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= = = Orientalism = = =
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Edward Said 's notability as cultural critic was established with his critique ( description and analyses ) of Orientalism as the source of the inaccurate cultural representations that are the foundation of Western thought towards the Middle East , of how The West perceives and represents The East . The thesis of Orie... |
So far as the United States seems to be concerned , it is only a slight overstatement to say that Moslems and Arabs are essentially seen as either oil suppliers or potential terrorists . Very little of the detail , the human density , the passion of Arab – Moslem life has entered the awareness of even those people who... |
In Orientalism , Said contended that much Western study of Islamic civilization was political intellectualism meant for self @-@ affirmation , rather than for objective intellectual inquiry and academic study . Thus , Oriental studies functioned as a practical method of cultural discrimination and imperialist dominati... |
I doubt if it is controversial , for example , to say that an Englishman in India , or Egypt , in the later nineteenth century , took an interest in those countries , which was never far from their status , in his mind , as British colonies . To say this may seem quite different from saying that all academic knowledge... |
For Said , " the Orient " has been represented since Antiquity in the Western literature , painting and sculpture in the form of stereotypes . As an example , he cites the Greek tragedy The Persians ( 472 BC ) , by Aeschylus , where the protagonist fails and falls because he misperceived the true nature of The East . ... |
Orientalism concluded that Western writing about " The Orient " depicts the Oriental culture as an irrational , weak and feminized " Other " , an existential condition greatly contrasted with the rational , strong and masculine culture of the " West . " Said says this artificial binary @-@ relation derives from the Eu... |
= = = Criticism of Orientalism = = =
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Orientalism ( 1978 ) provoked much professional and personal criticism . Traditional Orientalists , such as Albert Hourani , Robert Graham Irwin , Nikki Keddie , Bernard Lewis and Kanan Makiya , incurred what the historian Nikki Keddie said were unfortunate professional consequences of Orientalism upon the public 's p... |
Nikki Keddie has stated that Said 's work on Orientalism , drawing on critical theory , had caused :
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some unfortunate consequences ... I think that there has been a tendency in the Middle East [ studies ] field to adopt the word " Orientalism " as a generalized swear @-@ word , essentially referring to people who take the " wrong " position on the Arab – Israeli dispute , or to people who are judged " too conservativ... |
= = = = Historical = = = =
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In " The Mightier Pen ? Edward Saïd and the Double Standards of Inside @-@ out Colonialism " ( 1993 ) , the social anthropologist Ernest Gellner said that Said 's contentions that the West dominated the East for two millennia were unsupportable , because the Ottoman Empire had been a political and military threat to E... |
In Empire and Information : Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India , 1780 – 1870 ( 1996 ) , Christopher Alan Bayly said that , at the height of European imperialism , European power in the Orient was not absolute , and much depended upon local collaborators , who often subverted the geopolitical stra... |
= = = = Ideological = = = =
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In the war of ideas that erupted from the book , Anglo @-@ American Orientalist Bernard Lewis became a particular intellectual nemesis of Said and his thesis in Orientalism ; Said had identified Lewis in the book as :
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A perfect exemplification [ of an ] Establishment Orientalist [ whose work ] purports to be objective , liberal scholarship , but is , in reality , very close to being propaganda against his subject material .
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For sheer heedless anti @-@ intellectualism , unrestrained or unencumbered by the slightest trace of critical self @-@ consciousness , no one , in my experience , has achieved the sublime confidence of Bernard Lewis , whose almost purely political exploits require more time to mention than they are worth . In a series... |
Lewis 's arguments are presented as emanating exclusively from the scholar 's apolitical impartiality , whereas , at the same time , he has become an authority drawn on for anti – Islamic , anti – Arab , Zionist , and Cold War crusades , all of them underwritten by a zealotry , covered with a veneer of urbanity , that... |
Bernard Lewis replied to Said 's characterizations , both of his ( Lewis 's ) works as political propaganda and of him as an anti @-@ intellectual , with essays critical of Said and his works ; Lewis later was joined by the academics Maxime Rodinson , Jacques Berque , Malcolm H. Kerr , Aijaz Ahmad and William Montgome... |
In The Asiatic Society of Bengal and the Discovery of India 's Past , O.P. Kejariwal said that Said 's opposition to the monolithic Orientalism of Western discourse prompted him to create a monolithic Occidentalism , failing to distinguish among the paradigms of Romanticism and the secular intellectual traditions of t... |
Robert Irwin has said in the Times Literary Supplement that the theoretical flaw of Orientalism is its failure to distinguish between the numerous Orientalist writers , who held different cultural perspectives on and experiences of the Orient — the German poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ( who never traveled to the Eas... |
