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wiki_39678_chunk_2 | Ophiodermella cancellata | Carpenter, Philip Pearsall. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Taylor & Francis, 1864.
McLean J.H. (1996). The Prosobranchia. In: Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. The ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39678_chunk_3 | Ophiodermella cancellata | External links
Bouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011) A new operational classification of the Conoidea. Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273–308. cancellata | wikipedia |
wiki_39679_chunk_0 | Hindeloopen Frisian | Hindeloopen Frisian (natively called Hylpers, and Hylpersk in standard West Frisian; also sometimes called Hindeloopers in English, as it is in Dutch) is a West Frisian dialect or language spoken in the port town of Hindeloopen and in the village of Molkwerum on the west coast of the Dutch province of Friesland. It has... | wikipedia |
wiki_39679_chunk_1 | Hindeloopen Frisian | Hindeloopen Frisian has been written since the 17th century. In 1981, the Fryske Akademy (Frisian Academy) published a dictionary of the language, then still seen as a dialect (Hylper Wurdboek, 1981, author: Gosse Blom). In 2006 they started developing a new dictionary which was completed in 2019 (Graet Hylper Wordeboo... | wikipedia |
wiki_39679_chunk_2 | Hindeloopen Frisian | In 2019 Hylpers was internationally recognized as a language when Glottolog, an international scientific online database containing a comprehensive catalogue of more than 7000 of the world's languages, language families and dialects, added it into their database. The language is stored under "Language: Hindeloopen-Molk... | wikipedia |
wiki_39679_chunk_3 | Hindeloopen Frisian | Glottolog is part of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena (Germany). The Hylper language is still being taught at the local elementary school. | wikipedia |
wiki_39679_chunk_4 | Hindeloopen Frisian | Development
Due to its position on a peninsula, Hindeloopen was very isolated from the mainland until the 20th century and for centuries had more contact with the coastal cities in Holland on the other side of the South Sea. Because of this, Hindeloopen Frisian underwent greater influence from Hollandic speech than the... | wikipedia |
wiki_39679_chunk_5 | Hindeloopen Frisian | Differences compared to Standard West Frisian
In Hindeloopen Frisian, the l in the trigraphs âld and âlt is not silent, as it is in Standard West Frisian, and the vowel is longer.
The Standard West Frisian tsj is reduced to tj or s; for example, for the standard (against) and for the standard (church).
The digraph... | wikipedia |
wiki_39679_chunk_6 | Hindeloopen Frisian | There are also a few lexical differences, such as instead of (to sew), instead of (a child’s word for “horse”) and instead of (onion). The dialect’s vocabulary preserves many more words from Old Frisian that are no longer used elsewhere.
The differences in pronunciation and vocabulary between Hindeloopen Frisian ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39679_chunk_7 | Hindeloopen Frisian | West Frisian language
Súdwest-Fryslân | wikipedia |
wiki_39680_chunk_0 | Active State Power Management | Active-state power management (ASPM) is a power management mechanism for PCI Express devices to garner power savings while otherwise in a fully active state. Predominantly, this is achieved through active-state link power management; i.e., the PCI Express serial link is powered down when there is no traffic across it. ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39680_chunk_1 | Active State Power Management | As serial-based PCIe bus devices, such as IEEE1394 (FireWire), become less active, it is possible for the computer's power management system to take the opportunity to reduce overall power consumption by placing the link PHY into a low-power mode and instructing other devices on the link to follow suit. This is usually... | wikipedia |
wiki_39680_chunk_2 | Active State Power Management | While ASPM brings a reduction in power consumption, it can also result in increased latency as the serial bus needs to be 'woken up' from low-power mode, possibly reconfigured and the host-to-device link re-established. This is known as ASPM exit latency and takes up valuable time which can be annoying to the end user ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39680_chunk_3 | Active State Power Management | Currently, two low power modes are specified by the PCIe 2.0 specification; L0s and L1 mode. L0s concerns setting low power mode for one direction of the serial link only, usually downstream of the PHY controller. L1 shuts off PCIe link completely, including the reference clock signal, until a dedicated signal (CLKREQ#... | wikipedia |
