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In the middle of April , a plume of moist air from the equator reached a circulation southeast of Madagascar , which was associated with a trough . On April 20 , a tropical disturbance formed about 350 km ( 215 mi ) southeast of the southernmost point of Madagascar . A strong ridge to the south steered the system west... |
Although Elizabeta passed just south of the Madagascar , effects were minimal there . However , the storm caused a large fall in barometric pressure at Fort Dauphin , with a drop of 8 @.@ 3 mbar ( 0 @.@ 25 inHg ) over 24 hours .
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= = Season effects = =
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= E. Urner Goodman =
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Edward Urner Goodman ( May 15 , 1891 – March 13 , 1980 ) was an influential leader in the Boy Scouts of America ( BSA ) movement for much of the twentieth century . Goodman was the national program director from 1931 until 1951 , during the organization 's formative years of significant growth when the Cub Scouting an... |
Goodman is best remembered today for having created the Order of the Arrow ( OA ) , a popular and highly successful program of the BSA that continues to honor Scouts for their cheerful service . Since its founding in 1915 , the Order of the Arrow has grown to become a nationwide program having thousands of members , w... |
= = Early years and marriage = =
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Goodman was born and raised in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , where his father , George , was a printer and real estate agent . His mother , Ella , died of typhoid fever in early 1895 when Goodman was just three years old . He attended Central High School , graduating in 1909 . He enjoyed writing and began keeping a de... |
Goodman also took an early interest in church activities as a youth , participating in a boys ' brotherhood group and Sunday school and becoming a member of Tioga Presbyterian Church at age 14 , an event he described as " the most important step I ever took or ever will take in my life . " Just barely out of his teens... |
Aspiring to a career in education , Goodman enrolled in the Philadelphia School of Pedagogy in 1911 . He was selected to be the commencement speaker at his graduation in 1913 and his address was entitled , " The Call to Teach " . Goodman then did graduate work in education at Temple University , while teaching at the ... |
On June 18 , 1920 , Goodman married Louise Wynkoop Waygood , the daughter of a Presbyterian minister and a 1918 honors graduate of Swarthmore College . They had three children : Theodore ( born 1921 ) , George ( born 1923 ) , and Lydia Ann ( born 1927 ) . He was a member of Kiwanis , Rotary International , and a Freem... |
= = Scouting career = =
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= = = As a volunteer and local council leader = = =
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While studying for his degree in Education , Goodman first became involved in Boy Scouting in 1911 when only 20 years old , as a volunteer Scoutmaster of Troop 1 , the first Scout troop in Philadelphia . As far as can be established , this would make him the second @-@ youngest Scoutmaster in the history of the BSA . ... |
Goodman 's professional Scouting career was interrupted during World War I , when he was drafted into the U.S. Army shortly after his promotion to Scout executive . He served in the infantry as a first lieutenant , but his unit was never sent overseas . In December 1918 , he was discharged from the Army and resumed hi... |
= = = As a national leader = = =
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On April 1 , 1931 , Goodman was promoted by Chief Scout Executive James E. West to become national program director of the BSA , as part of an organizational restructuring . Goodman was one of four division directors reporting to West ( the other divisions were operations , personnel , and business ) . As national pro... |
In early July 1937 , the BSA held its first national Scout jamboree in Washington , D. C. , attended by 25 @,@ 000 Scouts and Scouters . In addition to overseeing the innovative event itself , Goodman 's public relations service did yeoman work to ensure extensive news media coverage . A jamboree press tent accommodat... |
In his comprehensive biography of E. Urner Goodman , Nelson Block writes that the mutual respect between Goodman and West grew over their 12 years of working together at the national BSA office : " West , the hardworking , detail @-@ oriented executive , came to rely on Goodman and his style of accomplishing big thing... |
When the venerable youth leader and longtime National Scout Commissioner Daniel Carter Beard died shortly before his 91st birthday in June 1941 , Goodman was selected to be in charge of the beloved pioneer 's funeral in Suffern , New York . An estimated 2 @,@ 000 people lined the funeral route to the cemetery in Monse... |
As war clouds cast an ominous shadow over Europe in the late 1930s amidst the rise of fascism , West , Goodman , and other BSA leaders considered how Scouting might better train youth in democratic principles of government . Referring to the Nazi Kristallnacht rampage against Jews in 1938 , Goodman wrote shortly after... |
On September 16 , 1951 , Goodman retired as national program director , ending a professional Scouting career spanning 36 years . He was given the title of National Field Scout Commissioner , to continue his service to Scouting on the national level as a layman .
