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1108.4140 | \section{Introduction}
For a fixed $k$-graph $H_0$ of order $m$,
we say that
a given
$k$-graph
$G$ of order $n$
is {\it $H_0$-tileable}
if $G$ contains, as subhypergraphs, $\lfloor n/m \rfloor$ vertex-disjoint copies of $H_0$.
Now, suppose $G$ has vertex set $V$,
and for an integer $1\leq \ell \leq k$, let $U \... |
1108.4038 | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
In recent years, surprising connections have emerged between error correction of quantum information and topological condensed matter phases \cite{kitaev2003, nayak2008}.
At the same time, ideas from quantum information have proved useful in defining topological phases. Two dim... |
2301.12856 | \section{Introduction}
Sample path regularity of random processes and fields is an important and extensively studied topic in the literature, and can be used as a tool, for example, to study convergence of certain statistical estimators or to study convergence of numerical schemes for stochastic partial differential eq... |
2104.06407 | \chapter{Preface}
\chapter*{Acknowledgements}
The famous saying ``no man is an island'' is doubly-true in Mathematics,
and indeed I've had the good fortune to know and learn from many interesting people,
concerning the contents of this book. Special thanks goes to Ricardo Diaz, my first collaborator along these t... |
1506.03926 | \section{Introduction}
Our understanding of the physical cosmology strongly depends on the data that we observe and the model assumptions
that we make. Assumptions in the standard model sometime pose problems in understanding the true nature of the
Universe. Statistical isotropy is one of such assumptions which we as... |
1903.04908 | \section{Introduction}
The Gauss-Green divergence theorem
\eqn{gg}
$$
\int_{A}\div \mathbf u(x)\,dx= \int_{\partial_*A}\mathbf u\cdot\boldsymbol\nu_A\,d\Hnmj
$$
holds whenever $A\subset\rn$ is a bounded $BV$ set (or, in another terminology, a
bounded set of finite perimeter) and $\mathbf u\in C^1(\rn,\rn)$.
... |
1903.04934 | \section{Method}
A selected single crystalline sample of volborthite \cite{IshikawaActa} with the dimension of $2 \times0.4 \times0.2$ mm$^{3}$ is glued to a FBG strain sensor along the $b$ axis.
Magnetostriction is measured using the FBG based strain measurement system, with a resolution of $\Delta L/ L \sim1\times10^... |
1601.03904 | \section{Introduction}
The dark energy and dark matter problems are the most important unsolved issues in cosmology.
Although many models of dark energy and dark matter have been proposed, none of them are conclusive at the present time.
Phenomenologically, the cold dark matter with a cosmological constant ($\Lambda$CD... |
2110.14004 | \section*{Acknowledgement}
This work was performed at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences user facility, under user proposal 2018BU0083. It was primarily supported through the U.S. Department of Energy, Office... |
0907.3801 | \section{Introduction}
Let $G$ be a graph with vertex set $V(G)$ and edge set $E(G)$.
An {\em incidence} in $G$ is a pair
$(v,e)$ with $v \in V(G)$ and $e \in E(G)$, such that $v$ and $e$
are incident. We denote by $I(G)$ the set of all incidences in
$G$. Two incidences $(v,e)$ and $(w,f)$ are {\em adjacen... |
2111.08804 | \section{Introduction}
Given a Markov process $\{\eta_t:t\geq 0\}$ with state space $\Omega$, and a proper function $f:\Omega\to\bb R$, one would like to understand the long-time behavior of
$$\Sigma(t)\,:=\,\int_0^tf(\eta_s)ds$$
under a suitable space-time rescaling. Since the seminal work of Kipnis and Varadhan... |
2111.08744 | \section{Introduction}
One of the main challenges of modern science is the understanding of our Universe, and the nature of the dark sector which dominates its energy content in the concordance model of cosmology. Since the discovery of the accelerated expansion of our Universe \citep{1998Natur.391...51P,1998AJ....11... |
1706.06662 | \section{Introduction}
\label{S-1}
Let $f:X\la Y$ be a morphism of noetherian schemes. At the
level of derived categories
there exist
natural functors $\LL f^*:\Dqc(Y)\la\Dqc(X)$, its right adjoint
$\R f_*:\Dqc(X)\la
\Dqc(Y)$,
as well as a right adjoint for $\R f_*$, nowadays (following Lipman)
denote... |
1706.06328 | \section{Introduction}
Online websites are often open-ended and flexible interfaces, supporting interaction styles by users that include
exogenous actions and high noise rate. Such interfaces provide a rich framework for users and are becoming increasingly
prevalent in many web and mobile applications, but challeng... |
1109.4477 | \subsection{Introduction}
Ever since the original proposal of a single molecule rectifying diode by A.
