championship against Da Hit Squad, in a losing effort.
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling / Impact Wrestling (2015–2018)
Guilmette initially appeared in Impact Wrestling through the company's One Night Only PPV's under his Pepper Parks ring name. First appearing at the 2015 One Night Only event X-Travaganza 2015, losing against Kenny King and Jay Rios, he would next appear on 2015's Gut Check PPV, losing to Drew Galloway.
The following year on January 8, 2016; Parks appeared for the company again in the first One Night Only PPV of the year losing to Trevor Lee. He appeared for the company again for the January 19 edition of Impact Wrestling, where he suffered a loss against Mike Bennett. On March 23, Impact Wrestling announced that Guilmette had signed a contract.
On the June 7 edition of Impact Wrestling, he made his Impact debut under the name Braxton Sutter, defeating local independent wrestler Bill Callous in a singles match. On June 12, 2016, at Slammiversary, Sutter wrestled James Storm in a losing effort. On the June 21, episode of Impact Wrestling, Sutter was challenged by Rockstar Spud who had interrupted Sutter's scheduled match against indy wrestler Balam, Sutter went on to defeat Spud and following his victory, was viciously attacked by Spud. On the June 28 episode of Impact Wrestling, he won a battle-royal to become the number one contender for the Impact Wrestling X Division Championship, but was defeated by then champion Mike Bennett who invoked his match against Sutter immediately following the battle-royal. On the July 5 episode of Impact Wrestling, he participated in an Ultimate X match for the X Division Championship, in a losing effort. During the match, he broke a tooth of Rockstar Spud's, intensifying their current feud over several months. At 2016's Destination X, he competed in a six-man ladder match to be number one contender to the X Division Championship, losing to DJZ. On the September 1 edition of Impact Wrestling, Rockstar Spud viciously attacked Sutter with a chair during an Ultimate X match, and attacked him once again on the September 8 edition of Impact Wrestling after his match against Drew Galloway, breaking one of his teeth. On the September 15, Sutter defeated Rockstar Spud in an "Empty Arena, No Turnbuckles" match, ending their feud. At Bound for Glory he participated in the Bound for Gold but was eliminated first by the eventual winner Eli Drake.
On the October 6 episode of Impact Wrestling, Braxton Sutter took part in the first Team X Gold match, teaming with DJZ and Mandrews, and defeated The Helms Dynasty and Marshe Rockett. On the November 3 episode of Impact Wrestling, the team, now dubbed "Go for Broke" defeated once again The Helms Dynasty and Marshe Rockett as well as Rockstar Spud and Decay in a three-way tag team match. On the December 1 episode of Impact Wrestling, Sutter faced Mandrews and DJZ for his Impact Wrestling X Division Championship, but lost the match.
On the January 12, 2017 episode of Impact Wrestling, Sutter inserted himself into the feud between Maria Kanellis-Bennett and Allie, losing to Maria's husband Mike Bennett. The following week, Maria would blackmail him into breaking it off with Allie, after he said that she couldn't control him like everyone else. He was then forced to drive Laurel Van Ness home and later propose to her, or else Allie would be fired. On the February 23 episode of Impact Wrestling, Sutter rejected Van Ness' marriage during the ceremony when he announced that he's in love with Allie. On the March 9 episode of Impact Wrestling, Sutter defeated DJZ, Marshe Rockett and Caleb Konley in a four-way match with the help of Allie. After the match, they were confronted by an angry Laurel Van Ness who observed them from the ramp. The following week, Sutter failed to win the X Division Championship in a four-way match against Trevor Lee, DJZ and Suicide after a distraction of Laurel Van Ness. On the March 30 episode of Impact Wrestling, Sutter was defeated by Sienna's cousin, KM. On the April 13 episode of Impact Wrestling, Sutter and Allie defeated Sienna and KM. After the match, they were attacked by Sienna's surprise Kongo Kong and Laurel Van Ness. He continued feuding with Kongo Kong, Sienna, and KM. The feud culminated at the Slammiversary pre-show, where Sutter, Mahabali Shera, and Allie defeated Kongo Kong, KM, and Laurel Van Ness in a six-person tag-team match. While being off television for several months, he and Allie quietly ended their on camera relationship without any explanation.
Braxton Sutter returned on March 1, 2018 episode of Impact and turned heel, after losing his match, where he revealed that he dropped Allie like a bad habit, because she's no good and was holding his career back. He then went on to say that nobody is better than him, before being attacked by Brian Cage, to cheers from the crowd. Later that night Sutter came back out during Laurel Van Ness's segment, saying that he wanted back in, with her, but she refused. Then throughout the month of March, Braxton would come out after Allie's matches, offering to take her back, while Allie kept ignoring him, until the March 22 episode of Impact, where it was revealed to be a setup, when Allie was attacked from behind by Su Yung. At Redemption, Sutter accompanied Yung in her match against Allie, but she was defeated.
On April 26, 2018, he announced that he had departed Impact Wrestling.
All Elite Wrestling (2019-present)
Guillmette made his All Elite Wrestling (AEW) debut as The Blade on the November 27 episode of AEW Dynamite attacking Cody, along with The Butcher (aka Andy Williams of the band Every Time I Die), and his real-life wife, Allie (The Bunny). On the December 11, 2019 episode of AEW Dynamite, The Butcher and The Blade defeated QT Marshall and Cody Rhodes.
Personal life
On September 21, 2013, Sutter married fellow professional wrestler Laura Dennis, better known as Cherry Bomb on the independent circuit and Allie in Impact Wrestling.
Championships and accomplishments
Combat Zone Wrestling
CZW World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with BLK Jeez
Empire State Wrestling
ESW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
ESW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Kevin Grace
Heartland Wrestling Association
HWA Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
HWA Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)
HWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Chet Jablonski
National Wrestling Alliance
NWA National Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA Empire Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him No. 139 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2017
Pro Wrestling Rampage
PWR Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) - with Andy Williams
Pro Wrestling Xtreme
PWX X-Division Championship (1 time)
Smash Wrestling
F8tful Eight (2016) – with Mike Rollins
Smash Wrestling Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Mike Rollins
Squared Circle Wrestling
SCW Premier Championship (1 time)
SCW Premier Championship Tournament (2011)
Upstate Pro Wrestling
NWA New York Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
References
Category:1980 births
Category:All Elite Wrestling personnel
Category:American male professional wrestlers
Category:Living people
Category:Professional wrestlers from New York (state)
Category:Sportspeople from Buffalo, New York
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Swathi (actress)
Swathi is an Indian film actress who has appeared Tamil, Hindi and Telugu films. She is known for her performances in Deva (1995) and Vaanmathi (1996).
Career
After the success of Vaanmathi, Swathi returned to Hyderabad to complete her education and turned down film offers. After a break, she returned to play a supporting role in Ameer's Yogi.
Personal life
She was engaged to a Dubai-based entrepreneur, Srikanth, in 2008 but the wedding was later called off. Swathi later married a company director, Kiran on 2 December 2009 at Maruthi Gardens, Red Hills in Hyderabad and subsequently announced her retirement from films.
Filmography
References
Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh
Category:Indian film actresses
Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema
Category:Living people
Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema
Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema
Category:20th-century Indian actresses
Category:21st-century Indian actresses
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Luitpold Gymnasium
The Luitpold-Gymnasium is a secondary school in Munich, Germany. It was established by Prince Luitpold of Bavaria in 1891 as "Luitpold-Kreisrealschule" to serve the eastern part of the city and its suburbs. It stood in the Alexandrastrasse opposite the National Museum.
The building was almost completely destroyed by incendiary bombing in 1944, leaving only parts of the facade and the gymnasium (sports hall). The school shared the facilities of the Wilhelmsgymnasium until 1958 when it was able to move into a new building on Seeaustraße 1.
The school introduced the Kollegstufe system in 1975 and became co-educational in 1983.
Notable alumni
Abraham Fraenkel (1891 – 1965), mathematician
Michael Reinhardt, photographer
External links
School website (in German)
Category:Educational institutions established in 1891
Category:Gymnasiums in Germany
Category:Education in Munich
Category:Gymnasiums (school)
Category:Schools in Bavaria
Category:1891 establishments in Germany
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Santi Pietro e Paolo, Buonconvento
Santi Pietro e Paolo is a Baroque-style, Roman Catholic parish church located in the center of the town of Buonconvento, region of Tuscany, Italy.
History
A church at the site dates to 1103, but was refurbished in the 18th century, with the brick facade completed in 1723. The belltower dates to the early 19th-century.
History recalls that in 24 August 1313, Henry VII of Luxembourg, Holy Roman Emperor died likely of malaria, at the age of 40 during the course of a siege of Siena. The church was severely damaged during an incursion of troops from Perugia in 1358.
The church was enriched by its position in the pilgrimage route to Rome. An inventory from 1895 listed the following works:
a frescoed medieval icon of the Madonna, and a St Catherine of Alexandria by a painter of the Nasini family, a St Dominic by Stefano Volpi, an Immaculate Conception by Giacomo Pacchiarotti; and a Virgin of the Assumption by Arcangelo Salimbeni. The sacristy had paintings attributed to Lippo Memmi.
A Enthroned Madonna with child and Angels (circa 1450) by Matteo di Giovanni still remains in the church. A polyptych by Pietro di Francesco Orioli depicting an Enthroned Madonna and Saints is in the apse, along with two 17th-century canvases.
Many of the original works including paintings by Duccio di Buoninsegna, Sano di Pietro, and are now sheltered in the Museo d'Arte Sacra della Val d'Arbia.
The church also originally had paintings by Bartolo di Fredi depicting the Virgin and Angel of the Annunciation with Saints Mary Magdalen and St Anthony Abbot (1519), part of a polyptych.
References
Category:Churches in the province of Siena
Category:Baroque architecture in Tuscany
Category:18th-century Roman Catholic church buildings
Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1723
Category:Buonconvento
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Matthew Lowe (swimmer)
Matthew Lowe (born 30 March 1994) is a Bahamian swimmer. He competed in the men's 200 metre freestyle event at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships.
References
Category:1994 births
Category:Living people
Category:Bahamian male swimmers
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
List of people from Cairo, Illinois
The following list includes notable people who were born or have lived in Cairo, Illinois. For a similar list organized alphabetically by last name, see the category page People from Cairo, Illinois.
Academics
Business
Media
Military
Music
Politics
Religion
Sports
References
*
Cairo
Cairo
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
William H. Haithco Recreation Area
William H. Haithco Recreation Area (also referred to as Haithco Park) is a public park in Saginaw Charter Township, Michigan maintained by the Saginaw County Parks and Recreation Commission.
History
It was a "borrow pit" for fill dirt for the I-675 construction and "dumping ground for trash" after the construction was completed. While borrow pits are usually clay in nature, the site's man-made lake was actually spring fed. It became property of Saginaw Township after the I-675 construction was completed. Discussions on acquiring the land for the county began in the summer of 1986 and an arrangement was made in October 1986. Saginaw County Parks and Recreation acquired the 39-acre parcel north of the lake, which had been assessed at by a group of South Haven, Michigan attorneys and businessmen. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources provided 75% of the purchase cost, and the Saginaw County Government, Wickets Foundation, and William H. Haithco Sr. provided the additional 25%. The property was acquired for development as a park in December 1986.
The Saginaw Valley Rotary Club donated in June 1990 to pay for the construction of two pavilions.
The park was named for founder of the Saginaw County Parks and Recreation Commission, William H. Haithco Sr. in 1991. The lake was named for Haithco in May 1991. Haithco played an instrumental role in the development of the park.
The pump track opened in August 2011 near the entrance of the park off Schust Road. The track features small hills and cost $15,000 to design and install.
Features
The park includes a man-made lake – known as Haithco Lake or Lake Haithco, a lifeguard supervised beach, sand volleyball courts, horseshoe pits, paddleboat rentals, rowboat rentals, canoe rentals, kayak rentals, playground, fishing access, barbecue grill, five pavilions available for rent, concession stand, a pump track, and bathrooms. Dogs are not permitted at the park.
Events
The park hosts a number of events throughout the year, such as fishing competitions, community fundraisers, and Children's Fun Days.
Polar Plunge
Held annually since 2000, Polar Plunge is a fundraiser organized by the Law Enforcement Torch Run organization. During the event, people jump into Haithco Lake in the winter while the lake has ice, an activity known as polar bear diving. Money raised goes to support the Special Olympics Michigan.
References
Category:Parks in Michigan
Category:Buildings and structures in Saginaw County, Michigan
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Sabina Simmonds
Sabina Simmonds (born 17 April 1960 in London, England) is a retired tennis player from Italy. She competed in the Fed Cup from 1978 to 1984.
WTA Finals
Singles (0–2)
ITF Finals
Singles (7–9)
Doubles (4–5)
References
Category:1960 births
Category:Living people
Category:Italian female tennis players
Category:Italian people of English descent
Category:Naturalised tennis players of Italy
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Wignacourt Arch
The Wignacourt Arch known as the Fleur-De-Lys Gate () is an ornamental arch located on the boundary between Fleur-de-Lys (a suburb of Birkirkara) and Santa Venera, Malta. The arch was originally built in 1615 as part of the Wignacourt Aqueduct, but it was destroyed between 1943 and 1944. A replica of the arch was constructed in 2015 and inaugurated on 28 April 2016.
Original arch
The Wignacourt Aqueduct was constructed between 1610 and 1615 to carry water from springs in Dingli and Rabat to the Maltese capital Valletta. It was named after Alof de Wignacourt, the Grand Master of the Order of St. John, who partially financed its construction.
The aqueduct was carried through underground pipes or over a series of stone arches where there were depressions in the ground level. To commemorate the construction of the aqueduct, the Wignacourt Arch was constructed at an area where the aqueduct crossed the road leading from Valletta to Mdina. The Baroque archway had a large arch in the centre, and a smaller arch on either side. It was decorated with three fleurs-de-lis, a relief of Wignacourt's coat of arms, and two marble plaques with Latin inscriptions. The plaque on the side facing Santa Venera read:
The plaque on the side facing Birkirkara read:
The area around the arch remained rural until the early 20th century. A tram used to pass near the arch between 1905 and 1929. After World War II, the suburb of Fleur-de-Lys developed in the area, and it got its name from the heraldic symbols on the arch.
Destruction
On 18 April 1943, a Royal Air Force breakdown lorry heading to the airfield at Ta' Qali at night with no street light hit the arch and severely damaged its Santa Venera-facing façade. The central arch was dismantled by military personnel under the supervision of the Public Works Department about two months later. The arch was completely destroyed on 12 February 1944, when a Royal Army Service Corps truck hit the remaining parts of the structure. The stone remains were supposedly stored by the British but, similar to several other historic relics, they were never retrieved by the Maltese and the whereabouts are unknown. However, the arch's two marble plaques were repossessed.
A roundabout with a fountain was later built on the site of the arch. Some arches of the aqueduct were demolished in order to widen the road and make way for this roundabout.
Reconstruction
The surviving arches of the Wignacourt Aqueduct were restored between 2004 and 2005. The chairman of the Bank of Valletta, whose headquarters is located close to the arch, promised to build a replica of the arch but initially nothing materialized.
In 2012, the Fleur-de-Lys Administrative Committee and the Birkirkara Local Council announced that they were planning to rebuild the arch to the same dimensions of the original. The police force had initially objected to the project, believing it could become a traffic hazard, but of similar risk comparisons to other monumental arches and gates in Malta, such as the Portes de Bombes. The plans were eventually approved by the Malta Environment and Planning Authority in October of the same year, but they were placed on hold since a tender appeal had to be sorted out. In April 2013, the tender was awarded to Vaults Ltd instead of V&C Contractors who had originally won the tender. The replica arch cost €280,000 to build, and €100,000 of these were donated by the Bank of Valletta. €40,000 were taken from the Good Causes Fund, while the remaining €140,000 were paid by the Birkirkara Local Council.
While preparations were being made for rebuilding the arch, a dispute arose between the Birkirkara and Santa Venera Local Councils on what to call the arch. The former said that it should be called Fleur-de-Lys Gate, while the latter insisted on using the name Wignacourt Arch. In September 2013, the Santa Venera council took the Birkirkara council to court and accused it of causing "historical damage" by calling the arch with an incorrect name. The councils agreed on using the name The Wignacourt Arch known as the Fleur-de-Lys Gate in August 2014.
Reconstruction of the arch began on 1 August 2014, but work stopped soon afterwards after part of the original arch's foundations was found. Reconstruction continued in January 2015, and it was complete by the end of November 2015. Some finishing touches were made in February 2016, including the installation of two marble plaques. The arch was inaugurated on 28 April 2016 by Prime Minister Joseph Muscat and mayor of Birkirkara Joanne Debono Grech.
A plaque with the coat of arms of Birkirkara and the following inscription was installed to commemorate the reconstruction:
Commemorations
In 2015, the Central Bank of Malta minted a €10 silver coin, and MaltaPost issued a set of two stamps to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the Wignacourt Aqueduct. The Wignacourt Arch is depicted on the coin and one of the stamps.
Further reading
Notes
References
External links
Category:Arches and vaults in Malta
Category:Birkirkara
Category:Santa Venera
Category:Baroque architecture in Malta
Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1615
Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 1944
Category:Cultural infrastructure completed in 2016
Category:Rebuilt buildings and structures
Category:Limestone buildings in Malta
Category:1615 establishments in Malta
Category:Roundabouts and traffic circles in Malta
Category:2016 establishments in Malta
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
List of hospitals in Oregon
This List of hospitals in Oregon (U.S. state) is not complete
Operating
Defunct
See also
List of hospitals in Portland, Oregon
Lists of Oregon-related topics
References
Oregon Hospitals Directory from U.S. News & World Report
External links
Map of Oregon trauma centers
Oregon
Hospitals in Oregon
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
BSC Old Boys
Basler Sportclub Old Boys, commonly known as BSC Old Boys or Old Boys Basel, is a Swiss sports club based in Basel. The club is mainly known for its football but it also has track, swimming and tennis sections. The association's colors are yellow and black.
History
The club was founded as FC Old Boys Basel in 1894 but became BSC Old Boys at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1899, 1904 and 1912, the club finished runners-up in the Nationalliga A, but in 1932, the club was relegated from the professional leagues. After spending many years in the amateur leagues, Old Boys managed to climb back into the Nationalliga B in 1987, the same year that local rivals FC Basel were relegated from the Nationalliga A, meaning the two clubs would meet again. In the 1995/96 season, Old Boys were relegated again and they now play in the Second Group of Swiss 1. Liga.
BSC Old Boys play at the Stadium Schützenmatte, but the original home ground of the club was Margaret Meadow. The club had to move stadium because the IWB, the Industrial Works of Basel, moved there.
In 1922, a swimming section was founded, which later merged with other clubs, and in 1927, a tennis club was founded. In 1935, it split to become Tennis Club Old Boys, today's home club of Roger Federer.
Famous coaches
Massimo Ceccaroni
External links
Official Website
Old Boys Website
Old Boys Website
Category:Football clubs in Switzerland
Category:Association football clubs established in 1894
Category:Sport in Basel
Category:1894 establishments in Switzerland
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Luca Centurione
Luca Centurione is an Italian former footballer who played the majority of his career in North America.
Playing career
Centurione began his career with Toronto Italia of the Canadian National Soccer League in 1996. He made his debut on June 23, 1996 against the Toronto Supra in a 1-1 draw. A week after he recorded his first two goals for the club on June 30, 1996 in a match against Oakville Canadian Westerns in 3-1 victory. The following season, he added a Treble to his resume by winning the Umbro Cup along with Playoff Championship. He managed to achieve an undefeated season with Toronto along with their treble victory. In 1997, Centurione signed with expansion franchise the Toronto Lynx of the USL A-League, where he was re-united with his old Toronto Italia head coach Peter Pinizzotto. His signing was on April, 1997 in a press conference which revealed the club's roster for the 1997 season. He made his debut for the club on April 12, 1997 in a match against the Jacksonville Cyclones which resulted in 3-1 defeat during the match he received a red card. Centurione assisted the club in qualifying for the post season for the first time in the franchise's history, by finishing 4th in the Northeastern division. The Lynx were eliminated in the first round of the playoffs against the Montreal Impact. He returned to the Lynx the following year where he appeared in 4 matches, but failed to make the post season by finishing second last in their division.
In 2002, Centurione signed with the Brampton Hitmen of the Canadian Professional Soccer League. He made his debut for the club on August 22, 2002 in 1-0 defeat to the Metro Lions. He scored his first goal for Brampton on October 6, 2002 in a match against North York Astros. He featured in 6 matches for the Hitmen, but the club failed to reach the postseason by finishing sixth in the standings of the Western Conference. He returned to Brampton the following year and his signing was announced on June 6, 2003. He featured in the majority of the season for Brampton, but did not appear in the postseason matches where the Hitmen claimed the CPSL Championship.
References
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Brampton Stallions (Hitmen) players
Category:Canadian Professional Soccer League (1998–2005) players
Category:Italian footballers
Category:Toronto Italia players
Category:Toronto Lynx players
Category:USL A-League players
Category:Canadian National Soccer League players
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Sõtke (river)
The Sõtke is a long river in Ida-Viru County, Estonia. Its source is near Isandajärv which is located in the northern part of the Kurtna Lake District. The Sõtke flows into the Gulf of Finland in the town of Sillamäe. The basin area of the Pirita is 93.7 km²
During the Soviet times three reservoirs were built near the mouth of the river in Sillamäe.
References
Category:Rivers of Estonia
Category:Landforms of Ida-Viru County
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
ITV News Anglia
ITV News Anglia is the regional news service for the ITV Anglia region. The flagship weekday 6pm programme is presented by Becky Jago and Jonathan Wills.
History
Anglia News replaced the long-running news magazine programme About Anglia on Monday, 9 July 1990. Initially, there were two sub-regional editions for the East (Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex), and West (Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, Bedfordshire, northern Hertfordshire, northern Buckinghamshire and southern Lincolnshire).
The main programme title was amended to Anglia News Tonight in September 2003 however just five months later in February 2004 it was simplified to Anglia Tonight. Both editions were broadcast from Norwich.
By 2008, Anglia News opts during GMTV and weekend bulletins had become pan-regional.
As of 12 February 2009, all programming on weekdays became pan-regional. The final sub-regional 6pm editions of Anglia Tonight were broadcast on Wednesday 11 February 2009. Becky Jago and Jonathan Wills anchored the programme in 2012.
The then remaining sub-regional elements were:
A 6-minute opt-out during the main 6pm programme.
The full 8-minute late weeknight bulletins.
Localised weather forecasts.
Both sub-regional editions utilise exactly the same presenter(s) and studio/set, therefore one of the two opt-outs - depending on the day's news - is pre-recorded 'as live' shortly before broadcast.
On Monday, 14 January 2013, the service was relaunched and renamed as ITV News Anglia.
On 23 July 2013, proposals for a more localised Channel 3 news service were approved - ITV News Anglia reintroduced separate East and West programmes with a minimum of 20 minutes local news content during the half hour 6pm programme, in addition to separate weekday daytime and weekend bulletins for the two sub-regions. The expanded sub-regional service launched on Monday 16 September 2013.
Broadcast times
ITV News Anglia airs on ITV Anglia seven days a week.
Three short opts air as part of Good Morning Britain at approximately 6:10am, 7:10am and 8:10am.
A four minute lunchtime bulletin, following the ITV Lunchtime News.
The main half-hour 6pm programme, before the ITV Evening News.
A ten minute late-night bulletin, following ITV News at Ten.
At weekends, a short five minute bulletin before the early evening ITV Weekend News.
References
External links
Category:1990 British television series debuts
Category:1990s British television series
Category:2000s British television series
Category:2010s British television series
Category:2020s British television series
Category:East of England
Category:ITV regional news programmes
Category:Television news in England
Category:Television programmes produced by Anglia Television
Category:English-language television programs
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Ballygarvey railway station
Ballygarvey railway station was on the Ballymena, Cushendall and Red Bay Railway which ran from Ballymena to Retreat in County Antrim, Northern Ireland.
History
The station was on the Ballymena, Cushendall and Red Bay Railway route and opened by the Belfast and Northern Counties Railway on 18 October 1888, which had taken ownership in October 1884.
The station closed to passengers on 1 October 1930.
References
Category:Disused railway stations in County Antrim
Category:Railway stations opened in 1888
Category:Railway stations closed in 1930
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
N. K. K. P. Raja
N. K. K. P. Raja (born 8 March 1966) is an Indian politician who served as the Minister for Textiles and Handlooms, Tamil Nadu in the M. Karunanidhi cabinet during 2006-08. He is the son of N. K. K. Periasamy, himself a former minister who held the same portfolio in the 1996-2001 Karunanidhi Cabinet. He is a member of the 13th Tamil Nadu Assembly representing the Erode Constituency in Tamil Nadu and is a member of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) political party.
Controversies
In June 2008, an aged couple claimed that NKKP Raja called them over phone and asked them to register their land in favour of his men. They alleged that Raja and others had a role in their abduction in connection with a property claim. They also filed a memo apprehending danger to their lives as well as those of their grandchildren. In August 2008, he was dropped from the state cabinet. In October 2009, he was involved in a violent altercation with Sivabalan, the couple's son. Both Raja and Sivabalan were admitted to hospitals with injuries which both of them allege were caused by the other and police registered cases against them. On 26 October 2009, he was expelled from the primary membership of the DMK.
References
Category:Living people
Category:1966 births
Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
J. Frank Allee
James Frank Allee (December 2, 1857 – October 12, 1938) was an American merchant and politician from Dover, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Republican Party who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as U.S. Senator from Delaware. He was known by his middle name.
Early life and family
Allee was born in Dover, Delaware to Martha Jane Day and James Francis Allee. He is descended from French Huguenots from Artois (original surname spelled d'Ailly) who moved to New Jersey in the 1680s, then Delaware. The Allee House on Bombay Hook, Kent, Delaware still stands. Following his education he learned the trade of jeweler and watchmaker from his father, whom he succeeded in business. He worked in the jewelry business throughout his life, as well as engaging in the fruit and vegetable canning industry. He married January 18, 1882 to Lizzie Stevens and they were members of the Christ Episcopal Church in Dover.
Party Chairman
Allee was chairman of the Republican Party State committee from 1886 until 1896 and was a State Senator for three sessions from the 1899/1900 session through the 1903/04 session.
Elections at this time were often decided by which candidate was best able to assist certain voters in the payment of their poll tax. This was especially true in 1894, as the country was in the midst of an economic depression, the effects of which were particularly bad in Delaware, and comparable to the Great Depression of the 1930s. As chairman of the Republican Party State committee, Allee sought funding to support Republican candidates. He naturally went for help to the only statewide Republican officeholder, U.S. Senator Anthony Higgins. Higgins had the kind of ties to the wealthy New Castle County Republican establishment that could have found the cash necessary. Unfortunately, as New Castle Republicans were prone to do, Higgins dismissed the request in such a manner that Allee, and his downstate associates, never forgot, and promptly sought assistance elsewhere.
The help was at hand in the person of J. Edward Addicks. Addicks was a wealthy gas company industrialist from Philadelphia, who had established a residence in northern Delaware. He had contributed some money to both parties over the years, but now worked out an arrangement with Allee that sent massive amounts of cash to the downstate Republicans in return for their support for Addicks' candidacy for the U.S. Senate seat of Anthony Higgins. This arrangement continued for a decade and was enormously beneficial in the rebuilding of the Republican Party in Kent and Sussex County, as a progressive alternative to the established political order.
There was a negative side to the arrangement, however. Higgins and the New Castle Republicans despised Allee, and the "carpetbagger" Addicks, and refused to support them in any way. While the 1894 elections brought a Republican majority to the General Assembly, only six were aligned with Allee and Addicks. Six was enough to prevent Higgins from gaining a majority, but not enough to elect Addicks. The General Assembly was deadlocked, and the U.S. Senate seat remained vacant for nearly two years, until the Democrats regained the majority two years later.
In the meantime Allee and Addicks’ efforts continued to bear fruit to the extent that their supporters became a majority at the 1896 Republican State Convention. This development triggered a walkout by the New Castle Republicans, who promptly labeled themselves the "Regular Republicans" or "Regulars." The Allee and Addicks faction became known as "Union Republicans." The split continued as long as Addicks pursued his dream of a seat in the U.S. Senate.
United States Senate
By 1899, the Republicans were back in the majority in the General Assembly and another U.S. Senate seat came vacant. In 1901, the second one became vacant as well. Now Delaware had two seats vacant and still the General Assembly could not elect anyone. The situation was drawing national attention, and ridicule. Finally, the "Regular Republicans" issued an ultimatum to Allee, saying they would cooperate with the Democrats unless Addicks would relent. Under much pressure, Addicks did finally compromise by allowing his lieutenant, Allee, to be elected to one of the U.S. Senate seats on March 2, 1903. By the time Allee's term ended, Addicks had lost his fortune and left Delaware politics. T. Coleman du Pont became the effective Republican leader and managed to bring the two competing factions together. Without his mentor, Allee was politically stranded, and therefore, was not a candidate for reelection when his term ended.
Allee filled the vacancy in the term commencing March 4, 1901. During this term, he served with the Republican majority in the 58th and 59th Congress. In the 58th Congress he was Chairman of the Committee on Indian Depredations until December 14, 1904, when he left the committee to become chairman of the Committee on the Organization, Conduct, and Expenditures of the Executive Departments. During the 59th Congress, he chaired the Committee on Railroads. In all, he served from March 2, 1903 until March 4, 1907, during the administration of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt.
Years later, Allee became involved with yet another Republican intra-party squabble. This grew out of the bitter competition between Alfred I. du Pont and Pierre S. du Pont. Allee gave his support to Alfred I. du Pont.