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= = = Founding and development of the Order of the Arrow = = =
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As the Philadelphia Council 's newly hired field executive in 1915 , one of Goodman 's assignments was to serve as director of the council 's summer camp at Treasure Island Scout Reservation on the Delaware River . He believed that the summer camp experience should do more than just teach proficiency in Scoutcraft ski... |
Goodman and Edson were strongly influenced by the use of American Indian culture by Ernest Thompson Seton in his Woodcraft Indians program . They decided to create an honor society of their own at camp that summer , in a manner befitting a boy 's interest and understanding . Goodman utilized the appeal of Indian lore ... |
The brotherhood of Scout honor campers with its American Indian overtones was a success and was repeated again the following summer at Treasure Island . Those Scouts honored at Treasure Island in 1915 and 1916 would eventually become members of the Order of the Arrow 's Unami Lodge .
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By 1921 , Goodman had spoken to Scout leaders in surrounding states about the OA , and lodges were established in a score of Scout councils in the northeast . In October 1921 , he convened the first national meeting of what was then called the National Lodge of the Order of the Arrow in Philadelphia , and Goodman was ... |
In the early 1920s , many Scout executives were skeptical of what they called " secret camp fraternities " . By September 1922 , opposition to the Order of the Arrow was such that a formal resolution opposing " camp fraternities " was proposed at a national meeting of Scout executives . Goodman argued against the moti... |
Goodman maintained his active support of the OA 's National Lodge , as it was then called , during his years as Scout executive in Chicago and then BSA national program director . In observance of the 15th anniversary of the brotherhood 's founding , the National Lodge presented Goodman with a medal in 1930 formally r... |
Over the decades since the Order of the Arrow 's founding , more than one million Scouts and Scouters have worn the OA sash on their uniforms , denoting membership in the Brotherhood of Cheerful Service . There are presently 183 @,@ 000 members of the Order of the Arrow in all but two of BSA councils nationwide . Summ... |
" The Order of the Arrow is a ' thing of the spirit ' rather than of mechanics . Organization , operational procedure , and paraphernalia are necessary in any large and growing movement , but they are not what count in the end . The things of the spirit count :
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Brotherhood – in a day when there is too much hatred at home and abroad .
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Cheerfulness – in a day when the pessimists have the floor .
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Service – in a day when millions are interested only in getting or grasping rather than giving .
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These are of the spirit , blessed of God , the great Divine Spirit . "
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= = National Council of Churches leadership = =
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Following his retirement from professional Scouting , Goodman served the National Council of Churches ( NCC ) during 1951 – 1954 as the NCC 's first general director of the United Church Men , a laymen 's program he formed to strengthen men 's ties to local churches and their communities . Goodman publicly inaugurated... |
= = Later years = =
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Maintaining his lifelong interest in music , Goodman was active in the Hymn Society of America ( now the Hymn Society in the United States and Canada ) in the 1960s and 1970s , and three hymns he composed were published : " Christ Calls Men " , " As Within the Pillared Temple " , and " O God of Love , Who Gavest Life ... |
In 1965 , Goodman wrote The Building of a Life , a collection of reminiscences recounting some of his Scouting experiences and giving advice to young men . Summing up his years in Scouting and church work , he wrote , " In the last analysis , it is the things of the spirit rather than material possessions that count .... |
In retirement , the Goodmans enjoyed a rich family life , visiting often with son Theodore ( " Ted " ) and his wife Carol , and daughter Lydia Ann ( " Ann " ) and son @-@ in @-@ law Bob . To his unabashed delight , Urner and Louise Goodman had nine grandchildren . Their son George was killed in action in France during... |
Although retired , Goodman remained active in Order of the Arrow affairs during the 1960s and 1970s . Acclaimed as an eloquent orator , his keynote addresses at the OA 's biennial National Order of the Arrow Conferences reportedly made an unforgettable impression upon his youthful audiences . Nelson Block writes in A ... |
Reflecting on his career , Goodman said late in life :
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" I had indeed found my life mission ... Those 36 years of professional service , 16 years as executive in Philadelphia and Chicago , and 20 years as national program director , brought rich rewards , far beyond any salary considerations . They represented the work , above all others , that I wanted to do . "