Aviram and M. A. Ratner\cite{1}, there has been great interest in electron
transport (both charge and spin) at the single molecule level. Theoretical as
well as experimental work in this direction has led to the... |
1109.4951 | \section{Introduction}
An easy calculation shows that the exponential function $f(x) = e^x$ has the
somewhat `paradoxical' property that $cf$ is a translate of $f$ for
every $c>0$. It is also easy to see that every function of the form
$a+be^{kx}$ shares this property. Moreover, for every function of the form
... |
1109.5109 | \section{Introduction}\label{sec1}
Random matrix ensembles serve as simple models in a wide range of applications \cite{Efe97,Guhr:1997ve,Verbaarschot:2000dy,Meh04,ABF11} which can be found in number theory \cite{Mont73,BogKea}, disordered systems \cite{Efe97}, quantum chaos \cite{Guhr:1996wn}, empirical data analysis... |
1109.4952 | \section{Introduction}
The $AdS/CFT$ correspondence \cite{Maldacena:1997re}, and holographic duality in general, is a powerful, conjectured technique for the analysis of strongly coupled field theories. While originally pursued to address questions about low-energy QCD, it has expanded to include studies of a variety ... |
1411.3362 | \section{Introduction}
When considering the suprema of real-valued functions, it is often relevant
to know whether this supremum coincides with the function obtained by taking
the supremum of the real values at each point. Here we propose a natural
generalization of this notion to the pointfree setting. We first ... |
2302.10722 | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
\input{sections/intro}
\section{Characterizing Optimal 0-1 Loss}\label{sec:mc_lb}
\input{sections/lower_bounds}
\section{Bounds on Optimal 0-1 Loss}\label{sec:bound_loss}
\input{sections/finite}
\section{Empirical Results}\label{sec:eval}
\input{sections/eval}
\section{Discus... |
2302.10769 | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
One of the most crucial and challenging steps in the development of robots intended to restore the mobility of the human body after a loss of functional movement due to neurological injuries is the IK of physiological limbs, which consists of computing joint angles config... |
2302.10723 | \section*{Acknowledgments}
This work is supported by the European Union Civil Protection under grant agreement No 783299 (SWIFTERS), by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 739551 (KIOS CoE) and from the Republic of Cyprus through the Directorate General for Eur... |
1105.0514 | \section{Introduction}
In recent years, several states with charmonium-like decays were
discovered, which do not fit properly into the established charmonium
picture. These states, called $X,Y,Z$, are candidates for exotic
mesons beyond the conventional quark-antiquark model ($q\bar{q}$).
Possible interpretations are ... |
1906.11818 | \section{INTRODUCTION}
\label{sec:intro}
One of the most important applications of hyperspectral imaging is to the problem of detecting specific chemicals in a given scene. Unfortunately, hyperspectral images are generally much larger than traditional images even when one is collecting relatively few bands, and hyper... |
1505.00753 | \section{Introduction}
CaFe\textsubscript{2}As\textsubscript{2 } at ambient pressure and
temperature is in a paramagnetic tetragonal phase. When temperature
is lowered under 170 K it develops a collinear antiferromagnetic order
and becomes orthorhombic \cite{Ronning-CaFe2As2,Ni-CaFe2As2,Diallo-CaFe2As2-spin}.