Death and legacy
Allee died at Dover and is buried there in the Christ Episcopal Church Cemetery.
Almanac
Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1. Members of the Delaware General Assembly take office the second Tuesday of January. The State Senate has a term of four years. The General Assembly chose the U.S. Senators, who took office March 4 for a six-year term.
{|class=wikitable style="width: 94%" style="text-align: center;" align="center"
|-bgcolor=#cccccc
!colspan=7 style="background: #ccccff;" |Public Offices
|-
! Office
! Type
! Location
! Began office
! Ended office
! notes
|-
|State Senator
|Legislature
|Dover
|January 10, 1899
|January 13, 1903
|
|-
|State Senator
|Legislature
|Dover
|January 13, 1903
|March 2, 1903
|
|-
|U.S. Senator
|Legislature
|Washington
|March 2, 1903
|March 3, 1907
|
{|class=wikitable style="width: 94%" style="text-align: center;" align="center"
|-bgcolor=#cccccc
!colspan=7 style="background: #ccccff;" |United States Congressional service
|-
! Dates
! Congress
! Chamber
! Majority
! President
! Committees
! Class/District
|-
|1903–1905
|58th
|Senate
|Republican
|Theodore Roosevelt
|Indian DepredationsExecutive Departments
|class 2
|-
|1905–1907
|59th
|Senate
|Republican
|Theodore Roosevelt
|Railroads
|class 2
References
Images
Hall of Governors Portrait Gallery; Portrait courtesy of Historical and Cultural Affairs, Dover.
External links
Biographical Dictionary of the United States
Delaware’s Members of Congress
The Political Graveyard
Category:1857 births
Category:1938 deaths
Category:19th-century American Episcopalians
Category:20th-century American Episcopalians
Category:People from Dover, Delaware
Category:Delaware Republicans
Category:Delaware state senators
Category:United States senators from Delaware
Category:Burials in Dover, Delaware
Category:Republican Party United States senators
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Arnold, Nova Scotia
Arnold is a community of the Municipality of the District of Shelburne in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.
Category:Communities in Shelburne County, Nova Scotia
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Mr. & Mrs. Smith
Mr. & Mrs. Smith may refer to:
Mr. & Mrs. Smith (1941 film), an American comedy directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Mr. & Mrs. Smith (TV series), a short-lived American crime drama series airing on the CBS network in 1996
Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005 film), an American action-comedy film starring Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie
Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005 film)#Television pilot, an attempted 2007 adaptation of the 2005 film
"Mr. & Mrs. Smith" (song), a 2012 song in the musical TV series Smash
"Mr and Mrs Smith", a song by Stereophonics on their 2015 album Keep the Village Alive
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Amal Bishara
Amal Bishara is an Israeli Arab doctor, and the director of Bone Marrow Registry Outreach, Hadassah Medical Center, which is associated with the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel. There she runs the only bone marrow transplant registry in the world for unrelated Arab donors. Dr. Amal has published and presented internationally on her research into immunogenetics. She serves on the Accreditation Committee of the European Federation for Immunogenetics.
Early life and education
Amal Bishara is an Israeli Palestinian. She was born in Tarshiha near Ma’alot in the region of Galilee.
In 1976, she became a member of the tissue typing lab at Hadassah Medical Center, which is associated with The Hebrew University. There she obtained a post-graduate degree, followed by a doctorate in microbiology and immunology. After post-doctoral work in Boston, she accepted a position at Hadassah Medical Center in 1988. There she enjoys “the combination of clinical practice and clinical research, she published more than 40 papers and participated in many national and international meeting.”
Career
In 2008, Dr. Bishara established the only bone marrow transplant registry in the world for unrelated Arab donors, the Bone Marrow Registry Outreach, at Hadassah Medical Center. She works closely with Prof. Chaim Brautbar, who founded Hadassah's tissue typing laboratory, and Dr. Shoshana Israel, who currently directs the unit.
In the case of stem cell transplants, the HLA tissue type of the patient and the donor must be a match. Inheritance of HLA types tends to occur within ethnic groups, making it particularly difficult to find a match in some populations. As a result of genetic homogeneity, Arabs are much more likely to find a related bone marrow donor (60%). However, approximately 40% of all Arab patients do not find a match within their families. Such patients are unlikely to find unrelated matches from the usual international bone marrow registries (10%). The vast majority (90%) of Arab cases requesting matches for bone marrow transplants involve children with genetic diseases due to genetically close intermarriage.
Beginning in 2008, Dr. Amal and her volunteers have provided educational programs and carried out donor recruitment campaigns in Arab towns. In spite of restrictions on travel between Israel and the territories, Dr. Bishara has been able to match donors and patients from the West Bank, including Ramallah, Beit Sahour, and Hebron. By 2016, Dr. Bishara's project listed over 34,000 possible donors. The donors from the Arab registry are also listed in the American National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP) and the World Marrow Donor Association (WMDA). Until 2016 a total of 61 Arab donors donated bone marrow\mobilised perennial stem cells. Of these donors 22 are female and 39 male donors, from 19 to 54 years old.
Awards
Dr. Bishara presented to the organization Bone Marrow Donors Worldwide (BMDW) in 2010, and was recognized by them with an award in 2013.
She also has been recognized as an outstanding female scientist in the Women in Science Hall of Fame. The award was presented by US Ambassador to Israel HE Daniel Shapiro at the Embassy of the United States in Cairo, Egypt.
References
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:Israeli immunologists
Category:Israeli women physicians
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
List of ambassadors of New Zealand to Belgium
The Ambassador from New Zealand to Belgium is New Zealand's foremost diplomatic representative in the Kingdom of Belgium, and in charge of New Zealand's diplomatic mission in Belgium.
The embassy is located in Brussels, Belgium's capital city. New Zealand has maintained a resident ambassador in Belgium since 1967. The Ambassador to Belgium is concurrently accredited to Luxembourg and the European Union.
List of heads of mission
Consuls to Belgium
Ken Piddington (1963–1964)
Ted Farnon (1964–1965)
Ambassadors to Belgium
Non-resident ambassadors, resident in France
Dick Hutchens (1965–1967)
Resident ambassadors
Merwyn Norrish (1967–1973)
Ian Stewart (1973–1977)
Graham Ansell (1977–1981)
John G. McArthur (1981–1983)
Terence O'Brien (1983–1986)
Gerry Thompson (1986–1990)
David Gamble (1990–1994)
Derek Leask (1994–1999)
Dell Higgie (1999–2003)
Wade Armstrong (2003–2007)
Peter Kennedy (2007–2012?)
Paula Wilson (Aug 2012–present)
References
New Zealand Heads of Overseas Missions: Belgium. New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved on 2008-03-29.
Belgium, Ambassadors from New Zealand to
New Zealand
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
2014 National Premier Leagues
The 2014 National Premier Leagues was the second season of the Australian National Premier Leagues football competition. The competition was expanded by an additional three divisions in 2014. The divisions of ACT, NSW, Queensland, South Australia and Tasmania were joined by Northern NSW, Victoria and Western Australia. The winners of each respective divisional league competed in a finals playoff tournament at season end, culminating in a Grand Final.
North Eastern MetroStars were crowned National Premier Leagues Champions, and qualified directly for the 2015 FFA Cup Round of 32.
League tables
ACT
Finals
{{PagePlayoffBracket
| RD1= Semi Finals
| RD2= Preliminary Final
| RD3= Grand Final
| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1= Cooma
| RD1-score1= 0
| RD1-seed2=2
| RD1-team2=
NSW
Finals
{{5McIntyre
| RD1= Qualifying Finals
| RD2= Semi Finals
| RD3= Preliminary Finals
| RD4= Grand Final
| RD1-seed1=2
| RD1-team1=
| RD1-score1= 0
| RD1-seed2=3
| RD1-team2= Blacktown City
| RD1-score2= 3
| RD1-seed3=4
| RD1-team3= Sydney Olympic
| RD1-score3= 2
| RD1-seed4=5
| RD1-team4= Rockdale City Suns
| RD1-score4= 1
| RD2-seed1=1
| RD2-team1=
| RD2-score1=0
| RD2-seed2= 3
| RD2-team2= Blacktown City
| RD2-score2= 1
| RD2-seed3= 2
| RD2-team3= Blacktown Spartans
| RD2-score3= 0
| RD2-seed4= 4
| RD2-team4= Sydney Olympic
| RD2-score4= 3
| RD3-seed1= 1
| RD3-team1=
| RD3-score1= 1 (5)
| RD3-seed2= 4
| RD3-team2= Sydney Olympic
| RD3-score2=
|A-score1= 2
|A-team2= West Adelaide
|A-score2= 0
|B-team1= Croydon Kings
|B-score1= 4
|B-team2= Adelaide City
|B-score2= 0
|C-team1= Adelaide Blue Eagles
|C-score1= 3
|C-team2= Adelaide Comets
|C-score2= 0
|D-team1= West Adelaide
|D-score1= 1 (1)
|D-team2=
Tasmania
Finals
The top 4 teams play a knock-out finals series called the Victory Cup, where the semi-final match-ups were randomly drawn.
Victoria
Western Australia
Finals
Results
ACT
NSW
Northern NSW
Queensland
South Australia
Tasmania
Victoria
Western Australia
Final Series
The winner of each league competition (top of the table) in the NPL competed in a single match knockout tournament to decide the National Premier Leagues Champion for 2014. The participants were matched up based on geographical proximity. Home advantage for the semi-finals and final was based on a formula relating to time of winning (normal time, extra time or penalties), goals scored and allowed, and yellow/red cards. North Eastern MetroStars won the grand final, and also qualified for the 2015 FFA Cup Round of 32.
| RD2-score4=2
| RD3-team1=
| RD3-score1=0
| RD3-team2=
Quarter Finals
Semi Finals
Grand Final
Individual honours
David Vranković from Bonnyrigg White Eagles won the John Kosmina Medal''' for the best player in the NPL Grand Final.
References
External links
Official website
Category:National Premier Leagues seasons
Category:2014 domestic association football leagues
Category:2014 in Australian soccer
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
1994–95 Minnesota Timberwolves season
The 1994–95 NBA season was the Timberwolves' 6th season in the National Basketball Association. During the offseason, the Timberwolves acquired Sean Rooks from the Dallas Mavericks. Under new head coach Bill Blair, the Timberwolves continued to struggle losing 13 of their first 14 games, as Micheal Williams missed all but one game of the season due to a left heel injury. Midway through the season, top draft pick Donyell Marshall was traded to the Golden State Warriors for Tom Gugliotta. Despite a stellar season from second-year star Isaiah Rider leading the team in scoring with 20.4 points per game, the Timberwolves lost nine of their final ten games. They finished last place in the Midwest Division with a 21–61 record, setting a dubious record in becoming the first team ever to lose 60 or more games in four consecutive seasons. Following the season, Stacey King was released.
Draft picks
Roster
Regular season
Season standings
z - clinched division title
y - clinched division title
x - clinched playoff spot
Record vs. opponents
Game log
Player statistics
Awards and records
Transactions
See also
1994-95 NBA season
References
Category:Minnesota Timberwolves seasons
Timber
Timber
Monnesota
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Dragan Reljić
Dragan Reljić (born 30 January 1968) is a retired football player who played for clubs in former Yugoslavia and for lower league German clubs. In season 1984/85, being only 17 years old, while playing for the first team of NK Bagat Zadar, he won "Dalmatian golden boot" award which earned him a contract with Hajduk but over the course of next 4 seasons he played only few official matches. Later he moved to Subotica and Germany where he finished his career.
External links
article in Slobodna Dalmacija
article in Slobodna Dalmacija
at sport.de
Category:1968 births
Category:Living people
Category:Croatian footballers
Category:Croatian expatriate footballers
Category:Association football forwards
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Pellenes nigrociliatus
Pellenes nigrociliatus is a jumping spider species in the genus Pellenes.
Taxonomy
Originally allocated to the genus Attus, the species was first identified by Eugène Simon in 1875 and published in a paper by Carl Ludwig Koch. It was given its current name in 1876.
Description
The spider is generally black with broad white stripes across the opisthosoma. The female is larger at between long, compared to the male that is between long.
Distribution
The species has been found in an area that pans from the Canary Islands, through Turkey and Israel, across the Caucasus and Russia, to Central Asia and as far as China. The species is endemic across Europe, and has been identified in surveys across a wide range of countries including France, the Czech Republic and Poland.
Synonyms
In 1999, the species Pellenes tauricus (Thorelli, 1875) was moved from being a synonym with Pellenes simoni to be a junior synonym with Pellenes nigrociliatus. According to the World Spider Catalog, the species has also been described by the following species names:
Attus bedeli Simon, 1875
Attus nigrociliatus Simon, 1875
Attus tauricus Thorell, 1875 (later moved to Pellenes)
Calliethera unispina Franganillo, 1910
Pellenes bedeli Simon, 1876
Pellenes bilunulatus Simon, 1877
Pellenes brassayi Herman, 1879
Pellenes nigrociliatus bilunulatus Simon, 1937
Habits
The species nests and overwinters in snail shells, such as Xerolenta obvia, that they suspend from trees. The shells, which may weigh five or more times as much as the spider, are used to shelter from attacks by ants.
References
Category:Arthropods of China
Category:Arthropods of Israel
Category:Arthropods of Russia
Category:Arthropods of Turkey
Category:Invertebrates of the Canary Islands
Category:Jumping spiders of Europe
Category:Salticidae
Category:Spiders of Asia
Category:Taxa named by Eugène Simon
Category:Spiders described in 1875
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Hezhou (Anhui)
Hezhou or He Prefecture (和州) was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China centering on modern He County, Anhui, China. It existed intermittently from 555 to 1912. Between 1278 and 1291, during the Yuan dynasty, it was known as Hezhou Route (和州路).
Geography
The administrative region of Hezhou in the Tang dynasty is in modern Ma'anshan in eastern Anhui. It probably includes parts of modern:
He County
Hanshan County
References
Category:Prefectures of the Sui dynasty
Category:Prefectures of the Tang dynasty
Category:Prefectures of the Song dynasty
Category:Prefectures of the Yuan dynasty
Category:Prefectures of Yang Wu
Category:Prefectures of Southern Tang
Category:Prefectures of Later Zhou
Category:Former prefectures in Anhui
Category:Subprefectures of the Ming dynasty
Category:Departments of the Qing dynasty
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
1981 Tirreno–Adriatico
The 1981 Tirreno–Adriatico was the 16th edition of the Tirreno–Adriatico cycle race and was held from 14 March to 19 March 1981. The race started in Rome and finished in San Benedetto del Tronto. The race was won by Francesco Moser of the Famcucine–Campagnolo team.
General classification
References
1981
Category:1981 in Italian sport
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Chew Choon Seng
Chew Choon Seng () is the former chief executive officer of Singapore Airlines (SIA), the former Chairman of the Singapore Exchange and Singapore Tourism Board.
Education
After completing his first degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Singapore (now the National University of Singapore, Chew graduated with a Master of Science in operations research and management studies from Imperial College London.
Career
Chew joined SIA in 1972 and held senior assignments for Administration, covering finance, treasury, corporate planning, human resources, legal and corporate affairs in Tokyo, Rome, Sydney, Los Angeles and London. After heading the Planning and Marketing divisions at the airline's corporate headquarters, he was appointed CEO in June 2003.
He also served as the chairman of the Singapore Aircraft Leasing Enterprise and was the directors of various SIA subsidiaries including Singapore Airport Terminal Services Limited, SIA Engineering Company, and Virgin Atlantic Airways, in which SIA holds a 49 per cent equity stake. He was the chairman of SilkAir, a fully owned subsidiary of SIA when SilkAir Flight 185 crashed on 19 December 1997 en route from Jakarta's Soekarno–Hatta International Airport to Singapore Changi Airport.
He relinquished his position as chief executive officer (CEO) of Singapore Airlines (SIA) at the end of 2010 and assuming the post of Chairman at Singapore Exchange (SGX) and Singapore Tourism Board (STB) and board member of Government of Singapore Investment Corporation.
He was named the Leading Singapore CEO (Singapore Airlines) in the fifth Annual Thomson Reuters Extel Asia Pacific Survey
References
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Singaporean people of Chinese descent
Category:Raffles Institution alumni
Category:Singaporean chief executives
Category:Singaporean businesspeople
Category:Singapore Airlines
Category:Alumni of Imperial College London
Category:Living people
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Michael Wise (disambiguation)
Michael Wise (1648–1687), was an English organist/composer.
Michael or Mike Wise is the name of:
Michael John Wise (1918–2015), British geographer
Mike Wise (American football) (1964–1992), American football defensive end
Mike Wise (American columnist), sports columnist and feature writer for The Washington Post
Mike Wise (politician), former member of the Ohio House of Representatives
See also
Wise (surname)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Fujiwara no Tokihira
was a Japanese statesman, courtier and politician during the Heian period.
Career
Tokihira was a minister under Emperor Daigo.
891 (Kanpyō 3, 3rd month): Tokihira was given a rank which was the equivalent of sangi.
897 (Kanpyō 9, 6th month): Tokihira was made Dainagon with a rank equal to that of a General of the Left.
899 (Shōtai 2): Tokihira was named Sadaijin
900 (Shōtai 3): Tokihira accused Sugawara no Michizane of plotting against the emperor. This led to Michizane's exile to the Dazaifu in Kyūshū.
909 (Engi 9, 4th month): Tokihira died at age 39. He was honored with posthumous rank and titles.
Genealogy
This member of the Fujiwara clan was the son of Fujiwara no Mototsune. Tokihira had two brothers: Fujiwara no Tadahira and Fujiwara no Nakahira.
Selected works
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Fujiwara no Tokahiro, OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 35 works in 69 publications in 1 language and 122 library holdings.
Sandai jitsuroku (三代實).
Engi shiki ( 延喜式).
See also
Six National Histories
Notes
References
Brinkley, Frank and Dairoku Kikuchi. (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era. New York: Encyclopædia Britannica. OCLC 413099
Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 58053128
Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
Category:871 births
Category:909 deaths
Category:Kuge
Category:People of Heian-period Japan
Category:Deified Japanese people
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Bhagwat
Bhagwat may refer to:
Bhagavata Purana, one of the Puranic texts of Hinduism
Bhagavad Gita, a part of the ancient epic Mahabharata
Bhagwat (surname), a surname native to India
See also
21351 Bhagwat (1997 EC36), a Main-belt Asteroid discovered in 1997
Madhavrao Bhagwat High School, a co-educational school located in a suburb of Mumbai
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Principal ideal ring
In mathematics, a principal right (left) ideal ring is a ring R in which every right (left) ideal is of the form xR (Rx) for some element x of R. (The right and left ideals of this form, generated by one element, are called principal ideals.) When this is satisfied for both left and right ideals, such as the case when R is a commutative ring, R can be called a principal ideal ring, or simply principal ring.
If only the finitely generated right ideals of R are principal, then R is called a right Bézout ring. Left Bézout rings are defined similarly. These conditions are studied in domains as Bézout domains.
A commutative principal ideal ring which is also an integral domain is said to be a principal ideal domain (PID). In this article the focus is on the more general concept of a principal ideal ring which is not necessarily a domain.
General properties
If R is a right principal ideal ring, then it is certainly a right Noetherian ring, since every right ideal is finitely generated. It is also a right Bézout ring since all finitely generated right ideals are principal. Indeed, it is clear that principal right ideal rings are exactly the rings which are both right Bézout and right Noetherian.
Principal right ideal rings are closed under finite direct products. If , then each right ideal of R is of the form , where each is a right ideal of Ri. If all the Ri are principal right ideal rings, then Ai=xiRi, and then it can be seen that . Without much more effort, it can be shown that right Bézout rings are also closed under finite direct products.
Principal right ideal rings and right Bézout rings are also closed under quotients, that is, if I is a proper ideal of principal right ideal ring R, then the quotient ring R/I is also principal right ideal ring. This follows readily from the isomorphism theorems for rings.
All properties above have left analogues as well.
Commutative examples
1. The ring of integers:
2. The integers modulo n: .
3. Let be rings and . Then R is a principal ring if and only if Ri is a principal ring for all i.
4. The localization of a principal ring at any multiplicative subset is again a principal ring. Similarly, any quotient of a principal ring is again a principal ring.
5. Let R be a Dedekind domain and I be a nonzero ideal of R. Then the quotient R/I is a principal ring. Indeed, we may factor I as a product of prime
powers: , and by the Chinese Remainder Theorem
, so it suffices to see that each
is a principal ring. But is isomorphic to the quotient of the discrete valuation ring
and, being a quotient of a principal ring, is itself a principal ring.
6. Let k be a finite field and put , and . Then R is a finite local ring which is not principal.
7. Let X be a finite set. Then forms a commutative principal ideal ring with unity, where represents set symmetric difference and represents the powerset of X. If X has at least two elements, then the ring also has zero divisors. If I is an ideal, then . If instead X is infinite, the ring is not principal: take the ideal generated by the finite subsets of X, for example.
Structure theory for commutative PIR's
The principal rings constructed in Example 5. above are always Artinian rings; in particular they are isomorphic to a finite direct product of principal Artinian local rings.
A local Artinian principal ring is called a special principal ring and has an extremely simple ideal structure: there are only finitely many ideals, each of which is a power of the maximal ideal. For this reason, special principal rings are examples of uniserial rings.
The following result gives a complete classification of principal rings in terms of special principal rings and principal ideal domains.
Zariski–Samuel theorem: Let R be a principal ring. Then R can be written as a direct product , where each Ri is either a principal ideal domain or a special principal ring.
The proof applies the Chinese Remainder theorem to a minimal primary decomposition of the zero ideal.
There is also the following result, due to Hungerford:
Theorem (Hungerford): Let R be a principal ring. Then R can be written as a direct product , where each Ri is a quotient of a principal ideal domain.
The proof of Hungerford's theorem employs Cohen's structure theorems for complete local rings.
Arguing as in Example 3. above and using the Zariski-Samuel theorem, it is easy to check that Hungerford's theorem is equivalent to the statement that any special principal ring is the quotient of a discrete valuation ring.
Noncommutative examples
Every semisimple ring R which is not just a product of fields is a noncommutative right and left principal ideal domain. Every right and left ideal is a direct summand of R, and so is of the form eR or Re where e is an idempotent of R. Paralleling this example, von Neumann regular rings are seen to be both right and left Bézout rings.
If D is a division ring and is a ring endomorphism which is not an automorphism, then the skew polynomial ring is known to be a principal left ideal domain which is not right Noetherian, and hence it cannot be a principal right ideal ring. This shows that even for domains principal left and principal right ideal rings are different.
References
T. Hungerford, On the structure of principal ideal rings, Pacific J. Math. 25 1968 543—547.
Pages 86 & 146-155 of
Category:Commutative algebra
Category:Ring theory
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
The New York Times Fiction Best Sellers of 1950
This is a list of adult fiction books that topped The New York Times Fiction Best Seller list in 1950. Henry Morton Robinson's The Cardinal dominated the list for 24 weeks and Ernest Hemingway had his only Number 1 bestseller that year.
1950
Category:1950 in literature
Category:1950 in the United States
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Marian Zdziechowski
Marian Zdziechowski (30 April 1861, Nowosiółki, Minsk Governorate – 5 October 1938, Wilno) was a Polish philosopher, Slavist, publicist and cultural historian. Critic of fascist and communist totalitarianism. Representative of catastrophism and philosophical pessimism. He was a brother of Kazimierz Zdziechowski, writer.
Since 1888 was a lecturer and since 1899 professor of Jagiellonian University. In 1919–1931 professor and 1925–1927 rector of Stefan Batory University. Since 1902 member of the Academy of Learning. Honoris causa in universities of Vilno, Tartu and Szeged.
His area of study was historical, literary, philosophical and religious problems. He was an initiator of Slavic Club in Kraków which was active from 1901 to 1914 and periodical Świat Słowiański (Slavic World) published in the years of 1905–1914. Zdziechowski propagated idea of co-operation between all of Slavs. He was interested mainly in the problem of evil, modernism in Roman Catholic Church, ideology of Romanticism, and crisis of European culture, in which he indicated fascism and communism as a dangerous. He referred to thoughts of Vladimir Solovyov, Leo Tolstoy, Nikolai Berdyaev and Dmitry Merezhkovsky.
Notable works
Mesjaniści i słowianofile (1888)
Byron i jego wiek (vol. 1–2, 1894–1897)
Pestis perniciosissima (1905)
Wizja Krasińskiego (1912)
U opoki mesjanizmu (1912)
Pesymizm, romantyzm a podstawy chrześcijaństwa (1914)
Zygmunt Miłkowski a idea słowiańska w Polsce (1915)
Gloryfikacja pracy (1916)
Wpływy rosyjskie na duszę polską (1920)
Renesans a rewolucja (1925)
Walka o duszę młodzieży (1927)
Niemcy. Szkic psychologiczny (1935)
Węgry i Polska na przełomie historii (1937)
Terror intelektualny w Rosji (1937)
W obliczu końca (1937)
Widmo przyszłości (1939) – published posthumously
References
External links
Category:1861 births
Category:1938 deaths
Category:People from Valozhyn District
Category:People from Minsky Uyezd
Category:Cultural historians
Category:Polish philosophers
Category:Polish publicists
Category:Polish historians
Category:Polish philologists
Category:Philosophers of history
Category:Jagiellonian University faculty
Category:Vilnius University rectors
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
1918 Mather Field football team
The 1918 Mather Field football team represented Mather Field, located near Sacramento, California, during the 1918 college football season. Former Pittsburgh back Jimmy DeHart played for Camp Mather in 1918. He also served as the coach.
The Spanish flu pandemic derailed the team's original schedule, and the team's manager had difficulty scheduling opponents after the pandemic subsided.
Schedule
References
Mather Field
Mather Field Football
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Caudron C.61
The Caudron C.61 was a French three-engined civil transport biplane aircraft built by the French aeroplane manufacturer Caudron. It was constructed of wood and covered in fabric.
Development
The prototype C.61 (F-ESAE) had a freight hold and cabin for six passengers. The conventional landing gear also included a wheel beneath the nose to prevent nose-overs on landing. For the production C.61s the cabin size was increased to accommodate eight passengers.
Operational history
In 1923, six C.61s were bought by Compagnie Franco-Roumaine de Navigation Aérienne to run between Bucharest and Belgrade.
Variants
C.61 Initial production variant.
C.61bis In 1924 many C.61s were modified to take Salmson CM.9 radial engines outboard, increasing the maximum loaded weight to .
C.811923 trimotor airliner
C.831924 Unbuilt trimotor project
C.1831923 trimotor airliner
Operators
Compagnie Franco-Roumaine de Navigation Aérienne/*Compagnie Internationale de Navigation Aérienne
Specifications (C.61)
Accidents
after 1923 (date unknown) - C.61 lost when it came down at sea
July 3, 1926 - C.61 operated by Compagnie Internationale de Navigation Aérienne crashes in Czechoslovakia
References
Citations
Bibliography
Category:1920s French airliners
C.061
Category:Biplanes
Category:Trimotors
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Tom Ross (ice hockey)
Tom Ross (born January 17, 1954 in Detroit, Michigan) is a former professional ice hockey centre.
Prior to turning professional, Ross played four years (1972–76) of NCAA hockey with Michigan State University. He is the all-time leader in career points at the Division I level with 324 points in 115 games played.
As a professional, Ross played 216 games in the IHL with the Port Huron Flags (1976–77) and the Kalamazoo Wings (1977–80). He also played one game in the CHL with the Kansas City Red Wings, and three games in the AHL with the Adirondack Red Wings.
Awards and honors
References
External links
Category:1954 births
Category:Adirondack Red Wings players
Category:American men's ice hockey centers
Category:Ice hockey people from Michigan
Category:Kalamazoo Wings (1974–2000) players
Category:Kansas City Red Wings players
Category:Living people
Category:Michigan State Spartans men's ice hockey players
Category:Port Huron Flags players
Category:Sportspeople from Detroit
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Kosi Express
The Kosi Super Express is an express train belonging to South Eastern Railway zone that runs between Purnia Court and Hatia in India. It is currently being operated with 18625/18626 train numbers on daily basis.
Service
The 18625/Kosi Express has averages speed of 38 km/hr and covers 722 km in 18h 30m. The 18626/Kosi Express has averages speed of 37 km/hr and covers 722 km in 18h 40m.
Route and halts
The important halts of the train are:
Coach composite
The train has standard ICF rakes with a max speed of 110 kmph. The train consist of 22 coaches :
1 AC Second Tier Sleeper
2 AC Three Tier Sleeper
2 Sleeper
1 Unreserved Chair Car
14 General Unreserved
2 Seating cum Luggage Rake
Traction
Both trains are hauled by a Mughal Sarai Loco Shed based WAP-4 or WAM-4 electric locomotive from Hatia to Saharsa and Samastipur Loco Shed based WDM 3A diesel locomotive from Saharsa to Purnia Court.
Rake Sharing
Previous, the train share its rake with 18625/18626 Patna - Hatia Super Express , but now this train merged with Patna - Hatia Super Express .
Direction Reversal
Train Reverses its direction 2 times:
Notes
See also
Durg Junction railway station
Purnia Court railway station
Patna - Hatia Super Express
References
External links
18625/Kosi Express
18626/Kosi Express
Category:Transport in Patna
Category:Named passenger trains of India
Category:Rail transport in Bihar
Category:Rail transport in Odisha
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Marco Alessandrini
Marco Alessandrini (born 25 December 1970 in Pescara) is an Italian politician.