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He continued speaking with OA members until shortly before his death at age 88 , when he succumbed to pneumonia on March 13 , 1980 , at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City . He was buried at Penney Farms , Florida , on March 29 , 1980 . At his funeral , held at the Penney Memorial Church in Penney Farms , Goodman was... |
= = Honors and awards = =
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Upon his retirement from full @-@ time professional Scouting in 1951 , Goodman was awarded an honorary Doctorate in Humanics from Missouri Valley College , the first such degree awarded by the college . He was also honored in 1947 when he was made an honorary chief of the Blackfoot Tribe of American Indians and given ... |
In his memory , the BSA confers the E. Urner Goodman Camping Award , recognizing lodges that have excelled in the promotion of camping within their host council . The Founder 's Award is given by Order of the Arrow lodges in honor of OA co @-@ founders Goodman and Edson . Up until 2004 , the BSA administered the E. Ur... |
= Andrew Wodrow =
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Andrew Wodrow ( 1752 – 1814 ) was a prominent Scottish American merchant , militia officer , clerk of court , lawyer , and landowner in the colony ( and later U.S. state ) of Virginia .
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Wodrow was born in Scotland in 1752 and immigrated to Virginia in 1768 . In Fredericksburg , he engaged in a thriving import business . Following the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War , Wodrow placed his entire inventory up for public auction and contributed the profits to the American Revolutionary patriot c... |
Wodrow was the first resident clerk of court for Hampshire County , Virginia ( now West Virginia ) , a position in which he served for a tenure lasting 32 years ( 1782 – 1814 ) . There , Wodrow served in the position of major in the Hampshire County militia . In addition , he represented Hampshire County at the Virgin... |
= = Early life and education = =
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Andrew Wodrow was born in Scotland , possibly in Glasgow , in 1752 . He was descended from a family of scholars and professors . His father Robert Wodrow was a historian of the Church of Scotland with a " national reputation " and published his history in 1752 , the same year as Wodrow 's birth . Two other members of ... |
= = Business career = =
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During the 1770s , Wodrow established and expanded what became a thriving import business in Fredericksburg . Following the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War , he abandoned his business rather than import and sell goods from the Kingdom of Great Britain . He placed his entire inventory of British goods up for... |
= = Political career = =
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= = = American Revolutionary War posts = = =
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Following the cessation of his import business , Wodrow was appointed to serve in the political post of clerk for the Revolutionary Committee for King George County on May 6 , 1775 . During the American Revolutionary War in 1779 , Wodrow joined the Virginia militia where he was commissioned an officer with the rank of... |
Wodrow relocated from King George County to Romney in Hampshire County during the latter years of the American Revolutionary War . In 1781 , Wodrow was promoted to the military rank of colonel in command of the Hampshire County militia .
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= = = Hampshire County Clerk of Court tenure = = =
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In 1782 , he was elected to serve as the clerk of court for Hampshire County following the retirement of Gabriel Jones , who had been appointed by Thomas Fairfax , 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron . Wodrow was the first clerk of court to reside in Hampshire County while serving in the post . Because of his key position as ... |
On January 10 , 1788 , Wodrow was recommended to the position of major in the Hampshire County militia . Later , in March 1788 , Wodrow , along with Ralph Humphreys , was elected to represent Hampshire County at the Virginia Ratifying Convention held to ratify the United States Constitution . The Virginia Ratifying Co... |
During the lead up to the War of 1812 , Wodrow chaired an anti @-@ war meeting in Hampshire County at which those assembled objected to a heedless rush to war with the British , which was in line with contemporary Federalist principles . According to historian Stuart L. Butler , Wodrow and the meeting 's attendees fel... |
to involve [ the United States ] in an expensive and uncertain war , for purposes not absolutely necessary , and entail taxes and misery on ourselves and our posterity , when we might enjoy the blessings of peace and plenty and a good price for our produce on terms as honorable at least as those for the last fifteen y... |
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