Under pr... |
0911.5272 | \section{Introduction}
Greaves, Rodr\'{\i}guez and Ruiz-Camacho have recently published a very interesting paper in this journal, entitled ``A one-way speed of
light experiment''.\cite{Greetal2009} The authors correctly refer to the literature when stating that the problem of clock synchronization
has been used to sh... |
0902.0874 | \section{Introduction}
Free-energy calculations have a fundamental role in the understanding
of many natural phenomena ranging from protein folding up
to polymorphic transitions in solids.
To this end, molecular dynamics (MD)
has been extensively used together with a series of algorithms
aimed at extending its capa... |
0902.0290 | \section{\@startsection{section}{1}{\z@}{3.5ex plus 1ex minus
.2ex}{2.3ex plus .2ex}{\large\bf}}
\defAppendix \Alph{section}{\arabic{section}}
\def\Alph{section}.\arabic{subsection}{\arabic{section}.\arabic{subsection}}
\def\arabic{subsubsection}{\arabic{subsubsection}}
\def |
1301.7037 | \section{Introduction}
Perturbative algebraic quantum field theory ({{p\textsc{aqft}}}) is a mathematical framework developed during the last two decades to study problems in perturbative renormalization. It proved to be very useful in constructing models in quantum field theory on curved spacetimes, because the operat... |
1301.6580 | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
\input{introA}
\section{Problem setting}
\label{problem_setting}
\input{problem_setting}
\section{Finite Element Formulation}
\label{numerical_setting}
\input{numerical_setting2}
\section{Numerical confirmation of the interface law}
\label{numerical_confirmation}
\input{numerical... |
1312.4867 | \section{Introduction}
Micro- and nano-opto mechanical systems are the heart of refined force-sensing devices \cite{Gavartin2012,Miao2012,Poggio2013,Purdy2013}. Such systems exploit the huge susceptibility around the resonance of oscillators with excellent mechanical quality factor $Q$, combined with high sensitivit... |
1312.5342 | \section{NV$^{-}$ centers in high strain regime}
In this section we present the Hamiltonian for NV$^{-}$ centers under external static electric and magnetic fields. We use the Hamiltonian to derive optical transitions for ${\hat x}$ and ${\hat y}$ polarizations.
Table 1 in \cite{DohertyNJP} shows the spin-orbit an... |
1312.5343 | \section{Introduction}
Continuously improving description of the cooling of white dwarfs
(WDs) and precise measurements of their luminosity curve open a
possibility of their use as an elementary particle physics
laboratory. Thus, Isern {\it et al.} \cite{IEA} suggested to test
possible existence of axions by studying ... |
2204.12923 | \section{Introduction}
Barycentric coordinates represent a fundamental concept used in major computer graphics and geometric modeling applications such as mesh parameterization \cite{3} \cite{14}, freeform deformations \cite{15} \cite{17}, finite elements \cite{2} and shading
\cite{7} \cite{13}.