He is a member of the Democratic Party and he was elected Mayor of Pescara on 8 June 2014. In 2019 he chose to not run for a second term.
References
See also
2014 Italian local elections
List of mayors of Pescara
External links
Category:1970 births
Category:Living people
Category:Mayors of Pescara
Category:Democratic Party (Italy) politicians
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Katja Toivola
Katja Aili Maria Toivola (born October 27, 1975, Helsinki, Finland) is a Finnish ex-patriate musician living in New Orleans. Her instrument is the trombone. She is the first female wind instrument player to play regularly in New Orleans's Preservation Hall. She also plays the bass drum, and she also works as a graphic designer and photographer.
Early life
Toivola grew up in Helsinki and attended the Lycée franco-finlandais d'Helsinki, and graduated from its high school in 1994. After that she studied Romance philology and ethnomusicology at the University of Helsinki. She wrote her master's thesis on the ReBirth Brass Band of New Orleans and received a grant for a field trip from the Finnish Cultural Foundation in 2003. The title of the thesis was Feel Like Funkin’ It Up — A Study on the New Orleans Jazz Band called ReBirth Brass Band. Toivola graduated from the university in 2005.
Toivola played the piano from the age four on, but she never was excited about that instrument or the material she had to play. “To the disappointment of my teacher, I could never get excited about the theory behind the piano playing, but the music itself had the effect on me that with guts I learned the pieces by heart, slowly but surely.”
Toivola discovered jazz in the early 1990s, when he mother took her to a jazz festival.
After this, she would listen to jazz music, but she did not play it. For some time she had an alto saxophone, but she was not destined to play it for long:
Career as a musician
Even at a young age, Toivola knew some musicians and was able to join a band in Helsinki. Then she met some musicians from New Orleans, visiting Helsinki, and they encouraged her to visit their city. When she got there, she went around with her trombone and was given a chance to jam and to get to know the music circles there.
Toivola visited New Orleans for the first time in 1995, and she has lived there since 2004. She found her husband, trumpet player Leroy Jones there, and they have been a couple since 1997 and married since 2016.
In the early days Toivola and Jones experienced a setback, when hurricane Katrina hit the city. The damage that ensued was caused not so much by the hurricane itself but by the fact that the levees built to protect the city failed one after another. Water rose in the flat Toivola and Jones had rented to about four feet, which meant that almost all of their possessions were destroyed. However, the place was cleaned up, and the things that were ruined were thrown away. Luckily the music scene quickly picked up, and they started to get invitation to play gigs. Musicians were the first people to return to the city after the hurricane. Toivola later appeared in the American television drama series Treme, during its second season in episode eight, entitled Can I Change My Mind? Nowadays one of Toivola's routines is to play a Friday night gig at the Preservation Hall in her husband's band. She visits Finland a couple of times a year, and then she plays in the bands Spirit of New Orleans (SONO) and New Orleans Helsinki Connection. SONO has also played abroad, e.g. in Fiji and New Zealand, as well as in the most important jazz festivals in Europe and Scandinavia. They have also released three albums. New Orleans Helsinki Connection has played twice on New Orleans's JazzFest.
Research
“New Orleansin brass band -musiikin suosion kasvu 1960-luvulta tähän päivään.” (‘The growth of the popularity of New Orleans brass band music from the 1960’s to the present.’) Seminar paper in ethnomusicology. (In Finnish.)
“Rebirth Brass Bandin Do whatcha wanna -kappaleen rakenneanalyysi.” 2002. (‘A structural analysis of the song Do whatcha wanna by Rebirth Brass Band.’) Seminar paper in ethnomusicology. (In Finnish.)
Feel like funkin’ it up: tutkielma New Orleansin jazzia soittavasta Rebirth Brass Bandistä. 2003. (‘Feel like funkin’ it up: A Study on the New Orleansin Jazz Band Rebirth Brass Band’.) (In Finnish.) A master's thesis in ethonomusicology.) Pdf version the e-thesis –service of Helsinki University
Discography
Spirit of New Orleans
2002 — Bogalusa Strut (SONO-1), featuring Leroy Jones & Susanna Mesiä
2006 — Some Of These Days, featuring Leroy Jones & Eeppi Ursin (SONOP-8464)
2009 — Mahogany Hall Stomp (SONOP 1650), featuring Eeppi Ursin, Leroy Jones & Mari Watanabe
New Orleans Helsinki Connection
2004 — New Orleans Helsinki Connection: At Last (NOHC-242)
2012 — New Orleans Helsinki Connection: Paradise On Earth (SONOP 0714)
Other releases
1997 — Riverside Rascals: Riverside Rascals featuring Tricia Boutté (RR 997)
2004 — Susanna Mesiä: Susanna Mesiä trad
2005 — Leroy Jones, New Orleans Brass Band Music: Memories Of The Fairview & Hurricane Band (LJCD-4221), as a visiting soloist
2008 — Original Hurricane Brass Band: We Shall Not Be Moved (compilation)
2008 & 2009 — Leroy Jones & Katja Toivola: Leroy Jones & Katja Toivola (SONOP 052008 & 9352), compilation
2012 — Original Hurricane Brass Band: We Shall Not Be Moved (LJCD 0512)
2012 — Leroy Jones: Go To The Mardi Gras (LJCD 0212)
External links
Katja Toivola’s home pages
Article on the YLE television program Pasuunarakkautta ‘Trombone love’
References
Category:1975 births
Category:Living people
Category:Musicians from Helsinki
Category:Finnish jazz trombonists
Category:Finnish expatriates in the United States
Category:People from New Orleans
Category:21st-century trombonists
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Littelfuse
Littelfuse, Inc is a multinational electronic manufacturing company based in Chicago, Illinois. The company primarily produces circuit protection products but also manufactures a variety of electronic switches and automotive sensors. Founded in 1927. In addition to its Chicago, Illinois, world headquarters, Littelfuse has more than 40 sales, distribution, manufacturing and engineering facilities in the Americas, Europe and Asia.
Littelfuse is the developer of AutoFuse, the first blade-type automotive fuse.
History
Early history
Edward V. Sundt founded Littelfuse in 1927 in Chicago Illinois as Littelfuse Laboratories. Prior to founding Littelfuse, Sundt had worked for General Electric and Stewart-Warner, where he found diagnostic equipment frequently experienced electrical failure. Sundt developed Littelfuse's first product, a small protective fuse, to regulate current in diagnostic equipment and prevent electrical failure. Littelfuse was incorporated and renamed Littelfuse, Inc. in 1938.
Littelfuse became a public company in 1962. The company retained founder Edward V. Sundt as the chairman of its board. In 1963, Littelfuse moved its headquarters from Chicago to Des Plaines, Illinois. Sundt retired in 1965 and was succeeded by Thomas Blake. Tracor purchased the company in 1968. Blake was made president of Littelfuse, which operated as a wholly owned subsidiary of Tracor.
1970–1991
The company expanded its manufacturing base in the 1970s with new factories opening in Watseka, Illinois and Piedras Negras, Mexico. In 1974, the company also introduced Littelites, electronic indicator lights used in industrial and office machinery, household appliances and computers.
In 1976, Littelfuse developed Autofuse, which was the first blade-type fuse used in automobiles. The Autofuse brand was counterfeited heavily and in 1983 the company obtained an exclusionary order from the United States International Trade Commission, which barred the importation of counterfeit blade-type fuses.
In 1987, Westmark Systems purchased Tracor and its Littelfuse subsidiary in leveraged buyout. Tracor filed for bankruptcy in 1991 and spun off Littelfuse.
Modern history
Littelfuse reincorporated in November 1991 with Howard Witt as its president and CEO. Witt had worked for Littelfuse since 1979 and had been president and CEO of Littelfuse since February 1990, when the company was still owned by Tracor. In 1991, Littelfuse offered its second IPO in company history. The company's profits rose throughout the 1990s and the company expanded its operations in Europe and Asia. Littelfuse also expanded into South America with a distribution and engineering center in São Paulo, Brazil.
Gordon Hunter replaced Witt as president and CEO of Littelfuse at the end of 2004. In 2008, Littelfuse restructured its manufacturing operations, closing 16 small manufacturing plants and opening 6 new, larger plants. The company moved its headquarters from Des Plaines, Illinois, to Chicago, Illinois, the same year.
The company was recognized as Product of the Year by Specifying Engineer in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013. Arrow Electronics recognized Littelfuse with an award for Supplier Excellence in 2011. The company received TTI Supplier's Excellence Award in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013. Littelfuse received the Chicago Innovation Award in 2012. In 2013, the company received Processing Magazine's Breakthrough Product of the Year. Littelfuse was recognized as one of the Best Places to Work in Illinois in 2012, 2013 and 2014.
The company announced in November 2016 that COO Dave Heinzmann would succeed Hunter as president and CEO in January 2017.
Products
Littelfuse designs and manufactures circuit protection products for the electronics, automotive and electrical industries. The company operates between three business unit segments: Electronics, Industrial, and Automotive. Products include: fuses and protectors, suppressors, gas discharge tubes, electronic switches, solenoids, battery management devices, and protective relays.
With the acquisition of Hamlin, Inc. in 2013, Littelfuse expanded its product offering to include sensors for the automotive, industrial and consumer industries.
Acquisitions
Littelfuse has acquired multiple companies since 1999, including:
1999 – Harris Suppression Products.
2002 – Semitron.
2003 – Teccor, a manufacturer of circuit and overvoltage protection products.
2004 – Heinrich Industrie, a German manufacturer of circuit protection products, including the WICKMANN Group, Efen and Pudenz brands.
2006 – Taiwan-based silicon manufacturer Concord Semiconductor, Inc. and Catalina Performance Accessories, which manufactures and distributes blade-type automotive fuses.
2008 – Shock Block Corporation and Startco Engineering Ltd., companies that develop and manufacture ground fault protection technology.
2008 – Startco Engineering, maker of ground-fault protection products and custom-power distribution centers that are used in industrial manufacturing and mining applications.
2010 – Cole Hersee, a maker of power management products, heavy duty electromechanical and switches for commercial vehicles.
2011 – Selco A/S, a Danish company, which produces electrical equipment for use in maritime and industrial environments.
2012 – Accel AB, a Swedish company that manufactures advanced automotive switches and senors, and Terra Power Systems, which manufactures electrical components for heavy-duty vehicles and trucks.
2013 – Hamlin Inc., an automotive sensors manufacturer.
2014 – SymCom, a power, voltage, and current monitor developer and manufacturer.
2015 – JRS MFG. LTD., a custom engineered products developer and manufacturer, such as metal-clad, metal-enclosed, and arc-resistant switchgear, E-Houses, mine power centers and mining substations.
2016 – TE Connectivity's circuit protection business.
2016 – ON Semiconductor, a semiconductors supplier company.
2017 – U.S. Sensor, Manufacturer of Temperature Sensors.
2017 – IXYS Corp., a power semiconductor manufacturer.
References
Category:1927 establishments in Illinois
Category:Companies listed on NASDAQ
Category:Manufacturing companies based in Chicago
Category:Electronics companies established in 1927
Category:Electrical engineering companies
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
League of Assassins
League of Assassins (renamed the League of Shadows or Society of Shadows in adapted works) is a group of fictional villains appearing in comic books published by DC Comics. The group is depicted as a collective of assassins who work for Ra's al Ghul, an enemy of the superhero Batman and the Green Arrow.
The League of Assassins has been adapted into other media several times, predominantly in animated Batman productions, the live-action Batman film series The Dark Knight Trilogy, as well as the CW TV show Arrow, and the Fox TV show Gotham.
Origins
League of Assassins
Ra's al Ghul split from the ancient Order of the Assassins in a successor movement. Their followers claim to have annulled and deposed centers of civilizations such as Baghdad, Moscow, and Rome, throughout past generations in their lineage.
Practices
The recruits of the League of Assassins follow a strict regimen, carrying distinct black emblems and supplies up to their mountain lairs.
These new recruits are called Ghuls, because they emerge after proclaiming their final prayers in their own prefabricated graves before initiating in various, assigned operations.
Operations
Unlike the ancient Order of the Assassins, whose main objective was to halt sectarian conflicts and wars within the world; the League of Assassins acts as an organization that is a catalyst to the reformation of decadent civilizations around the globe.
Fictional team history
Under Ebeneezer Darrk's leadership
The League of Assassins was founded by Ra's al Ghul (exactly when is unknown) to be "the fang that protects the head" (Batgirl #67, 2005). Members of the League demonstrated willingness to die at a word from Ra's. They have included some of the most dangerous assassins in the world including Lady Shiva, David Cain, and Merlyn. For much of its current history, any member who failed in an assassination was in turn targeted by the League. Indeed, one of its best-known members, the master-archer Merlyn, was eventually forced to flee from the League, fearing for his life, having failed to assassinate Batman. In more recent years, this policy has apparently relaxed somewhat.
Ebeneezer Darcel, aka Doctor Darrk, was the first known individual assigned to head the League of Assassins by Ra's al Ghul. Darrk himself was seconded by the Sensei, a martial arts master from Hong Kong. Although many of the League's leaders over the years have been accomplished martial artists, Darrk himself did not depend on physical prowess, and as an assassin he instead relied upon careful planning and manipulation, ambushes and death traps, as well as a variety of cleverly concealed weapons and poisons. Although the League apparently had an inner circle of elite fighters as well as a large number of warriors trained in the martial arts, the League during Darrk's tenure as leader reflected his personal methodology. Following a "falling out" with Ra's (the exact details of which were never made clear) Darrk kidnapped Ra's daughter, Talia al Ghul. Batman became involved in this matter while attempting to bring the League to justice for a number of recent killings. Although he had connected the League to several assassinations over the years, all previous attempts to investigate had met dead-ends. Batman rescued Talia (the first time the two would meet, laying the foundation for all their future interaction) and Darrk died while trying to kill them.
Under Sensei's leadership
Under the direction of the organization's second known leader, the villainous Sensei, the League became more brutal, and rebelled against Ra's' rule. Although the Sensei's methods closely resembled Darrk's, and the majority of the League's operatives showed little to no real skill in personal combat, the Sensei did show slightly more reliance on skilled martial artists. This version of the League is best known for two assassinations. As part of an initiation process, the operative known as 'the Hook was assigned to murder Boston Brand (who became Deadman after his death). Additionally, Professor Ojo successfully brainwashed Ben Turner (best friend and partner of Richard Dragon), creating an alternate personality dubbed the Bronze Tiger, and turning the master martial artist into a League operative. As the Bronze Tiger, Turner defeated Batman in personal combat while another League operative murdered Kathy Kane (the secret identity of Batwoman in pre-Crisis continuity, and a close personal friend of Batman's post-crisis). Eventually Turner's earlier training at the hands of O-Sensei (not to be confused with the leader of the League) proved too strong for the League to fully break, and when he refused to kill Batman he was forced to flee the League. Not long afterwards, the insane Sensei—no longer motivated by anything but a desire to raise assassination to an art—attempted to cause an artificial earthquake in order to kill a number of diplomats gathered for peace talks. Batman traced Ben Turner to a hospital, foiling a League attempt to assassinate the man. Turner could not fully remember the actions of his alternate personality (although years later, as a member of the Suicide Squad, he would reveal that the League had used him to kill a number of people) but he was able to aid Batman in uncovering the Sensei's latest plot. Although Batman was unable to prevent the earthquake, ultimately it was only the Sensei himself that died in the disaster, and control of the League returned to Ra's.
Role in the creation of Lady Shiva
It was more recently revealed that, prior to the betrayals of Doctor Daark and the Sensei, Ra's had grown tired of the fickle loyalties of his warriors. Ra's assigned David Cain to create a perfect bodyguard ("The One Who Is All"). After early attempts to raise such a person resulted in hopelessly psychotic children, Cain decided that he needed a genetically suited child and began searching for a possible mother. To this end he assassinated Carolyn Woosan/Wu-San, one of two astonishingly talented martial artist sisters he had seen fighting in an exhibition. Carolyn's sister, Sandra, swore revenge and tracked Cain down, only to be subdued by the combined might of the League. Both intoxicated and frightened by the levels of skill she was attaining now that she was no longer holding back for her sister's sake, Sandra agreed to be the mother of Cain's child. In return, the League spared Sandra's life, and assisted her in further training. By the time Sandra gave birth she had surpassed the entire League in skill. She left immediately following the birth of her daughter, Cassandra Cain, rechristening herself Lady Shiva.
Other stories would suggest that at some points afterwards Shiva worked as a member of the League, and eyewitness testimony from former League member Onyx indicates that she kept in contact with the League, although she apparently did not see her daughter. Although most of her appearances over the years show her working independently, she apparently had some degree of League membership, and was called upon by Ra's to "rescue" Talia during the Hush storyline.
In keeping with Ra's and Cain's plans, the League attempted to train Cassandra Cain from birth to be the ultimate assassin, unknowingly giving her the skills she would use as the hero Batgirl.
Under Nyssa al Ghul's leadership
After the death of Ra's al Ghul, his first-born daughter Nyssa Raatko formed a new League. Lady Shiva was recruited to serve as the sensei to this incarnation of the League, with the intent that Batgirl (Cassandra Cain) would lead the warriors themselves.
Reflecting Shiva's emphasis for martial arts, the known members of Nyssa's League were all skilled in this area, and included the warriors Shrike, Kitty Kumbata, Wam-Wam, Joey N'Bobo, Tigris, Momotado, Krunk, White Willow, the twin warriors Los Gemelos, Ox, Mad Dog, Alpha, and Cristos. The new League was present when Mr. Freeze's wife Nora Fries was brought back to life as the monstrous Lazara, and several members died in the resulting chaos.
Due to the conflict between their loyalty to Shiva and Nyssa and their near-worship of Batgirl as "The One Who is All", the League split at that point, with Ox, White Willow, and Tigris pledging themselves to Cassandra. Several more members of the League (including all the defectors except Tigris) died when the insane "Mad Dog" went on a killing spree. "The Mad Dog", it was revealed, had been one of David Cain's early attempts to create Ra's' perfect warrior. The Mad Dog had been considered useless as a child, since Cain's methods had driven him murderously insane, and Ra's had ordered the child be killed. Nyssa, however, knew that the servant ordered to carry out this execution had instead released him into the wild, explaining how it was possible to recruit him. The Mad Dog was successful in killing Batgirl (who gave her life to protect the burqa-clad assassin Tigris). She was quickly restored to life in a Lazarus Pit by Shiva, in order that the two could face each other in a final battle. Batgirl won leaving Shiva on a meat hook suspended over the Lazarus Pit.
Infinite Crisis
Although most of its members had died or defected, the League survived the Infinite Crisis, and was seen to play an important role in the Society's worldwide prison break. Throughout the period of aftermath it remained under the control of Nyssa, until she was apparently killed in a car explosion. Cassandra Cain has apparently taken over the League as its new leader, although she abandoned the League at some point prior to the Teen Titans storyline Titans East, where it is revealed that she was being drugged by Deathstroke.
Furthermore, it appears that Cassandra was battling for complete control of the League of Assassins with Ra's al Ghul's youngest daughter Talia, as well as the Sensei. Talia, who would naturally assume control of her father's empire by default following Nyssa's death, has recently been seen in the Batman and Son storyline, leading ninja members of the League of Assassins, against Batman. At the same time, several members felt neither Talia nor Cassandra were up to the role, and, after failing to recruit Black Canary's adopted daughter Sin, gave the leadership to the Sensei, who recently reappeared in the "Resurrection of Ra's al Ghul" storyline.
In One Year Later, Talia al Ghul forced Kirk Langstrom to give her the Man-Bat formula which she used to turn some of its members into Man-Bats. Currently, the League of Assassins and its Man-Bat Commandos are used by Talia as her personal army and bodyguards, carrying her orders and taking retribution over her enemies.
In the series Green Arrow/Black Canary #11, a metahuman faction of the League of Assassins was introduced. They were involved in the abduction of an injured Connor Hawke. This group's members included Bear, Tolliver, Ruck, Spike, Mazone, and their leader Targa. However, although they thought they were being commanded by Ra's al Ghul, they were apparently duped by an imposter Shado.
The New 52
In The New 52 (a 2011 reboot of the DC Comics universe), the League of Assassins reside in the sacred city of 'Eth Alth'eban. Lady Shiva, Rictus, Cheshire, December Graystone, and Bronze Tiger target Red Hood. They end up capturing Jason Todd and bring him to 'Eth Alth'eban so that he can help lead the League of Assassins. Red Hood has been led to 'Eth Alth'eban, where the League of Assassins resides. Bronze Tiger explains that costumed heroes have been fighting to maintain a broken system—a system that can only be fixed by taking the next step, and culling the weak and wicked from the world. He and the others have chosen Jason to be their leader in taking the action that the world's super-heroes have been too afraid to take. Red Hood admits that he abandoned his friends because he didn't want to be a killer. In response, Bronze Tiger begs the opportunity to show Red Hood how to do real lasting good. The assassins give Jason a tour of the Death Market, where tools of death and murder can be bought, to fill any need provided that the need in question is killing a lot of people. After reuniting with December Graystone, Cheshire, Lady Shiva, and Rictus, Bronze Tiger calls a meeting of the council to which Red Hood is invited. Meanwhile, they are concerned about the security of the city, given the coming war. Rictus assures them that it would take approximately four hundred terawatts of power to break through the city's walls. At their meeting, Red Hood wonders what it is about him that makes them think he can lead them to victory against the Untitled. Bronze Tiger admits amid jeers from his companions that he was told by Talia al Ghul that Red Hood would be the only one who could stop the Untitled if they ever attacked. This comes as a surprise to Red Hood, given that he can't even remember what the Untitled look like. Bronze Tiger reminds that if Jason wants to do good with his life, he can't do much better than to fight against the most powerful force for evil on the planet. Just then, sensors reveal that something is on the perimeter of the city. It is Arsenal and he is heavily armed.
Arsenal is using all of his unique inventions to hold back the defensive attacks of the Man-Bat Commandos of the League of Assassins. The first assassin Arsenal encounters is December Graystone and he soon entraps the magician within a block of ice, thanks to some grenades made with technology he stole from Mr. Freeze. Next, Cheshire appears next to him thanks to her teleportation abilities and steals the hat off of his head. However, he spots the teleportation device implanted in her wrist and uses an electrical shock to short it out. That causes the device to malfunction and she disappears completely. During the fight, Red Hood states that he would lead the League of Assassins in exchange that Arsenal and Starfire are unharmed. Starfire reminds Jason that she would rather die than be put in chains again. She warns him that with the last Lazarus Pit uncovered, it can strip away the Untitled's powers, which is why they have come to destroy it. They must not succeed. As she and Arsenal are escorted away, she warns Jason not to die today. As he prepares himself, Red Hood begins to hear a voice from within that explains that his destiny is coming to fruition, and shows him how to make the mystical All-Blades manifest in his hands. Though he doesn't remember what all this means, he hopes it will help, as the Untitled arrive in the sacred city.
Outside the sacred city of 'Eth Alth'eban, December Graystone discovers someone he was not expecting to see waiting outside and curses himself for not realizing that this person had something to do with the battle currently underway in the subterranean city. Red Hood is currently leading the League of Assassins in a charge against the evil Untitled, who had the gall to use Jason's friend Arsenal against him to get into the city. Jason is confused when his swords tell him that by taking bronze shards from the great fountain at the centre of the city, they will be able to drive off the Untitled, but he hopefully passes on the information to his companions. Red Hood finds himself locked in combat with Drakar and the man discovers that what was done to Red Hood's mind was more than a simple mind-wipe. He senses Ducra somewhere within his mind. Red Hood uses Drakar's confusion to steer him toward the fountain, which hides the Well of Sins (the pool that filled the Untitled with evil). Drakar struggles, but collapses into the murky fluid. Having fallen into the Well of Sins, Drakar begs to be removed from it as he can feel the arcane power reaching back inside him, and taking the evil energy within him away. The pool strips Drakar of his power and life-force, spitting him back out as a withered old man. Turning to the remaining Untitled, Red Hood warns that they will all suffer the same fate if they do not surrender. The Untitled respond that he cannot hope to defeat them alone, but Lady Shiva responds by unleashing a swarm of Man-Bats warning that the League of Assassins is death incarnate. When the Untitled have been cast back into the Well of Sins by the League of Assassins, Drakar plans to take Red Hood with him only for Bronze Tiger to snap Drakar's neck. Following Drakar's death, Red Hood admits that killing Drakar was necessary—a key realization for a member of the League of Assassins. Lady Shiva comments that tonight, they will see all the remaining Untitled dead as well, but Jason responds that they cannot simply kill without his say-so if he is to be the League's leader. Suddenly, a cloaked figure appears, noting that he expected more after coming all this way, just to find a leader of assassins who orders his warriors to sheathe their blades. The man warns that the game is over, and Jason's part in it is done, as he makes his way toward the Well of Sins. Jason stands in his way, demanding to know who this man is. The man responds that he is the one who gave the Untitled the location of the Acres of All knowing that they would kill Ducra and return to this place. He knew they would fall here, and imbue the Well of Sins with a greater power than he had ever tasted—a power that he would now take for himself, having planned this moment for three centuries. Emerging from the pit, the man introduces himself as Ra's al Ghul.
Jason is under attack by Ra's al Ghul who demands to know just what his daughter Talia al Ghul saw in the boy. Having just emerged from the Well of Sins, Ra's al Ghul is consumed by the evil that once corrupted the Untitled centuries ago. Now he feels compelled to rid himself of the machinations of his daughter and Ducra by killing Jason. At Ra's al Ghul's command, the prisoners are brought to him, and he promises to use his new found power to see them dead. Red Hood, however, determines that he cannot allow it to happen. As Ra's al Ghul gathers his power, Red Hood tells himself again and again that he wants to remember what he chose to forget. At last, the images rush through his mind, and begin to reform as memories. Unfortunately, the revelation occurs earlier than Ducra had planned. Having regained all of his training with Batman as well, Jason is free of his chains almost instantly. His training with Lady Shiva sees him making short work of the League's Man-Bats. He uses that same training to best Lady Shiva herself, only to be attacked by Bronze Tiger next. In the meantime though, Cheshire (whose loyalty to the League of Assassin's returned master is waning) attempts to rescue Roy and Kori. Before long, the pair are free to aid Red Hood in his fight. Smirking, he welcomes them back, apologizing for his having deceived them. They are confused, unaware that his decision to erase his memory was part of a grander plan. Red Hood engages Ra's al Ghul as Essence joins the battle. She insists that he will allow Jason and his friends to leave his realm, or he will be forced to die a mortal death just as he always feared he would. Despite having destroyed the All-Caste, Ra's' actions have led to their eventual rebirth. Defeated, he swears that he will visit great agony upon Red Hood if he sees him ever again.
Talia al Ghul's own organization, Leviathan, is a schism of the League of Assassins created to counter Batman's "Batman Incorporated".
Batman and Aquaman head to an island where the League of Assassins are, after Ra's al Ghul had the bodies of Damian Wayne and Talia al Ghul exhumed. Batman and Aquaman storm the beach, breaking through the island's defences of Man-Bats, only to find that the source of the whales' screaming was on the island. Ra's al Ghul had ordered the hunt of whales, creating genetically altered super-humans in the wombs of sperm whales. This being just one of a probable many plans to rebuild the League of Assassins. Aquaman swears vengeance on the whales' behalves. Inside the compound, they find that Ra's is wiping the hard drives clean, preventing data recovery, even as a message from Ra's plays over the intercom, chastising Batman for failing to prevent the deaths of Damian or Talia within the city he swore to protect. As his parting gift, he has left Batman the Heretics to keep him entertained. Batman reels as he sees all of the grotesque and mutated failed clones of failed Damians. As they fight for their lives, Batman warns Aquaman not to kill any of these monstrosities. They are too developmentally malformed to comprehend what they had done to those whales in being born. Suddenly, Bruce realizes that if the Heretics were born of a whale's womb, Arthur might be able to telepathically link up with them. He leads them out into the ocean, where an unharmed whale breaches, and swallows them whole. Batman, meanwhile, fights his way to Ra's escape aircraft. He sees Talia and Damian's bodies stored within it, and clings to the fuselage from outside as the plane takes off. Though Ra's al Ghul plans to go to Paradise Island, he is nearly surprised to see Batman pounding on the cockpit's windshield. From outside, Batman screams for Ra's al Ghul to give back his son, but Ra's al Ghul responds that he is blood of Damian's blood and the boy is in good hands. He orders the plane to tilt its angle, causing the wind shear to rip Batman from his purchase and drop down into the sea. Luckily, Aquaman is there to catch him. Arthur explains that all of the Heretics are alive, having been taken down to Atlantis for safe keeping, by a whale.
DC Rebirth
In the DC Rebirth relaunch universe, the League of Assassins and League of Shadows are two separate organizations. The League of Assassins consists of Ra's Al Ghul's standard followers. The League of Shadows is the more mysterious of the two and is often considered a myth, but are said to have people everywhere and to have a plan to "bring the entire nation to the ground".
Members
Ra's al Ghul – First appearing in Batman #232 (June 1971), Ra's al Ghul ("Demon's Head" in Arabic), is a centuries-old worldwide eco-terrorist. He knows Batman's secret identity. He utilizes special pits known as Lazarus Pits which enable him to evade death, and live for centuries. He is the founder of The League of Assassins, though exactly when is unknown.
Batman – Batman's secret identity is Bruce Wayne, an American billionaire, playboy, philanthropist, and owner of Wayne Enterprises. After witnessing the murder of his parents as a child, he swore revenge on criminals, an oath tempered by a sense of justice. Wayne trains himself both physically and intellectually and crafts a bat-inspired persona to fight crime.