In Defending the West : A Critique of Edward Said 's Orientalism ( 2007 ) , Ibn Warraq said that the varied origins and cultural attitudes of European Orientalists over @-@ rode factual and historical considerations , which Said ignored in order to construct a stereotype of Europeans befitting his thesis about the nat... |
= = = = Personal = = = =
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In the article " Who is Afraid of Edward Said ? " , Biswamoy Pati said that in establishing ethnicity and cultural background as tests of authority and objectivity in studying the Orient , Edward Said drew attention to his own ethnic and cultural identities as a Palestinian man and as a colonial Subaltern from the Man... |
= = = Influence of Orientalism = = =
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Since Orientalism 's publication in 1978 , Said has been praised as an " intellectual superstar " for his range of inquiry , drawing on literary theory , comparative literature , history , political commentary , cultural criticism and music criticism . Orientalism became a foundational text in the field of Post @-@ co... |
Said 's academic friends and foes acknowledged the transformative influence of Orientalism upon scholarship in the humanities ; critics argued that the thesis is an intellectually limiting influence upon scholars , whilst supporters said the thesis is intellectually liberating . The fields of post @-@ colonial and cul... |
The analytical scholarship of Orientalism is especially applicable to literary criticism and cultural studies , including reviews of the post @-@ colonial history of India by Gyan Prakash , Nicholas Dirks and Ronald Inden , modern Cambodia by Simon Springer , and the literary theories of Homi K. Bhabha , Gayatri Chakr... |
In Eastern Europe , Milica Bakić – Hayden developed the concept of Nesting Orientalisms ( 1992 ) , derived from the ideas of the historian Larry Wolff ( Inventing Eastern Europe : The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment , 1994 ) and Said 's ideas in Orientalism ( 1978 ) . The Bulgarian historian Maria... |
Lorenzo Kamel , a Middle Eastern historian , presented the concept of ' Biblical Orientalism ' through his historical analysis of the simplifications of the complex local Palestinian reality which occurred through the 1830s up to the early 20th century . He notes that selective usage and simplification of religion in ... |
It also impacts on theological studies . Said 's post @-@ colonial discourse impact on appearance of post @-@ colonial theology and post @-@ colonial biblical criticism , in which the reader approach the scripture with a perspective of colonial reader . For more information , see the book named " The Bible and Zionism... |
= = Politics = =
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After the 1967 Six Day War , Said entered the public sphere to counter what he perceived as the stereotyped misrepresentations in which the U.S. news media explained the Arab – Israeli wars ; he claimed this reportage was divorced from the historical realities of the Middle East , in general , and Palestine and Israel... |
In the essay " Zionism from the Standpoint of its Victims " ( 1979 ) , Said argued in favour of the political legitimacy and philosophic authenticity of the Zionist claims and right to a Jewish homeland ; and for the inherent right of national self @-@ determination of the Palestinian people . Said 's books about Isra... |
In 1985 , Said suffered personal consequences for his political activism when the Jewish Defense League ( JDL ) traduced Said 's public statements about the state and nature of Arab – Israeli relations , and officially said that Said was a Nazi , because of his anti – Zionism statements , which the JDL viewed as anti ... |
= = = Palestinian National Council = = =
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From 1977 until 1991 , Said was an independent member of the Palestinian National Council ( PNC ) . In 1988 , he was a proponent of the two @-@ state solution to the Israeli – Palestinian conflict ( 1948 ) , and voted for the establishment of the State of Palestine at a meeting of the Palestinian National Council meet... |
Said was displeased that the Oslo Accords would not produce an independent Palestine , and that they were politically inferior to a plan that Yasser Arafat had rejected — a plan which Said had presented to Arafat on behalf of the U.S. government in the late 1970s . Especially troublesome to Said was his belief that Ya... |
In the mid @-@ 1990s , Said wrote the Foreword to the history book Jewish History , Jewish Religion : The Weight of Three Thousand Years ( 1994 ) , by Israel Shahak , which presents the cultural proposition that Israel 's mistreatment of the Palestinians is rooted in a Judaic requirement ( of permission ) for Jews to ... |
In all my works , I remained fundamentally critical of a gloating and uncritical nationalism . . . . My view of Palestine . . . remains the same today : I expressed all sorts of reservations about the insouciant nativism , and militant militarism of the nationalist consensus ; I suggested , instead , a critical look a... |
In 1998 , Said made In Search of Palestine ( 1998 ) , a BBC documentary film about Palestine past and Palestine present , in which he returned to the country from which he had emigrated to the U.S. in 1947 . In the company of his son , Wadie , Said revisited his places of boyhood , and confronted the Israeli injustice... |
= = = In Palestine = = =
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On 3 July 2000 , whilst touring the Middle East with his son , Wadie , Said was photographed throwing a stone across the Blue Line Lebanese – Israel border , which image elicited much political criticism about his action demonstrating an inherent , personal sympathy with terrorism ; and , in Commentary magazine , the ... |
It was a pebble ; there was nobody there . The guardhouse was at least half a mile away .
