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wiki_60_chunk_25 | Biological warfare | Though a verification system can reduce bioterrorism, an employee, or a lone terrorist having adequate knowledge of the company facilities, can cause potential danger by injecting a deadly or harmful substance into the facility. Moreover, it has been found that about 95% of accidents that have occurred due to low secur... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_26 | Biological warfare | Entomological warfare (EW) is a type of biological warfare that uses insects to attack the enemy. The concept has existed for centuries and research and development have continued into the modern era. EW has been used in battle by Japan and several other nations have developed and been accused of using an entomological... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_27 | Biological warfare | Genetics
Theoretically, novel approaches in biotechnology, such as synthetic biology could be used in the future to design novel types of biological warfare agents. Would demonstrate how to render a vaccine ineffective;
Would confer resistance to therapeutically useful antibiotics or antiviral agents;
Would enhance t... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_28 | Biological warfare | Most of the biosecurity concerns in synthetic biology are focused on the role of DNA synthesis and the risk of producing genetic material of lethal viruses (e.g. 1918 Spanish flu, polio) in the lab. Recently, the CRISPR/Cas system has emerged as a promising technique for gene editing. It was hailed by The Washington Po... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_29 | Biological warfare | By target Anti-personnel Ideal characteristics of a biological agent to be used as a weapon against humans are high infectivity, high virulence, non-availability of vaccines and availability of an effective and efficient delivery system. Stability of the weaponized agent (the ability of the agent to retain its infectiv... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_30 | Biological warfare | The primary difficulty is not the production of the biological agent, as many biological agents used in weapons can be manufactured relatively quickly, cheaply and easily. Rather, it is the weaponization, storage, and delivery in an effective vehicle to a vulnerable target that pose significant problems. | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_31 | Biological warfare | For example, Bacillus anthracis is considered an effective agent for several reasons. First, it forms hardy spores, perfect for dispersal aerosols. Second, this organism is not considered transmissible from person to person, and thus rarely if ever causes secondary infections. A pulmonary anthrax infection starts with ... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_32 | Biological warfare | Agents considered for weaponization, or known to be weaponized, include bacteria such as Bacillus anthracis, Brucella spp., Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Chlamydophila psittaci, Coxiella burnetii, Francisella tularensis, some of the Rickettsiaceae (especially Rickettsia prowazekii and Rickettsia ricke... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_33 | Biological warfare | Toxins that can be used as weapons include ricin, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, botulinum toxin, saxitoxin, and many mycotoxins. These toxins and the organisms that produce them are sometimes referred to as select agents. In the United States, their possession, use, and transfer are regulated by the Centers for Disease... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_34 | Biological warfare | The former US biological warfare program categorized its weaponized anti-personnel bio-agents as either Lethal Agents (Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, Botulinum toxin) or Incapacitating Agents (Brucella suis, Coxiella burnetii, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Staphylococcal enterotoxin B). Anti-agricu... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_35 | Biological warfare | The United States developed an anti-crop capability during the Cold War that used plant diseases (bioherbicides, or mycoherbicides) for destroying enemy agriculture. Biological weapons also target fisheries as well as water-based vegetation. It was believed that the destruction of enemy agriculture on a strategic scale... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_36 | Biological warfare | Though herbicides are chemicals, they are often grouped with biological warfare and chemical warfare because they may work in a similar manner as biotoxins or bioregulators. The Army Biological Laboratory tested each agent and the Army's Technical Escort Unit was responsible for the transport of all chemical, biologic... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_37 | Biological warfare | Biological warfare can also specifically target plants to destroy crops or defoliate vegetation. The United States and Britain discovered plant growth regulators (i.e., herbicides) during the Second World War, which were then used by the UK in the counterinsurgency operations of the Malayan Emergency. Inspired by the u... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_38 | Biological warfare | Anti-livestock During World War I, German saboteurs used anthrax and glanders to sicken cavalry horses in U.S. and France, sheep in Romania, and livestock in Argentina intended for the Entente forces. One of these German saboteurs was Anton Dilger. Also, Germany itself became a victim of similar attacks – horses bound ... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_39 | Biological warfare | In the 1980s Soviet Ministry of Agriculture had successfully developed variants of foot-and-mouth disease, and rinderpest against cows, African swine fever for pigs, and psittacosis to kill the chicken. These agents were prepared to spray them down from tanks attached to airplanes over hundreds of miles. The secret pro... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_40 | Biological warfare | In 2010 at The Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and Their Destruction in Geneva
the sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance was suggested as well-tested means for enhancing the monitoring o... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_41 | Biological warfare | Public health and disease surveillance
It is important to note that most classical and modern biological weapons' pathogens can be obtained from a plant or an animal which is naturally infected. In the largest biological weapons accident known—the anthrax outbreak in Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg) in the Soviet Union i... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_42 | Biological warfare | Thus, a robust surveillance system involving human clinicians and veterinarians may identify a bioweapons attack early in the course of an epidemic, permitting the prophylaxis of disease in the vast majority of people (and/or animals) exposed but not yet ill. | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_43 | Biological warfare | For example, in the case of anthrax, it is likely that by 24–36 hours after an attack, some small percentage of individuals (those with the compromised immune system or who had received a large dose of the organism due to proximity to the release point) will become ill with classical symptoms and signs (including a vir... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_44 | Biological warfare | Common epidemiological warnings
From most specific to least specific: | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_45 | Biological warfare | Single cause of a certain disease caused by an uncommon agent, with lack of an epidemiological explanation.