Talia al Ghul – First appearing in Detective Comics #411 (May 1971), she's the daughter of Ra's al Ghul and the half-sister of Nyssa Raatko. Her father encouraged a relationship between Talia and Batman, desiring for Batman to marry his daughter in hopes of recruiting him as his successor. Talia admires Batman in his drive, determination, and nobility, but was always torn between him and the love for her terrorist father. Unlike Catwoman, Talia is more than willing to play second-fiddle to Bruce's mission. He is the father of her son Damian.
Nyssa Raatko – First appearing in Detective Comics #783 (August 2003), she's the daughter of Ra's al Ghul, born in Saint Petersburg in 1775, and a Holocaust survivor. She eventually broke off from her father and his crusade, which resulted in a rift between them. She had in her possession a Lazarus Pit that could be reused over and over again. She was responsible for brainwashing her half-sister Talia into despising not only Batman, but their father as well, whom she ended up killing with a sword. It appears, however, that Nyssa was killed in a car bombing in Northern Africa, presumably by the League of Assassins.
Ebeneezer Darrk (Also known as Doctor or Professor Darrk) – He is the first known individual assigned to head the League of Assassins by Ra's al Ghul. Although many of the League's leaders over the years have been accomplished martial artists, Daark himself did not depend on physical prowess, and as an assassin he instead relied upon careful planning and manipulation, ambushes and death traps, as well as a variety of cleverly concealed weapons and poisons. After earning Ra's enmity (for reasons unknown), Darrk died during a plot to kidnap Talia which was foiled by Batman.
The Sensei – First appearing in Strange Adventures #215 (October/November 1968) as an aged martial arts master from Hong Kong, he was Darrk's second in command. He was put in charge of the League after Darrk's death. However, he would prove just as disloyal as his predecessor, and the Sensei would eventually struggle with Ra's al Ghul for the control of the organization. One of his personal goals is to raise assassination to an art form. He is revealed to be Ra's al Ghul's father in Batman #671 (January 2008).
Doctor Moon – First appearing in Batman #240 (March 1972), he is a brain surgeon with skills that make him the person to contact to recover dead brains, erase or modify minds, or mental torture.
Lady Shiva (Sandra Wu-San) – First appearing in Richard Dragon, Kung Fu Fighter #5 (December 1975), she's a mercenary assassin who once trained with Bruce Wayne and is possibly the greatest martial artist alive in the DC Universe; one of Batman's true physical rivals. She is also the biological mother of Cassandra Cain.
David Cain – First appearing in Batman #567 (July 1999), he is the biological father of Cassandra Cain and the adoptive father of Mad Dog III.
Cassandra Cain (brainwashed at the time) – First appearing in Batman #567 (1999), she is the daughter of David Cain and Lady Shiva, and was previously known as Batgirl.
Deathstroke (Slade Wilson) – First appearing in New Teen Titans #2 (December 1980), he was a member of the League of Assassins, recruited by Talia to kill Richard Grayson (Nightwing) for corrupting her son, Damian, to the good guys. Wilson and Grayson have a long-standing animosity due to years of fighting and Grayson's redemption of Wilson's children.
Maseo Yamashiro - Former handler/A.R.G.U.S. partner of Oliver Queen stationed in Hong Kong, and husband of Tatsu Yamashiro. He was brought in into the League as "Sarab" or "Mirage" after the death of his son Akio thanks to an viral outbreak by General Matthew Shrive. Sarab was killed by Tatsu in her identity as Katana. (Arrowverse Only)
Sara Lance – She was found by Nyssa al Ghul (Katrina Law) who took her to Nanda Parbat. She and Nyssa became lovers, and Sara became a deadly fighter with the League of Assassins under the name Ta-er al-Sahfer, which means "Yellow Bird" or "Canary". (Arrowverse Only)
The Seven Men of Death – The seven deadliest assassins of the League and Ra's al Ghul's personal hit squad. They answer only to the Demon himself and the Sensei. Its current members include:
Detonator – Member of the Seven Men of Death. He specializes in demolitions.
Hook – The hook-handed member of the Seven Men of Death. He was responsible for murdering Boston Brand during a circus act.
Maduvu – Member of the Seven Men of Death. He has mechanical clawed-hands.
Merlyn – An archer who was once a member of the Seven Men of Death.
Razorburn – Member of the Seven Men of Death. He has advanced hand-to-hand combat abilities, great throwing abilities, and wields two knives for weapons.
Shellcase – Member of the Seven Men of Death. He has advanced hand-to-hand combat abilities and has good marksmanship.
Whip – A female whip-wielding member of the Seven Men of Death.
Other members of the League of Assassins include:
Alpha – A member of the League of Assassins and a master of Gun-Fu.
Arrow – He was obsessed with the legacy of the League he becomes the second Ra's al Ghul and even weds Nyssa.
Anya Volkova – Former League of Assassins, she collected a database about the members of the league which was stolen by the Court of Owls.
Bane – Bane was once a member of the League of Assassins when he had impressed Ra's al Ghul.
Bear – A Mexican Bigfoot-like man who is a member of the League of Assassins' metahuman faction.
Bronze Tiger – He was brainwashed at the time.
Cheshire – She is part of the League of Assassins in The New 52.
December Graystone – A League of Assassins operative that was introduced in The New 52. He can perform blood magic where he cuts himself to access various powers through spilled blood like telekinesis and teleportation.
Dr. Tzin-Tzin – A criminal mastermind and expert hypnotist.
Dragon Fly – Member of the League of Assassins. She alongside Silken Spider and Tiger Moth attacked Wayne Manor during the events of "The Resurrection of Ra's al Ghul".
Expediter – Member of the League of Assassins. He was a computer expert who serves a similar function compared to Oracle upon being forced to join the League of Assassins.
Glaze – Builds cities in various locations of the worlds and is a master of economic bubbles.
Grind – One of Ra's al Ghul's bodyguards.
Jasper – Jasper and Nyssa al Ghul capture a serum.
Kirigi – A top martial artist that previously trained Bruce Wayne. He later trained the different members of the League of Assassins.
Kitty Kumbata – A talented but mentally unstable martial artist who was a former member of the Circle of Six.
Kyle Abbot – He worked with Ra's al Ghul until his apparent death. He took a serum that enables him to become a full wolf and even a werewolf-like form.
Mad Dog – Mad Dog is a kung fu fighter who was the adoptive son of David Cain.
Man-Bat Commandos – When Talia al Ghul forced Dr. Kirk Langstrom into giving her the Man-Bat formula, she transformed a select bunch of unnamed League of Assassins members into Man-Bat Commandos.
Mazone – A bearded samurai who is a member of the League of Assassins' metahuman faction.
Onyx – Onyx was a longstanding fully capable member of the League of Assassins. She eventually decided to retire from her life of murder.
Owens – A sniper who is a member of the League of Assassins. He was partnered up with Pru and Z to assassinate Red Robin. Owens is killed by Widower of the Council of Spiders.
Professor Ojo – Ojo was born without eyes. Brilliant but blind, Ojo eventually created a device allowing him to see and eventually became associated with the League of Assassins as one of their scientists.
Pru – headstrong female assassin who is a member of the League of Assassins. She was partnered up with Owens and Z to assassinate Red Robin.
Rictus – A cybernetic-enhanced operative of the League of Assassins that was introduced in The New 52.
Ruck – A four-armed gunman who is a member of the League of Assassins' metahuman branch.
Scimitar – Leads a coalition of members from the League.
Shrike – A teenage boy who used to be friend of Dick Grayson. He later became a member of the League of Assassins.
Silken Spider – Member of the League of Assassins. She alongside Dragon Fly and Tiger Moth attacked Wayne Manor during the events of "The Resurrection of Ra's al Ghul".
Silver Monkey – A former member of the Monkey Fist Cult that became an assassin-for-hire.
Spike – A female martial artist that is capable of creating energy blades. She is a member of the League of Assassins' metahuman faction.
Targa – A telekinetic midget who is the leader of the League of Assassins' metahuman faction.
Tiger Moth – Member of the League of Assassins. Her costume disorients her opponents, making them incapable of hitting her. She once assisted Dragon Fly and Silken Spider into attacking Wayne Manor during the events of "The Resurrection of Ra's al Ghul".
Tigris – A female Afghan martial artist who was recruited into the League of Assassins by Lady Shiva; she traced her lineage to the ancient kingdom of Nineveh.
Tolliver – A vampire who is a member of the League of Assassins' metahuman faction.
Vial – Member of the League of Assassins. He was killed upon kissing his cross that was poisoned by Funnel of the Council of Spiders.
Ubu – A master assassin who is Ra's al Ghul's trusted second-in-command. In later works, it is revealed that the title of Ubu refers to a whole tribe of people. When one Ubu dies, another one takes his place. An Ubu was later killed by Bane.
Vertigo – In Batman the Animated Series, Count Vertigo (only known as Vertigo) worked for Ra's al Ghul.
Verdigris – He escapes a siege only to have his tracks traced.
Viper – The League's foremost manufacturer of poison.
Wam Wam – A Dutch martial artist who was a former member of the Circle of Six.
Whisper A'Daire – She worked with Ra's al Ghul until his apparent death. She took a serum that enables her to become a snake-like creature.
Dusan al Ghul – The first White Ghost was Ra's al Ghul's only son Dusan.
White Ghost – The second White Ghost was an unknown person who healed Red Robin after he was poisoned by Widower of the Council of Spiders. When Red Robin questioned the White Ghost about his identity, the White Ghost simply replies that "there will always be a white ghost" which suggests that the title of White Ghost is defined as a loyal figure that has been affiliated with the League of Assassins for centuries.
White Willow – Not much is known about her past except for the fact that she was recruited into the League of Assassins by Lady Shiva.
Will Justice – Also known as Bill Justice, Will Justice was recruited for the League of Assassins following the annihilation of the village of Crisfield. His radical political agenda did not sit well with the other members of the League leading to his exile. He has since been committed to Arkham Asylum in Gotham City with the circumstances of his breakdown unknown.
Z – Zeddmore Washington is a member of the League of Assassins. He was paired up with Owens and Pru to assassinate Red Robin. Z was later killed by Widower of the Council of Spiders.
Other versions
In Superman & Batman: Generations, Batman 'inherits' control of the League of Assassins after Bruce Wayne tracks down the organisation and accepts a deal where he and Ra's enter the same Lazarus Pit at once; Ra's has determined that if two souls enter the pit, one will perish while the other will become immortal without needing to keep using the Pit, Bruce accepts the offer and Ra's al Ghul is destroyed. With Ra's al Ghul gone, Batman uses Ra's' criminal empire to set up an anti-crime and humanitarian network by subtly changing the organization's goals.
In other media
Television
In Batman: The Animated Series, the group is named Society of Shadows and first appears under the control of Count Vertigo. It subsequently appears under Ra's al Ghul's control in "The Demon's Quest" Pt. 1 and Pt. 2, "Showdown", and "Avatar".
The Society of Shadows appears in the Superman: The Animated Series episode "The Demon Reborn". Talia al Ghul and her henchmen orchestrate the capture of Superman so that they can use an artifact to drain Superman's energy in order to replenish Ra's al Ghul's aged body.
In the future of Batman Beyond, Terry McGinnis (the future Batman) confronts Curaré, the deadliest member of the Society of Assassins (a guild of ninja assassins-for-hire in the future). Terry and an elderly Bruce Wayne later battle against the Society when Ra's al Ghul (who had taken over Talia's body) attempted to take Bruce's body. The society appears again in season 2 after Curare through a turn of events destroys most of the assassins from within. She is defeated by Batman once more and is arrested. The society is left in tatters with no one taking over as leader.
The League of Assassins appears in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Sidekicks Assemble". This marks the first media appearance of the League of Assassins that has not had its name altered. Known members of the group are Ra's al Ghul, Talia al Ghul, and Ubu.
The League of Assassins (under its League of Shadows name) appears in Young Justice. Known members of the group are Ra's al Ghul, Ubu, Sensei, Cheshire, Professor Ojo, Black Spider, and Hook. The League of Shadows make their headquarters on Infinity Island which is located somewhere in the Caribbean Sea. In "Infiltrator", the League of Shadows had abducted a nano-technology expert named Dr. Serling Roquette in order to make the "Fog" as part of a plot to steal schematic technologies. Red Arrow managed to save her from a League of Shadows base on Infinity Island, but the "Fog" has been complete. When Dr. Serling Roquette was working on an "Anti-Fog", the Sensei finds out her project and sends Cheshire to dispose of Dr. Roquette only for her to run afoul of The Team while Professor Ojo operates the "Fog". When Dr. Roquette is relocated, the Sensei sends Black Spider and Hook to help Cheshire kill Dr. Roquette only to discover that Dr. Roquette was actually Miss Martian in disguise. The upload of the "Anti-Fog" was a success destroying the "Fog". Cheshire gets away due to Artemis recognizing her while Black Spider and Hook were apprehended. It is later revealed that the Sensei is in league with "The Light" (Project Cadmus' Board of Directors). He tells "The Light" about The Team's interference and discussion between Sensei and L-2 reveal that they have "someone on the inside". In "Targets", the League of Shadows works on a plot to assassinate politicians. During that time, Sportsmaster is seen as a member of the League of Shadows when it comes to helping Cheshire. It turned out that Lex Luthor and Ra's al Ghul had orchestrated the events in order to further the goals of "The Light". In the episode "Bloodlines", Cheshire and Red Arrow raid a League of Assassins facility in Tibet in order to find the real Roy Harper (who had been kidnapped and replaced with a clone). In "Rescue Op", the League of Shadows returns again as a suspect in a metahuman traffic ring but it is not under the control of Ra's or Talia, but now under someone else in the shadows.
The League of Assassins is featured in Beware the Batman. Known members of the group include Ra's al Ghul, Lady Shiva, Cypher, and Silver Monkey. As revealed in "Broken", Katana infiltrated the League of Assassins to find Ra's al Ghul. Finding the Soultaker Sword (a weapon which can drain souls from its victims) and seeing its power first hand when Silver Monkey used it on an unknown victim, she faked her death while taking the sword to keep it from being used. In "Safe", Silver Monkey was sent to capture Dr. Jason Burr so that they can get their hand on the Ion Cortex. Silver Monkey ends up learning that Katana survived and reports it while concealing his knowledge of the Soultaker's location. Lady Shiva states to Silver Monkey that the League of Assassins will obtain control of the Ion Cortex another time and that the Soultaker Sword is now the target. In "Family", Batman and Katana fight the League of Assassins' ninjas as Silver Monkey is sent to target the Soultaker Sword. Six hours earlier, Katana is confronted by Silver Monkey in Bruce Wayne's limousine and attacks her for the location of the Soultaker so that the League of Assassins can reclaim the Soultaker. When Bethanie Ravencroft and Silver Mask lead the League of Assassins' ninjas into capturing Bruce Wayne at the A.R.G.U.S. Club, Katana is sent a message to bring the Soultaker to the A.R.G.U.S. Club in one hour. Katana confronts Bethanie Ravencroft and Silver Monkey where she wants them to release Bruce Wayne in exchange for the Soultaker. After Bruce Wayne is hit out the window by Bethanie Ravencroft's arrow (though he had a special padding underneath), the League of Assassin ninjas are unleashed upon Katana while Alfred helps Bruce Wayne to become Batman. When Katana is being overwhelmed by the ninjas, Batman arrives in the nick of time. Batman then uses a smoke pellet to cause a smokescreen where Batman and Katana fight the ninjas. A League of Assassin ninja manages to seize the Soultaker by the time the smokescreen cleared and begins to present it to Silver Monkey. Lady Shiva then arrives stating that Silver Monkey's plans to succeed her won't work. Lady Shiva then has the ninjas attack Silver Monkey who end up defeating him (it was commented by Lady Shiva that the ninjas in the League of Assassins are more afraid of Lady Shiva then they are of Silver Monkey). A ninja then gives the Soultaker Sword to Lady Shiva who then uses it to drain Bethanie Ravencroft's soul (who pleaded that she wasn't going against Lady Shiva) as she states that she has plans for Silver Monkey. Upon getting free and with the help of Alfred, Batman and Katana fight Lady Shiva and the League of Assassins' ninjas. Lady Shiva manages to get away as Batman and Katana escape from the ninjas. Batman claimed that he used Katana to turn the League of Assassins against each other as he plans to reclaim the Soultaker Sword from the League of Assassins. In "Control", the League of Assassins sends their half-human, half-computer agent Cypher to control Jason Burr in another attempt to get control over the Ion Cortex. This plot is thwarted by Batman. In "Sacrifice", the League of Assassins have a shipment that ends up stolen by Anarky. When Lady Shiva orders her ninjas to reclaim the package, Anarky shows up and makes a deal with her where he will return their package in exchange for a small favor. Lady Shiva leads some of her ninjas into obtaining the Calibosix (a cell mutation virus) from the Gotham Contagion Research Center where two of her ninjas got infected. By the time Batman had gotten the serum that cured Katana and the infected ninjas, Lady Shiva had gotten away while the two ninjas were sent to Blackgate Penitentiary. When Lady Shiva returns to her lair, she finds the package and a letter from Anarky as the package contained the body of Ra's al Ghul. In "Fall", the League of Assassins gain control of the Ion Cortex and plunge Gotham City into darkness. In "Darkness", Ra's al Ghul tried to blackmail Mayor Grange, Governor Quardu and Commissioner Correa into allowing the League of Assassins to take control of Gotham City otherwise the City would remain in darkness while doing a transmission to them. Correa was outraged by Ra's al Ghul's suggestion and was subsequently dragged away by two League of Assassins ninjas and killed.
The League of Assassins appears in the TV shows set in the Arrowverse:
The League of Assassins appears in Arrow. Though first named in season two, they are represented in season one by Malcolm Merlyn (John Barrowman). In season two, the League takes an interest in Starling City in order to retrieve its assassin, Sara Lance (Caity Lotz), an ex-lover of the Arrow (Stephen Amell), and assists the Arrow in defeating Deathstroke (Manu Bennett). In season three, Malcolm's murder of Sara forces the Arrow to challenge Ra's al Ghul (Matt Nable). By surviving Ra's' blade, Arrow becomes favoured as his successor. Appearing to defect to the League to save his sister, he secretly schemes with Ra's' daughter Nyssa (Katrina Law) to kill Ra's. In season four, Malcolm has taken over the League as the new Ra's al Ghul, until Nyssa seizes control and disbands it, although some assassins were still loyal to Merlyn as seen in the episode "Eleven-Fifty-Nine". In the episode "Life Sentence", it is revealed that the League of Assassins have feared the Longbow Hunters due to their reputation.
The League of Assassins also appears in spin-off show Legends of Tomorrow in episode "Left Behind", where a resurrected Sara Lance is a main character. When Sara is lost in the year 1960, she rejoins the League, impressing Ra's al Ghul with her pre-trained League fighting. When rescued by her teammates, she initiates a bootstrap paradox by telling Ra's to send Nyssa to rescue her in 2008, leading to her original induction to the League.
The League of Shadows first appear in the Gotham episode "Heroes Rise: Destiny Calling." Known members are Ra's al Ghul, Sensei, Anubis, The Hunter, Leila, and Palden. They are revealed to have manipulated the Court of Owls into doing their bidding. Some of its ninjas attacked Fish Mooney, Oswald Cobblepot/Penguin, Hugo Strange, Victor Fries, and Bridgit Pike at a slaughterhouse where Hugo Strange's earlier cures for Alice Tetch's poisonous blood was being held. Most of the ninjas there were killed by Jim Gordon which also ended with Fish Mooney accidentally getting killed. Other ninjas from the League of Assassins were present at the Yuyaun Building when Bruce Wayne first meets Ra's al Ghul. In the episode "A Dark Knight: "One of My Three Soups", the energy that Ra's al Ghul placed in Barbara Kean served as a beacon that called the League of Shadows to her. After the unnamed captain of the League of Shadows (portrayed by Ethan Herschenfeld) doubted Barbara Kean leading them as a female has never led them before, Barbara Kean killed him when he tried to take the title from her. After a brief blackout, the female members (named Sisters of the League) of the League of Shadows led by Leila massacred the weaker members as Barbara plans to make use of the League of Shadows. In the episode "A Dark Knight: To Our Deaths and Beyond", Ra's' loyal followers led by Palden manage to resurrect him. In the episode "A Dark Knight: No Man's Land", the League of Assassins and Jeremiah destroy the bridges out of town, isolating Gotham from the rest of the world. After Gotham City has been evacuated and following Ra's al Ghul's second death, Palden and those with him want to swear their allegiance to Barbara. After Barbara hears from Tabitha about Penguin shooting Butch Gilzean, she states that man is the problem that the world has and has Leila and her female League of Assassins teammates kill Palden and his teammates while using their bodies to establish an all-female territory. In season 5, the Sisters continue to support Barbara following Gotham becoming a No Man's Land. In the episode "Legend of the Dark Knight: I Am Bane", Ra's al Ghul's daughter Nyssa al Ghul arrives to exact revenge on Barbara and Bruce for her father's death while also being the benefactor of Delta Force. She goes to the Sirens Club, killing all of the Sisters for betraying their original leader's goals and kidnapping Barbara. This leaves the status of the remaining League's members unknown.
Film
In the first film of Christopher Nolan's Batman trilogy, Batman Begins (2005), they are called the League of Shadows. The foot soldiers are martial artists who utilized a number of martial arts including ninjutsu, jujitsu and various forms of kung fu. A mysterious man calling himself Henri Ducard (Liam Neeson) recruited and trained Bruce Wayne (Christian Bale) for a man that he called their leader Ra's al Ghul (Ken Watanabe) for an unspecified period of time. He told Wayne the story about how the injustice of his wife being taken from him led him onto the path of the League of Shadows. Bruce rejected the League when he was ordered to kill a criminal to prove his commitment to justice and he learned that the League wanted him to lead a mission to destroy Gotham City. The League's base was destroyed in the subsequent battle as Wayne fought the man that he had believed to be Ra's al Ghul and left him for dead. The League later enacted their plan to destroy Gotham and Ducard revealed to Wayne that he was Ra's al Ghul at Bruce Wayne's birthday party. They attacked Gotham because they felt that the city had become decadent. Ra's al Ghul said that the League had worked to restore the world to balance throughout history as human civilization achieved decadence around the world. Ra's stated "We sacked Rome, loaded trade ships with plague rats, burned London to the ground". The plan was to use the stolen Wayne Enterprises microwave emitter to vaporize Scarecrow's (Cillian Murphy) toxin and have the city's inhabitants tear each other apart in a state of fear. Despite their best efforts, Bruce Wayne, now Batman, was able to fight off four members of the League single-handedly, before defeating Ra's al Ghul himself aboard a train where Ra's al Ghul was left to die as it crashed.
The League of Shadows again makes an appearance in the third and final film of Nolan's Batman trilogy, The Dark Knight Rises (2012). The League, now under the leadership of Bane (Tom Hardy) and a secret accomplice, returns to finish Ra's al Ghul's plan to destroy Gotham City. Its membership now includes a large number of Bane's fellow mercenaries who were former employees of corrupt Wayne Enterprise board member John Daggett. The newly resurrected League of Shadows plots to hold Gotham under siege by converting a fusion reactor that was developed by Wayne Enterprises in a project sponsored by Miranda Tate (Marion Cotillard) into a nuclear bomb. During their first confrontation, Bane defeated Batman and placed him in Bane's former home, a foreign penitentiary known only as "the Pit". After trapping most of the members of the GCPD in the sewers, Bane then proceeded to hold Gotham hostage while giving the citizens false hope of survival by means of a faux revolution while stating that he has given the trigger of the bomb to a random Gothamite. The next day, Bane exposed the truth about Harvey Dent and had all of the inmates of Blackgate Penitentiary released by his men. While in his cell, Bruce was told the story of an exiled mercenary and his wife and child that were once imprisoned there. The child was said to be the only one who successfully escaped the prison. Ra's al Ghul appeared to Bruce in the form of a hallucination, who implied that he was "immortal" through the birth of his child within the Pit, the heir to the League of Shadows. Bruce assumed that the mercenary's child was Bane and that Ra's al Ghul was his father. After Batman had defeated Bane, Miranda stabbed Batman and revealed herself as Talia al Ghul, Ra's al Ghul's child, who climbed out of the Pit with the aid of her childhood friend and protector Bane. Bane was secretly working with her while she operated under the name of Miranda Tate to complete her father's mission, showing Batman that she was always the one who held the trigger to the nuclear bomb. Talia recounted that the League trained her and Bane, that Ra's banished Bane because he reminded him of the prior loss of his wife, and that Bane's only crime was loving her. Talia resented her father for this, but she was never able to forgive him until he died fighting Batman. Selina Kyle/Catwoman (Anne Hathaway) kills Bane with the Bat-Pod's cannon at short range, and she and Batman confront Talia, eventually forcing her truck carrying the bomb off the road where she died believing that her father's work was finished. Following a battle within Gotham City's streets and the deaths of Bane and Talia, the rest of the surviving League members in the city along with Gotham's criminals are either jailed, incapacitated, or killed in battle against the GCPD.
The League of Assassins appears in Son of Batman. They are initially led by Ra's al Ghul until his former right-hand and heir Deathstroke kills him and a sect of League ninjas join him. It was mentioned that Ra's al Ghul had used Kirk Langstrom in his Man-Bat Commandos project. Following Ra's al Ghul's death, Deathstroke resumed the project by coercing Dr. Langstrom to help him by kidnapping his wife and daughter.
The League of Assassins appears in Batman: Bad Blood. They are led by Talia al Ghul who has reclaimed the League after Deathstroke's defeat.
In Teen Titans: The Judas Contract, Deathstroke states that he plans to form his own League of Assassins with the money that Brother Blood is paying him.
The League of Assassins is mentioned in Suicide Squad: Hell to Pay. Deathstroke makes a cameo in a flashback where he murders Bronze Tiger's fiancée whilst still a member of the League. Deadshot is also stated to have worked for the League once.
The League of Assassins appear in the crossover cartoon movie Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. Ra's al Ghul and Ubu appear as the featured members. The League of Assassins collaborate with the Foot Clan in a plot to steal a Wayne Enterprises cloud seeder in a plot to affect Gotham City's population with a hybrid compound of the mutagen and Joker venom. One League of Assassins ninja (voiced by Tom Kenny who was not credited for the role) was used as a test subject to demonstrate the Ooze's abilities where it turns him into a mutant wolf. During the course of the film, a select number of other League of Assassins ninjas were mutated by the mutagen that Shredder used on them turning them into mutant animals like mutant wolves, a mutant African elephant, a mutant hippopotamus, and a mutant lion.
Video games
The League of Shadows appear in Batman Begins.
One of the achievements (Xbox 360)/trophies (PlayStation 3) of the game Lego Batman: The Videogame is called League of Assassins. This achievement is unlocked if the player manages all the villains of the game.
The League of Assassins appears in DC Universe Online.
The League of Assassins appear in the Batman: Arkham games:
(* The League of Assassins appears in Batman: Arkham City. They are first hinted in the game when several grunt inmates exclaim they may have just seen a ninja, though they are not actually seen until Batman tries to rescue Mr. Freeze from the Penguin. The League is made up of Talia's elite guard, and is notably the only incarnation of the League of Assassins in both comics and media to be composed of mostly female ninjas with Ra's being the only male member shown in Arkham City. A member of the League is first seen on display meditating in the Penguin's museum, Penguin explaining he had no idea who she actually was, but that she had broken into his museum (why she was in the museum at all is never explained) and managed to kill eight of his men before she was beaten into unconsciousness. After Penguin is defeated and Batman mentions Ra's al Ghul to Mr. Freeze, the assassin opens her eyes and desperately tries to break the glass to her display, eventually succeeding at the cost of a bloody shoulder wound. She exclaims that Batman and Freeze are unworthy to speak of the great Ra's al Ghul before fleeing the museum, the bloodstains leaving a trail for Batman to follow out of the museum and onto the Bowery rooftops. Batman finds a bloody rag used to clean the wound and tries to scan it before the ninja attacks him. Batman follows the ninja and manages to put a tracer on her before she has him in a death stroke and two other assassins at her side. Robin saves Batman from the trio before Batman follows them down into the sewers and eventually into Wonder City. Batman is surrounded by multiple ninjas and about to be killed before he is saved by Talia al Ghul. After Batman takes the Demon Trial they are not seen again, but it is revealed that Ra's, Talia and the League of Assassins were funding Quincy Sharp's mayoral campaign and rigged it to win in his favor. They were also the power behind Hugo Strange and Protocol 10, which, if successful, would have meant Strange was Ra's al Ghul's successor. As Strange, Ra's al Ghul and Talia al Ghul are all dead by the end of the game, it appears the League has lost both its leader and possible successors. Though as both Ra's al Ghul and Talia al Ghul's bodies are missing, it is possible that the League of Assassins may have taken their bodies to a Lazarus Pit.
The League of Assassins return in Batman: Arkham Knight in The Season of Infamy downloadable content (DLC) in a side mission titled "Shadow War". Following the Arkham City incident, Ra's had been moved to a Lazarus Pit beneath Elliot Memorial Hospital, with tubes pumping Lazarus into him barely keeping him alive. The League subsequently split between the loyalist faction loyal to Ra's and the rebels led by Nyssa Raatko and engaged in their own civil war in Gotham. When Batman finds Ra's, his loyalists demand that he retrieve a sample of pure Lazarus in the possession of the rebels to restore Ra's, playing on his morality by informing the Dark Knight that a civil war amongst the League would endanger Gotham citizens. When Batman later obtains a sample of pure Lazarus, he is confronted by Nyssa, who gave him an ultimatum: deny Ra's the pure Lazarus and she would pull the League out of Gotham, never to shed innocent blood.