wiki_39680_chunk_4 | Active State Power Management | BIOS
Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
Peripheral Component Interconnect | wikipedia |
wiki_39681_chunk_0 | Mathey-Tissot | Mathey-Tissot is a Swiss watch maker of prestige watches, originally established in the late 19th century by Edmond Mathey-Tissot at Les Ponts-de-Martel in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. Mathey-Tissot is not associated with another Swiss watchmaker, Tissot. | wikipedia |
wiki_39681_chunk_1 | Mathey-Tissot | History
Edmond Mathey-Tissot established his watchmaking business in the village of Les Ponts-de-Martel in 1886. He began by specializing in complications, and especially repeater pocket watches, that is, watches which chime the hour or the hour and quarter-hour (quarter-repeater) or the hour, quarter-hour and minute ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39681_chunk_2 | Mathey-Tissot | In 1899, the outbreak of the Second Boer War led to such an expansion in demand for Mathey-Tissot watches that a new factory was built. Among the orders received was one from a nobleman in Scotland who commissioned 2,500 watches, having decided to present every man in his son's regiment with a repeater watch: in gold f... | wikipedia |
wiki_39681_chunk_3 | Mathey-Tissot | In 1914, Mathey-Tissot was represented at the Kew Observatory Competition by six Observatory Chronometers capable of split-second timing, all six being rated 'Class A' with the comment 'specially good'. The same year, Mathey-Tissot gained the Grand Prix at the Swiss National Exhibition. During the First World War, the ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39681_chunk_4 | Mathey-Tissot | The name 'E. Mathey-Tissot & Co.' was protected by trademark in the United States in 1937. The firm at one time had good relations with China and made watches of Chinese designs for that market which have been described as "complicated and painstaking pieces... in the realm of superior watchmaking". | wikipedia |
wiki_39681_chunk_5 | Mathey-Tissot | In 1969 and 1970, Elvis Presley bought several dozen customized Mathey-Tissot automatic watches for giving to family, friends and staff; the purpose being to identify the wearers as having a privileged right of access to Presley's concerts and tours. The bezel settings of these the name ELVIS PRESLEY in raised letters ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39681_chunk_6 | Mathey-Tissot | Present-day
Mathey-Tissot makes and customizes watches with both mechanical and quartz movements. Mathey-Tissot no longer produces its own watch movements in house. The company's logo is similar to the "peace symbol" of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, but turned upside-down, with the words Mathey-Tissot in manusc... | wikipedia |
wiki_39681_chunk_7 | Mathey-Tissot | The name of Mathey-Tissot is registered with the World Intellectual Property Organization, under the company name E. Mathey-Tissot & Co SA, of Boulevard de Pérolle, Fribourg, Switzerland. See also List of watch manufactures
Manufacture d'horlogerie
Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry FH References External links
Of... | wikipedia |
wiki_39682_chunk_0 | Hender Molesworth | Sir Hender Molesworth, 1st Baronet (ca. 1638 – 27 July 1689), was made 1st Baronet of Pencarrow after serving as acting Governor of Jamaica from 1684 to 1687 and from 1688 to 1689. References External links Leighrayment.com 1689 deaths
Governors of Jamaica
Year of birth uncertain
Baronets in the Baronetage of England
1... | wikipedia |
wiki_39683_chunk_0 | Birth Control Revolution | a.k.a. Contraceptive Revolution is a 1967 Japanese pink film directed by Masao Adachi for Kōji Wakamatsu's production studio. Synopsis
The insane gynaecologist, Dr. Marukido Sadao (Marquis de Sade), theorizes that a woman is unable to become pregnant if she is writhing in intense pain during intercourse. He sets about ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39683_chunk_1 | Birth Control Revolution | Cast
Mikio Terajima () as Dr. Marquis de Sade (Marukido Sadao - )