Unusual, rare, genetically engineered strain of an agent.
High morbidity and mortality rates in regards to patients with the same or similar symptoms.
Unusual presentation of the disease.
Unusual geographic or se... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_46 | Biological warfare | Bioweapon identification
The goal of biodefense is to integrate the sustained efforts of the national and homeland security, medical, public health, intelligence, diplomatic, and law enforcement communities. Health care providers and public health officers are among the first lines of defense. In some countries private... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_47 | Biological warfare | The traditional approach toward protecting agriculture, food, and water: focusing on the natural or unintentional introduction of a disease is being strengthened by focused efforts to address current and anticipated future biological weapons threats that may be deliberate, multiple, and repetitive. | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_48 | Biological warfare | The growing threat of biowarfare agents and bioterrorism has led to the development of specific field tools that perform on-the-spot analysis and identification of encountered suspect materials. One such technology, being developed by researchers from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), employs a "sandwi... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_49 | Biological warfare | In the Netherlands, the company TNO has designed Bioaerosol Single Particle Recognition eQuipment (BiosparQ). This system would be implemented into the national response plan for bioweapon attacks in the Netherlands. Researchers at Ben Gurion University in Israel are developing a different device called the BioPen, ess... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_50 | Biological warfare | Fort Detrick, Maryland
U.S. Army Biological Warfare Laboratories (1943–69)
Building 470
One-Million-Liter Test Sphere
Operation Sea-Spray
Operation Whitecoat (1954–73)
U.S. entomological warfare program
Operation Big Itch
Operation Big Buzz
Operation Drop Kick
Operation May Day
Project Bacchus
Project Clear... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_51 | Biological warfare | Porton Down
Gruinard Island
Nancekuke
Operation Vegetarian (1942–1944)
Open-air field tests:
Operation Harness off Antigua, 1948–1950.
Operation Cauldron off Stornoway, 1952.
Operation Hesperus off Stornoway, 1953.
Operation Ozone off Nassau, 1954.