On September 23, 2019 WB Games Montréal released a short teaser of a new Batman videogame which features the symbol of the Demon's Head, thus hinting that the League of Assassins will be in the game. A full reveal for the videogame is yet to be made.
Miscellaneous
Batman: The Gotham Adventures (based on Batman: The Animated Series) revealed that the League of Assassins existed as a separate entity from the Society of Shadows (although both groups served Ra's al Ghul). Much like their counterpart in the mainstream DC Universe, this version of the League of Assassins was responsible for the murder of Boston Brand, creating the ghostly hero Deadman. The Sensei was loyal to Ra's in this continuity and, faced with either living out the last of his years in prison or defying Ra's wishes, chose a third option where he walks out of his mountain home and off the cliff.
The League of Shadows appears in the comic book tie-in to Young Justice. In issue #3, Sensei sends Hook and Black Spider to assassinate Selena Gonzales (who was one of the former associates of Project Cadmus). In issue #4, Hook and Black Spider were defeated by Young Justice. However, Selena Gonzales was nowhere to be found causing the team to speculate that another operative was waiting for her to escape. In issue #11, Ubu was with Ra's al Ghul when the League of Shadows planned to hijack a rocket at Cape Canaveral. In issue #12, it was revealed that Matt Hagen was a member of the League of Shadows where his attempt to cure his cancer in the Lazarus Pit led to his transformation into Clayface upon Talia al Ghul locking him in the Lazarus Pit. Ra's al Ghul and Sensei managed to trick Clayface into sleeping and shipped his canister to the Wayne Foundation.
In Arrow tie-in comic, The Dark Archer, the League of Assassins once encountered a similar organization called "The Hidden" in 1985. They encountered Malcolm Merlyn (who will join to them 8 years later) and Darius when searching for Ashkiri marker (in fact, the entire mountain) in Hindu Kush mountains, but their vehicle flipped in sandstorm and knocked out some members. One assassin was punished from Ra's for losing The Hidden. The member of The Hidden, Darius, is revealed as member of the League, acting as a double agent. Ra's and Darius went to enter Ashkiri temple for searching Lazarus Pit and the hearts of snow leopard gods, while The Hidden wanted to protect the temple from them. In the same time, Lourdes (implied to be Nyssa's mother Amina Raatko) and Malcolm also entered the temple whose aim was to seal a temple. Ra's and Darius found Lourdes attacked by Ashkiri gods after she was left behind by Malcolm after their vehicle exploded. Ra's saved her, while Darius was killed by them, due to the need of sacrifice. Lourdes became Ra's concubine for ten years until she was freed by The Hidden, along with her son Saracon.
See also
List of Batman Family enemies
References
External links
League of Assassins at DC Comics Wiki
League of Assassins (The New 52 version) at DC Comics Wiki
League of Assassins at Comic Vine
Category:Batman characters
Category:Characters created by Dennis O'Neil
Category:Characters created by Neal Adams
Category:DC Comics martial artists
Category:DC Comics supervillain teams
Category:Fictional cults
Category:Fictional secret societies
Category:Comic book terrorist organizations
Category:Fictional mass murderers
Category:Comics characters introduced in 1968
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Zeta Bosio
Héctor Juan Pedro Bosio Bertolotti (born 1 October 1958) better known by his stage name Zeta Bosio, is an Argentine rock musician, record producer and disc jockey (DJ), better known as the bassist of the Argentine rock band Soda Stereo. He was also the bassist of Chilean band La Ley between 2013 and 2014. Nowadays he plays in the band Shoot the Radio, which he co-founded.
Bosio, along with Gustavo Cerati and Charly Alberti, formed Soda Stereo in 1982. They recorded over a dozen records until they disbanded in 1997. Since then, he kept a low profile until quite recently. ProyectoUnder.com is the music portal chosen by Bosio as a way to promote underground bands. Bosio is now working with his independent record label Alerta Discos. He has produced albums for bands such as "Aguirre" and "Peligrosos Gorriones". Also, he presented a TV show called "Rock Road" for Much Music Argentina and the Chilean channel Via X. In 2011, he was a judge in the Chilean TV show Factor X.
Biography
Bosio began his contact with music at age 11, when he first heard The Beatles and became determined to learn to play bass guitar.
While at the school he formed two bands: "Water" and "La Banda de San Francisco." Later he joined the navy, and with his first paycheck bought a bass guitar in Puerto Rico. In the army he joined the orchestra and honed his musical skills:
"I played all kinds of music from salsa to Arabic songs."
When he returned to Buenos Aires, he studied advertising at the University of El Salvador. He was part of "The Morgan," a band that also included Sandra Baylac, Hugo Dop, Christian Hansen, Pablo Rodriguez, Charly Amato, Osvaldo Kaplan, Andres Calamaro, and eventually, Gustavo Cerati. They played on the student program "Happy Sunday" on Channel 9. The Morgan released a single, Perfume, a song originally by Rita Lee.
In 1979, Zeta met Gustavo Cerati in college, but they did not become friends. During the summer of 1982, they met again at Punta del Este (Uruguay), Cerati with his group Sauvage and Bosio with The Morgan. Due to a series of adventures, Cerati and Bosio established a close musical bond and friendship which led them to play together.
Zeta and Gustavo shared the same musical tastes and dreams, and began a search for integrating a punk rock group inspired by The Police (who played the same year in Argentina), with their own songs in Spanish. Cerati first joined The Morgan and then formed a band called the Stress (along with Charlie Amato and drummer Pablo Guadalupe), then Erekto Project with Andres Calamaro. Shortly after Gustavo and Zeta decided to visit Charly Alberti (son of the famous percussionist Tito Alberti, who was four years younger than Bosio and three years younger than Cerati), to hear him play his father's drums. Soda Stereo was formed there, and debuted in July 1983.
In Soda Stereo, Zeta played the bass and sang backing vocals. He also played acoustic guitar and the chapman stick.
Soda Stereo was dissolved in September 1997 and subsequently Zeta worked with other groups, first through the web Under Project, then as manager of Sony Music Argentina, and in more recent years with Alert Discos.
In 2005, 2006 and 2007, Zeta hosted a TV show called Rock Road on the Argentine channel Much Music.
He was also bassist in the band invited Catupecu Machu Argentina, after the car accident suffered by Gabriel Ruiz Diaz.
In June 2007, Soda Stereo announced their comeback with a tour. Between October and December of that year, Zeta Bosio and Soda Stereo played throughout Latin America on a tour called Me Verás Volver.
In 2008, Zeta and his companions in Soda Stereo returned to their own projects after their brief reunion. In addition to hosting the show Keep Rockin on Radio Rock & Pop, Zeta toured as a DJ performing in various parts of Latin America in what were called Live Sessions. He has stated that he is fascinated by electronic music, dance and Dancefloor, and in addition to being a DJ, Zeta has plans to release a solo album with his mixes and compositions.
Zeta participated in the Lollapalooza festival, held for the first time outside the US, in Chile in April 2011.
In 2013, Zeta joined Chilean band La Ley as bassist.
Production in Soda Stereo
Zeta Bosio participated in the musical production of the following albums:
Nada Personal (1985) (with Gustavo Cerati, Charly Alberti and Gustavo Nolasco Lavalle)
Signos (1986) (with Gustavo Cerati and Charly Alberti)
Ruido Blanco (1987) (with Gustavo Cerati and Charly Alberti)
Doble Vida (1988) (with Gustavo Cerati and Charly Alberti)
Languis (1989) (with a Gustavo Cerati and Charly Alberti)
Canción Animal (1990) (with Gustavo Cerati)
Rex Mix (1991) (with Gustavo Cerati)
Dynamo (1992) (with Gustavo Cerati)
Zona de Promesas (1993) (with Gustavo Cerati)
Sueño Stereo (1995) (with Gustavo Cerati)
External links
Official Soda Stereo site
ProyectoUnder
Alerta Discos (archived version)
Official Alerta Discos/Zeta Bosio Facebook page
Category:1958 births
Category:Living people
Category:Soda Stereo members
Category:People from San Fernando, Buenos Aires
Category:Argentine people of Italian descent
Category:Argentine bass guitarists
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
11th Airborne Division (United States)
The 11th Airborne Division ("Angels") was a United States Army airborne formation, first activated on 25 February 1943, during World War II. Consisting of one parachute and two glider infantry regiments, with supporting troops, the division underwent rigorous training throughout 1943. It played a vital role in the successful Knollwood Maneuver, which was organized to determine the viability of large-scale American airborne formations after their utility had been called into question following a disappointing performance during the Allied invasion of Sicily.
Held in reserve in the United States for the first half of 1944, in June the division was transferred to the Pacific Theater of Operations. Upon arrival it entered a period of intense training and acclimatization, and by November was judged combat-ready. The 11th Airborne saw its first action on the island of Leyte in the Philippines, but in a traditional infantry role. In January 1945 the division took part in the invasion of Luzon. The two glider infantry regiments again operated as conventional infantry, securing a beachhead before fighting their way inland. The parachute infantry regiment was held in reserve for several days before conducting the division's first airborne operation, a combat drop on the Tagaytay Ridge. Reunited, the division participated in the Liberation of Manila, and two companies of divisional paratroopers conducted an audacious raid on the Los Baños internment camp, liberating two thousand civilians. The 11th Airborne's last combat operation of World War II was in the north of Luzon around Aparri, in aid of combined American and Philippine forces who were battling to subdue the remaining Japanese resistance on the island.
On 30 August 1945 the division was sent to southern Japan as part of the occupation force. Four years later it was recalled to the United States, where it became a training formation. One parachute infantry regiment was detached for service in the Korean War, but on 30 June 1958 the division was inactivated. It was briefly reactivated on 1 February 1963 as the 11th Air Assault Division (Test) to explore the theory and practicality of helicopter assault tactics, and was inactivated on 29 June 1965. The division's personnel and equipment were transferred to the newly raised 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile).
World War II
Formation
Inspired by the pioneering German use of large-scale airborne formations during the Battle of France in 1940 and later the invasion of Crete in 1941, the various Allied powers decided to raise airborne units of their own. One of the resultant five American and two British airborne divisions, the 11th Airborne Division, was officially activated on 25 February 1943 at Camp Mackall in North Carolina, under the command of Major General Joseph Swing. As formed the division consisted of the 511th Parachute Infantry Regiment, the 187th Glider Infantry Regiment and the 188th Glider Infantry Regiment, and with a complement of 8,321 men was around half the strength of a regular U.S. infantry division of World War II.
The division initially remained in the United States for training, which in common with all airborne units was extremely arduous to befit their elite status. Training included lengthy forced marches, simulated parachute landings from towers, and practice jumps from transport aircraft; hesitancy in the doorway of an aircraft resulted in an automatic failure for the candidate. The washout rate was high, but there was never a shortage of candidates, especially because in American airborne units the rate of pay was much higher than that of an ordinary infantryman.
Before training was complete a debate developed in the U.S. Army over whether the best use of airborne forces was en masse or as small, compact units. On 9 July 1943, the first large-scale Allied airborne operation was carried out by elements of the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division and the British 1st Airborne Division in support of the Allied invasion of Sicily, code-named Operation Husky. The 11th Airborne Division's commanding general, Major General Swing, was temporarily transferred to act as airborne advisor to General Dwight D. Eisenhower for the operation, and observed the airborne assault which went badly. The 82nd Airborne Division had been inserted by parachute and glider and had suffered high casualties, leading to a perception that it had failed to achieve many of its objectives.
Swing Board
Eisenhower reviewed the airborne role in Operation Husky and concluded that large-scale formations were too difficult to control in combat to be practical. Lieutenant General Lesley J. McNair, the overall commander of Army Ground Forces, had similar misgivings: once an airborne supporter, he had been greatly disappointed by the performance of airborne units in North Africa and more recently Sicily. However, other high-ranking officers, including the Army Chief of Staff George Marshall, believed otherwise. Marshall persuaded Eisenhower to set up a review board and to withhold judgement until the outcome of a large-scale maneuver, planned for December 1943, could be assessed.
When Swing returned to the United States to resume command of the 11th Airborne in mid-September 1943, he was given the role of preparing the exercise. McNair ordered him to form a committee—the Swing Board—composed of air force, parachute, glider infantry, and artillery officers, whose arrangements for the maneuver would effectively decide the fate of divisional-sized airborne forces. As the 11th Airborne Division was in reserve in the United States and had not yet been earmarked for combat, the Swing Board selected it as the test formation. The maneuver would additionally provide the 11th Airborne and its individual units with further training, as had occurred several months previously in an earlier large-scale exercise conducted by the 101st
and the 82nd Airborne Divisions.
Knollwood Maneuver
The 11th Airborne, as the attacking force, was assigned the objective of capturing Knollwood Army Auxiliary Airfield near Fort Bragg in North Carolina. The force defending the airfield and its environs was a combat team composed of elements of the 17th Airborne Division and a battalion from the 541st Parachute Infantry Regiment. The entire operation was observed by Army Ground Forces commander Lt. Gen. McNair, who would ultimately have a significant say in deciding the fate of the parachute infantry divisions.
The Knollwood Maneuver took place on the night of 7 December 1943, with the 11th Airborne Division being airlifted to thirteen separate objectives by 200 C-47 Skytrain transport aircraft and 234 Waco CG-4A gliders. The transport aircraft were divided into four groups, two of which carried paratroopers while the other two towed gliders. Each group took off from a different airfield in the Carolinas. The four groups deployed a total of 4,800 troops in the first wave. Eighty-five percent were delivered to their targets without navigational error, and the airborne troops seized the Knollwood Army Auxiliary Airfield and secured the landing area for the rest of the division before daylight. With its initial objectives taken, the 11th Airborne Division then launched a coordinated ground attack against a reinforced infantry regiment and conducted several aerial resupply and casualty evacuation missions in coordination with United States Army Air Forces transport aircraft. The exercise was judged by observers to be a great success. McNair, pleased by its results, attributed this success to the great improvements in airborne training that had been implemented in the months following Operation Husky. As a result of the Knollwood Maneuver, division-sized airborne forces were deemed to be feasible, and Eisenhower permitted their retention.
Leyte
Following the Knollwood Maneuver the 11th Airborne remained in reserve until January 1944, when it was moved by train from Camp Mackall to Camp Polk in Louisiana. After four weeks of final preparation for its combat role, in April the division was moved to Camp Stoneman, California, and then transferred to Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea, between 25 May and 11 June. From June to September the division underwent acclimatization and continued its airborne training, conducting parachute drops in the New Guinea jungle and around the airfield in Dobodura. During this period, most of the glider troops became parachute-qualified making the division almost fully Airborne. On 11 November the division boarded a convoy of naval transports and was escorted to Leyte in the Philippines, arriving on 18 November. Four days later it was attached to XXIV Corps and committed to combat, but operating as an infantry division rather than in an airborne capacity. The 11th Airborne was ordered to relieve the 7th Infantry Division stationed in the Burauen-La Paz-Bugho area, engage and destroy all Japanese forces in its operational area, and protect XXIV Corps rear-area supply dumps and airfields.
Maj. Gen. Swing ordered the 187th Glider Infantry Regiment (GIR) to guard the rear installations of XXIV Corps, while the 188th GIR was to secure the division's rear and conduct aggressive patrols to eliminate any enemy troops in the area. The 511th Parachute Infantry Regiment (PIR) was assigned the task of destroying all Japanese formations in the division's operational area, which it began on 28 November when it relieved the 7th Infantry. The 511th PIR advanced overland with two battalions abreast and the third in reserve, but progress proved slow in the face of fierce Japanese resistance, a lack of mapped trails, and heavy rainfall (with more than twenty-three inches (60 cm) falling in November alone). As the advance continued resupply became progressively more difficult; the division resorted to using large numbers of Piper Cub aircraft to drop food and ammunition. Several attempts were made to improve the rate of advance, such as dropping platoons of the 187th GIR from Piper Cubs in front of the 511th PIR to reconnoiter, and using C-47 transport aircraft to drop artillery pieces to the regiment's location when other forms of transport, such as mule-trains, failed.
On 6 December the Japanese tried to disrupt operations on Leyte by conducting two small-scale airborne raids. The first attempted to deploy a small number of Japanese airborne troops to occupy several key American-held airfields at Tacloban and Dulag, but failed when the three aircraft used were either shot-down, crash-landed or destroyed on the ground along with their passengers. The second, larger, raid was carried out by between twenty-nine and thirty-nine transport aircraft supported by fighters; despite heavy losses, the Japanese managed to drop a number of airborne troops around Burauen airfield, where the headquarters of 11th Airborne Division were located. Five L-5 Sentinel reconnaissance aircraft and one C-47 transport were destroyed, but the raiders were eliminated by an ad hoc combat group of artillerymen, engineers and support troops led by Maj. Gen. Swing.
The 511th PIR was reinforced by the 2nd Battalion, 187th GIR, and continued its slow but steady progress. On 17 December it broke through the Japanese lines and arrived at the western shoreline of Leyte, linking up with elements of the 32nd Infantry Division. It was during this period that Private Elmer E. Fryar earned a posthumous Medal of Honor when he helped to repel a counterattack, personally killing twenty-seven Japanese soldiers before being mortally wounded by a sniper. The regiment was ordered to set up temporary defensive positions before being relieved on 25 December by the 1st Batt., 187th GIR, and the 2nd Batt., 188th GIR, who would themselves incur considerable casualties against a heavily dug-in enemy. The 511th PIR was reassembled at its original base-camp in Leyte on 15 January 1945.
Luzon
On 22 January the division was placed on alert for an operation on the island of Luzon, to the north of Leyte. Five days later the 187th and 188th Glider Infantry Regiments were embarked for Luzon by sea, while the 511th Parachute Infantry Regiment flew by C-46 Commando transport aircraft to Mindoro. At dawn on 31 January the 188th GIR led an amphibious assault near Nasugbu, in southern Luzon. Supported by a short naval barrage, A-20 Havoc light bombers and P-38 Lightning fighter aircraft, a beach-head was established in the face of light Japanese resistance. The regiment moved rapidly to secure Nasugbu, after which its 1st Battalion advanced up the island's arterial Highway 17 to deny the Japanese time to establish defenses further inland. The 2nd Battalion moved south, crossing the River Lian and securing the division's right flank. By 10:30 elements of the 188th had pushed deep into southern Luzon, creating the space for the 187th GIR to come ashore. The 188th's 2nd Battalion was relieved and the regiment continued its advance, reaching the River Palico by 14:30 and securing a vital bridge before it could be destroyed by Japanese combat engineers.
Following Highway 17 to Tumalin, the regiment began to encounter heavier Japanese resistance. At midnight the 187th took over the lead and the two glider infantry regiments rested briefly before tackling the main Japanese defensive lines. These consisted of trenches linked to bunkers and fortified caves, and were manned by several hundred infantry with numerous artillery pieces in support. At 09:00 on 1 February the glider infantry launched their assault, and by midday had managed to break through the first Japanese position; they spent the rest of the day conducting mopping up operations. On the morning of 2 February the second line was breached, and by midnight the 188th had broken a third. The divisional reconnaissance platoon was now in the vicinity of Tagaytay Ridge, the intended site of the 511th Parachute Infantry Regiment's first combat drop.
The 511th's airborne operation had originally been scheduled for 2 February, but with Major General Swing's insistence that the drop was only to go ahead if his ground forces were in range to offer support, the dogged Japanese resistance encountered delayed the operation. With only forty-eight C-47 Skytrain transport aircraft available, the 511th was forced to deploy in three waves. The regimental staff, the 2nd Battalion and half of the 3rd Battalion would drop first, the rest of the regiment would arrive in the second lift, and the 457th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion would drop in the third.
At 03:00 on 3 February the troops of the first lift entered their transport planes, and at 07:00 the first transports left Mindoro. Protected by an escort of P-61 Black Widow night fighters, on arriving over Luzon they followed Highway 17 to Tagaytay Ridge. The ridge itself was an open space some long and wide, plowed in places, and had been largely cleared of Japanese troops by local Filipino soldiers and recognized guerrillas. At 08:15 the first echelon of the first lift, approximately 345 men, successfully parachuted into the drop zone. The second echelon, consisting of approximately 570 men, were dropped prematurely and landed about to the east. The next lift also encountered problems, with 425 men dropping correctly but another 1,325 dropping early due to pilot error and poor jump discipline. However, the entire regiment was assembled within five hours of the first landings. After overcoming minor Japanese resistance, by 15:00 the 511th had made contact with the 188th and 187th, and the entire division was once again assembled as a single formation. The ridge having been cleared of its remaining defenders, the division began to advance towards Manila, with the national highway in Silang, Dasmarinas, Imus and Bacoor where cleared by Fil-American Cavite Guerilla Forces FACGF under General Mariano Castaneda and reaching the Paranaque River by 21:00. The city was protected by the Genko Line, a major Japanese defensive belt that stretched along Manila's southern edge. The line consisted of approximately 1,200 two- to three-story deep blockhouses, many of which emplaced naval guns or large-caliber mortars. Entrenched heavy anti-aircraft weapons, machine-gun nests and booby-traps made of naval bombs completed the defenses, which were manned by around 6,000 Japanese soldiers.
The 11th Airborne Division was ordered to breach the Genko Line and drive into Manila, where it would link up with other American forces attacking the city from the north. All three regiments were committed to the assault. Spearheading the division's attack on 5 February, the 511th overcame fierce resistance and broke the crust of the Japanese position, but was soon relieved by the 188th. As the glider regiment took up the push westwards in the face of heavy opposition, the 511th changed their axis of advance and attempted to move into the city from the south. By 11 February, the division had penetrated as far as Nichols Field, an airfield that formed the center of the Genko Line. This was heavily fortified with a number of entrenched naval guns and a series of bunkers; after a short artillery bombardment on the morning of 12 February, the 187th's 2nd Battalion attacked the airfield's north-west corner while the 1st Battalion and the entire 188th regiment moved in from the south and south-eastern corners. This pincer movement succeeded in taking the airfield and, despite a local counter-attack, by nightfall the position was secured. The following day the division thrust towards Fort William McKinley, the headquarters of Rear Admiral Iwabuchi, commander of the Japanese defenders on Luzon. It was during this advance that Private First Class Manuel Perez Jr. neutralized several Japanese bunkers which were impeding the division's progress, capturing one single-handedly and killing eighteen Japanese soldiers. PFC Perez was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor.
On 15 February, the 1st Battalion of the 187th, alongside other American units, launched an attack on Mabato Point. This was an extremely heavily fortified position featuring the same defensive measures as the Genko Line, and it would take six days of hard fighting, multiple airstrikes, and the frequent use of napalm and heavy artillery, before the point was secured. Meanwhile, having taken heavy casualties on its approach to Fort McKinley—particularly when the Japanese detonated a quantity of buried naval depth charges—on 17 February the rest of the 11th Airborne Division assaulted the fort. The 511th led the break-in, and by 18 February the area had been cleared of its defenders. Sporadic fighting continued in Manilla until 3 March, when all organized Japanese resistance ended.
Raid at Los Baños
A large number of civilian prisoners had been detained by the Japanese on Luzon, mostly in internment camps scattered throughout the island. The largest of these was located on the campus of the Agricultural College of the Philippines at Los Baños, some forty miles (64 km) south-east of Manila. General Douglas MacArthur had tasked the 11th Airborne Division with rescuing the Los Baños internees on 3 February, but the division's ongoing combat operations around the Genko Line left it unable to divert any resources at that time. All that could be accomplished during February was to gather information, primarily through liaison with the guerilla groups operating in Southern Luzon and around Los Baños. Maj. Gen. Swing and his command staff were briefed daily by the officer working with the guerilla groups, Major Vanderpool. From the guerillas and a few civilians that had escaped the camp, Vanderpool established that it was surrounded by two barbed-wire fences approximately six feet tall. Several guard towers and bunkers dotted its perimeter, each containing at least two guards. Prisoners left each morning under armed guard to gather food supplies and firewood from a nearby town. Vanderpool was informed that the camp's population consisted of American civilians in three distinct groups: Protestant missionaries and their families; Roman Catholic nuns and priests; and professional workers such as doctors and engineers, and their families. The latter group included several hundred women and children. While all the inmates appeared to be in good health, many had become weak from food rationing.
On 20 February, Maj. Gen. Swing was finally able to release sufficient troops for a raid on the Los Baños camp, and a four-phase plan was devised by Major Vanderpool and the divisional staff officers. The divisional reconnaissance platoon would travel across a nearby lake and move to the outskirts of the camp, securing a large adjacent field as the drop zone for a company of paratroopers. Having landed, the paratroopers would eliminate Japanese resistance in the area, secure the camp, and prepare for its evacuation. Fifty-four amphibious Amtracs would transport two additional companies of paratroopers to the lake shore, where a beachhead would be established while the Amtracs continued to the camp to evacuate its occupants. Simultaneously, a task force consisting of a reinforced infantry battalion, two battalions of heavy artillery and a tank destroyer battalion would advance down Highway 1 towards Los Baños to interdict any Japanese attempts to interfere.
Assisted by a group of guerrillas, on the night of 21 February the divisional reconnaissance platoon made their way to the lake and collected ten canoes. Despite navigational difficulties, the platoon came ashore near Los Baños at 02:00 the following morning, and after securing the paratroopers' drop zone, concealed themselves in the jungle near the camp. During the afternoon B Company of the 1st Battalion, 511th PIR was transferred to the airfield from which they would be deployed, while the rest of the battalion rendezvoused with the Amtrac convoy. At 07:00 on the morning of 23 February, B Company took off in ten C-47 Skytrain transport aircraft, arriving over their drop zone shortly afterwards. As the first paratroopers landed, the reconnaissance platoon and the supporting guerilla fighters opened fire on the camp's defences, using Bazooka rounds to penetrate the concrete pillboxes, and then entered the camp to engage its garrison. The paratroopers soon joined the battle, and by 07:30 the Japanese guards had been overcome and the internees were being rounded up and readied for evacuation. At the lakeshore the 511th's other two companies had secured their beachhead, and the convoy of Amtracs reached the camp without incident. Priority during loading was given to the women, children and wounded; some of the able-bodied men walked alongside the Amtracs as they returned to the beach. The first evacuation convoy left the camp at approximately 10:00, with B Company, the reconnaissance platoon and the guerrillas remaining behind to provide a rearguard. By 11:30 all of the civilians had been evacuated, and at 13:00 the Amtrac convoy returned for the rearguard, with the last paratroopers leaving the beach at approximately 15:00. Meanwhile, on Highway 1, the taskforce that had been deployed to protect the operation met heavy Japanese resistance and suffered several casualties, but was able to block Japanese forces that advanced on the camp, before retreating back to American lines. The raid had been a complete success, liberating 2,147 civilians.
Southern Luzon and Aparri
On the day that the Los Baños internees were freed, the headquarters of Sixth United States Army assigned the 11th Airborne Division the task of destroying all Japanese formations in southern Luzon, south of Manila. The bulk of the division moved south the following day, with the 187th GIR and the 511th PIR advancing abreast. The 188th GIR was detached from the main advance by Maj. Gen. Swing; it was to eliminate all Japanese units still operating in the Pico de Loro hills along the southern shore of Manila Bay. These forces belonged to the 80,000-strong Shimbu Group, one of three groups of the Japanese Fourteenth Area Army under General Tomoyuki Yamashita. It would take until the end of April for the 11th Airborne Division—often acting in conjunction with Filipino soldiers, the recognized guerillas and elements of the 1st Cavalry Division—to subdue the Shimbu Group. Conducting combat operations was extremely difficult in the mountainous terrain, and many Japanese units elected to fight to the death rather than surrender. However, all organized resistance in southern Luzon ended on 1 May, when the division captured Mount Malepunyo near the city of Lipa. The 11th Airborne established a base centered around the former Japanese airstrip on the outskirts of Lipa, the runway of which was lengthened by the 127th Airborne Engineer Battalion to accommodate C-47 transport aircraft. Once the engineering work was completed, the division's combat troops participated in several refresher-training courses.
The 11th Airborne's next operation took place on 23 June in the province of Aparri in northern Luzon. By this time the only Japanese forces remaining on the island were positioned to the far north and belonged to the 52,000-strong Shobu Group. This last of General Yamashita's three groups proved to be the most tenacious, forcing Lieutenant-General Walter Krueger, commander of the Sixth United States Army, to commit four infantry divisions, an armored task force, and a large band of the Filipino recognized guerrillas. While these forces pinned down the Japanese, the 37th Infantry Division began an advance northwards, defeating a weaker formation and encircling the main Japanese force. To ensure the success of the 37th's drive, Krueger called for an airborne force to land near Aparri and move southwards to meet the advancing 37th.
The 11th Airborne Division was to drop a battalion-sized combat team on Camalaniugan Airfield, approximately south of Aparri. It would then advance southwards, eliminating all Japanese resistance, until it linked up with the leading elements of the 37th Infantry Division. To accomplish this Maj. Gen. Swing formed a special unit–Gypsy Task Force–comprising the 1st Battalion of the 511th Parachute Infantry Regiment, G and I Companies of the regiment's 2nd Battalion, an artillery battery from the 457th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion, and a platoon of engineers and miscellaneous signal and medical detachments. Gypsy Task Force would be transported by fifty-four C-47 Skytrain and thirteen C-46 Commando aircraft, as well as six Waco CG-4A Gliders which would land jeeps and supplies for the task force. On 21 June, a detachment of pathfinders from the division was flown in to secure Camalaniugan Airfield, and two days later the transport aircraft carrying the troops of Gypsy Task Force were escorted by fighters to the area. At 09:00 the pathfinder detachment set off colored smoke to mark the drop-zone, but fierce winds and uneven ground around the airfield proved hazardous to the parachutists, causing two deaths and seventy injuries during the drop. Despite these casualties the force was rapidly concentrated, and began its advance southwards. Japanese resistance was stiff, forcing the airborne troops to rely on flamethrowers to eliminate bunkers and fortifications along their route. After three days of fighting and having eliminated a significant portion of Shobu Group, the task force encountered the lead elements of the 37th Infantry Division. Although Shobu Group would continue its resistance until September, its encirclement marked the 11th Airborne Division's final combat operation of the war.