Kozue Kashima () as Mitsuko Marukido
Atsushi Yamatoya () as Nishimura
Kuniko Masuda ()
Hachirō Tobita ()
Hatsuo Yamaya () as Saburō Kyōtani
Kōji Wakamatsu as Weekly magazine photographer
Shigeomi Satō () as Blue film actor | wikipedia |
wiki_39683_chunk_2 | Birth Control Revolution | Background and critical appraisal
Masao Adachi filmed Birth Control Revolution for Kōji Wakamatsu's Wakamatsu Productions and it was released theatrically in Japan by Nihon Cinema on February 21, 1967. Adachi used the character of the crazy gynaecologist, Marukido Sadao—a Japanese pun on "Marquis de Sade"—in his first ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39683_chunk_3 | Birth Control Revolution | Allmovie notes that despite the main character's "silly name", the film is actually a quite grim "twisted softcore S & M film". The review warns off viewers who are not comfortable with sadism as entertainment, in the style of many pink films. In their Japanese Cinema Encyclopedia: The Sex Films, the Weissers also note... | wikipedia |
wiki_39684_chunk_0 | Protezione Civile | The Protezione Civile (Civil Protection), officially Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (Civil Protection Department), is the national body in Italy that deals with the prediction, prevention and management of emergency events. It was established in 1992 by legge 24 febbraio 1992, n. 225, which was updated in 2012, a... | wikipedia |
wiki_39684_chunk_1 | Protezione Civile | The current chief is Fabrizio Curcio. In order to cope with the risky and difficult situations, the Protezione Civile needs a great deal of volunteers and all the other existing forces. More than 5,000 local volunteering organizations participate to the Protezione Civile activities that represent the backbone of the de... | wikipedia |
wiki_39684_chunk_2 | Protezione Civile | Protezione Civile's aerial firefighting aircraft was operated by contractor Societa Ricerche Esperienze Meteorologiche (SOREM) since 1998. In 2018, after a rearrangement of national forces and corps, the complete firefighting fleet was transferred to the Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del fuoco, Italy's fire department, as... | wikipedia |
wiki_39684_chunk_3 | Protezione Civile | AgustaWestland AW109: 3 A109A, 2 A109E and 1 A109K2 for Utility/Transport
AgustaWestland AW139: 2 - for transport
Piaggio P180 Avanti: 2 - for VIP transport
Canadair CL-415: 19 for aerial firefighting
Canadair CL-215: 6 are operated by Corpo nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco Operating bases | wikipedia |
wiki_39684_chunk_4 | Protezione Civile | Rome-Ciampino: Ciampino–G. B. Pastine International Airport
Albenga (Liguria): Albenga Airport
Olbia (Sardinia): Olbia Costa Smeralda Airport
Reggio Calabria (Calabria): Reggio Calabria Airport
Trapani (Sicilia): Vincenzo Florio Airport – Trapani Birgi Denomination in minority languages in Italy
In regions with spe... | wikipedia |
wiki_39684_chunk_5 | Protezione Civile | For the Valle d'Aosta, bilingual Italian / French Protection Civil
For the autonomous province of Bolzano, bilingual Italian / German, Zivilschutz
In Friuli-Venezia Giulia, for municipalities of the provinces of Trieste, Gorizia and Udine whose statute provides for bilingual Italian / Slovenian Civilna zaščita Honour... | wikipedia |
wiki_39684_chunk_6 | Protezione Civile | Gold Medal for Civil Merit - 2003
" For meritorious work done by the Department of Civil Protection in the event of major and tragic events that occurred during 2002, indicated below: June 2002, Verbano Cusio-Ossola: formation of a lake epiglaciale on the Monte Rosa glacier . October–November 2002 Catania: volcanic and... | wikipedia |
wiki_39684_chunk_7 | Protezione Civile | Gold Medal for Civil Merit - 2006
" On the occasion of the serious natural disasters and the tragic events that occurred in the years 2004–05 in different parts of the world the Department of Civil Protection of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, gave proof of extraordinary self-sacrifice in the name of the va... | wikipedia |
wiki_39684_chunk_8 | Protezione Civile | Gold Medal Order of Merit of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
" They have been able to transform the dedication that motivates them to efficiently and effectively in rescue operations in Italy and abroad, making the Italian Civil Protection system a model admired and respected and its volunteers an example of prof... | wikipedia |