\subsection{Generalize... |
1807.00321 | \section{Introduction}
Polynomial complementarity problems and polynomial variational inequalities have been recently investigated by many authors, see, for example
\cite{Gowda16,HYY2015a,LLP2018,SongQi2015} and the references therein. These problems are natural extensions of affine variational inequalities (see ... |
1807.00365 | \section{Notations}\label{sec:notations}
$A$ = scalar parameter of interest\\
$B$ = other parameters defining "theoretical" distribution corresponding current design\\
$a$ = assumed "true" value of A \\
$b$ = vector of the assumed values of B\\
$\alpha$ = required significance level\\
$CI= CI(\alpha) = (1-\alpha)... |
2009.13743 | \section{INTRODUCTION}\label{sec:introduction}}
\IEEEPARstart{A}{rtificial} intelligence, human attempts to make computers think as we do, has experienced noticeable growth in the past few years. However, these models have been around since the 1940s \cite{Walczak2019}.\\
\indent One important feature of the human ... |
2110.10363 | \section{Introduction}
Optimal transport theory concerns the minimum cost, called the \textit{transportation distance}, of moving mass from one configuration to another. In this paper, the notion of transportation distance that we are concerned with is the $L^1$ transportation distance, which we refer to as the \texti... |
physics/0510218 | \section{Introduction\label{section:introduction}}
Extensive experimental evidence \cite{Book,AMGE,MM} has shown that a complex dynamical 3-space
underlies reality. The evidence involves the repeated detection of the motion of the earth
relative to that 3-space using Michelson interferometers operating in gas mode... |
hep-th/0510178 | \section{Introduction}
We will construct partition functions of conformal field theories with central
charge which is a multiple of $24$. Our construction is based on a unique modular function,
the so called $j$-invariant (or hauptmodule). The properties of this function guarantee (at least at modular level)
that ... |
math/0510044 | \section{Introduction}\label{wp-intro}
The enumeration of permutation classes, whose ancestry can be traced back to at least 1915 (MacMahon~\cite{m:ca}), has frequently been accomplished by beautiful arguments utilizing such diverse objects as Young tableaux, Dyck paths, and planar maps, to name only a few. Our conce... |
hep-lat/0510073 | \section{Introduction}
Chiral gauge theory of weak interactions forms an important ingredient
of the standard model, but so far chiral gauge theories have defied a
definition beyond perturbation theory. These in fact form the only
class of perturbatively defined field theories with no
non-perturbative formulation. Th... |
math/0510403 | \section{INTRODUCTION}
A (nontrivial) trigonometric series\begin{equation}
\sum c(n)e^{int}\quad t\in \mathbb{T}=\mathbb{R}/2\pi \mathbb{Z}\label{eq:defser}\end{equation}
is called a null series if it converges to zero almost everywhere
(a.e.). The existence of such a series was discovered by D. E. Menshov
in 1916 (se... |
hep-ph/0510371 | \section{Introduction}\label{intro}
For low energies of the incoming beam in a hadron-nucleus collision,
the successive elastic rescatterings of the initial hadron on the
various nuclei of the nucleus are well described within the
probabilistic Glauber model \cite{glauber}. At higher energies,
corresponding to $E_{crit... |
math/0510281 | \section{Introduction}
In \cite{Gahler:1992}, G\"ahler gave a presentation of the category $\mathbf{Top}$ of topological spaces as a category, denoted here by $\mathbf{KlAlg}(\mathsf{F})$, of structured objects in the Kleisli category of the filter monad~$\mathsf{F}$:
\[
\mathbf{Top}\cong\mathbf{KlAlg}(\mathsf{F})\ .
... |
hep-ph/0510195 | \section{INTRODUCTION}
Precise measurements of top quark pair production
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eett}
e^+e^- \rightarrow t \bar{t}
\end{eqnarray}
at the threshold and in the continuum region will
belong to the basic
physics program of the future International Linear Collider (ILC) \cite{ILC}.
In order to full... |
math/0510292 | \section{Introduction}
Let $(M,g)$ be a compact Riemannian manifold without boundary, denote
by $\Delta_{g}$ its Laplace-Beltrami operator, and consider the
nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation
\be \label{KG}
(\partial_{t}^2-\Delta_{g}+V+m^2)v=-\partial_{2}f(x,v)
\ee
where $m$ is a strictly positive constant, $V... |
1911.04386 | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
In industrial manufacturing processes, a {\em fault} is defined as any abnormal deviation from the normal operating conditions (NOC). Faults are a concern because even small faults in a complex industrial system can initiate a series of events that result in loss of efficiency an... |
1108.2265 | \section{Introduction}
An important emerging issue in contemporary cosmology is to search for
signatures of primordial non-Gaussianities in the Cosmic Microwave
Background (CMB). A single field inflation scenario with standard
kinetic term, slow roll potential, and standard vacuum initial
condition produces a nearly sc... |
1108.2243 | \section{Introduction}
The role of local regularity for nonconvex minimization problems or nonmonotone variational inequalities
is well-established. In broad terms, a generalized equation
is said to be ``regular" (or ``metrically regular") if the distance from a proposed
solution to an exact solution can be bounded ... |
1705.07438 | \section{Introduction and main results}
In this article, we are concerned with the global weighted Lorentz space estimates for gradients of very weak solutions to linear parabolic equations in divergence form:
\begin{equation}\label{5hh070120148}
\left\{
... |
1705.07409 | \section{Introduction}
Every finite, simple, and undirected graph has at least two vertices of equal degree,
and this lower bound on the number of repeated degrees can be improved for restricted graph classes \cite{cw}.