Casualties
Total battle casualties: 2,431
Killed in action: 494
Died of wounds and injuries: 120
Wounded in action: 1,926
Missing in action: 11
Post-World War II
Occupation of Japan
General MacArthur made plans to use the 11th Airborne Division in the invasion of Japan; it was to remain as Sixth Army's operational reserve, to be committed if required. However, with the end of hostilities in the Pacific Theater due to the surrender of Japan, the division was instead selected by General MacArthur to lead the American forces that would occupy Japan. The divisional staff received orders to this effect on 11 August 1945, and the division was transported to Okinawa on 12 August; an operation that involved 99 B-24 Liberator bombers, 350 C-46 Commando and 150 C-47 Dakota transport aircraft to airlift 11,100 men, 120 vehicles and approximately 1.16 million pounds (530,000 kg) of equipment. The 11th Airborne remained on Okinawa for several weeks before, on 28 August, it was ordered to land at Atsugi Airfield outside of Yokohama, on the main Japanese home island of Honshū. Its instructions were to secure the surrounding area, evacuate all Japanese civilians and military personnel within a radius of , and finally occupy Yokohama itself. A large number of C-54 Skymaster transport aircraft were made available, with the first—carrying Swing and his divisional staff—landing at Atsugi Airfield at 06:00 on 30 August. It took a week to fully assemble the division, and by 13 September it had been joined by the 27th Infantry Division, which was airlifted into Japan at the same time. The 11th Airborne Division was later moved from Yokohama to northern Japan, and established camps along the coast of Honshu and on the island of Hokkaido.
Training and first inactivation
Occupation duties in Japan continued until May 1949, when the 11th Airborne was relieved and recalled to the United States. The division was transferred to Camp Campbell in Kentucky and became a training formation, with several of its subordinate units inactivated including the 188th Glider Infantry Regiment. Training continued until the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950. For service in Korea, the 187th Glider Infantry Regiment—now renamed the 187th Airborne Infantry Regiment—and the 674th Airborne Field Artillery Battalion were detached from the division and re-formed as a separate Regimental Combat Team (RCT). The 187th RCT saw two years of fighting in Korea, conducting two airborne operations as well as operating as conventional infantry. The rest of the division continued its training role, processing and training approximately thirteen thousand recalled reservists between September and December 1950 alone. The 187th RCT remained in Korea until 1 October 1953, when it was transferred to Japan for two years until being replaced by the 508th RCT. The 187th returned to the United States on 17 July 1955, but as a unit independent of its parent division.
The 11th Airborne Division was sent to Germany in early 1956 as part of Operation Gyroscope, to replace the 5th Infantry Division stationed in Augsburg and Munich. As the division was en route, the 187th RCT was relocated to Fort Campbell, taking over the camps that the 11th had recently vacated. In July that year the 187th, along with the 508th ARC, was transferred to the newly reactivated 101st Airborne Division.
As the American Army began to restructure its organization (known as the Pentomic Concept), the battalions of the 187th were reorganized as Airborne Battle Groups. In early 1957 the lineage of Company A, 187th AIR was redesignated as HHC, 1st Airborne Battle Group, 187th Infantry and administratively transferred (less personnel and equipment) to Augsburg to join its former parent formation, where it was formed from the existing personnel and equipment of the 11th Airborne Division. HHC, 2d Airborne Battle Group, 187th Infantry, formed from the lineage of Company B, 187th AIR remained with the 101st until 1964 while the 3d Battalion was inactivated. The 11th Division was itself inactivated in Augsburg on 1 July 1958, being reorganized and reflagged as the 24th Infantry Division. The 1st ABG, 187th Infantry and the 1st ABG, 503d Infantry, retrained their Airborne designations and jump status within the 24th until both groups rotated back to the USA for assignment to the 82d Airborne Division at Fort Bragg, NC.
Reactivation (11th Air Assault Division) and inactivation
In the early 1960s, the United States Army began to explore alternative means for conducting future combat operations. One of the many ideas resulting from that effort was the concept of helicopter assault. To test this concept's feasibility, the 11th Airborne Division was reactivated on 1 February 1963 and redesignated as the 11th Air Assault Division (Test). This was done on the recommendation of the U.S. Army Tactical Mobility Requirements Board, also known as the 'Howze Board' after its president Lieutenant General Hamilton H. Howze.
The 11th never existed as a full division during the test period. Although the intent was to create three air assault brigades, the reality was an air assault brigade (which was also parachute-qualified), an airmobile brigade, and both ground and air artillery elements (the air artillery was provided by armed helicopters known as ARA). There was also an aviation group to control the helicopters assigned to the division - the 11th Aviation Group, consisting of the 227th, 228th, and 229th Aviation Battalions. Elements of its original combat units – the 187th Infantry, the 188th Infantry and the 511th Infantry were also reformed under the new division.
For the next two years, the 11th Air Assault Division developed and refined air assault tactics and the equipment required to operate effectively in the role. The 187th and 188th tested helicopters during various exercises, ranging from command and control maneuvers to scouting, screening and aerial resupply, to assess their ability to perform as combat aircraft. However, the division was inactivated for the final time on 29 June 1965. The colors and subordinate unit designations of the 1st Cavalry Division were transferred from its post in Korea to Fort Benning, Georgia, where they were used to reflag the 11th Air Assault Division and the 2d Infantry Division into the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile). Concurrently, the personnel and equipment of the 1st Cavalry Division, which remained in Korea, were reflagged as the 2d Infantry Division.
Air Assault Badge
An earlier predecessor to the current Air Assault Badge was worn by troops of 11th who qualified for it by making three helicopter rappels from and three from . Soldiers were also required to be knowledgeable of aircraft safety procedures; familiar with aircraft orientation; proficient in hand and arm signals and combat assault operations; able to prepare, inspect and rig equipment for external sling loads; and able to lash down equipment inside helicopters. The badge was first awarded in early 1964 and was only authorized for wear by soldiers within the 11th.
See also
Rod Serling, former 11th Airborne Division paratrooper and creator of The Twilight Zone TV series.
Lauri Törni, aka Major Larry Thorne, a former 11th Airborne Division soldier who was killed on a 1965 covert MACV-SOG mission in Vietnam.
Darwin Gross (1928–2008) former 11th Airborne Division soldier who was a former leader of Eckankar
Footnotes
References
External links
011th Airborne Division, U.S.
Airborne Division, U.S. 011th
Category:Military units and formations established in 1943
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1965
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Habarshiro
Habarshiro () is one of the largest towns in the northern Sanaag region of Somalia. It is a relatively new settlement in comparison to other cities in the province. Its nearest neighbor is the city of El Buh, around 50 kilometers away.
References
Habar Shiro, Sanaag, Somalia
Category:Populated places in Sanaag
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Bau (village)
Bau is the main village on Bau Island, Fiji. Once integral to the power and economy of the chiefly village, the villages of Lasakau (traditional fishermen) and Soso (traditional carpenters) are also located on the twenty-two acre island which became the centre of traditional power throughout the Fiji Islands in the nineteenth century.
Because of its historic significance, in 1968 the Leader of the Opposition, A. D. Patel proposed setting aside funds to preserve the island. The main historic buildings in the village are the Ratu Seru Cakobau Church, the Vatanitawake temple and the Ulu ni Vuaka meeting house situated around the village green or rara. These buildings were all upgraded for the visit of Queen Elizabeth II in 1982, where she opened the Great Council of Chiefs meeting in Bau village.
During her visit, Queen Elizabeth conferred on the Vunivalu and Governor General Ratu Sir George Cakobau a rare and exclusive honour of the Royal Victorian Chain displaying her affection for the high chief of Bau and for the people of Fiji. The village is the traditional home of the Vunivalu Tui Kaba - the paramount chief of the traditional Kubuna Confederacy and the Roko Tui Bau of the Vusaratu clan. Other clans of Bau village are the Vusaradave (traditional warriors), Tunitoga (Vunivalu's heralds) and Masau( Roko Tui Bau's heralds).
Many Bauan villagers since Seru Epenisa Cakobau - the leading Fijian chief who ceded Fiji to the United Kingdom - have played significant roles in Fiji's history. They include Ratu Epeli Nailatikau, Ratu Timoci Tavanavanua, Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi, Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna, Ratu Penaia Kadavulevu, Ratu Popi Seniloli, Ratu Edward Cakobau, Ratu Deve Toganivalu (Snr), Ratu Tiale Vuiyasawa, Ratu Dr. Jione Atonio Rabici Doviverata and Ratu Sir George Cakobau and Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi I. Among white residents, the Swedish beachcomber Charlie Savage, who lived there 1808-13, is the most important.
The Vunivalu's residence named Mataiweilagi is situated on the south east shore front of the village. Other chiefly residences that remain in the village are Naicobocobo, Naisogolaca, Muaidule, Nadamele,and'Qaranikula'.The district school,the Methodist Division missionary's residence and the chiefly mausoleum is situated on the knoll. The tiny islet of Nailusi sits approximately fifty meters from the north eastern end of Bau off Muaidule. Today, because of the villages growing population and the restrictive dwelling space on the island, many Bauan families live as a community at Taro settlement opposite the island on the Viti Levu coast, next to the main Nausori-Bau road.
References
Category:Populated places in Fiji
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Aviana (gens)
The gens Aviana was a Roman family during the first century BC. They are known chiefly from the letters of Cicero, who was a friend of Gaius Avianus Flaccus. There was also a writer of Fables by this name, who lived about AD 400, although it is not certainly known that they were related.
Members
Gaius Avianus Flaccus, an intimate friend of Cicero's. He and his two sons seem to have been engaged in the farming of the public taxes.
Gaius Avianus C. f. Flaccus, recommended twice by Cicero; in 52 BC to Titus Titius, one of the legates of Pompeius, who had the management of the corn-market, in accordance with the law which conferred the superintendence of it upon Pompeius; and again in 47, to Aulus Allienus, the proconsul of Sicily.
Marcus Avianus C. f. Flaccus, together with his brother, Gaius, recommended by Cicero to Aulus Allienus, the proconsul of Sicily, in 47 BC.
Avianus, a writer of fables, thought to have lived around AD 400. He wrote in Latin, and is thought to have been a pagan at the time when pagans were becoming an increasingly persecuted minority in the Empire. His work still survives, and was popular in the Middle Ages.
See also
List of Roman gentes
References
Category:Roman gentes
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Phocylides (beetle)
Phocylides is a genus of primitive weevils in the family of beetles known as Brentidae. There is at least one described species in Phocylides, P. bicolor.
References
Further reading
Category:Brentidae
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Santeon
Santeon is a cooperative association of 7 teaching hospitals across the Netherlands established in 2010:
Catharina Ziekenhuis
Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis (Nijmegen)
Martini Ziekenhuis (Groningen),
Medisch Spectrum Twente (Enschede and Oldenzaal),
OLVG (Amsterdam), Maasstad Ziekenhuis
Sint Antonius Ziekenhuis (Nieuwegein).
These hospitals account for 11% of Dutch hospital care volume. They employ approximately 29,000 people, and generate €2.9 billion in annual revenues.
In 2018 it is said to have reduced unnecessary inpatient stays over 15 months by 30% and the rate of reoperation due to complications in breast cancer patients by 74% using structured, value-based health care working with the Boston Consulting Group.
References
Category:Teaching hospitals in the Netherlands
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Martinus Hamconius
Maarten Hamckema (, Follega – 1620), sometimes anglicized as Marten Hamkes and mainly known by his pen name Martinus Hamconius, was a Frisian writer, poet and historian best known for his apocryphal history books on the Kingdom of Frisia.
Category:1550 births
Category:1620 deaths
Category:16th-century Dutch writers
Category:Frisian writers
Category:West Frisian-language writers
Category:People from De Fryske Marren
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
List of Noragami episodes
is an anime television series adapted from the manga of the same title by Adachitoka. It is produced by Bones and directed by Kotaro Tamura with character designs by Toshihiro Kawamoto. The series follows a poor deity named Yato, who desires to become a famous god, and his adventures with a human girl named Hiyori, whose spirit frequently leaves her body, and Yukine, a young wandering spirit whom he adopts as his weapon.
Prior to the series' television premiere, its first episode was screened at 2013's Anime Festival Asia on November 10, 2013. The anime began airing in Japan on January 5, 2014, on Tokyo MX and later on MBS, BS11 and TVA. Funimation licensed the anime for streaming in North America. Madman Entertainment licensed the anime for distribution in Australia and New Zealand.
Two additional episodes were released on DVDs, bundled with the limited edition of the 10th and 11th manga volumes, published on February 17 and July 17, 2014. The opening theme song is by Hello Sleepwalkers. The ending theme song is by Supercell and sung by Tia.
The anime's second season, Noragami Aragoto, was announced March 2015 by Kodansha. The series aired between October 2, 2015 and December 25, 2015. For this season, the opening theme song is by The Oral Cigarettes, and the ending theme song is by Tia.
Episode list
Noragami
Noragami Aragoto
Home media
References
Noragami
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Art of the Devil 2
Art of the Devil 2 (Thai: ลองของ or Long khong) is a 2005 Thai horror film directed by Kongkiat Khomsiri, Art Thamthrakul, Yosapong Polsap, Putipong Saisikaew, Isara Nadee, Pasith Buranajan and Seree Pongniti (known collectively as the "Ronin Team"). It was released by Five Star Production.
A sequel in name only to a 2004 film (Khon len khong), this film is about a teacher, named Aajaan Panor (portrayed by Napakpapha Nakprasitte), who is humiliated by some students. She turns to black magic to exact revenge.
Plot
Two years ago, six school friends – Ta, Kim, Por, Tair, Noot, and Ko – were faced with a grudge. Ta's mother died when he was young, and his father remarried Ta's teacher, Miss Panor. Kim was his girlfriend (but is now dating Por). The boyish Tair and stylish Noot might be lovers (though this is never made clear), and Ko is their fun-loving friend.
During their last year at school, Miss Panor seduces Por (though this is not known to his friends). Por subsequently discovers he's not the only one in her bed. In addition to being married to Ta's father, Miss Panor is also having an affair with the sports coach. Fuelled by jealousy, Por suggests filming Panor and the coach to 'prove her infidelity' to Ta's father. The friends, save for Kim, do so, and broadcast it to the entire school. The coach soon discovers it was them and holds the group at gunpoint while he sexually abuses them.
Seeking revenge, the students approach a Shaman who agrees to curse the coach. A few days later, Por goes back to the shaman and asks him to curse Miss Panor, too. The coach dies in which numerous fish hooks appear from his body. Miss Panor, who is embarrassed at her sexual exploits being revealed, is found stabbing herself repeatedly in the legs. She subsequently becomes a recluse, returning home to her cottage on the river, away from the city.
In the present, the six friends gather together after Ta's father commits suicide in order to head to the remote village and pay their respects to Miss Panor. Upon arrival at Panor's cottage on the river, Noot's cell phone rings; her uncle wants her to return because her father is in the hospital, so she makes her goodbyes and heads back to the city. Miss Panor is a polite hostess (if a little distant), and Ta's great-grandmother seems harmless enough, though he warns everyone that she is a bit senile. As the group stays at the cottage, Kim experiences some strange occurrences around it such as, the door moving on its own, a white figure appearing underwater, and seeing Ta's great-grandmother devouring a cat.
Miss Panor retires to a secret hut in the jungle, where she has several corpses gathered round, all of them sitting at desks, like students. Each corpse has a photo attached to it, indicating which former student it represents.
At dinner that night, as the friends eat the soup Panor has made for them, each student spits out something: Ko spits up a fingernail, Por spits up a piece of tongue with a piercing on it, Kim spits up an eye contact lens and Tair an eyeball. The group realizes that the meat, which is actually the dismembered body parts in the soup is, in fact, Noot. They search the cottage for Miss Panor. Kim finds a video camera with a tape that shows Miss Panor killing and cannibalizing the shaman who cursed her, and then rushing towards the camera with a tree branch raised and bringing it down on whomever is holding the camera.
Tair begins to have hallucinations of corpses shambling around everywhere. The group flees the house and sees a light outside. They call to the boat for help, but it drives past them. The driver takes a fatal fall from the boat after seeing Miss Panor coming towards him from the other side, which sinks. Kim tumbles into the water and has a vision of Panor and Ta's father. In the vision, Panor is shown torturing Ta's father by ripping off his toenails, on the premise that if she hobbles him, he can't leave her. When Panor leaves the room, Ta's father shoots himself in the head. Kim relates this to the others, and they find the gun. In the same room, there are also some jars filled with pickled mangoes. In one of these jars, the group finds Ta's dead father.
The group runs to the house's dusty old shrine to hide and pray. Tair has a laughing fit and is temporarily possessed by Miss Panor. Ko threatens Tair with the gun, but suddenly starts to writhe and flail as dozens of salamanders claw their way out of his body, killing him.
The youths now decide to split up: Por and Ta go off into the jungle to find Panor, leaving Kim and Tair sitting outside the shrine, with Tair (now free of possession) still seeing visions of corpses. She panics and runs off, and Kim follows into the dense jungle. The boys hear Kim fall down. They run to find her, but are separated. Ta finds Kim and wrenches a piece of metal from her leg. Alone, Por has creepy visions of Panor. Ta leaves Kim to look for Por. Tair bursts from the jungle, cowering away from her visions. After seeing Kim as a walking corpse and in hysterics, Tair rips out her own eyes.
Por finds Kim, who appears to him as Miss Panor, taunting him about their love affair. Firing the gun at Kim, but Ta rescues her just in time. Por runs off into the jungle and discovers Panor chanting in her secret hut. Por flees, but a vision of Panor appears, hamstrings him, and starts pulling out his teeth; Por crawls away and confesses that he had a love spell placed on Panor causing her to seduce him, became jealous when he found out she was also sleeping with the coach and took part in filming them and then placing a pain-inducing curse on Panor as punishment. Suddenly, his vision clears and he sees Kim and Ta. Kim is repulsed by Por's confession; she and Ta leave Por in the jungle.
Miss Panor arrives, ties up Por, and takes him to her secret hut. She stabs him in the neck with a syringe full of a paralytic agent, then pours boiling water down his throat and slowly burns every inch of his skin with a blowtorch.
In the jungle, Ta is carrying Kim on his back. She begs him to continue without her, but he refuses. The two of them come across a small shrine, on which is hanging Noot's bag. Her cell phone rings: it's her uncle, wondering where she is.
In the secret jungle hut, Miss Panor is performing CPR on fatally burned Por in order to inflict more torture on him. Meanwhile, police officers converge outside the hut. As Miss Panor starts to use a power drill on Por's head, the officers break in and shoot her.
Kim is rushed to a hospital. She recovers, and Ta comes to visit her. As they chat, the TV in Kim's room broadcasts a news show, which reports that the five students who visited Miss Panor are dead. Also discovered in the secret hut was Ta's charred corpse.
In horror, Kim turns to see that Ta is actually a badly burned, walking corpse. He never went with them to visit Miss Panor; he was already dead by then. As he pets Kim's hand, Ta explains: the video of Panor eating the shaman was taken by Ta's father, who had threatened divorce after witnessing the tape of her and the coach. For this, Panor tortured him and he killed himself. Panor locked Ta's great-grandmother in a closet and left her to starve. It was Ta's great-grandmother who had told Panor that in order to break the spells placed on her she had to kill the shaman that was paid to perform them and eat his flesh. She also warned Panor that it could drive her insane (it does). It also becomes clear that the coach had also placed a love spell on Panor to instigate their affair just like Por did. Miss Panor was the victim of all these spells. Her attempt to free herself and seek revenge led her into insanity. She tortured Ta in all the ways that will be experienced by his friends. Ta's vengeful spirit had lured the group there so they could feel the pain that he went through. He only saved Kim from being killed because he still loves her.
A flashback of their days in school returned. Kim and a classmate had a crush on Ta. Kim makes a bet with her classmate that if Ta doesn't court Kim within a week, she will "offer" Ta to her. Kim was then seen with the shaman who appeared earlier, who warns her, "Once you start, it will follow you till you die." She receives a clay doll and thanks the shaman.
The film ends with Kim jumps out of the hospital window to her death, holding the clay doll. Ta's burnt form lies beside her declaring his love for her.
Nominations
Napakpapha (better known in Thailand as Mamee) was a nominee for best actress for the Bangkok Critics Assembly's 2005 awards. She was also nominated as best supporting actress for the Thailand National Film Awards. This nomination was protested by Mamee and Five Star Production, who asserted that Mamee should have been nominated in the best actress category. Five Star then boycotted the awards ceremony.
Film festivals
2006 Bangkok International Film Festival – Selected the audience favorite.
2006 New York Asian Film Festival
2006 Fantasia Festival
References
External links
Category:2005 films
Category:2005 horror films
Category:Five Star Production films
Category:Thai films
Category:Thai ghost films
Category:Films about witchcraft
Category:Thai-language films
Category:Thai horror films
Category:Thai supernatural horror films
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
MAD Secret Concerts: Despina Vandi Live
MAD Secret Concerts: Despina Vandi Live is the fourth video album by Greek singer Despina Vandi, released in 2006 by Heaven Music in Greece and Cyprus.
Background
The video is made up entirely of English-language material with Vandi performing covers of international music artists. The video centers mostly around retro themes, with songs mostly from the 1980s, and focuses on disco and dance genres, including some R&B, funk, and hip hop sounds. Other songs that were performed but were not included on the track listing were "Fame" by Irene Cara and "Is It a Crime" by Sade. The repertoire that Vandi had chosen were song that she described as a "life dream" of hers to sing when she was young, although she had not yet been given the opportunity. During her performance of Extreme's "More Than Words", she dedicated the song to someone who she revealed "he knows" who he is. The concert was produced in support by TIM and Flocafe and was performed in front of a small audience of 300 people that were previously chosen through a contest by MAD TV. One month of preparation was put into the concert and it was made possible with 100 technicians, 20 musicians, and 11 cameramen over 10 days of rehearsal. Vandi chose to conduct her concert in a different manner than had been done for the Elena Paparizou concert, specifically by dancing into the crowd and singing rather than remaining stationary, as well as having a featured backing band, Blues Bug, that also had a role in main performances. Vandi did not sing in the performance of "Word Up", but instead danced onstage as it was performed by the frontman of Blues Bug. In their concert review, MAD TV praised Vandi for the unique atmosphere she gave the show through her connection to the audience, the band, and musical director, Tony Kontaxakis, making it more fun and "funky". The direction was by Vandi's long time music video director, Kostas Kapetanidis, while the sound recording was directed by Kostas Kalimeris. The concert was the second MAD Secret Concert and was televised by ANT1 in May 2006.
Track listing
Intro
Beginning credits
"Ain't Nobody (Rufus & Chaka Khan)
Backstage Pt.1
"Play That Funky Music" (Wild Cherry)
"Think" (Aretha Franklin)
"I'm So Excited (The Pointer Sisters)
"Walking on Sunshine" (Katrina & the Waves)
"Last Night a DJ Saved My Life" (Indeep)
Backstage Pt.2
"Word Up" (Performed by Blues Bug) (Cameo)
"Don't Look Any Further" (Dennis Edwards feat. Siedah Garrett)
"It's Raining Men" (The Weather Girls)
Backstage Pt.3
"More Than Words" (Extreme)
"Sweet Dreams" (Eurythmics)
End credits
Charts
References
External links
Official site
Category:Covers albums
Category:Despina Vandi video albums
Category:MAD Secret Concerts
Category:2006 live albums
Category:2006 video albums
Category:Live video albums
Category:Heaven Music live albums
Category:Heaven Music video albums
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Dunboyne Castle Novice Hurdle
|}
The Rathbarry and Glenview Studs Novice Hurdle is a Grade 2 National Hunt novice hurdle race in Ireland. It is run at Fairyhouse, over a distance of 2 miles (3,218 metres) and it is scheduled to take place each year in March or April at the course's Easter Festival. The 2017 running was moved to a fixture in early April to avoid clashing with similar races at the Punchestown Festival. It is currently sponsored by Rathbarry & Glenview Studs.
During the 1990s it was known as the Jameson Gold Cup (Novice) Hurdle and during the 1970s & 1980s was known as the Fingal Hurdle.
Winners
See also
Horse racing in Ireland
List of Irish National Hunt races
References
Racing Post:
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
Category:National Hunt races in Ireland
Category:National Hunt hurdle races
Category:Fairyhouse Racecourse
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Kostas Peristeridis
Kostas Peristeridis (; born 24 January 1991) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Super League 2 club PAS Giannina.
Career
Born in Chania, Greece, Peristeridis moved to the Netherlands to play football at the age 16. After initially signing with FC Volendam, Peristeridis joined Almere City FC in 2010, making 10 Eerste Divisie appearances in his first season with the club.
Peristeridis has appeared for the Greece national under-21 football team.
References
External links
Profile at Voetbal International
Category:1991 births
Category:Living people
Category:Greek footballers
Category:Eerste Divisie players
Category:FC Volendam players
Category:Almere City FC players
Category:PAS Giannina F.C. players
Category:Association football goalkeepers
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
DMARC
DMARC (Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance) is an email authentication protocol. It is designed to give email domain owners the ability to protect their domain from unauthorized use, commonly known as email spoofing. The purpose and primary outcome of implementing DMARC is to protect a domain from being used in business email compromise attacks, phishing emails, email scams and other cyber threat activities.
Once the DMARC DNS entry is published, any receiving email server can authenticate the incoming email based on the instructions published by the domain owner within the DNS entry. If the email passes the authentication it will be delivered and can be trusted. If the email fails the check, depending on the instructions held within the DMARC record the email could be delivered, quarantined or rejected.
DMARC extends two existing mechanisms, Sender Policy Framework (SPF) and DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM). It allows the administrative owner of a domain to publish a policy in their DNS records to specify which mechanism (DKIM, SPF or both) is employed when sending email from that domain; how to check the From: field presented to end users; how the receiver should deal with failures - and a reporting mechanism for actions performed under those policies.
DMARC is defined in RFC 7489, dated March 2015, as "Informational".
Overview
A DMARC policy allows a sender's domain to indicate that their emails are protected by SPF and/or DKIM, and tells a receiver what to do if neither of those authentication methods passes – such as to reject the message or quarantine it. The policy can also specify how an email receiver can report back to the sender's domain about messages that pass and/or fail.
These policies are published in the public Domain Name System (DNS) as text TXT records.
DMARC doesn't directly address whether or not an email is spam or otherwise fraudulent. Instead, DMARC can require that a message not only pass DKIM or SPF validation, but that it also pass alignment. Under DMARC a message can fail even if it passes SPF or DKIM, but fails alignment.
Setting up DMARC may have a positive impact on deliverability for legitimate senders.
Alignment
DMARC operates by checking that the domain in the message's From: field (also called "5322.From") is "aligned" with other authenticated domain names. If either SPF or DKIM alignment checks pass, then the DMARC alignment test passes.
Alignment may be specified as strict or relaxed. For strict alignment, the domain names must be identical. For relaxed alignment, the top-level "Organizational Domain" must match. The Organizational Domain is found by checking a list of public DNS suffixes, and adding the next DNS label. So, for example, "a.b.c.d.example.com.au" and "example.com.au" have the same Organizational Domain, because there is a registrar that offers names in ".com.au" to customers. Albeit at the time of DMARC spec there was an IETF working group on domain boundaries, nowadays the organizational domain can only be derived from the Public Suffix List.
Like SPF and DKIM, DMARC uses the concept of a domain owner, the entity or entities that are authorized to make changes to a given DNS domain.
SPF checks that the IP address of the sending server is authorized by the owner of the domain that appears in the SMTP MAIL FROM command. (The email address in MAIL FROM is also called envelope-from or 5321.MailFrom.) In addition to requiring that the SPF check pass, DMARC additionally checks that 5321.MailFrom aligns with 5322. From.
DKIM allows parts of an email message to be cryptographically signed, and the signature must cover the From field. Within the DKIM-Signature mail header, the d= (domain) and s= (selector) tags specify where in DNS to retrieve the public key for the signature. A valid signature proves that the signer is a domain owner, and that the From field hasn't been modified since the signature was applied. There may be several DKIM signatures on an email message; DMARC requires one valid signature where the domain in the d= tag aligns with the sender's domain stated in the From: header field.
DNS record
DMARC records are published in DNS with a subdomain label _dmarc, for example _dmarc.example.com. Compare this to SPF at example.com, and DKIM at selector._domainkey.example.com.
The content of the TXT resource record consists of name=value tags, separated by semicolons, similar to SPF and DKIM. For example:
"v=DMARC1;p=none;sp=quarantine;pct=100;rua=mailto:dmarcreports@example.com;"
Here, v is the version, p is the policy, sp the subdomain policy, pct is the percent of "bad" emails on which to apply the policy, and rua is the URI to send aggregate reports to. In this example, the entity controlling the example.com DNS domain intends to monitor SPF and/or DKIM failure rates and doesn't expect emails to be sent from subdomains of example.com. Note that a subdomain can publish its own DMARC record; receivers must check it out before falling back to the organizational domain record.