Operation Negation off Nassau, 1954–5. Soviet Union and Russia | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_52 | Biological warfare | Biopreparat (18 labs and production centers)
Stepnogorsk Scientific and Technical Institute for Microbiology, Stepnogorsk, northern Kazakhstan
Institute of Ultra Pure Biochemical Preparations, Leningrad, a weaponized plague center
Vector State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology (VECTOR), a weaponized smal... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_53 | Biological warfare | Japan Unit 731
Zhongma Fortress
Kaimingjie germ weapon attack
Khabarovsk War Crime Trials
Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department Iraq Al Hakum
Salman Pak facility
Al Manal facility South Africa Project Coast
Delta G Scientific Company
Roodeplaat Research Laboratories
Protechnik Rhodesia Canada
... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_54 | Biological warfare | Shyh-Ching Lo
Kanatjan Alibekov, known as Ken Alibek
Ira Baldwin
Wouter Basson
Kurt Blome
Eugen von Haagen
Anton Dilger
Paul Fildes
Arthur Galston (unwittingly)
Kurt Gutzeit
Riley D. Housewright
Shiro Ishii
Elvin A. Kabat
George W. Merck
Frank Olson
Vladimir Pasechnik
William C. Patrick III
Sergei Popov
Theodor Ros... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_55 | Biological warfare | Writers and activists: Daniel Barenblatt
Leonard A. Cole
Stephen Endicott
Arthur Galston
Jeanne Guillemin
Edward Hagerman
Sheldon H. Harris
Nicholas D. Kristof
Joshua Lederberg
Matthew Meselson
Toby Ord
Richard Preston
Ed Regis
Mark Wheelis
David Willman
Aaron Henderson In popular culture See also | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_56 | Biological warfare | Animal-borne bomb attacks
Antibiotic resistance
Asymmetric warfare
Baker Island
Bioaerosol
Biological contamination
Biological pest control
Biosecurity
Chemical weapon
Counterinsurgency
Discredited AIDS origins theories
Enterotoxin
Entomological warfare
Ethnic bioweapon
Herbicidal warfare
Human experimen... | wikipedia |
wiki_60_chunk_57 | Biological warfare | Biological weapons and international humanitarian law, ICRC
WHO: Health Aspects of Biological and Chemical Weapons
USAMRIID U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
Counterproliferation Paper No. 53, USAF Counterproliferation Center, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, USA. Bioethic... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_0 | The Big O | is a Japanese mecha-anime television series created by designer Keiichi Sato and director Kazuyoshi Katayama for Sunrise. The writing staff was assembled by the series' head writer, Chiaki J. Konaka, who is known for his work on Serial Experiments Lain and Hellsing. The story takes place forty years after a mysterious ... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_1 | The Big O | The television series was designed as a tribute to Japanese and Western shows from the 1960s and 1970s. The series is presented in the style of film noir and combines themes of detective fiction and mecha anime. The setpieces are reminiscent of tokusatsu productions of the 1950s and 1960s, particularly Toho's kaiju mov... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_2 | The Big O | The Big O aired on Wowow satellite television from October 13, 1999, and January 19, 2000. The English-language version premiered on Cartoon Network's Toonami on April 2, 2001, and ended on April 23, 2001. Originally planned as a 26-episode series, low viewership in Japan reduced production to the first 13. Positive in... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_3 | The Big O | Synopsis Setting | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_4 | The Big O | The Big O is set in the fictional city-state of . The city is located on a seacoast and is surrounded by a vast desert wasteland. The partially domed city is wholly controlled by the monopolistic Paradigm Corporation, resulting in a corporate police state. Paradigm is known as because of forty years prior to the stor... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_5 | The Big O | Plot | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_6 | The Big O | After failing to negotiate with terrorists at the cost of his client's life, Roger Smith is obligated to care for Dorothy Wayneright, a young female android. Over the course of the series, Roger Smith continues to accept negotiation work from the residents of Paradigm City, he often leads to uncovering the nature and m... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_7 | The Big O | The main antagonist is Alex Rosewater, chairman of Paradigm City whose goal is to revive the megadeus "Big Fau" in attempts to become the god of Paradigm City. Other recurring antagonists are Jason Beck, criminal and con-artist attempting to humiliate Roger Smith; Schwarzwald, an ex-reporter obsessed with finding the t... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_8 | The Big O | The series ends with the awakening of a new megadeus, and the revelation that the world is a simulated reality. A climactic battle ensues between Big O and Big Fau, after which reality is systematically erased by the new megadeus, an incarnation of Angel, recognized as "Big Venus" by Dorothy. Roger implores Angel to "l... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_9 | The Big O | Production and release Development of the retro-styled series began in 1996. Keiichi Sato came up with the concept of The Big O: a giant city-smashing robot, piloted by a man in black, in a Gotham-like environment. He later met up with Kazuyoshi Katayama, who had just finished directing Those Who Hunt Elves, and starte... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_10 | The Big O | Sato admits it all started as "a gimmick for a toy" but the representatives at Bandai Hobby Division did not see the same potential. From there on, the dealings would be with Bandai Visual, but Sunrise still needed some safeguards and requested more robots be designed to increase prospective toy sales. In 1999, with th... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_11 | The Big O | The Big O premiered on 13 October 1999 on Wowow. When the production staff was informed the series would be shortened to 13 episodes, the writers decided to end it with a cliffhanger, hoping the next 13 episodes would be picked up. In April 2001, The Big O premiered on Cartoon Network's Toonami lineup. | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_12 | The Big O | The series garnered positive fan response internationally that resulted in a second season co-produced by Cartoon Network and Sunrise. Season two premiered on Japan's Sun Television in January 2003, with the American premiere taking place seven months later as an Adult Swim exclusive. The second season would not be see... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_13 | The Big O | The second season was scripted by Chiaki Konaka with input from the American producers. Cartoon Network raised two requests for the second season: more action and reveal the mystery in the first season, although Kazuyoshi Katayama admitted that he did not intend to reveal it, just to make an anthology of adventures se... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_14 | The Big O | Following the closure of Bandai Entertainment by parent company in 2012, Sunrise announced at Otakon 2013 that Sentai Filmworks rescued both seasons of The Big O. On June 20, 2017, Sentai Filmworks released both seasons on Blu-ray. | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_15 | The Big O | Music
The Big O was scored by Geidai alumnus Toshihiko Sahashi. His composition is richly symphonic and classical, with a number of pieces delving into electronica and jazz. Chosen because of his "frightening amount of musical knowledge about TV dramas overseas," Sahashi integrates musical homages into the soundtrack.... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_16 | The Big O | The first opening theme is the Queen-influenced "Big-O!". Composed, arranged and performed by Rui Nagai, the song resembles the theme to the Flash Gordon film. The second opening theme is "Respect," composed by Sahashi. The track is an homage to the music of Gerry Anderson's UFO, composed by Barry Gray. In 2007, Rui Na... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_17 | The Big O | Along with Sahashi's original compositions, the soundtrack features Chopin's Prelude No. 15 and a jazz saxophone rendition of "Jingle Bells." The complete score was released in two volumes by Victor Entertainment. | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_18 | The Big O | Design
The Big O is the brainchild of Keiichi Sato and Kazuyoshi Katayama, an homage to the shows they grew up with. The show references the works of tokusatsu produced by the Toei Company and Tsuburaya Productions, as well as shows such as Super Robot Red Baron and Super Robot Mach Baron and "old school" super robot ... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_19 | The Big O | The Big O shares much of its themes, diction, archetypes and visual iconography with film noirs of the 1940s like The Big Sleep (1946). The series incorporates the use of long dark shadows in the tradition of chiaroscuro and tenebrism. Film noir is also known for its use of odd angles, such as Roger's low shot introduc... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_20 | The Big O | The characters of The Big O fit the noir and pulp fiction archetypes. Roger Smith is a protagonist in the mold of Chandler's Philip Marlowe or Hammett's Sam Spade. He is canny and cynical, a disillusioned cop-turned-negotiator whose job has more in common with detective-style work than negotiating. Big Ear is Roger's s... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_21 | The Big O | The dialogue in the series is recognized for its witty, wry sense of humor. The characters come off as charming and exchange banter not often heard in anime series, as the dialogue has the tendency to be straightforward. The plot is moved along by Roger's voice-over narration, a device used in film noir to place the vi... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_22 | The Big O | The tall buildings and giant domes create a sense of claustrophobia and paranoia characteristic of the style. The rural landscape, Ailesberry Farm, contrasts Paradigm City. Noir protagonists often look for sanctuary in such settings but they just as likely end up becoming a killing ground. The series score is represent... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_23 | The Big O | Amnesia is a common plot device in film noir. Because most of these stories focused on a character proving his innocence, authors up the ante by making him an amnesiac, unable to prove his innocence even to himself. Influences