Caro, Shapira, and Yuster \cite{csy} proved the surprising result that,
for every positive integer... |
1705.07608 | \section{Introduction}
The realization of nanoscale, magnetic skyrmions in metallic multilayer films has generated a surge of research \cite{Romming2013, MoreauLuchaire2016, Woo2016,Boulle2016}.
Understanding the structure and behavior of these localized, two-dimensional (2D) spin-textures is fundamental \cite{Naga... |
1704.06278 | \section{Introduction}
Several observations highlight the presence of tiny, unresolved
structure in atomic gas across a wide range of astrophysical
environments. For instance, the wide, smooth emission lines in quasar
spectra suggest the atomic gas close to the black hole has both a
suprathermal velocity dispersion bu... |
2302.13516 | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{Tilings and Aperiodic Protosets}\label{sec:tiling}
A \emph{\textbf{tiling}} of the Euclidean plane $\mathbb{E}^2$ is a collection $\{T_i\}$ of distinct sets called \emph{\textbf{tiles}} (which are typically topological disks) such that $\cup T_i = \mathbb{E}^2$ and for all $i \neq j$... |
1211.4929 | \section{Introduction}
Online reviews of products and services are an important source of knowledge for people to make their purchasing decisions. They contain a wealth of information on various product/service aspects from diverse perspectives of consumers. However, it is a challenge for stakeholders to retrieve usef... |
2103.16901 | \section{Introduction}
\vspace*{-0.35cm}
Divergences are non-negative measures of dissimilarity between pairs
of probability measures which are defined on the same measurable space. They
play a key role in the development of information theory, probability theory,
statistics, learning, signal processing, and other rel... |
2002.10183 | \section{Motivation and significance}
\label{motivation}
Positron Emission Tomography is one of the most popular methods for tomographic imaging used in nuclear medicine.
In contrast to other techniques such as Computed Tomography that can detect anatomical changes,
PET provides information about metabolic processe... |
2002.10101 | \section{Introduction}
Transformer~\cite{vaswani2017attention} has outperformed other methods on several neural language generation (NLG) tasks, like machine translation~\cite{deng2018alibaba}, text summarization~\cite{chang2018hybrid}, \textit{etc}.
Generally, Transformer is based on the \textit{encoder-decoder frame... |
1403.2801 | \section{Introduction}
Spectral-imaging data-cubes (SIDCs), from the new radio telescopes that are currently in various stages of construction or
commissioning -- Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) \citep{ASKAP..09},
Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) \citep{TINGAY}, LOFAR \citep{2013A&A...556A...2V}... |
2008.04921 | \section{Introduction}
Time-domain astrophysics has entered a new era of large photometric datasets thanks to on-going and upcoming wide-field surveys, including Pan-STARRS (PS; \citealt{kaiser2010}), the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS; \citealt{jedicke2012atlas}), the All-Sky Automated Survey for... |
1511.07491 | \section{Introduction}
\noindent
In the spring of 1996 I was visiting the City College of New York for a month,
in order to pursue a research project with Stuart Samuel, who was a professor
at City University of New York at the time, and to run in the 100th Boston marathon.