wiki_39684_chunk_9 | Protezione Civile | Gold Medal for Civil Merit - 2012
" On the occasion of the earthquake that struck the Abruzzo region the Department of Civil Protection of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers ensured a constant and effective coordination of components and operational structures, as well as civil organizations, military and volun... | wikipedia |
wiki_39684_chunk_10 | Protezione Civile | Gold Medal of Merit of the Italian Red Cross
" During the early stages of relief following the earthquake that hit the Abruzzo region, the Department has demonstrated extraordinary organizational capacity during all phases of the complex system of coordination between relief, providing assistance to thousands of people... | wikipedia |
wiki_39685_chunk_0 | Cypraeovula fuscodentata | Cypraeovula fuscodentata (dark-toothed cowrie, also spelled 'cowry') is a species of medium-sized sea snail, a predatory marine gastropod mollusc in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries. Subspecies
Two subspecies have been recognized :
Cypraeovula fuscodentata grohorum Lorenz, 2002
Cypraeovula fuscodentata sphaerica Lore... | wikipedia |
wiki_39685_chunk_1 | Cypraeovula fuscodentata | Distribution
Cypraeovula fuscodentata is known off the southern African coast from the Cape Peninsula to Port Alfred, subtidally to at least 25m. The species is endemic to this region. Description | wikipedia |
wiki_39685_chunk_2 | Cypraeovula fuscodentata | The dark-toothed cowrie has a medium-sized shell which may grow to 60mm in total length. The shell is generally smooth and caramel-coloured, flecked with pale blue or mauve, but in live specimens is usually covered with the mantle. Variations in shell colour range from pale blue or mauve to dark chocolate brown. The do... | wikipedia |
wiki_39685_chunk_3 | Cypraeovula fuscodentata | The shell's undersides, which are not visible in living animals, are strongly ribbed. The ribs are toffee-coloured. The labrum is broad and robust, with 15 to 19 pigmented denticles. The aperture is narrow and may be constricted towards the rear. | wikipedia |
wiki_39685_chunk_4 | Cypraeovula fuscodentata | The mantle coloration is highly variable but is usually tawny and spotted with black. Color variations run from black to milky white and light to dark orange to pink and brownish red. The mantle may also have randomly scattered white spots and simple papillae and has a fine granular texture. The siphon is short and sli... | wikipedia |
wiki_39685_chunk_5 | Cypraeovula fuscodentata | Ecology
This animal is never common, but where found, is usually associated with black sponges. References Lorenz, F., 2002. New worldwide cowries. Descriptions of new taxa and revisions of selected groups of living Cypraeidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Schriften zur Malakozoologie 20: 292 pp
Steyn, D.G & Lussi, M. (2005... | wikipedia |
wiki_39685_chunk_6 | Cypraeovula fuscodentata | Cypraeidae
Gastropods described in 1825
Taxa named by John Edward Gray | wikipedia |
wiki_39686_chunk_0 | New South Wales Systems Biology Initiative | The New South Wales Systems Biology Initiative, directed by Marc Wilkins is a non-profit facility within the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences at the University of New South Wales. Their focus is undertaking basic and applied research in the development and application of bioinformatics for genomics and... | wikipedia |
wiki_39686_chunk_1 | New South Wales Systems Biology Initiative | Methylation on the proteome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Modifications generate conditional effects on proteins, whereby their covalent attachment to amino acids will cause perturbation of a particular protein resulting in an impact on the potential interactions of its newly modified form. Methylation is one of the most... | wikipedia |
wiki_39686_chunk_2 | New South Wales Systems Biology Initiative | Separation and identification of protein complexes
Large-scale analysis of protein complexes is an emerging difficulty as methods for the fractionation of protein complexes that are not compatible with downstream proteomic techniques. The Systems Biology Initiative is utilising the technique of blue native continuous e... | wikipedia |
wiki_39686_chunk_3 | New South Wales Systems Biology Initiative | Visualising proteins, complexes and interaction networks