Before The Big O, Sunrise was a subcontractor for Warner Bros. Animation's Batman: The Anima... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_24 | The Big O | Roger Smith is a pastiche of the Bruce Wayne persona and the Batman. The character design resembles Wayne, complete with slicked-back hair and double-breasted business suit. Like Bruce, Roger prides himself in being a rich playboy to the extent that one of his household's rules is only women may be let into his mansion... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_25 | The Big O | The Big O'''s cast of supporting characters includes Norman, Roger's faithful mechanically-inclined butler who fills the role of Alfred Pennyworth; R. Dorothy Wayneright, who plays the role of the sidekick; and Dan Dastun, a good honest cop who, like Jim Gordon, is both a friend to the hero and greatly respected by his... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_26 | The Big O | The other major influence is Mitsuteru Yokoyama's Giant Robo. Before working on The Big O, Kazuyoshi Katayama and other animators worked with Yasuhiro Imagawa on Giant Robo: The Day the Earth Stood Still. The feature, a "retro chic" homage to Yokoyama's career, took seven years to produce and suffered low sales and hig... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_27 | The Big O | Like Giant Robo, the megadeuses of Big O are metal behemoths. The designs are strange and "more macho than practical," sporting big stovepipe arms and exposed rivets. Unlike the giants of other mecha series, the megadeuses do not exhibit ninja-like speed nor grace. Instead, the robots are armed with "old school" weapon... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_28 | The Big O | Katayama also cited Super Robot Red Baron and Super Robot Mach Baron among influences on the inspiration of The Big O. Believing that because Red Baron had such a low budget and the big fights always happened outside of a city setting, he wanted Big O to be the show he felt Red Baron could be with a bigger budget. He a... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_29 | The Big O | Related media Publications The Big O was conceived as a media franchise. To this effect, Sunrise requested a manga be produced along with the animated series. The Big O manga started serialization in Kodansha's Magazine Z in July 1999, three months before the anime premiere. Authored by Hitoshi Ariga, the manga uses Ke... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_30 | The Big O | In anticipation of the broadcast of the second season, a new manga series was published. , authored by Hitoshi Ariga. Lost Memory takes place between volumes five and six of the original manga. The issues were serialized in Magazine Z from November 2002 to September 2003 and were collected in two volumes. , a novel by ... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_31 | The Big O | Audio drama
"Walking Together On The Yellow Brick Road" was released by Victor Entertainment on 21 September 2000. The drama CD was written by series head writer Chiaki J. Konaka and featured the series' voice cast. An English translation, written by English dub translator David Fleming, was posted on Konaka's website. | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_32 | The Big O | Video games
The first season of Big O is featured in Super Robot Wars D for the Game Boy Advance in 2003. The series, including its second season, is also featured in Super Robot Wars Z, released in 2008. The Big O became a mainstay of the "Z" games, appearing in each entry of the subseries. | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_33 | The Big O | Toys and model kits
Bandai released a non-scale model kit of Big O in 2000. Though it was an easy snap-together kit, it required painting, as all of the parts (except the clear orange crown and canopy) were molded in dark gray. The kit included springs that enabled the slide-action Side Piles on the forearms to simulat... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_34 | The Big O | PVC figures of Big O and Big Duo (Schwarzwald's Megadeus) were sold by Bandai America. Each came with non-poseable figures of Roger, Dorothy and Angel. Mini-figure sets were sold in Japan and America during the run of the second season. The characters included Big O (standard and attack modes), Roger, Dorothy & Norman,... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_35 | The Big O | In 2009, Bandai released a plastic/diecast figure of the Big O under their Soul of Chogokin line. The figure has the same features as the model kit, but with added detail and accessories. Its design was closely supervised by original designer Keiichi Sato. | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_36 | The Big O | In 2011, Max Factory released action figures of Roger and Dorothy through their Figma toyline. Like most Figmas, they are very detailed, articulated and come with accessories and interchangeable faces. In the same year, Max Factory also released a 12-inch, diecast figure of Big O under their Max Gokin line. The figure ... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_37 | The Big O | Reception The Big O premiered on 13 October 1999. The show was not a hit in its native Japan, rather it was reduced from an outlined 26 episodes to 13 episodes. Western audiences were more receptive and the series achieved the success its creators were looking for. In an interview with AnimePlay, Keiichi Sato said "Thi... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_38 | The Big O | Several words appear constantly in the English-language reviews; adjectives like "hip", "sleek," "stylish",