Several evenings and part of weekends I'd s... |
1511.07856 | \section{Introduction}
Primordial inflation provides solutions for cosmological puzzles such as the flatness and horizon problems and also explains the emergence of the primordial density fluctuations essential for the formation of the large scale structure observed today \cite{Guth:1980zm,Linde:1983gd}. Inflation is t... |
2110.00142 | \section{Introduction}
The difference between the structure of dark matter (DM) halos as predicted by the Lambda-Cold Dark Matter cosmological model ($\Lambda$CDM) and that which is inferred by observations of gas rotational profiles in galaxies is a long-standing problem in modern cosmology \citep[][]{Moore1994,Flore... |
2211.11656 | \subsubsection*{\bibname}}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\bibliographystyle{apalike}
\usepackage{amsthm}
\newtheorem{assumption}{Assumption}
\newtheorem{definition}{Definition}
\newtheorem{property}{Property}
\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
\newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}
\newtheorem{example}{Example}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\u... |
2004.10492 | \section{Introduction}
Source localization using measurements from spatially separated passive sensors has turned into a go-to scheme in many location-based services including target tracking \cite{FHoeflinger,JBordoy}, human-computer interaction \cite{VGReju}, and Internet of Things \cite{SLi}. Among plentiful measure... |
0808.3818 | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The center of our Galaxy harbors not only a supermassive black hole
\citep[Sgr A*, $M_\bullet \sim 4 \times 10^6$ M$_{\odot}$\,;][]{
eckart96,genzel96,ghez98pm,ghez00nat,ghez03spec,ghez05orbits,
schodel02,schodel03,eisenhauer06}, but also
a population of massive (10-120 M$_{\... |
0808.3141 | \section{Introduction}
With its first observation, INTEGRAL \citep{Winkler03} began a collection of highly absorbed
sources, some of which may represent a new class of binary (see \cite{Kuulkers05} for a review; K05 hereafter).
IGRJ16318-4848 was a bright X-ray source with extreme absorption that would later be shown... |
0808.3712 | \section*{Extended english abstract}
\noindent{\bf Introduction}
\noindent The symbol to be transmitted is modulating a carrier,
which is assumed to be a solution of a linear differential equation
with polynomial coefficients. Most signals utilized in practice,
like $\sum_{\tiny{\mbox{\rm finite}}} A_\iota \sin (\ome... |
0808.3895 | \section{Introduction}
High angular resolution observations of molecular gas have revealed the presence of dense equatorial discs and tori towards several late asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars and young planetary nebulae (PNe): for instance, \citet{bie88}, \citet{for98}, \citet{sah98b}, \citet{buj03}.
The interacti... |
1606.00426 | \section{Introduction}
Throughout this note,
$f: \mathbb{C}[x,y] \to \mathbb{C}[x,y]$
is a $\mathbb{C}$-algebra endomorphism
that satisfies
$\Jac(p,q) \in \mathbb{C}^*$,
where
$p:=f(x)$ and $q:=f(y)$.
Formanek's field of fractions theorem
~\cite[Theorem 2]{formanek field of fractions thm}
in dimension two s... |
2007.04202 | \section{Introduction}
\label{Intro}
We consider the min-max optimization problem
\begin{equation}
\label{MainDeterministicProblem}
\min_{x_1 \in\mathbb{R}^{d_1}} \max_{x_2 \in\mathbb{R}^{d_2}} g(x_1,x_2)
\end{equation}
where $g:\mathbb{R}^{d_1} \times \mathbb{R}^{d_2}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ is a smooth objective.