The integration of biological data, including protein structures, interactions etc. can be generated through automated technology. The importance of such data can often be lost without proper visualisation of the data. The Systems Biology Initiative is currently ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39686_chunk_4 | New South Wales Systems Biology Initiative | References External links
The New South Wales Systems Biology Initiative
Skyrails Visualisation System
Updated Research Projects at the Systems Biology Initiative website University of New South Wales | wikipedia |
wiki_39687_chunk_0 | Energy Works Michigan | Energy Works Michigan (Energy Works) was a non-profit affiliate of the Ecology Center based in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Energy Works employs seven staff members. Energy Works was funded by the Michigan Public Service Commission (MPSC) to administer the Michigan Renewable Schools Program (MRSP), implementing energy effici... | wikipedia |
wiki_39687_chunk_1 | Energy Works Michigan | Energy Works has partnered with 67 K-12 schools and districts throughout the State of Michigan. Energy Works will partner with approximately 90 additional Michigan K-12 schools beginning in September 2011. Michigan Renewable Schools Program
Energy Works administers the Michigan Renewable Schools Program , a 5-year $8M ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39687_chunk_2 | Energy Works Michigan | Energy Works has partnered with 67 K-12 schools and districts throughout the State of Michigan. Energy Works will partner with approximately 90 additional Michigan K-12 schools beginning in September 2011. The program has received considerable interest from K-12 schools statewide. The Michigan Renewable Schools Progra... | wikipedia |
wiki_39687_chunk_3 | Energy Works Michigan | Energy Efficiency Program: to implement energy efficiency building upgrades
Renewable Energy Program: to install renewable energy systems, including solar photovoltaic (PV) and/or wind
Educational Resources: to provide teachers with training and resources to make energy efficiency and renewable energy an integral par... | wikipedia |
wiki_39687_chunk_4 | Energy Works Michigan | History
On November 19, 2010, the Michigan State Administrative Board approved the Michigan Energy Efficiency Grant in the amount of $4.4 million awarded to Energy Works by the MPSC . The MPSC is an agency within the Michigan Department of Energy, Labor & Economic Growth. The award is funding Energy Works to administ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39687_chunk_5 | Energy Works Michigan | On April 22, 2009, the MPSC issued an order approving $5.5 million in Michigan energy efficiency grants for all customer classes to three organizations, including Energy Works Michigan, Elkton-Pigeon-Bay Port Laker Schools, and Great Lakes Energy Service. | wikipedia |
wiki_39687_chunk_6 | Energy Works Michigan | On April 22, 2009, the Michigan State Administrative Board approved the Michigan Energy Efficiency Grant in the amount of $3.5 million awarded to Energy Works, in partnership with Recycle Ann Arbor and the Ecology Center, by the MPSC . The award funded Energy Works to administer the Michigan Renewable Schools Program... | wikipedia |
wiki_39687_chunk_7 | Energy Works Michigan | The grants are part of the Low-Income and Energy Efficiency Fund (LIEEF) , which provides energy bill
assistance for low-income customers and promotes the efficient use of energy by all customer
classes. See also
Ecology Center | wikipedia |
wiki_39687_chunk_8 | Energy Works Michigan | External links
http://www.energyworksmichigan.org
http://www.ecocenter.org
http://www.recycleannarbor.org
http://www.michigan.gov/mpsc
http://www.michigan.gov/mpsc/0,1607,7-159-52493-79463--,00.html Organizations based in Michigan | wikipedia |
wiki_39688_chunk_0 | Airy zeta function | In mathematics, the Airy zeta function, studied by , is a function analogous to the Riemann zeta function and related to the zeros of the Airy function. Definition The Airy function is positive for positive x, but oscillates for negative values of x. The Airy zeros are the values at which , ordered by increasing magni... | wikipedia |
wiki_39688_chunk_1 | Airy zeta function | Evaluation at integers
Like the Riemann zeta function, whose value is the solution to the Basel problem,
the Airy zeta function may be exactly evaluated at s = 2: where is the gamma function, a continuous variant of the factorial.