Reports
DMARC is capable of producing two separate types of reports. Aggregate reports are sent to the address specified following the rua. Forensic reports are emailed to the address following the ruf tag. These mail addresses must be specified in URI mailto format (e.g. mailto:worker@example.net ). Multiple reporting addresses are valid and must each be in full URI format, separated by a comma.
Target email addresses can belong to external domains. In that case, the target domain has to set up a DMARC record to say it agrees to receive them, otherwise it would be possible to exploit reporting for spam amplification. For example, say receiver.example receives a mail message From: someone@sender.example and wishes to report it. If it finds ruf=mailto:some-id@thirdparty.example, it looks for a confirming DNS record in the namespace administered by the target, like this:
sender.example._report._dmarc.thirdparty.example IN TXT "v=DMARC1;"
Aggregate reports
Aggregate Reports are sent as XML files, typically once per day. The subject mentions the "Report Domain", which is the policy-publishing sender of the mail messages being reported, and the "Submitter", which is the entity issuing the report. The payload is in an attachment with a long filename consisting of bang-separated elements such as the report-issuing receiver, the begin and end epochs of the reported period as Unix-style time stamps, an optional unique identifier and an extension which depends on the possible compression (used to be .zip).
For example:
example.com!example.org!1475712000!1475798400.xml.gz.
The XML content consists of a header, containing the policy on which the report is based and report metadata, followed by a number of records. Records can be put in a database as a relation and viewed in a tabular form. The XML schema is defined in Appendix C of specifications and a raw record is exemplified in dmarc.org. Here we stick with a relational example, which better conveys the nature of the data. DMARC records can also be directly transformed in HTML by applying an XSL stylesheet.
Rows are grouped by source IP and authentication results, passing just the count of each group. The leftmost result columns, labelled SPF and DKIM show DMARC-wise results, either pass or fail, taking alignment into account. The rightmost ones, with similar labels, show the name of the domain which claims to participate in the sending of the message and (in parentheses) the authentication status of that claim according to the original protocol, SPF or DKIM, regardless of Identifier Alignment. On the right side, SPF can appear at most twice, once for the Return-Path: test and once for the HELO test; DKIM can appear once for each signature present in the message. In the example, the first row represents the main mail flow from example.org, and the second row is a DKIM glitch, such as signature breakage due to a minor alteration in transit. The third and fourth rows show typical failures modes of a forwarder and a mailing list, respectively. DMARC authentication failed for the last row only; it could have affected the message disposition if example.org had specified a strict policy.
The disposition reflects the policy published actually applied to the messages, none, quarantine, or reject. Along with it, not shown in the table, DMARC provides for a policy override. Some reasons why a receiver can apply a policy different from the one requested are already provided for by the specification:
forwarded while keeping the same bounce address, usually doesn't break DKIM,
sampled out because a sender can choose to only apply the policy to a percentage of messages only,
trusted forwarder the message arrived from a locally known source
mailing list the receiver heuristically determined that the message arrived from a mailing list,
local policy receivers are obviously free to apply the policy they like, it is just cool to let senders know,
other if none of the above applies, a comment field allows to say more.
Forensic reports
Forensic Reports, also known as Failure Reports, are generated in real time and consist of redacted copies of individual emails that failed SPF, DKIM or both based upon what value is specified in the fo tag. Their format, an extension of Abuse Reporting Format, resembles that of regular bounces in that they contain either a "message/rfc822" or a "text/rfc822-headers".
Compatibility
Forwarders
There are several different types of email forwarding, some of which may break SPF.
Mailing lists
Mailing lists are a frequent cause of legitimate breakage of the original author's domain DKIM signature, for example by adding a prefix to the subject header. A number of workarounds are possible, and mailing list software packages are working on solutions.
Turn off all message modifications
This workaround keeps the standard mailing list workflow, and is adopted by several large mailing list operators, but precludes the list adding footers and subject prefixes . This requires careful configuration of mailing software to make sure signed headers aren't reordered or modified.
A misconfigured mail server may List-id in its DKIM of messages sent to a mailing list, and then the list operator is forced to reject it or do From: rewriting.
From: rewriting
One of the most popular and least intrusive workarounds consists of rewriting the From: header field. The original author's address can then be added to the Reply-To: field. Rewriting can range from just appending .INVALID to the domain name, to allocating a temporary user ID to forward replies through the list; where an opaque ID is used, this keeps the user's "real" email address private from the list. In addition, the display name can be changed so as to show both the author and the list (or list operator). Those examples would result, respectively, in one of:
From: John Doe <user@example.com.INVALID>
From: John Doe <243576@mailinglist.example.org>
From: John Doe via MailingList <list@mailinglist.example.org>
and
Reply-To: John Doe <user@example.com>
The last line, Reply-To:, has to be designed in order to accommodate reply-to-author functionality, in case reply-to-list function is covered by the preceding change in the From: header field. That way, the original meaning of those fields is reversed.
Altering the author is not fair in general, and can break the expected relationship between meaning and appearance of that datum. It also breaks automated use of it. There are communities which use mailing lists to coordinate their work, and deploy tools which use the From: field to attribute authorship to attachments.
Other workarounds
Wrapping the message works nicely, for those who use an email client which understands wrapped messages. Not doing any change is perhaps the most obvious solution, except that they seem to be legally due in some countries, and that routinely losing SPF authentication may render overall authentication more fragile.
Sender field
Making changes to the From: header field to pass DKIM alignment may bring the message out of compliance with RFC 5322 section 3.6.2: "The 'From:' field specifies the author(s) of the message, that is, the mailbox(es) of the person(s) or system(s) responsible for the writing of the message." Mailbox refers to the author's email address. The Sender: header is available to indicate that an email was sent on behalf of another party, but DMARC only checks policy for the From domain and ignores the Sender domain.
Both ADSP and DMARC reject using the Sender field on the non-technical basis that many user agents don't display this to the recipient.
History
A draft DMARC specification has been maintained since 30 January 2012,
In October 2013, GNU Mailman 2.1.16 was released with options to handle posters from a domain with the DMARC policy of p=reject. The change tried to anticipate the interoperability issues expected in case restrictive policies were applied to domains with human users (as opposed to purely transactional mail domains).
In April 2014, Yahoo changed its DMARC policy to p=reject, thereby causing misbehavior in several mailing lists. A few days later, AOL also changed its DMARC policy to p=reject. Those moves resulted in a significant amount of disruption, and those mailbox providers have been accused of forcing the costs of their own security failures onto third parties.
An IETF working group was formed in August 2014 in order to address DMARC issues, starting from interoperability concerns and possibly continuing with a revised standard specification and documentation. Meanwhile, the existing DMARC specification had reached an editorial state agreed upon and implemented by many. It was published in March 2015 on the Independent Submission stream in the "Informational" (non-standard) category as RFC 7489.
In March 2017, the Federal Trade Commission published a study on DMARC usage by businesses. The study found that about 10% of 569 businesses with a significant online presence publish strict DMARC policies.
Contributors
The contributors of the DMARC specification include:
Receivers: AOL, Comcast, Google (Gmail), Netease (163.com, 126.com, 188.com, yeah.net), Microsoft (Outlook.com, Hotmail), Yahoo, Mail.Ru, XS4ALL, Yandex
Senders: American Greetings, Bank of America, Facebook, Fidelity Investments, LinkedIn, PayPal, JPMorganChase, Twitter
Intermediaries and vendors: dmarcian, DMARC Analyzer, Valimail, Agari, EasyDMARC, Cloudmark, Netcraft, MailReport, ReturnPath, Redsift OnDMARC, Trusted Domain Project, Symantec
See also
Authenticated Received Chain (ARC)
Author Domain Signing Practices
E-mail authentication
Certified email
Mail servers with DMARC
Notes
References
External links
The Anti Spam Research Group wiki: Mitigating DMARC damage to third party mail
Category:Email authentication
Category:Spam filtering
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
2014 UEFA European Under-17 Championship squads
The following is a list of squads for each national team competing at the 2014 UEFA European Under-17 Championship in Malta. The tournament was scheduled to start on 9 May and the final will take place in Ta'Qali in the National Stadium on 21 May 2014. Each national team had to submit a squad of 18 players born after 1 January 1997. Although some associations have published a list of players, the regulations state that the teams only need be submitted to UEFA before 12:00 CET on 8 May. The number of caps and goals listed below are from before the tournament started.
Players in boldface have been capped at full international level at some point in their career.
Group A
England
Head coach: John Peacock
Malta
Head coach: Sergio Soldano
Netherlands
Head coach: Maarten Stekelenburg
Turkey
Head coach: Hakan Tecimer
Group B
Portugal
Head coach: Emílio Peixe
Germany
Head coach: Christian Wück
Scotland
Head coach: Scot Gemmill
Switzerland
Head coach: Yves Débonnaire
References
External links
Official tournament squads site at UEFA
Category:2014 UEFA European Under-17 Championship
Category:UEFA European Under-17 Championship squads
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Posht-e Bam
Posht-e Bam or Posht Bam () may refer to:
Posht Bam, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad
Posht-e Bam, North Khorasan
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Peter Chartier
Peter Chartier (16901759) (Anglicized version of Pierre Chartier, sometimes written Chartiere, Chartiers, Shartee or Shortive) was a fur trader of French and Shawnee parentage who became a tribal chief and was an early advocate for Native American civil rights, speaking out against the sale of alcohol in indigenous communities in Pennsylvania. He first attempted to limit the sale of rum in Shawnee communities in the Province of Pennsylvania, then launched a movement to prohibit it altogether. Conflict with the colonial government motivated him to lead his community of over 400 Pekowi Shawnees on a four-year odyssey through Ohio, Kentucky, Alabama and Indiana, eventually resettling in Illinois. He later fought on the side of the French during the French and Indian War.
Two communities (Chartiers Township and Chartiers (Pittsburgh)), several rivers including Chartiers Creek, Chartiers Run (Allegheny River) and Chartiers Run (Chartiers Creek), and two school districts (Chartiers-Houston School District and Chartiers Valley School District) are named after him.
Parentage and early life
Peter Chartier was born Pierre Chartier and was the son of Martin Chartier (1655-1718), a glovemaker and carpenter born in St-Jean-de-Montierneuf, Poitiers, Vienne, Poitou-Charentes, France. Martin Chartier arrived in Quebec with his brother and sister and his father René in 1667. He accompanied Louis Jolliet on his 1674 journey to the Illinois Territory, where he first met Peter's mother. They were married in a Shawnee ceremony in 1675 and Peter's older sister was born the following year. Martin later went with La Salle on his 1679-1680 journey to Lake Erie, Lake Huron and Lake Michigan. He assisted in the construction of Fort Miami and Fort Crèvecoeur where, on 16 April 1680 he and six other men mutinied, looted and burned the fort, and fled. (In a letter of 1682, La Salle stated that Martin "was one of these who incited the others to do as they did.") Martin spent the next several years traveling with a group of Shawnee and Susquehannock Indians.
Peter Chartier's mother was Sewatha Straight Tail (1660–1759) daughter of Straight Tail Meaurroway Opessa of the Pekowi Shawnee.
Peter was born at French Lick on the Cumberland River in northeastern Tennessee, near the present-day site of Nashville, Tennessee, where his father ran a trading post for a short time. Peter's Shawnee name was Wacanackshina which means "White one who reclines". Around 1697 he moved with his family to Pequea Creek in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Chartier married his first cousin, Blanceneige-Wapakonee Opessa (1695-1737), about 1710. They had three children: Francois "Pale Croucher" (b. 1712), René "Pale Stalker" (b. 1720), and Anna (b. 1730).
In 1717, Governor William Penn granted Peter's father Martin a 300-acre tract of land along the Conestoga River in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania (one source says 500 acres). Together they established a trading post in Conestoga Town. In 1718 they moved to Dekanoagah on the Yellow Breeches Creek near the Susquehanna River where his father died in April of that year.
Peter's father's funeral was attended by James Logan, the future Mayor of Philadelphia. Immediately afterwards, Logan seized Martin Chartier's 250-acre estate on the grounds that Martin owed him a debt of 108 pounds, 19 shillings and 3 and 3/4 pence. He had Peter and his family evicted, and expelled a community of Conestoga Indians who were also living on the property. He later sold the property to Stephen Atkinson for 30 pounds. Logan permitted Peter to maintain his trading post on the land as a tenant, and eventually Peter opened another post at Paxtang on the Susquehanna River (a 1736 map of Paxtang Manor by surveyor Edward Smout shows the home of Peter Chartier [spelled "Peter Shottea"] in what is today New Cumberland, Pennsylvania). Although Peter Chartier eventually became a wealthy landowner, this experience with Logan embittered him, and was one of several factors causing him to turn against the Provincial Government.
Early career as a trader
On 3 November 1730 Peter Chartier was licensed by the English court in Lancaster County to trade with the Indians in the south-western Pennsylvania area. By 1732 Chartier had become well known as a negotiator between the Shawnees and the traders who came to sell them goods. The Quaker trader Edmund Cartlidge wrote to Governor Patrick Gordon on 14 May 1732:
I find Peter Chartiere well inclined, and stands firm by the interest of Pennsylvania, and very ready on all accounts to do all the service he can. And as he has the Shawnise Tongue very perfect, and [is] well looked upon among them, he may do a great deal of good.
In September and October 1732, Chartier and Cartlidge served as interpreters during a conference in Philadelphia attended by Opakethwa and Opakeita, two Shawnee chiefs, with Thomas Penn, Governor Gordon and the 72-member Pennsylvania Provincial Council. With Chartier and the two chiefs was Quassenung, son of the Shawnee chief Kakowatcheky. The minutes of the conference record that both Opakethwa and Quassenung died of smallpox during their visit to Philadelphia.
Conflict with the colonial government
Alcohol abuse and Native Americans in Pennsylvania
Beginning around 1675 traders had been selling rum in Shawnee communities which had resulted in more than one incident of violence resulting in death. In October 1701 the Pennsylvania Assembly had prohibited the sale of rum to the Indians, however as the law was poorly enforced and the penalty was light—a fine of ten pounds and confiscation of any illegal supplies—rum continued to be used to barter for furs. Traders soon began selling rum on credit in order to extort furs and skins and labor out of the Shawnees.
By the early 1700s the effects of alcohol abuse were damaging Shawnee communities. Rum as well as brandy and other distilled beverages had become important trade items and essential elements in diplomatic councils, treaty negotiations, and political transactions and had become part of Native American gift-giving rituals. The result was the erosion of civility, an increase in violence and widespread health problems. Alcohol made men less reliable hunters and allies, destabilized village economics and contributed to a rise in poverty. The minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania for 16 May 1704 record a complaint submitted by Chief Ortiagh of the Conestoga Indians:
Great quantities of rum [are] continually brought to their town, insomuch as they [are] ruined by it, having nothing left but have laid out all, even their clothes, for rum, and may now, when threatened with war, be surprised by their enemies when beside themselves with drink, and so be utterly destroyed.
Attempts to control the sale of alcohol to the Shawnee
On 24 April 1733 the Shawnee chiefs at "Allegania" sent a petition to Governor Gordon complaining that "There is yearly and monthly some new upstart of a trader without license, who comes amongst us and brings with him nothing but rum ..." and asking permission to destroy the casks of rum: "We therefore beg thou would take it into consideration, and send us two firm orders, one for Peter Chartier, the other for us, to break in pieces all the [casks] so brought."
On 1 May 1734 this was followed by another letter dictated by several Shawnee chiefs to a trader, probably Jonah Davenport, listing the names of some fifteen traders who either had no license or had exhibited undesirable behavior such as frequent disputes or violence. Another seven, including Chartier, were named as being in good standing, and these would be permitted to bring up to 60 gallons of rum a year, as long as they could show a license. Chartier was described as "one of us, and he is welcome to come as long as he pleases ... [and] to bring what quantity [of rum] he pleases ..." The letter concludes, "And for our parts, if we see any other traders than those we desire amongst us, we will stave their [casks] and seize their goods." The Shawnee evidently felt that control over the sale of rum would reduce problems resulting from its abuse.
The prohibition of rum in Shawnee communities
By 1737 Chartier had become chief of the Pekowi Turtle Clan, with whom he was living. He apparently made the decision to prohibit the sale of rum in Shawnee communities in his area, and persuaded other chiefs to do the same. In a letter of 20 March 1738, addressed to Thomas Penn and Acting Governor James Logan, three Shawnee chiefs stated:
All our people being gathered together, we held a council together, to leave off drinking for the space of four years, and we all in general agreed to it, taking into consideration the ill consequences that attend it and what disturbance it makes, and that two of our brothers, the Mingoes, lost their lives in our towns by rum, and that we would live in peace and quietness and become another people ... The proposal of stopping the rum and all strong liquors was made to the rest [of the tribe] in the winter, and they were all willing. As soon as it was concluded of, all the rum that was in the Towns was all staved and spilled, belonging both to Indians and white people, which in quantity consisted of about forty gallons, that was thrown in the street, and we have appointed four men to stave all the rum or strong liquors that is brought to the Towns hereafter, either by Indians or white men, during the four years. We would be glad if our brothers would send strict orders that we might prevent the rum coming to the hunting cabins or to the neighboring towns. We have sent wampum to the French, to the Five Nations, to the Delaware ... to tell them not to bring any rum to our towns, for we want none ... so we would be glad if our brothers would inform the traders not bring any for we are sorry, after they have brought it a great way, for them to have it broke, and when they're once warned they will take care.
This letter was accompanied by a pledge, signed by ninety-eight Shawnees and by Chartier, agreeing that all rum should be spilled, and four men should be appointed for every town to see that no rum or strong liquor should be brought into their towns for the term of four years. Governor Patrick Gordon sent Chartier a reprimand, and traders continued to bring rum into Shawnee communities, including several traders who the Shawnees had requested be barred from their territory.
For several years the French government had been trying to win the support of indigenous communities for a war against the British, and in 1740 the Governor of New France, Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois, attempted to persuade Chartier and other Shawnee leaders to meet in Montreal to discuss relocating to Detroit and forming an alliance. In a letter of 25 June 1740 Chartier declined, promising to visit Montreal the following year (a promise which he evidently did not keep).
Tensions with the Pennsylvania government escalated in 1743 when on 6 June three traders appeared before the Pennsylvania Provincial Council saying that two others had been murdered and that they had been advised by the Shawnees to leave or they too would be killed. The governor regarded this as an act of provocation to violence, and sent a letter to the Pennsylvania Assembly alleging that Chartier's Native American heritage inclined him to have a "brutish disposition ... and it is not to be doubted that a person of his savage temper will do us all the mischief he can."
In 1743 Chartier moved to Shannopin's Town, and established a trading post on the Allegheny River about twenty miles upstream from the forks of the Ohio near the mouth of Chartiers Run at what is now Tarentum, a place which later became known as Chartier's Old Town. Several Shawnee communities from the Chalahgawtha, Pekowi and Mekoche bands later resettled near Chartier's Old Town.
Chartier's flight from Pennsylvania
His efforts to protect his people from the influence of British traders having been frustrated, in April 1745 Chartier accepted a military commission from the French. Chartier had decided to lead his people away from the influence of rum-peddling traders, cutting off the lucrative supply of furs that the British received from the Shawnee in exchange for rum.
In July 1745 two traders, James Dunning [one of the traders that had been banned in 1734] and Peter Tostee appeared in Philadelphia claiming that they had been robbed on 18 April:
... as they were returning up the Allegheny River in canoes, from a trading trip, with a considerable quantity of furs and skins, Peter Chartier, late an Indian Trader, with about 400 Shawnese Indians, armed with guns, pistols and cutlasses, suddenly took them prisoners, having, as he said, a captain's commission from the King of France; and plundered them of all their effects to the value of sixteen hundred pounds.
The Pennsylvania provincial council issued an indictment of "Peter Chartier of Lancaster County ... Labourer [who], being moved and seduced by the instigation of the Devil ... falsely, traitorously, unlawfully and treasonably did compass, imagine and intend open war, insurrection and rebellion against our said Lord the King." Chartier's landholdings in Pennsylvania, totaling some 600 acres, were seized and turned over to Thomas Lawrence, a business partner of Edward Shippen, III.
Chartier led his Shawnee band to Lower Shawneetown on the Ohio River where they took refuge for a few weeks. Chartier and his people recognized that, by defying the Provincial Governor and accepting French patronage, they were now compelled to leave Pennsylvania. A French trader in Lower Shawneetown witnessed Chartier's Shawnees performing a two-day "Death Feast," a ceremony conducted before abandoning a village.
Fortunately, the Shawnees were accustomed to relocating—Peter's father Martin had traveled with them from Illinois to Maryland in the early 1690s. The group now proceeded to Kentucky to establish a new community called Eskippakithiki. Fighting with Iroquois and Chickasaw, as well as a smallpox epidemic, led them to move south to the Coosa River in 1748, where they established the village of Chalakagay near what is now Sylacauga, Alabama. The warrior and chieftain Black Hoof (1740–1831), then a child, was a member of this Shawnee band and recalled it in later years.
In 1747 Chartier appeared in Detroit (although this may actually have been one of his sons) to meet with Roland-Michel Barrin de La Galissonière and explain why his Shawnees had chosen not to move to Detroit. The French had hoped to lure large numbers of Shawnees and other tribes away from British influence, but Chartier was the only leader to accept French patronage. His band preferred to settle on the Wabash, which is where they had been living when Martin Chartier first encountered them in 1674. After leaving Detroit, Chartier visited Terre Haute, Indiana and in 1749 he met Captain Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville at the forks of the Ohio, during the Colonel's "lead plate expedition". Céloron also reported passing through the abandoned ruins of Chartier's Old Town.
Chartier's Shawnee band split several times; many returned to Pennsylvania to join the British during the French and Indian war. Chartier and about 190 Shawnees eventually settled in Old Shawneetown, Illinois, however tensions immediately developed between them and the established tribes, the Illinois Confederation, the Piankashaw, the Kickapoos and the Mascoutin. Fighting ensued until Chartier signed a treaty brokered by the Marquis de Vaudreuil in Mobile, Alabama on 24 June 1750.
Chartier encouraged Vaudreuil to consider the Shawnees a unified nation (although this was not strictly accurate), and reaffirmed Shawnee loyalty to the French: "[H]is entire nation was entirely devoted to us [the French]," the Marquis later wrote. "[I]t is well to show this nation certain considerations in view of the fact that it has always been strongly attached to us." This was significant as the French tried to garner Native American loyalty in preparation for war.
Participation in the French and Indian War
In June 1754 Chartier was present with his Shawnee warriors and his two sons, Francois and René, at the death of Captain Joseph Coulon de Jumonville at the Battle of Jumonville Glen. In July 1754 he and his sons participated in the French victory over George Washington at the Battle of Fort Necessity. Both of Chartier's sons fought against the British in numerous engagements during the French and Indian War. René may have been killed with Cornstalk when he was detained at Fort Randolph in November 1777.
Death
Peter Chartier was last seen in 1758 in a village on the Wabash River, however he is mentioned later in a 1760 letter from Governor-General Vaudreuil-Cavagnial:
"In the last days of the month of June of [1759], five Chaouoinons [Shawnees] of [Chartier]'s band came...to ask him for a piece of ground, as theirs was not good. M. de MacCarty sent some provisions to those Indians, whom he placed near Fort Massac. They were more useful and less dangerous there than when collected together at Sonyote [Lower Shawneetown].
There is evidence that Chartier (as well as his mother Sewatha Straight Tail) died in an outbreak of smallpox that had originated in 1757 in Quebec and later spread to Native American communities across North America.
Chartier's legacy
Historian Richard White characterizes Chartier's rise to power as unique among the Shawnee:
Chartier was a political chameleon whose changes in coloring reflected opportunities rather than convictions, but it is the scope of his transformation that is most revealing. Chartier's switch from a British to a French partisan is perhaps less significant than his metamorphosis from métis trader to Shawnee factional leader. Originally he was an important but marginal political figure, a man who acted through the chiefs, tying them to him through debts or gifts. Eventually he became a man who challenged chiefs, and ultimately, he acted like a chief himself...By 1750 he had legitimized his position.
Regulation of the sale of alcohol in Native American communities
Chartier's decision to join the French and to lead his community out of Pennsylvania sparked fears that French influence over Native Americans would motivate them to attack British settlements. Accordingly, the Pennsylvania provincial government took measures to comply with the repeated requests of Shawnee leaders to control the practice of trading rum for furs. On 7 May 1745, shortly after Chartier had announced his defection to the French, Lieutenant-Governor George Thomas issued a proclamation stating:
Whereas frequent complaints have been made by the Indians, and of late earnestly renewed, that divers gross irregularities and abuses have been committed in the Indian countries, and that many of their people have been cheated and inflamed to such a degree by means of strong liquors being brought and sold amongst them contrary to the said laws, as to endanger their own lives and the lives of others ... I do hereby strictly enjoin the magistrates of the several counties within this province, and especially those of the county of Lancaster, where these abuses are mostly carried on, to be very vigilant.
Thomas strengthened the law against the sale of rum in indigenous communities, doubled the fine to twenty pounds, required a surety bond of one hundred pounds from anyone applying for a license to trade furs with Native Americans, required that the goods of traders traveling to indigenous communities be searched, and gave
...full power and authority to any Indian or Indians to whom rum or other strong liquors shall be hereafter offered for sale contrary to the said laws, to stave and break to pieces the cask or vessel in which such rum or other strong liquor is contained.
Although this was the most severe proclamation yet implemented to control the distribution of alcohol to Native Americans, it was also not strictly enforced and alcohol abuse continued to be an increasing problem in indigenous communities.
Native American self-determination
Historian Stephen Warren describes Peter Chartier as an "audacious example of independence [which] infuriated Englishmen and Frenchmen alike," saying that Chartier
...encouraged Pan-Indian expressions of unity ... He discovered valuable lessons in movement and reinvention and ... turned Shawnee histories of migration and violence toward adoption of a new racial consciousness for Indian peoples in the eastern half of North America.
Warren argues that both Peter and his father Martin Chartier influenced the Shawnee attitudes towards their neighbors and rivals, both European and Native American:
The Shawnees ... modeled themselves after men such as Martin and Peter Chartier, who moved between regions and empires in a single lifetime. Like the Chartiers, the Shawnees refused to acquiesce to French, English, or Iroquois "overlords." Frustratingly independent, Shawnee migrants made deliberate choices based on the realities of Indian slavery, intertribal warfare, and access to European trade goods.
See also
Shawnee
Martin Chartier
Lower Shawneetown
French and Indian War
North American fur trade
Alcohol and Native Americans
Further reading
William Albert Hunter, "Peter Chartier: Knave of the Wild Frontier; The adventures of the first private owner of the site of New Cumberland and a record of subsequent landowners to 1814." Paper presented before the Cumberland County Historical Society on February 16, 1973. New Cumberland, PA: Historical Papers of the Cumberland County Historical Society Vol 9, no. 4 (1973); Cumberland County National Bank and Trust Co.
Notes
References
Category:1690 births
Category:1759 deaths
Category:Alcohol abuse in the United States
Category:American colonial people
Category:American people of French descent
Category:Native American history of Illinois
Category:Native American history of Ohio
Category:Native American history of Pennsylvania
Category:People from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Category:People from Tennessee
Category:Shawnee people
Category:Native American temperance activists
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
1990–91 Romanian Hockey League season
The 1990–91 Romanian Hockey League season was the 61st season of the Romanian Hockey League. Six teams participated in the league, and Steaua Bucuresti won the championship.
Regular season
External links
hochei.net
1990–91
Romanian
Rom
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Corey Swinson
Corey J. Swinson (December 15, 1969 – September 10, 2013) was an American football defensive tackle. After playing his college football at Hampton University, Swinson spent one season with the NFL's St. Louis Rams in 1995. He was originally drafted in the seventh round of the 1995 NFL Draft by the Miami Dolphins, but only spent pre-season on their roster.
Returning to Long Island after his short NFL career, Swinson was a coach at his alma mater Bay Shore High School. A lifelong resident of Bay Shore, New York, Swinson died on September 10, 2013, of natural causes.
References
Category:1969 births
Category:2013 deaths
Category:American football defensive tackles
Category:Hampton Pirates football players
Category:Miami Dolphins players
Category:St. Louis Rams players
Category:People from Bay Shore, New York
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Tail vein
Tail vein or caudal vein is the largest vein in vertebrate animals' tail. It leads directly into the posterior cardinal vein in the posterior trunk in fishes. Mammal caudal vein (the middle caudal vein) leads to inferior vena cava.
Caudal vein is one of the many places from which a laboratory worker can withdraw blood from a mouse specimen.
The process does not require the death of the mouse, that is, assuming that not too much more than the established standard of "no more than two blood samples are taken per session and in any one 24-hour period.". "The lateral tail vein is usually used and 50 μl to 0.2 ml of blood can be obtained per sample depending on the size of the animal."
Warming the animal to an ideal 39°C may be necessary to cause dilation of the veins and allow for easier processing.
References
Category:Animal anatomy
Category:Rodent anatomy
Category:Animal testing
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Break It to Me Gently (Aretha Franklin song)
"Break It to Me Gently" is a song written by Carole Bayer Sager and Marvin Hamlisch which was an R&B hit for Aretha Franklin in 1977. Released from the Sweet Passion album, it reached Number 1 on the Hot Soul Singles chart in June 1977. The song's success was only faintly reflected on the Billboard Hot 100 with a Number 85 peak, before dropping out of the Hot 100 after two weeks. "Break It to Me Gently" would be Franklin's final Atlantic single to appear on the Hot 100 - from which she would be absent until 1980.