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Despite having denied that he aimed the stone at an Israeli guardhouse , the Beirut newspaper As @-@ Safir ( The Ambassador ) reported that a Lebanese local resident reported that Said was at less than ten metres ( ca . 30 ft . ) distance from the Israeli Defense Force ( IDF ) soldiers manning the two @-@ storey guard... |
To my knowledge , the stone was directed at no @-@ one ; no law was broken ; no indictment was made ; no criminal or civil action has been taken against Professor Saïd .
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Said still endured political repercussions , such as the cancellation of a February 2001 invitation to Austria to give a lecture to the Freud Society . The President of the Freud Society justified withdrawing the invitation by explaining to Said that " the political situation in the Middle East , and its consequences ... |
It 's very similar to his . He 's a well @-@ known , great linguist . He 's been celebrated and honored for that , but he 's also vilified as an anti – Semite and as a Hitler worshiper . . . . For anyone to deny the horrendous experience of anti @-@ Semitism and the Holocaust is unacceptable . We don 't want anybody '... |
Under surveillance
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In 2003 , Haidar Abdel @-@ Shafi , Ibrahim Dakak , Mustafa Barghouti , and Said established Al @-@ Mubadara ( The Palestinian National Initiative ) , headed by Dr. Mustafa Barghouti , a third @-@ party reformist , democratic party meant to be an alternative to the usual two @-@ party politics of Palestine . As a polit... |
= = Music = =
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Besides having been a public intellectual , Edward Said was an accomplished pianist , worked as the music critic for The Nation magazine , and wrote four books about music : Musical Elaborations ( 1991 ) ; Parallels and Paradoxes : Explorations in Music and Society ( 2002 ) , with Daniel Barenboim as co @-@ author ; O... |
Elsewhere in the musical world , the composer Mohammed Fairouz acknowledged the deep influence of Edward Said upon his works ; compositionally , Fairouz 's First Symphony thematically alludes to the essay " Homage to a Belly @-@ Dancer " ( 1990 ) , about Tahia Carioca , the Egyptian terpsichorean , actress , and polit... |
In 1999 , Edward W. Said and Daniel Barenboim co @-@ founded the West @-@ Eastern Divan Orchestra , which is composed of young Israeli , Palestinian , and Arab musicians . They also established The Barenboim – Said Foundation in Seville , to develop education @-@ through @-@ music projects . Besides managing the West ... |
= = Awards = =
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Besides honors , memberships , and postings to prestigious organizations world @-@ wide , Edward Said was awarded some twenty honorary university degrees in the course of his professional life as an academic , critic , and Man of Letters . Among the honors bestowed to him was the Bowdoin Prize by Harvard University . ... |
= = Death and legacy = =
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On 25 September 2003 , after enduring a twelve @-@ year sickness with chronic lymphocytic leukemia , Edward W. Said died , at 67 years of age , in New York City . He was survived by his wife , Mariam C. Said , his son , Wadie Said , and his daughter , Najla Said . The eulogists included Alexander Cockburn ( " A Mighty... |
The tributes to Edward Said include books and schools ; such as Waiting for the Barbarians : A Tribute to Edward W. Said ( 2008 ) features essays by Akeel Bilgrami , Rashid Khalidi , and Elias Khoury ; Edward Said : The Charisma of Criticism ( 2010 ) , by Harold Aram Veeser , a critical biography ; and Edward Said : A... |
= Holger Glinicki =
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Holger Glinicki ( born 25 October 1952 ) is a German wheelchair basketball coach , who coached Hamburger SV . He was assistant coach of the German women 's national team from 2003 to 2005 . He has been coach of the team since 2006 , during which time it has won five European championships , a silver medal at the 2008 ... |
= = Biography = =
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Holger Glinicki was born in Hamburg on 25 October 1952 . He was paralysed following a motorcycle accident in 1972 that broke his fourth thoracic vertebra . He became involved in disability sports , playing wheelchair basketball for RSC Hamburg , who were the German national champions in 1983 , and played a total of 12... |
The German team started off slow in its games against the United States and China at the 2012 Summer Paralympics , winning these games by slim six @-@ point margins . Marina Mohnen thought that they played their best basketball only in the final minutes of a game . They defeated the Australia women 's national wheelch... |
Glinicki was philosophical about the win , noting in December 2012 that there were many awards and ceremonies , but that the memory of London was fading over time . He returned to coaching his club team , Hamburger SV ( now renamed BG Baskets Hamburg ) , which included national team members Mareike Adermann and Edina ... |
In April 2014 , Glinicki coached BG Baskets Hamburg to a win in the final of the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation Euro League Challenge Cup , its first International title , with a 62 – 54 over the Frankfurt Mainhatten Skywheelers . The team also won the Fair Play Award of the International Wheelchair Ba... |
= = Achievements = =
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2003 : Gold European Championships ( Hamburg , Germany )
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