Similar evaluations are also possible for larger integer values of s. It is conjectured... | wikipedia |
wiki_39689_chunk_0 | Jacobi zeta function | In mathematics, the Jacobi zeta function Z(u) is the logarithmic derivative of the Jacobi theta function Θ(u). It is also commonly denoted as Where E, K, and F are generic Incomplete Elliptical Integrals of the first and second kind. Jacobi Zeta Functions being kinds of Jacobi theta functions have applications to all ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39689_chunk_1 | Jacobi zeta function | https://booksite.elsevier.com/samplechapters/9780123736376/Sample_Chapters/01~Front_Matter.pdf Pg.xxxiv http://mathworld.wolfram.com/JacobiZetaFunction.html Special functions | wikipedia |
wiki_39690_chunk_0 | GreenSpring Computers | GreenSpring Computers was started in 1984 as VME Specialists. The original product focus was VMEbus cards for industrial automation. The company was founded by Leonard Lehmann and his father Henry Lehmann in Redwood City, California, United States. | wikipedia |
wiki_39690_chunk_1 | GreenSpring Computers | Change of name
Around 1988, the company changed its name to GreenSpring Computers. With the name change came a change of focus away from VMEbus specific products to industrial automation products. The company worked with Apple Computers and SuperMac Technologies to design and manufacture the first video cards for the ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39690_chunk_2 | GreenSpring Computers | Acquisition
GreenSpring Computers was acquired by SBS Technologies in April 1995. In 2006, SBS Technologies was acquired by GE Fanuc Embedded Systems. The SBS headquarters in Albuquerque is now the headquarters for GE Fanuc Embedded Systems. Original product line | wikipedia |
wiki_39690_chunk_3 | GreenSpring Computers | Mezzanine modules
With the focus moving away from VMEbus only, Leonard brought on Kim Rubin to develop a bus independent module called IndustryPacks (IP). IndustryPack became recognized as an industry standard for mezzanine modules and was adopted by ANSI as VITA 4. These mezzanine modules are approximately the size o... | wikipedia |
wiki_39690_chunk_4 | GreenSpring Computers | The big advancements for IPs was when Motorola adopted the standard for their MVME162 processor line (see Motorola Single Board Computers) based on the Motorola 68040. In a short time, there were multiple IP manufacturers and over 100 different IP modules available. Final product line References External links
VMEbus... | wikipedia |
wiki_39691_chunk_0 | Composite Software | Composite Software, Inc was previously a privately held data virtualization software company based in San Mateo, California. Composite Software was founded in October 2001 by Michael R. Abbott. In 2003, former Active Software founder and webMethods CTO, Jim Green joined Composite Software as CEO. On July 30, 2013, Comp... | wikipedia |
wiki_39691_chunk_1 | Composite Software | Composite Software was cited as an "industry leader" in the Forrester Research "2012 Forrester Wave: Data Virtualization" study for its help in advancing data virtualization to its current form, known under a variety of names including data federation and Information as a Service. Composite Data Virtualization Platform... | wikipedia |
wiki_39691_chunk_2 | Composite Software | The Composite Data Virtualization Platform consists of:
Composite Studio which includes an integrated development environment for source data introspection, relationship discovery, data modeling, view and data service development, and revision control;
Composite Information Server which includes a query engine with pat... | wikipedia |
wiki_39691_chunk_3 | Composite Software | Customers Composite Software's data virtualization software is used in financial services companies, pharmaceutical companies, energy companies, communications, consumer and industrial companies, and government agencies including the U.S. Army and the Environmental Protection Agency. | wikipedia |
wiki_39691_chunk_4 | Composite Software | Post-Acquisition Development at Cisco
Composite Software was incorporated into Cisco as the Data Virtualization Business Unit. The Composite Data Virtualization Platform was renamed Cisco Data Virtualization, and Composite Information Server (CIS) became Cisco Information Server (CIS). It continues to be sold to addres... | wikipedia |
wiki_39691_chunk_5 | Composite Software | Post-Acquisition Development at TIBCO
In October 2017 TIBCO bought the Composite Software division of Cisco. Shortly after the transfer completed TIBCO Data Virtualization 7.0.6 was released which updated the branding and changed the license model. References Software companies based in California
Cisco Systems acquisi... | wikipedia |