Ou... |
1011.6448 | \section*{THE PROBLEM}
Let us first explain our problem more formally. Consider two dits $y_0$ and $y_1 \in \{0,\ldots,d-1\}$, where the string $y = y_0y_1$ plays the role of the whole, and $y_0$, $y_1$ are the individual parts. Let $\rho_y$ denote an encoding of the string $y$ into a classical or quantum state. In qua... |
1011.6198 | \section{The first result: the nonlinear integral equation connected with the Bessel's functions}
\subsection{}
In this paper we obtain some new properties of the signal
\bdis
Z(t)=e^{i\vartheta(t)}\zf
\edis
that is generated by the Riemann zeta-function, where
\bdis
\vartheta(t)=-\frac t2\ln\pi+\text{Im}\l... |
2106.13688 | \section{Introduction}
Neutron scattering is one of the few experimental techniques that allow one to probe both the structure and the dynamics of physical systems at the {\r A}ngstr{\"o}m scale\cite{Sivia:2011,Squires:2012}. Typically, structural information is obtained through the elastic scattering of cold or therm... |
2107.05590 | \section{Introduction}
Relativistic heavy-ion collisions produce small systems of strongly interacting matter of extremely high energy densities in which possibly a new state of deconfined matter, consisting of free quarks and gluons, called the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) is created \cite{Stoecker:1986ci}. The created ho... |
1211.2794 | \section{Introduction}
The search for Higgs and supersymmetry (SUSY) are the main focus of ATLAS and CMS experiments. Although before the start of the LHC the expectation for an early discovery of supersymmetric partners of the Standard Model (SM) particles was very high (mainly driven by the studies in the constrained... |
1211.2424 | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
Resonance phenomena appear in many fields of quantum physics: from unstable elementary particles, to resonances in atomic or molecular systems and to collective excitations in the condensed phase. They are described as long-lived states of a system that have enough energy to und... |
1003.5641 | \section{Introduction}
\label{introduction}
\noindent
A peculiar feature distinguishing strong (QCD) and electroweak (EW)
effects in higher orders
is that the latter are enhanced by (Sudakov) double logarithmic factors,
$\ln^2(\frac{s}{M^2_{{W}}})$,
which, unlike in the former, do not cancel for `infrared-safe'
obser... |
1407.3800 | \section{Introduction}
A \emph{causal structure} for a set of classical variables is a graph,
where every variable is associated with a node and a directed edge
denotes functional dependence.
Such a causal model offers a means of \emph{explaining} dependencies
between variables, by specifying the process that gave ris... |
1407.4006 | \section{How to obtain the $\mathcal H$}
The scope of possible functions {$\mathcal H$} who
satisfy~(\ref{matsyuk:H=1}) is rather large. But, since every
pa\-ra\-me\-ter-independent variational problem, posed on $T^rM$, generates
a corresponding formulation on $C^r(1,M)$, and vice versa, one may
effectively try ... |
1311.0752 | \section{Introduction and Main Results}\label{sec:intro}
Pulsars are believed to be rapidly rotating neutron stars with extremely strong magnetic fields, whose pulses are caused by misalignment of the field and rotation axes. Such a configuration is inconsistent with a vacuum exterior \cite{goldreich-julian1969}, so ... |
1311.1122 | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Modern portfolio theory has shown that investing in certain asset
classes promising higher returns has always been linked with a higher
variability (also called volatility) of those returns, hence resulting
in increased risks for the investor. Hence, it is one of the
main tasks ... |
2008.12708 | \section{Introduction}
The problem of bio-inspired swarm control has attracted new perspectives from a variety of research areas, such as control theory, biology, and artificial intelligence~\cite{martinez2007motion}. These bio-inspired approaches provide valuable insights in designing multi-agent systems and/or robot... |
2008.12721 | \subsubsection{Requirements}
\label{sec_horn_requirements}
The back-to-back horn array has two objectives: the front (sky) horns define the field of view (FoV) of the instrument, while the back horns illuminate the beam combiner with the desired edge taper. In table~\ref{tab_horn_requirements} we list the main req... |
1204.1578 | \section{Introduction}
The role that spiral arms play in affecting the process and efficiency of star formation in galaxies is not yet clear. They may simply organise the gas of the interstellar medium (ISM), along with its molecular clouds,
into regions of higher density, thus increasing the local star-formation ra... |