"classy", and, above all, "cool" serve to describe the artwork, the concept, and the series itself. Reviewers have pointed out references and homages to various works of fiction, namely Batman, Giant Robo, the w... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_39 | The Big O | The first season's reception was positive. Anime on DVD recommends it as an essential series. Chris Beveridge of the aforementioned site gave an A− to Vols. 1 and 2, and a B+ to Vols. 3 and 4. Mike Toole of Anime Jump gave it 4.5 (out of a possible 5) stars, while the review at the Anime Academy gave it a grade of 83, ... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_40 | The Big O | The look and feel of the show received a big enhancement in the second season. This time around, the animation is "near OVA quality" and the artwork "far more lush and detailed." Also enhanced are the troubles of the first season. The giant robot battles still seem out of place to some, while others praise the "over-th... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_41 | The Big O | For some reviewers, the second season "doesn't quite match the first" addressing to "something" missing in these episodes. Andy Patrizio of IGN points out changes in Roger Smith's character, who "lost some of his cool and his very funny side in the second season." Like a repeat of season one, this season's ending is co... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_42 | The Big O | The series continues to have a strong cult following into the 2010s. In 2014 BuzzFeed writer Ryan Broderick ranked The Big O as one of the best anime series to binge-watch. Dan Casey host of The Nerdist's Dan Cave stated The Big O was the anime series he was most eager to see rebooted or remade, along with Trigun and S... | wikipedia |
wiki_61_chunk_43 | The Big O | References
Notes Citations External links 1999 anime television series debuts
1999 manga
2000 Japanese television series endings
2002 manga
2003 anime television series debuts
2003 Japanese television series endings
Japanese adult animated science fiction television series
Fiction about amnesia
Anime with original scr... | wikipedia |
wiki_62_chunk_0 | B (programming language) | B is a programming language developed at Bell Labs circa 1969. It was developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie. B was derived from BCPL, and its name may possibly be a contraction of BCPL. Thompson's coworker Dennis Ritchie speculated that the name might be based on Bon, an earlier, but unrelated, programming lan... | wikipedia |
wiki_62_chunk_1 | B (programming language) | B was designed for recursive, non-numeric, machine-independent applications, such as system and language software. It was a typeless language, with the only data type being the underlying machine's natural memory word format, whatever that might be. Depending on the context, the word was treated either as an integer or... | wikipedia |
wiki_62_chunk_2 | B (programming language) | As machines with ASCII processing became common, notably the DEC PDP-11 that arrived at Bell, support for character data stuffed in memory words became important. The typeless nature of the language was seen as a disadvantage, which led Thompson and Ritchie to develop an expanded version of the language supporting new ... | wikipedia |
wiki_62_chunk_3 | B (programming language) | History
Circa 1969, Ken Thompson and later Dennis Ritchie developed B basing it mainly on the BCPL language Thompson used in the Multics project. B was essentially the BCPL system stripped of any component Thompson felt he could do without in order to make it fit within the memory capacity of the minicomputers of the ... | wikipedia |
wiki_62_chunk_4 | B (programming language) | Thompson added "two-address assignment operators" using x =+ y syntax to add y to x (in C the operator is written +=). This syntax came from Douglas McIlroy's implementation of TMG, in which B's compiler was first implemented (and it came to TMG from ALGOL 68's x +:= y syntax). Thompson went further by inventing the in... | wikipedia |
wiki_62_chunk_5 | B (programming language) | The semicolon version of the for loop was borrowed by Ken Thompson from the work of Stephen Johnson. | wikipedia |
wiki_62_chunk_6 | B (programming language) | B is typeless, or more precisely has one data type: the computer word. Most operators (e.g. +, -, *, /) treated this as an integer, but others treated it as a memory address to be dereferenced. In many other ways it looked a lot like an early version of C. There are a few library functions, including some that vaguely ... | wikipedia |