wiki_39692_chunk_0 | Evolution of lemurs | Lemurs, primates belonging to the suborder Strepsirrhini which branched off from other primates less than 63 million years ago, evolved on the island of Madagascar, for at least 40 million years. They share some traits with the most basal primates, and thus are often confused as being ancestral to modern monkeys, apes... | wikipedia |
wiki_39692_chunk_1 | Evolution of lemurs | Lemurs are thought to have evolved during the Eocene or earlier, sharing a closest common ancestor with lorises, pottos, and galagos (lorisoids). Fossils from Africa and some tests of nuclear DNA suggest that lemurs made their way to Madagascar between 40 and 52 mya. Other mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence compar... | wikipedia |
wiki_39692_chunk_2 | Evolution of lemurs | Having undergone their own independent evolution on Madagascar, lemurs have diversified to fill many niches normally filled by other types of mammals. They include the smallest primates in the world, and once included some of the largest. Since the arrival of humans approximately 2,000 years ago, lemurs are now restr... | wikipedia |
wiki_39692_chunk_3 | Evolution of lemurs | Evolutionary history
Lemurs are primates belonging to the suborder Strepsirrhini. Like other strepsirrhine primates, such as lorises, pottos, and galagos, they share ancestral traits with early primates. In this regard, lemurs are popularly confused with ancestral primates; however, lemurs did not give rise to monkeys... | wikipedia |
wiki_39692_chunk_4 | Evolution of lemurs | Primates first evolved sometime between the Middle Cretaceous and the early Paleocene periods on either the supercontinent of Laurasia or in Africa. According to molecular clock studies, the last common ancestor of all primates dates to around 79.6 mya, although the earliest known fossil primates are only 54–55 millio... | wikipedia |
wiki_39692_chunk_5 | Evolution of lemurs | The relationship between known fossil primate families remains unclear. A conservative estimate for the divergence of haplorhines (tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans) and strepsirrhines is 58 to 63 mya. A consensus is emerging that places omomyids as a sister group to tarsiers, eosimids as a stem group to simians (n... | wikipedia |
wiki_39692_chunk_6 | Evolution of lemurs | Lemurs were traditionally thought to have evolved during the Eocene (55 to 37 mya) based on the fossil record, although molecular tests suggest the Paleocene (66 to 56 mya) or later. Until recently, they were thought to have descended directly from the diverse group of adapiforms due to several shared postcranial trait... | wikipedia |
wiki_39692_chunk_7 | Evolution of lemurs | Comparative studies of the cytochrome b gene, which are frequently used to determine phylogenetic relationships among mammals—particularly within families and genera—have been used to show that lemurs share common ancestry with lorisoids. This conclusion is also corroborated by the shared strepsirrhine toothcomb, an un... | wikipedia |
wiki_39692_chunk_8 | Evolution of lemurs | The fossil record tells a different story. Although it cannot show the earliest possible date for the appearance of a taxonomic group, other concerns have arisen about these vastly earlier divergence dates predicted independently of the fossil record. First, palaeontologists have expressed concerns that if primates h... | wikipedia |
wiki_39692_chunk_9 | Evolution of lemurs | To complicate the ancestry puzzle, no terrestrial Eocene or Paleocene fossils have been found on Madagascar, and the fossil record from both Africa and Asia around this time is not much better. Fossil sites in Madagascar are restricted to only five windows in time, which omit most of the Cenozoic, from 66 mya to ~26,... | wikipedia |
wiki_39692_chunk_10 | Evolution of lemurs | Colonization of Madagascar
Once part of the supercontinent Gondwana, Madagascar broke away from eastern Africa, the likely source of the ancestral lemur population, about 160 mya and then from Antarctica between 80 and 130 mya. Initially, the island drifted south from where it split from Africa (around modern Somalia)... | wikipedia |
wiki_39692_chunk_11 | Evolution of lemurs | With Madagascar already geographically isolated by the Paleocene and lemur diversification dating to the same time, an explanation was needed for how lemurs had made it to the island. In the 19th century, prior to the theory of continental drift, scientists including Philip Sclater, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, and... | wikipedia |
wiki_39692_chunk_12 | Evolution of lemurs | As plate tectonics theory took hold, oceanic dispersal fell out of favor and was even considered by many researchers to be "miraculous" if it occurred. Despite the low likelihood of its occurrence, oceanic dispersal remains the most accepted explanation for numerous vertebrate colonizations of Madagascar, including th... | wikipedia |