0912.4356 | \section{Introduction}
Strongly correlated many-body systems are of interest in very diverse areas of physics. In particular,
nuclei have been explored in depth by means of electron scattering reactions for very different
kinematical situations. More than 50 years of experimentation have proved that electron
scatterin... |
1403.6276 | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
Beryllium has one single stable isotope, $^{9}$Be. Spectral lines of Be have been identified in the Sun, in the near UV region that is observable from the ground, quite some time ago by \citet{1895ApJ.....1...14R}. The lines tentatively identified included the Be I lines at $\la... |
1406.0210 | \section{Introduction}
The discovery of brown dwarfs with significant near-infrared variability \citep[e.g.][]{artigau09, radigan12} has indicated that clouds are not homogeneously distributed in some brown dwarf atmospheres. While L dwarf photospheres are thought to be covered by thick silicate and iron clouds, these... |
1406.0610 | \section{Introduction}
One of the central problems in the theory of integrable systems is their finite-dimensional reductions. We start with the dispersionless Kadomtsev--Petviashvili (dKP) hierarchy
as an illistration. Let $\lambda(z,\text{\bf t})$ be a meromorphic function in variable $z$ and depending on an infinit... |
1811.08620 | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The solution of many partial differential equations frequently must satisfy a maximum principle, or more generally, certain variables must obey a lower and/or upper bound. In this paper we will denote all these cases with positivity preserving. In particular, if the partial dif... |
1808.07827 | \subsection{Basic notations and concepts}
\paragraph{String notation.} We denote by $\Sigma$ a finite alphabet of symbols, its Kleene-closure by $\Sigma^*$ and a string element by $\sigma \in \Sigma^*$. If $\sigma = \sigma_0\sigma_1\cdots\sigma_n$,
the length of $\sigma$ is $|\sigma|=n+1$ and the element in the $i$-th... |
1905.10929 | \section{Introduction}
{\it Introduction}.---%
The spin Hall (SH) effect is the generation of spin current along the transverse direction by an applied electric field \cite{Dyakonov1971,Hirsch1999}.
Because it allows us to manipulate magnetic quanta, i.e., spins, without applying a magnetic field,
this would become a... |
1704.04022 | \section{Introduction}
There is inherent correlation between rotation and polarization in
materials as shown in the Barnett effect \cite{Barnett:1935} and
the Einstein-de Haas effect \cite{dehaas:1915}.
We expect that the same phenomena also exist in heavy ion
collisions. Huge global angular momenta are generated in... |
1101.5893 | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Throughout, let $(W,S)$ be a finite Coxeter system with distinguished set of
generators $S$ and let $E$ be the real reflection representation of
$W$. Define $T=\{\, wsw\inverse\mid w\in W,\,s\in S\,\}$ to be the set of elements of
$W$ that act on $E$ as reflections. By a \emph{... |
1604.03361 | \section{Introduction}
Singlet superconductivity and ferromagnetism are two antagonistic orders. The formation of singlet Cooper pairs requires electrons with anti-parallel spins, whereas the ferromagnetism tends to align electron spins parallel. Nevertheless, Fulde-Ferrell \cite{FF} and Larkin-Ovchinnikov \cite{LO} (F... |
1604.03327 | \section{Introduction}
Cosmic inflation is a successful, well-studied paradigm which offers an elegant solution to many cosmological problems \cite{Guth:1980zm}. Besides, cosmological perturbations resulting from quantum fluctuations during inflation generate the seeds of the structures which we observe today. While ... |
1604.03229 | \section{Introduction}
As a fascinating object, a black hole is increasingly popular in the classical and quantum gravity theories~\cite{XC,BS}. Its thermodynamics has been studied~\cite{JDB1,JMB,RW,SC}, especially in the AdS spacetime where the geometry plays a pivotal role in recent developments of theoretical physic... |
1908.09977 | \section{0pt}{12pt plus 4pt minus 2pt}{0pt plus 2pt minus 2pt}
\titleformat{\section}{\normalfont\filcenter}{\thesection.}{12pt}{}
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\newcommand\F{\mathbb{F}_1}
\renewcommand\P{\mathbb{P}^{2}}
\newcommand\MP{\mathcal{M}_{\mathbb{P}^2... |
2110.07205 | \section{Introduction}
Starting with ELMo \cite{peters2018deep} and BERT \cite{devlin2018bert}, substantial work has shown that pre-trained models can bring significant improvements in various tasks, including natural language processing (NLP), image recognition, and speech processing \cite{radford2019language,lample... |
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