wiki_62_chunk_7 | B (programming language) | Early implementations were for the DEC PDP-7 and PDP-11 minicomputers using early Unix, and Honeywell 36-bit mainframes running the operating system GCOS. The earliest PDP-7 implementations compiled to threaded code, and Ritchie wrote a compiler using TMG which produced machine code. In 1970 a PDP-11 was acquired and ... | wikipedia |
wiki_62_chunk_8 | B (programming language) | The typeless nature of B made sense on the Honeywell, PDP-7 and many older computers, but was a problem on the PDP-11 because it was difficult to elegantly access the character data type that the PDP-11 and most modern computers fully support. Starting in 1971 Ritchie made changes to the language while converting its c... | wikipedia |
wiki_62_chunk_9 | B (programming language) | B is almost extinct, having been superseded by the C language. However, it continues to see use on GCOS mainframes ()
and on certain embedded systems () for a variety of reasons: limited hardware in small systems, extensive libraries, tooling, licensing cost issues, and simply being good enough for the job. The highly... | wikipedia |
wiki_62_chunk_10 | B (programming language) | /* The following function will print a non-negative number, n, to
the base b, where 2<=b<=10. This routine uses the fact that
in the ASCII character set, the digits 0 to 9 have sequential
code values. */ printn(n, b) {
extrn putchar;
auto a;
/* Wikipedia note: the auto keyword declare... | wikipedia |
wiki_62_chunk_11 | B (programming language) | if (a = n / b) /* assignment, not test for equality */
printn(a, b); /* recursive */
putchar(n % b + '0');
} /* The following program will calculate the constant e-2 to about
4000 decimal digits, and print it 50 characters to the line in
groups of 5 characters. The method is simple... | wikipedia |
wiki_62_chunk_12 | B (programming language) | main() {
extrn putchar, n, v;
auto i, c, col, a; i = col = 0;
while(i<n)
v[i++] = 1;
while(col<2*n) {
a = n+1;
c = i = 0;
while (i<n) {
c =+ v[i] *10;
v[i++] = c%a;
c =/ a--;
} | wikipedia |
wiki_62_chunk_13 | B (programming language) | putchar(c+'0');
if(!(++col%5))
putchar(col%50?' ': '*n');
}
putchar('*n*n');
}
v[2000];
n 2000; See also Notes References | wikipedia |
wiki_62_chunk_14 | B (programming language) | External links
Manual page for b(1) from Unix First Edition
The Development of the C Language, Dennis M. Ritchie. Puts B in the context of BCPL and C.
Users' Reference to B, Ken Thompson. Describes the PDP-11 version.
The Programming Language B, S. C. Johnson & B. W. Kernighan, Technical Report CS TR 8, Bell Labs ... | wikipedia |
wiki_62_chunk_15 | B (programming language) | Procedural programming languages
Programming languages
Programming languages created in 1969 | wikipedia |
wiki_63_chunk_0 | Outline of biology | Biology – The natural science that studies life. Areas of focus include structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. History of biology History of anatomy
History of biochemistry
History of biotechnology
History of ecology
History of genetics
History of evolutionary thought:
The eclipse o... | wikipedia |
wiki_63_chunk_1 | Outline of biology | Overview
Biology
Science
Life
Properties: Adaptation – Energy processing – Growth – Order – Regulation – Reproduction – Response to environment
Biological organization: atom – molecule – cell – tissue – organ – organ system – organism – population – community – ecosystem – biosphere
Approach: Reductionism – emerg... | wikipedia |
wiki_63_chunk_2 | Outline of biology | Chemical basis
Outline of biochemistry
Atoms and molecules
matter – element – atom – proton – neutron – electron– Bohr model – isotope – chemical bond – ionic bond – ions – covalent bond – hydrogen bond – molecule
Water:
properties of water – solvent – cohesion – surface tension – Adhesion – pH
Organic compounds:
carbo... | wikipedia |
wiki_63_chunk_3 | Outline of biology | Cells
Outline of cell biology
Cell structure:
Cell coined by Robert Hooke
Techniques: cell culture – microscope – light microscope – electron microscopy – SEM – TEM
Organelles: Cytoplasm – Vacuole – Peroxisome – Plastid
Cell nucleus
Nucleoplasm – Nucleolus – Chromatin – Chromosome
Endomembrane system
Nuclear envel... | wikipedia |
wiki_63_chunk_4 | Outline of biology | Genetics
Outline of Genetics
Inheritance
heredity – Mendelian inheritance – gene – locus – trait – allele – polymorphism – homozygote – heterozygote – hybrid – hybridization – dihybrid cross – Punnett square – inbreeding
genotype–phenotype distinction – genotype – phenotype – dominant gene – recessive gene
genetic inte... | wikipedia |
wiki_63_chunk_5 | Outline of biology | Evolution
Outline of evolution (see also evolutionary biology)
Evolutionary processes
evolution
microevolution: adaptation – selection – natural selection – directional selection – sexual selection – genetic drift – sexual reproduction – asexual reproduction – colony – allele frequency – neutral theory of molecular e... | wikipedia |
wiki_63_chunk_6 | Outline of biology | Phylogeny
Lineage (evolution) – evolutionary tree – cladistics – species – taxon – clade – monophyletic – polyphyly – paraphyly – heredity – phenotypic trait – nucleic acid sequence – synapomorphy – homology – molecular clock – outgroup (cladistics) – maximum parsimony (phylogenetics) – Computational phylogenetics
... | wikipedia |
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