Personnel
Performers
Aretha Franklin – vocals
Joe Clayton – congas
Harold Mason – drums
David Paich – keyboards
Ray Parker Jr. – guitar
Chuck Rainey – bass guitar
Lee Ritenour – guitar
Sylvester Rivers – keyboards
Production
Producers – Marvin Hamlisch and Carole Bayer-Sager.
Co-Producers – David Paich and Marty Paich.
Engineers – Frank Kemjar.
Mixed at Studio 55 (Los Angeles, CA).
References
Category:1977 singles
Category:Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles
Category:Aretha Franklin songs
Category:Songs written by Carole Bayer Sager
Category:Songs written by Marvin Hamlisch
Category:1977 songs
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Thomas Murner
Thomas Murner, OFM (24 December 1475c. 1537) was a German satirist, poet and translator.
He was born at Oberehnheim (Obernai) near Strasbourg. In 1490 he entered the Franciscan order, and in 1495 began travelling, studying and then teaching and preaching in Freiburg-im-Breisgau, Paris, Cracow and Strasbourg itself. The emperor Maximilian I crowned him in 1505 poeta laureatus; in 1506, he was created doctor theologiae, and in 1513 was appointed custodian of the Franciscan monastery in Strasbourg, an office which he was forced to vacate the following year for having published a scurrilous book. Later in life, in 1518, he began the study of jurisprudence at the University of Basel, and in 1519 took the degree of doctor juris.
In the summer of 1523, at the invitation of Henry VIII, he went to the Kingdom of England, where his writings had caught the attention of Thomas More.
John Headley credits Murner for making More aware of the radical nature of Martin Luther's ecclesiology.
Henry VIII felt that Murner was an important orthodox influence in Strasbourg and give him £100 and a letter to the city magistrates.
After this stay, and a journey in Italy, he again settled in Strasbourg, but, disturbed by the Protestant Reformation, went into exile at Lucerne in Switzerland in 1526. In 1533 he was appointed priest of Oberehnheim, where he died in 1537, or, according to some accounts, in 1536.
Murner was an energetic and passionate character, but made enemies wherever he went. There is little human kindness in his satires, which were directed against the corruption of the times, the Reformation, and especially against Martin Luther. His most powerful satire—the most virulent German satire of the period—is Von dem grossen Lutherischen Narren wie ihn Doctor Murner beschworen hat ("On the Great Lutheran Fool", 1522). Others included Die Narrenbeschwörung (1512); Die Schelmenzunft (1512); Die Gäuchmatt, which treats of enamoured fools (1519), and a translation of Virgil's Aeneid (1515) dedicated to the emperor Maximilian I. Murner also wrote the humorous Chartiludium logicae for the teaching of logic (1507) and the Ludus studentum Friburgensium (1511), besides a translation of Justinian's Institutiones (1519).
Murner's satires were edited in the 1840s by Johann Scheible.
Notes
References
Category:1475 births
Category:1537 deaths
Category:People from Obernai
Category:German Franciscans
Category:16th-century German poets
Category:Christian Hebraists
Category:Anti-Protestantism
Category:German translators
Category:German satirists
Category:German male poets
Category:16th-century German writers
Category:16th-century male writers
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
La Vierge
La Vierge is an oratorio (légende sacrée) in four scenes by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Charles Grandmougin. It was first performed at the Opéra in Paris on May 22, 1880.
The oratorio is a recounting of the story of the Virgin Mary from the Annunciation to her death. In the first scene, Mary is visited by the Angel Gabriel and told that she will bear a son, Jesus. The second scene takes place at the Marriage at Cana where Jesus turns water to wine, and the third on Good Friday when Jesus is crucified. The fourth scene relates the Assumption of Mary into heaven. Although never popular as a whole, the orchestral piece "Le dernier sommeil de la vierge" (The Last Sleep of the Virgin) remains a popular encore piece to this day.
A recording conducted by Patrick Fournillier was issued by Koch Swann in 1991, and the soprano Montserrat Caballé has revived the piece in concert in recent years.
External links
Category:Oratorios by Jules Massenet
Category:1880 compositions
Category:Cultural depictions of Mary (mother of Jesus)
Category:Portrayals of Jesus in music
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Mistry v Interim National Medical and Dental Council of South Africa
Mistry v Interim National Medical and Dental Council of South Africa and Others is an important case in the South African law of medicine, constitutional law, constitutional litigation and criminal procedure.
In the area of constitutional litigation, the court dealt with an application for a certificate in terms of Rule 18 of the Constitutional Court Rules, and held that the considerations relevant to deciding whether the certificate should be positive or negative are similar to those which should influence the court in deciding whether or not to grant leave to appeal to Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA): The High Court is required in both instances to consider
whether or not there are reasonable prospects of success; and
whether the issues raised are of sufficient substance to be dealt with by the SCA.
It was appropriate, in other words, that an application for a certificate in terms of Rule 18 be dealt with in the same manner as a conventional application for leave to appeal. In both instances judgment on the application is required.
The case is also important, in this area of the law, for its treatment of the power of the Constitutional Court to suspend a declaration of invalidity, in the interests of justice and good government, pending a correction of the invalid statute by the competent authority. As a general rule, the court held, it will not suspend an order of invalidity, with exceptions to be made only when the reasons are good and persuasive. The party requesting the suspension carries the burden of proof; it must provide the court with reliable information to justify a suspension, indicating at the very least
what negative consequences there may be for justice and good government of an immediately operational declaration of invalidity;
why other existing measures would not be an adequate alternative stop-gap;
what legislation on subject, if any, is in the pipeline; and
how much time would reasonably be required to adopt the corrective legislation.
Facts
Section 28(1) of the Medicines and Related Substances Control Act gave inspectors of medicines the authority to enter into and inspect any premises, place, vehicle, vessel or aircraft where such inspectors reasonably believed there were medicines or other substances regulated by the Act, and to seize any medicine or books, records or documents found in or upon such premises, place, vehicle, vessel or aircraft which appeared to afford evidence of a contravention of any provision of the Act. In short, this provision gave inspectors sweeping powers to search and seize without a warrant.
Judgment
Chaskalson
Application for leave to appeal
As to the application for leave to appeal, Chaskalson P held, and the other members of the court concurred, that the considerations relevant to deciding whether a certificate in terms of Rule 18 of the Constitutional Court Rules should be positive or negative were "in many respects similar" to those which should influence a court in deciding whether or not to grant leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Appeal. In both instances, the High Court was required to consider
whether or not there were "reasonable prospects of success;" and
whether the issues raised were "of sufficient substance" to be dealt with by the SCA.
"It is appropriate, therefore," Chaskalson concluded,
that an application for a certificate in terms of Rule 18 should be dealt with in the same manner as a conventional application for leave to appeal. In both instances a judgment on the application is required.
Having observed that "the purpose of the certificate is to assist this Court in the decision that it has to make as to whether or not leave to appeal should be granted," Chaskalson held that, where the relevant constitutional issues had been fully traversed in the judgment in respect of which the certificate had been given, there might be no need for a detailed judgment on the certificate.
Where, however, "the application for a certificate raises issues which have not been fully canvassed in the judgment, or where the reasoning in the judgment is subjected to challenge which calls for comment, the judgment on the certificate may have to be more comprehensive." Ultimately, what was necessary was that the High Court to which the application had been made should consider the issues identified in Rule 18(e) and give reasons for the findings made. Chaskalson applauded McLaren J for having done as much in the present matter.
Sachs
Sachs J held for a unanimous court that the existence of safeguards to regulate the way in which State officials may enter the private domains of ordinary citizens is one of the features that distinguish a constitutional democracy from a police state. Although, he wrote, there had been an admirable history of strong statutory controls over the powers of the police to search and seize, yet when it came to racially discriminatory laws and security legislation, vast and often unrestricted discretionary powers were conferred on officials and police.
Furthermore, he observed, generations of systematised and egregious violations of personal privacy had established norms of disrespect for citizens that had seeped generally into the public administration, and had promoted among a great many officials habits and practices inconsistent with the standards of conduct now required by the Bill of Rights.
The provision in the Medicines and Related Substances Control Act was found, accordingly, to be invalid.
Suspension of declaration of invalidity
Sachs turned next to the power of the Constitutional Court to suspend a declaration of invalidity, "in the interests of justice and good government," pending correction of the constitutional defect in the legislation by Parliament. He held that a party wishing for the court to make such an order had to provide it with "reliable information" to justify its doing so. This information would necessarily depend for its detail on "the nature of the law in question and the character of the defect to be corrected."
As a general rule, however, a government organ or other party wishing to keep an unconstitutional provision alive should indicate, "at least," the following:
what the negative consequences for justice and good government of an immediately operational declaration of invalidity would be;
why other existing measures would not be an adequate alternative stop-gap;
what legislation on the subject, if any, was in the pipeline; and
how much time would reasonably be required to adopt corrective legislation.
Parties interested in opposing such an order should be given an opportunity to motivate their opposition. Legal representatives should ensure that they have "appropriate and timeous instructions" on the matter; they should "not do their best while on their feet or else rely on a rushed telephone call at the tail-end of the hearing."
In the present matter, counsel for the Minister of Health and Mr Coote (the third and fourth respondents respectively) had requested by letter some days after the conclusion of the hearing that the court receive written evidence as to why it was imperative that the court make a declaration of specified inconsistency, rather than one of general invalidity. No notice was given to the applicant who, on being informed of the request, had indicated strenuous opposition. The request was refused. "These," Sachs held,
are matters that should be addressed at the earliest opportunity. If, for example, it is necessary to adduce evidence, this can be done under the proviso to s 102(1) of the interim Constitution prior to the referral of the matter to this Court. The issues should also be properly canvassed in the written arguments.
"Right at the end of the proceedings," the court's attention had been drawn by counsel for the respondents to the fact that section 28(1)(a) of the Act was due to be amended by the Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Act. On this Sachs held as follows:
Since we are not called upon to decide whether the new provisions relating to entry, search and seizure would be consistent with the Constitution and the principles outlined in the present judgment, I will say nothing further on the matter, and simply state that in my opinion there are no grounds upon which this Court could accede to the request by counsel to use its powers under s 98(5) to suspend the effect of a declaration of invalidity pending correction of its defects.
The order of invalidity, therefore, took immediate effect.
Retrospective effect
As to the power of the court to give retrospective effect to its order of invalidity, Sachs held that a general declaration of invalidity with retrospective effect would impact negatively on good government by rendering unlawful all searches conducted after the retrospective date specified. This could create considerable uncertainty regarding the validity of proceedings conducted on the basis of evidence obtained as a result of such searches. It could also give rise to delictual claims by persons subjected to searches and seizures after that date, adding further burdens to a health budget already under considerable strain.
Obiter
Although the provision in the Medicines and Related Substances Control Act was struck down, Sachs J made an obiter comment to the effect that Chapter 2 of the Criminal Procedure Act appeared to be in line with constitutional requirements.
References
Sources
LTC Harms Civil Procedure in the Superior Courts 3 ed (2003).
Category:South African case law
Category:1998 in case law
Category:1998 in South African law
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Copperbelt University School of Medicine
Copperbelt University School of Medicine (CUSOM), also known as Copperbelt University Medical School is the school of medicine of Copperbelt University in Zambia. The medical school is the country's second public medical school, the other being the University of Zambia School of Medicine. The school provides medical education at undergraduate and postgraduate levels.
Location
The school's campus is located in the city of Ndola, in proximity to Ndola Central Hospital and the Tropical Diseases Research Centre. This is about , north-west of the city centre. The coordinates of the medical campus are: 12°58'14.0"S, 28°38'03.0"E (Latitude:-12.970556; Longitude:28.634167). A new campus is under construction in the neighborhood called Hillcrest, about , west of the current location.
Overview
This public medical school is the first in Zambia to be located outside of Lusaka, the capital city of the county. It is also the first medical school in the country to offer courses in dentistry.
Departments
As of October 2016, the school departments are: (1) Department of Basic Sciences (2) Department of Clinical Sciences and (3) Department of Dental Sciences.
Undergraduate courses
The following undergraduate courses are offered: (1) Bachelor of Science in Clinical Medicine (2) Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery and (3) Bachelor of Dental Surgery.
Graduate courses
The following graduate courses are offered at this medical school: (1) Master of Science (2) Master of Medicine and (3) Doctor of Science.
New Campus
In 2014, ground was broken at a site off the Ndola-Kitwe dual carriageway in Ndola, for a medical campus that includes a 500-bed teaching hospital and hostels with a capacity of 1,000 medical students. As of January 2016, the construction was nearly complete, with commissioning expected later in 2016.
See also
Education in Zambia
List of medical schools in Zambia
References
External links
Copperbelt University School of Medicine Homepage
Copperbelt University Homepage
CBU School of Medicine Done
School of Medicine
Category:Medical schools in Zambia
Category:Ndola
Category:Buildings and structures in Copperbelt Province
Category:Educational institutions established in 2011
Category:2011 establishments in Zambia
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Gamla staden, Malmö
Gamla staden ("Old town") is a neighbourhood of Malmö, situated in the Borough of Centrum, Malmö Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden.
References
Category:Neighbourhoods of Malmö
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Temple Bar Marina
Temple Bar Marina is a marina on Lake Mead in the U.S. state of Arizona. The site includes a full-service marina with boat rentals, lodging at the motel-like Temple Bar Resort, a restaurant and lounge, and an RV park. Temple Bar Marina is the closest marina on Lake Mead to Phoenix. Temple Bar Marina has its own post office with ZIP code 86443. Temple Bar Airport is located near the marina.
Climate
References
External links
Temple Bar Marina website
Category:Marinas in the United States
Category:Lake Mead
Category:Buildings and structures in Mohave County, Arizona
Category:Tourist attractions in Mohave County, Arizona
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Tom Robson
Thomas James Robson (born January 15, 1946) is an American former Major League Baseball player, coach and author. He played first baseman and designated hitter for two seasons for the Texas Rangers. He is author of The Hitting Edge.
Personal life
Robson was born January 15, 1946 in Rochester, New York. He attended Camelback High School in Phoenix, AZ. He attended Phoenix College, a community college, and later Utah State University in Logan, UT. He was drafted by the New York Mets in the 50th round of the 1967 amateur draft.
He married Jeannette Irene Ivie on August 24, 1968 at home plate while playing for the NY Mets A affiliate in Visalia, CA. He and his wife have 2 sons, David Matthew and Adam Garrett. They currently reside in Chandler, AZ.
He is the uncle of current Milwaukee Brewers third baseman Mike Moustakas.
Professional playing career
He played for the Texas Rangers for six games during the 1974 Texas Rangers season and 17 games during the 1975 Texas Rangers season. After retiring, he became a coach in the Rangers' organization and later hitting coach for the New York Mets.
References
External links
Category:1946 births
Category:Living people
Category:Texas Rangers players
Category:Mankato Mets players
Category:Visalia Mets players
Category:Memphis Blues players
Category:Durham Bulls players
Category:Spokane Indians players
Category:Pittsfield Rangers players
Category:Jacksonville Suns players
Category:West Palm Beach Expos players
Category:Trois-Rivières Aigles players
Category:Texas Rangers coaches
Category:New York Mets coaches
Category:Major League Baseball first basemen
Category:Asheville Tourists managers
Category:Baseball players from New York (state)
Category:Cincinnati Reds coaches
Category:New York Mets scouts
Category:Utah State Aggies baseball players
Category:Sportspeople from Rochester, New York
Category:Pacific Coast League MVP award winners
category:Nankai Hawks players
category:Nippon Professional Baseball infielders
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Paternal bond
A paternal bond is the human bond between a father and his child.
Fatherhood bonding
Infants can become attached to their fathers. Mother-infant bonding has been a common focus in household research; however, more studies in the United States and Europe have been focused on the details of father-children attachments. In the book, Gender in cross-cultural perspective, Barry S. Hewlett showed that infants do create bonds with their fathers. She explained how recently born children bond with their fathers at similar ages during development. Researchers question how father-infant bonding occurs because fatherhood has many different roles in various cultures. Questions arise about how fathers have the ability to bond with children if they do not have the same kind of role that mothers do in the baby's development.
The father of a child can develop the bond during the pregnancy of his partner, feeling attachment to the developing child. Research indicates that this may have some biological basis. Statistics show that fathers' levels of testosterone tend to decline several months before the birth of the child. Since high testosterone levels seem to encourage more aggressive behaviour, low levels may enhance the ability to develop a new relationship bond (i.e. with the child).
Fathers also have an important bonding role after the child is born. Fathers find many ways to strengthen the father-child bond with their children, such as soothing, consoling, feeding (expressed breast milk, infant formula, or baby food), changing diapers, bathing, dressing, playing, and cuddling. Carrying the infant in a sling or backpack or pushing them in a baby transport can build the bond, as can participating in the baby's bedtime routine. These are broad activities that fathers share to develop their father-infant bond. Fathers also have specific bonding roles that develop from their different cultures and societies.
American/European Father-Infant Bonding
European and American fathers are seen to have more of an aggressive and vigorous relationship with their child. This doesn't mean harmful; however, it means there is physical and highly stimulating interaction between the father and child. This gave the child emotions that reflected an exhilarating and fun-loving experience that allowed them to create a father-infant bond different from a mother-infant bond. It is shown that an infant's facial expressions and emotions towards their father is significantly different from their emotions towards their mothers, even at a very young age This shows that a father being present gives the child a variety in the way they interact with different people. The rough housing doesn't just have importance towards the bonds the children make with the father, but also helps to teach them life lessons. Rough play helps to teach self control, helps children understand appropriate social roles, helps them realize when certain emotions should be used, and helps them understand others emotions and facial expressions. This form of bonding between the father and infant creates a bond that is unique. It allows the child to learn valuable lessons, while also being in an environment that enhances all of their senses and allows them to intensify their relationship with their father.
Aka Father-Infant Bonding
The Aka's are a hunter gatherer society in the southern Central African Republic and northern Congo-Brazzaville. The way they form their father-infant bond is very different from that of the Europeans and Americans. While Europeans and Americans focus on rough playing, the Aka's do not allow this high stimulating environment to develop with their children. Aka fathers are always around their infants when they are born. They always sleep with their infants and are always in close proximity of them for more than half a day. Overall, Aka fathers are more relaxed and intimate during fatherhood than those in the United States.
The four factors that are key for Aka father-infant bonding:
1. Understanding the Infant
Aka fathers are around the child more than most cultures. They hold the child often; therefore, they learn important signs the child shows that most fathers would not. For example, they understand signs that show when the child is hungry or sick.
2. Understanding Fatherhood Practices
Fathers understand when to be more playful, when to be more physical, how to correctly hold a child, and how to calm them down. They understand all of the interactions that are needed to take good care of a child.
3. Connecting with the Infant
The father understands how to make a bond with the infant. They know if the infant needs more rough play or soothing. They play large roles in caretaking, so they understand the infants needs at another level.
4. Representing the culture and fatherhood goals
The Aka's are hunter-gatherers; therefore, animal hunting is not a sufficient or main way that they obtain food. This means that the males do not play a main role in going out and hunting for the tribe or their own families. This allows the father to be able to spend more time with the infant and really create a bond with them. This makes a father's role in child upbringing an important aspect of the Aka culture.
The Aka foragers in the Central African Republic do not hunt with bows. Their main source of hunting is through nets. In Hillary N. Fouts cross-cultural research, she had statistical data that supported the claim that different roles in foraging populations had an impact on the amount of time a father spent with their children. Fouts took different foraging populations in Africa and compared their type of hunting and the percentage of time these fathers were seen holding their child. Her first foraging group was the Aka population. They were a net hunting group that held their children aged 1–4 months 22% of the day, held their children 8–12 months 11.2% of the day, and held their children 13–18 months 14.3% of the day. The other net hunting population was the Bofi. They had fathers hold babies aged from 36-47 and 48–59 months for 5.4% of the day.
In contrast, the foraging groups that participated in bow hunting had fathers hold babies for significantly less time. The Hadza foraging population had fathers hold babies from the ages 0–9 months for only 2.5% of the day. The other bow hunting foragers, the !Kung, had fathers hold babies from 0–6 months for 1.9% of the day and babies 6–24 months 4.0% of the day.
This statistical data shows that different roles in a society influences how much time the father spends holding and interacting with his children. This is important because it shows that each culture is different regarding father upbringings and father bonding.
Legal paternity
United States
In the U.S., legal paternity is presumed for the husband of the mother unless a separate action is taken; an unmarried man may establish paternity by signing a voluntary recognition of paternity or by taking court action. Paternity may also be established between a man and a younger person, commonly in adoption, without the two being biologically related.
See also
Father's rights
Fathers as attachment figures
Personal relationship
Cinderella effect
Maternal bond
Parental leave
Responsible fatherhood
Shared Earning/Shared Parenting Marriage
References
Category:Fatherhood
Category:Intimate relationships
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Cal Emery
Calvin Wayne Emery (June 28, 1937 – November 28, 2010), was a professional baseball first baseman and batting coach, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies. He also spent the season with Hankyu Braves of the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). During his playing days, Emery stood tall, weighing ; he threw and batted left-handed. Emery attended Penn State University.
Career
Emery was signed by the Philadelphia Phillies as an amateur free agent, on June 5, 1958. About 5 years later, on July 15, 1963, at the age of 26, he made his big league debut. In 16 career MLB games (most as a pinch hitter), he hit .158, in 19 at-bats. Of Emery’s 3 major league hits, one was a double; however, he showed a keen eye at the plate, by striking out only twice. (In a 500 at-bat season, that would only be about 53 strikeouts.) Emery played his final big league game on September 20, 1963.
During Emery's only MLB season, he wore uniform number 9.
Emery hit .400 for the Triple-A Eugene Emeralds, in the Pacific Coast League (PCL), in , collecting 104 hits, in 260 at-bats. The following season, he played for the NPB Hankyu Braves.
After his playing career, Emery managed in Minor League Baseball (MiLB), scouted for multiple organizations, and served as a big league batting coach for the Chicago White Sox.
On November 28, 2010, Emery died at age 73 in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Other information
Emery won the Most Outstanding Player Award in the 1957 College World Series.
Emery served as a coach for the Chicago White Sox in 1988.
Emery was the MVP of the Three-I League (aka the Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League). He played for the Des Moines Demons.
Emery was selected as the first baseman on the 1969 Sporting News Triple-A West All-Star Team.
References
External links
Category:1937 births
Category:2010 deaths
Category:American expatriate baseball players in Japan
Category:Arkansas Travelers players
Category:Asheville Tourists players
Category:Bakersfield Bears players
Category:Baltimore Orioles scouts
Category:Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Category:Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Category:Chattanooga Lookouts players
Category:Chicago White Sox coaches
Category:Chicago White Sox scouts
Category:Cincinnati Reds scouts
Category:College World Series Most Outstanding Player Award winners
Category:Des Moines Demons players
Category:Eugene Emeralds players
Category:Hankyu Braves players
Category:Hawaii Islanders players
Category:Indianapolis Indians players
Category:Major League Baseball first basemen
Category:Minor league baseball managers
Category:Penn State Nittany Lions baseball players
Category:Philadelphia Phillies players
Category:Reading Phillies managers
Category:Rochester Red Wings players
Category:San Diego Padres (minor league) players
Category:San Francisco Giants scouts
Category:Seattle Angels players
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Human trafficking in Madagascar
Madagascar is a source country for women and children subjected to human trafficking, specifically conditions of forced labor and forced prostitution. An estimated 6,000 Malagasy women are currently employed as domestic workers in Lebanon, with a smaller number in Kuwait. Many of these women come from rural areas and are often illiterate or poorly educated, making them more vulnerable to deception and abuse at the hands of recruitment agencies and employers. Detailed information regarding situations of forced labor and other abuses experienced by Malagasy domestic workers in Lebanon came to light during the year. Numerous trafficking victims returning to Madagascar reported harsh working conditions, physical violence, sexual harassment and assault, confinement to the home, confiscation of travel documents, and withholding of salaries. Eight deaths were reported among this population in 2009.
Children, mostly from rural areas, are subject to conditions of domestic servitude, commercial sexual exploitation, and forced labor in mining, fishing, and agriculture within the country. Most child trafficking occurs with the involvement of family members, but friends, transport operators, tour guides, and hotel workers also facilitate the enslavement of children. A child sex tourism problem exists in coastal cities, including Tamatave, Nosy Be, and Diego Suarez, as well as the capital city of Antananarivo; some children are recruited for work in the capital using fraudulent offers of employment as waitresses and maids before being forced into the commercial sex trade on the coast. The main sources of child sex tourists are France, Germany, and Switzerland. Parents sell young women into marriages, some of which are short-term, often for significant sums of money.
The Government of Madagascar does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so. Since the March 2009 coup, combating human trafficking has received little attention in Madagascar; the recent focus on the abuse of domestic workers in Lebanon has not resulted in any commensurate governmental response to the problem. The government's anti-trafficking efforts were insufficient and decreased during the year – especially in the areas of prosecuting trafficking offenders, identifying and protecting victims, and raising public awareness of the problem – while the prevalence of officials' complicity in human trafficking became more evident. Lack of political will, institutional capacity, and relevant training remained significant impediments to improved anti-trafficking performance, particularly impacting the effectiveness of law enforcement activities; the government failed to investigate or prosecute traffickers in 2009. Therefore, Madagascar is placed on Tier 2 Watch List. U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons placed the country in "Tier 2 Watchlist" in 2017.
Prosecution
The Malagasy government's anti-trafficking law enforcement efforts diminished over the years, as it reported no investigations or prosecutions of trafficking offenders. Anti-Trafficking Law No. 2007-038 prohibits all forms of human trafficking, though it only prescribes punishments for sex trafficking; these range from two years' to life imprisonment, penalties that are sufficiently stringent and commensurate with those prescribed for other serious crimes, such as rape. Article 262 of the Labor Code criminalizes labor trafficking, for which it prescribes inadequate penalties of one to three years' imprisonment. Decree 2007-563 prohibits and prescribes minimal punishments of up to two years' imprisonment for various forms of child trafficking, including prostitution, domestic servitude, and forced labor. The government has yet to use its anti-trafficking law to punish traffickers. Poor coordination among ministries, a lack of data sharing between officials at regional and national levels, and the lack of a presidential decree codifying and mandating its use at the provincial level hindered the law's implementation. The government did not investigate or prosecute cases of forced labor during the reporting period.
The Government of Madagascar nominally suspended the work of several employment agencies implicated in human trafficking during the year, but did not follow through on its commitment to conduct inspections of these businesses. In November 2009, the government instituted a ban on sending workers to Lebanon, but it was poorly implemented, possibly due to complicity of high-ranking government officials; up to 10 labor recruitment agencies were reportedly owned by civil servants in the Ministry of Labor. Government officials also reportedly assist unlicensed recruitment agencies in obtaining fraudulent travel documents. Anecdotal evidence indicates there was also official complicity in permitting organized child prostitution rings to operate, particularly in Nosy Be. Local police remained hesitant to pursue child sex trafficking and child sex tourism offenses, possibly because of deep-rooted corruption, pressures from the local community, or fear of an international incident. The government took no action against official complicity in human trafficking during the reporting period.
Protection
The Malagasy government made weak efforts to ensure that victims were provided access to necessary services and it did not operate specific victim assistance programs. The majority of trafficking victims identified in 2009 were assisted by NGO-run centers. Madagascar lacks procedures to proactively identify trafficking victims among vulnerable populations or refer victims for care. However, the Ministry of Health's local-level Child Rights Protection Networks – which grew through a partnership with UNICEF to include 761 communes in 2009 – brought together government institutions, law enforcement, and NGOs to partially fill this role. These networks coordinated child protection activities, identified and reported abuse cases, and assisted some trafficking victims in accessing social and legal services. Victims who returned from Lebanon were immediately confined to a psychiatric institution and not provided with appropriate social or legal services. Madagascar's honorary consul in Beirut made limited attempts to mediate with labor agencies and refer Malagasy victims to a Beirut-based NGO shelter. The government sent an official from its embassy in Paris to Beirut to research the abuse of Malagasy domestic workers in Lebanon, but did not take measures to initiate bilateral engagement with the Government of Lebanon regarding protection of and legal remedies for exploited workers. The government did not penalize trafficking victims for unlawful acts committed as a direct result of their being trafficked, but did not show evidence that it encouraged them to assist in the investigation and prosecution of their exploiters. The government did not provide legal alternatives to the removal of victims to countries where they would face hardship or retribution.
Prevention
The government's efforts to prevent trafficking decreased during the year, particularly in the area of public awareness raising. The President's Inter-Ministerial Anti-Trafficking Committee ceased functioning in early 2009. The government's Antananarivo-based Manjary Soa Center withdrew an unknown number of children from the worst forms of child labor and provided them with education or vocational training. Two additional centers opened in Toliara and Toamasina in 2009 and were the only programs fully funded by the government to combat child labor. Although nine Regional Committees to Fight Child Labor worked to increase coordination among government entities, NGOs, and ILO/IPEC under the framework of the National Action Plan for the Fight Against Child Labor, the Ministry of Labor's five child labor inspectors were insufficient to cover areas beyond Antananarivo or in informal economic sectors. The ministry conducted no complaint-driven child labor inspections and provided no information on incidences of child labor, if any, uncovered during regular inspections. The government continued to distribute to arriving international passengers fliers and a customs booklet containing a full-page warning of the consequences of child sex tourism. In 2009, the government charged a French national with rape and corruption of a minor after he paid for sex acts with several young girls.
See also
Human rights in Madagascar
References
Madagascar
Madagascar
Category:Human rights in Madagascar
Category:Crime in Madagascar
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.