wiki_39692_chunk_13 | Evolution of lemurs | Any extended ocean voyage without fresh water or food would prove difficult for a large, warm-blooded (homeothermic) mammal, but today many small, nocturnal species of lemur exhibit heterothermy, which allows them to lower their metabolism and become dormant while living off fat reserves. Such a trait in a small, noctu... | wikipedia |
wiki_39692_chunk_14 | Evolution of lemurs | Because only five terrestrial orders of mammals have made it to the island, each likely to have derived from a single colonization, and since these colonizations date to either the early Cenozoic or the early Miocene, the conditions for oceanic dispersal to Madagascar seem to have been better during two separate period... | wikipedia |
wiki_39692_chunk_15 | Evolution of lemurs | Since the 1970s, the rafting hypothesis has been called into question by claims that lemur family Cheirogaleidae might be more closely related to the other Afro-Asian strepsirrhines than to the rest of the lemurs. This idea was initially based on similarities in behavior and molar morphology, although it gained suppor... | wikipedia |
wiki_39692_chunk_16 | Evolution of lemurs | An alternative form of oceanic dispersal that had been considered was island hopping, where the lemur ancestors might have made it to Madagascar in small steps by colonizing exposed seamounts during times of low sea level. However, this is unlikely since the only seamounts found along the Davie Ridge would have been to... | wikipedia |
wiki_39692_chunk_17 | Evolution of lemurs | A variant of the land bridge hypothesis has been proposed in an attempt to explain both how a land bridge could have formed, and why other mammalian orders failed to cross it. Geological studies have shown that following the collision of India and Asia, the Davie Fracture Zone had been pushed up by tectonic forces, po... | wikipedia |
wiki_39692_chunk_18 | Evolution of lemurs | The dating of the lemur colonization is controversial for the same reasons as strepsirrhine evolution. Using both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences, a single colonization has been estimated at 62 to 65 mya based on the split between the aye-aye and the rest of the lemurs. On the other hand, the sparse fossil re... | wikipedia |
wiki_39692_chunk_19 | Evolution of lemurs | Once safely established on Madagascar, with its limited mammalian population, the lemurs were protected from the increasing competition from evolving arboreal mammalian groups. Monkeys had evolved by the Oligocene, and their intelligence, aggression, and deceptiveness may have given them the advantage in exploiting the... | wikipedia |
wiki_39692_chunk_20 | Evolution of lemurs | The ancestral lemur that colonized Madagascar is thought to have been small and nocturnal. More specifically, it is thought to have had adapiform-like cranial anatomy—particularly the cranial foramina and the middle ear—comparable to that of lemurids, while being similar to cheirogaleids in dentition and postcranial a... | wikipedia |
wiki_39692_chunk_21 | Evolution of lemurs | Nothing definitive is known about the island's biogeography at the time of the colonization, however, the paleoclimate (ancient weather patterns) may have been affected by Madagascar's location below the subtropical ridge at 30° S latitude and disruption of the weather patterns by India as it drifted northward. Both w... | wikipedia |
wiki_39692_chunk_22 | Evolution of lemurs | Lemurs have diversified greatly since first reaching Madagascar. The aye-aye and its extinct relations are thought to have diverged first, shortly after colonization. According to molecular studies, there have since been two major episodes of diversification, from which all other known extant and extinct family linea... | wikipedia |
wiki_39692_chunk_23 | Evolution of lemurs | The second major episode of diversification occurred during the Late Miocene, approximately 8 to 12 mya, and included the true lemurs (Eulemur) and the mouse lemurs (Microcebus). This event coincided with the beginning of the Indian monsoons, the last major change in climate to affect Madagascar. The populations of b... | wikipedia |
wiki_39692_chunk_24 | Evolution of lemurs | This difference in evolutionary divergence between the two genera may be due to differences in their activity patterns. True lemurs are often diurnal, allowing potential mates to distinguish each other as well as other related species visually. Mouse lemurs, on the other hand, are nocturnal, reducing their ability to... | wikipedia |
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