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wiki_100_chunk_0 | Viscous forces | The proportionality factor is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, often simply referred to as the viscosity. It is denoted by the Greek letter mu (μ). The dynamic viscosity has the dimensions ( m a s s / l e n g t h ) / t i m e {\displaystyle \mathrm {(mass/length)/time} } , therefore resulting in the SI units and the ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_101_chunk_0 | Viscous forces | If the velocity does not vary linearly with y {\displaystyle y} , then the appropriate generalization is: τ = μ ∂ u ∂ y , {\displaystyle \tau =\mu {\frac {\partial u}{\partial y}},} where τ = F / A {\displaystyle \tau =F/A} , and ∂ u / ∂ y {\displaystyle \partial u/\partial y} is the local shear velocity. This expressi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_102_chunk_0 | Yield (engineering) | In materials science and engineering, the yield point is the point on a stress-strain curve that indicates the limit of elastic behavior and the beginning of plastic behavior. Below the yield point, a material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. Once the yie... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_103_chunk_0 | Yield (engineering) | The yield strength is often used to determine the maximum allowable load in a mechanical component, since it represents the upper limit to forces that can be applied without producing permanent deformation. In some materials, such as aluminium, there is a gradual onset of non-linear behavior, and no precise yield point... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_104_chunk_0 | Yield (engineering) | Yielding is a gradual failure mode which is normally not catastrophic, unlike ultimate failure. In solid mechanics, the yield point can be specified in terms of the three-dimensional principal stresses ( σ 1 , σ 2 , σ 3 {\displaystyle \sigma _{1},\sigma _{2},\sigma _{3}} ) with a yield surface or a yield criterion. A v... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_105_chunk_0 | Uranium metallurgy | In materials science and materials engineering, uranium metallurgy is the study of the physical and chemical behavior of uranium and its alloys.Commercial-grade uranium can be produced through the reduction of uranium halides with alkali or alkaline earth metals. Uranium metal can also be made through electrolysis of K... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_106_chunk_0 | Functionally graded element | In materials science and mathematics, functionally graded elements are elements used in finite element analysis. They can be used to describe a functionally graded material. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_107_chunk_0 | Toughness | In materials science and metallurgy, toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. Toughness is the strength with which the material opposes rupture. One definition of material toughness is the amount of energy per unit volume that a material can absorb before ruptur... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_108_chunk_0 | Thermostability | In materials science and molecular biology, thermostability is the ability of a substance to resist irreversible change in its chemical or physical structure, often by resisting decomposition or polymerization, at a high relative temperature. Thermostable materials may be used industrially as fire retardants. A thermos... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_109_chunk_0 | Slip line field | In materials science and soil mechanics, a slip line field or slip line field theory is a technique often used to analyze the stresses and forces involved in the major deformation of metals or soils. In essence, in some problems including plane strain and plane stress elastic-plastic problems, elastic part of the mater... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_110_chunk_0 | Poisson's Ratio | In materials science and solid mechanics, Poisson's ratio ν {\displaystyle \nu } (nu) is a measure of the Poisson effect, the deformation (expansion or contraction) of a material in directions perpendicular to the specific direction of loading. The value of Poisson's ratio is the negative of the ratio of transverse str... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_111_chunk_0 | Poisson's Ratio | For soft materials, such as rubber, where the bulk modulus is much higher than the shear modulus, Poisson's ratio is near 0.5. For open-cell polymer foams, Poisson's ratio is near zero, since the cells tend to collapse in compression. Many typical solids have Poisson's ratios in the range of 0.2–0.3. The ratio is named... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_112_chunk_0 | Biaxial tensile testing | In materials science and solid mechanics, biaxial tensile testing is a versatile technique to address the mechanical characterization of planar materials. It is a generalized form of tensile testing in which the material sample is simultaneously stressed along two perpendicular axes. Typical materials tested in biaxial... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_113_chunk_0 | Residual stress | In materials science and solid mechanics, residual stresses are stresses that remain in a solid material after the original cause of the stresses has been removed. Residual stress may be desirable or undesirable. For example, laser peening imparts deep beneficial compressive residual stresses into metal components such... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_114_chunk_0 | Residual stress | Residual stresses can result from a variety of mechanisms including inelastic (plastic) deformations, temperature gradients (during thermal cycle) or structural changes (phase transformation). Heat from welding may cause localized expansion, which is taken up during welding by either the molten metal or the placement o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_115_chunk_0 | Work hardened | In materials science parlance, dislocations are defined as line defects in a material's crystal structure. The bonds surrounding the dislocation are already elastically strained by the defect compared to the bonds between the constituents of the regular crystal lattice. Therefore, these bonds break at relatively lower ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_116_chunk_0 | Work hardened | For example, there are compressively strained bonds directly next to an edge dislocation and tensilely strained bonds beyond the end of an edge dislocation. These form compressive strain fields and tensile strain fields, respectively. Strain fields are analogous to electric fields in certain ways. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_117_chunk_0 | Work hardened | Specifically, the strain fields of dislocations obey similar laws of attraction and repulsion; in order to reduce overall strain, compressive strains are attracted to tensile strains, and vice versa. The visible (macroscopic) results of plastic deformation are the result of microscopic dislocation motion. For example, ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_118_chunk_0 | Flow stress | In materials science the flow stress, typically denoted as Yf (or σ f {\displaystyle \sigma _{\text{f}}} ), is defined as the instantaneous value of stress required to continue plastically deforming a material - to keep it flowing. It is most commonly, though not exclusively, used in reference to metals. On a stress-st... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_119_chunk_0 | Flow stress | In continuum mechanics, the flow stress for a given material will vary with changes in temperature, T {\displaystyle T} , strain, ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon } , and strain-rate, ε ˙ {\displaystyle {\dot {\varepsilon }}} ; therefore it can be written as some function of those properties: Y f = f ( ε , ε ˙ , T ) {\disp... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_120_chunk_0 | Flow stress | Generally, raising the temperature of an alloy above 0.5 Tm results in the plastic deformation mechanisms being controlled by strain-rate sensitivity, whereas at room temperature metals are generally strain-dependent. Other models may also include the effects of strain gradients. Independent of test conditions, the flo... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_121_chunk_0 | Flow stress | Fatigue failure is caused by crack propagation in materials under a varying load, typically a cyclically varying load. The rate of crack propagation is inversely proportional to the flow stress of the material. == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_122_chunk_0 | MXenes | In materials science, MXenes are a class of two-dimensional inorganic compounds , that consist of atomically thin layers of transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides. MXenes accept a variety of hydrophilic terminations. MXenes were first reported in 2012. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_123_chunk_0 | Ostwald's step rule | In materials science, Ostwald's rule or Ostwald's step rule, conceived by Wilhelm Ostwald, describes the formation of polymorphs. The rule states that usually the less stable polymorph crystallizes first. Ostwald's rule is not a universal law but a common tendency observed in nature.This can be explained on the basis o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_124_chunk_0 | Ostwald's step rule | A dramatic example is phosphorus, which upon sublimation first forms the less stable white phosphorus, which only slowly polymerizes to the red allotrope. This is notably the case for the anatase polymorph of titanium dioxide, which having a lower surface energy is commonly the first phase to form by crystallisation fr... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_125_chunk_0 | Schmid's law | In materials science, Schmid's law (also Schmid factor) describes the slip plane and the slip direction of a stressed material, which can resolve the most shear stress. Schmid's Law states that the critically resolved shear stress (τ) is equal to the stress applied to the material (σ) multiplied by the cosine of the an... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_126_chunk_0 | Bingham fluid | In materials science, a Bingham plastic is a viscoplastic material that behaves as a rigid body at low stresses but flows as a viscous fluid at high stress. It is named after Eugene C. Bingham who proposed its mathematical form.It is used as a common mathematical model of mud flow in drilling engineering, and in the ha... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_127_chunk_0 | Frank-Read source | In materials science, a Frank–Read source is a mechanism explaining the generation of multiple dislocations in specific well-spaced slip planes in crystals when they are deformed. When a crystal is deformed, in order for slip to occur, dislocations must be generated in the material. This implies that, during deformatio... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_128_chunk_0 | Lomer–Cottrell junction | In materials science, a Lomer–Cottrell junction is a particular configuration of dislocations. When two perfect dislocations encounter along a slip plane, each perfect dislocation can split into two Shockley partial dislocations: a leading dislocation and a trailing dislocation. When the two leading Shockley partials c... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_129_chunk_0 | Lomer–Cottrell junction | It is sessile and immobile in the slip plane, acting as a barrier against other dislocations in the plane. The trailing dislocations pile up behind the Lomer–Cottrell dislocation, and an ever greater force is required to push additional dislocations into the pile-up. ex. FCC lattice along {111} slip planes |leading| |t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_130_chunk_0 | Composite laminate | In materials science, a composite laminate is an assembly of layers of fibrous composite materials which can be joined to provide required engineering properties, including in-plane stiffness, bending stiffness, strength, and coefficient of thermal expansion. The individual layers consist of high-modulus, high-strength... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_131_chunk_0 | Composite laminate | Layers of different materials may be used, resulting in a hybrid laminate. The individual layers generally are orthotropic (that is, with principal properties in orthogonal directions) or transversely isotropic (with isotropic properties in the transverse plane) with the laminate then exhibiting anisotropic (with varia... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_132_chunk_0 | Dislocation | In materials science, a dislocation or Taylor's dislocation is a linear crystallographic defect or irregularity within a crystal structure that contains an abrupt change in the arrangement of atoms. The movement of dislocations allow atoms to slide over each other at low stress levels and is known as glide or slip. The... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_133_chunk_0 | Dislocation | A dislocation defines the boundary between slipped and unslipped regions of material and as a result, must either form a complete loop, intersect other dislocations or defects, or extend to the edges of the crystal. A dislocation can be characterised by the distance and direction of movement it causes to atoms which is... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_134_chunk_0 | Rule of mixtures | In materials science, a general rule of mixtures is a weighted mean used to predict various properties of a composite material . It provides a theoretical upper- and lower-bound on properties such as the elastic modulus, ultimate tensile strength, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity. In general there are ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_135_chunk_0 | Rule of mixtures | The real upper-bound Young's modulus is larger than E c {\displaystyle E_{c}} given by this formula. Even if both constituents are isotropic, the real upper bound is E c {\displaystyle E_{c}} plus a term in the order of square of the difference of the Poisson's ratios of the two constituents.The inverse rule of mixture... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_136_chunk_0 | Grain boundary | In materials science, a grain boundary is the interface between two grains, or crystallites, in a polycrystalline material. Grain boundaries are two-dimensional defects in the crystal structure, and tend to decrease the electrical and thermal conductivity of the material. Most grain boundaries are preferred sites for t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_137_chunk_0 | Matrix (composite) | In materials science, a matrix is a constituent of a composite material. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_138_chunk_0 | Sponge metal | In materials science, a metal foam is a material or structure consisting of a solid metal (frequently aluminium) with gas-filled pores comprising a large portion of the volume. The pores can be sealed (closed-cell foam) or interconnected (open-cell foam). The defining characteristic of metal foams is a high porosity: t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_139_chunk_0 | Sponge metal | Metal foams typically retain some physical properties of their base material. Foam made from non-flammable metal remains non-flammable and can generally be recycled as the base material. Its coefficient of thermal expansion is similar while thermal conductivity is likely reduced. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_140_chunk_0 | Metal matrix composite | In materials science, a metal matrix composite (MMC) is a composite material with fibers or particles dispersed in a metallic matrix, such as copper, aluminum, or steel. The secondary phase is typically a ceramic (such as alumina or silicon carbide) or another metal (such as steel). They are typically classified accord... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_141_chunk_0 | Metal matrix composite | There is some overlap between MMCs and cermets, with the latter typically consisting of less than 20% metal by volume. When at least three materials are present, it is called a hybrid composite. MMCs can have much higher strength-to-weight ratios, stiffness, and ductility than traditional materials, so they are often u... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_142_chunk_0 | Partial dislocation | In materials science, a partial dislocation is a decomposed form of dislocation that occurs within a crystalline material. An extended dislocation is a dislocation that has dissociated into a pair of partial dislocations. The vector sum of the Burgers vectors of the partial dislocations is the Burgers vector of the ext... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_143_chunk_0 | Polymer blend | In materials science, a polymer blend, or polymer mixture, is a member of a class of materials analogous to metal alloys, in which at least two polymers are blended together to create a new material with different physical properties. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_144_chunk_0 | Polymer matrix composite | In materials science, a polymer matrix composite (PMC) is a composite material composed of a variety of short or continuous fibers bound together by a matrix of organic polymers. PMCs are designed to transfer loads between fibers of a matrix. Some of the advantages with PMCs include their light weight, high resistance ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_145_chunk_0 | Porous media | In materials science, a porous medium or a porous material is a material containing pores (voids). The skeletal portion of the material is often called the "matrix" or "frame". The pores are typically filled with a fluid (liquid or gas). The skeletal material is usually a solid, but structures like foams are often also... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_146_chunk_0 | Porous media | A porous medium is most often characterised by its porosity. Other properties of the medium (e.g. permeability, tensile strength, electrical conductivity, tortuosity) can sometimes be derived from the respective properties of its constituents (solid matrix and fluid) and the media porosity and pores structure, but such... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_147_chunk_0 | Porous media | Often both the solid matrix and the pore network (also known as the pore space) are continuous, so as to form two interpenetrating continua such as in a sponge. However, there is also a concept of closed porosity and effective porosity, i.e. the pore space accessible to flow. Many natural substances such as rocks and s... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_148_chunk_0 | Porous media | Many of their important properties can only be rationalized by considering them to be porous media. The concept of porous media is used in many areas of applied science and engineering: filtration, mechanics (acoustics, geomechanics, soil mechanics, rock mechanics), engineering (petroleum engineering, bioremediation, c... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_149_chunk_0 | Precipitate-free zone | In materials science, a precipitate-free zone (PFZ) refers to microscopic localized regions around grain boundaries that are free of precipitates (solid impurities forced outwards from the grain during crystallization). It is a common phenomenon that arises in polycrystalline materials (crystalline materials with stoch... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_150_chunk_0 | Refractory lining | In materials science, a refractory (or refractory material) is a material that is resistant to decomposition by heat, pressure, or chemical attack, and retains strength and form at high temperatures. Refractories are polycrystalline, polyphase, inorganic, non-metallic, porous, and heterogeneous. They are typically comp... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_151_chunk_0 | Sandwich structured composite | In materials science, a sandwich-structured composite is a special class of composite materials that is fabricated by attaching two thin-but-stiff skins to a lightweight but thick core. The core material is normally low strength, but its higher thickness provides the sandwich composite with high bending stiffness with ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_152_chunk_0 | Sandwich structured composite | Sometimes, the honeycomb structure is filled with other foams for added strength. Open- and closed-cell metal foam can also be used as core materials. Laminates of glass or carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastics or mainly thermoset polymers (unsaturated polyesters, epoxies...) are widely used as skin materials. Sheet m... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_153_chunk_0 | Mono-crystalline silicon | In materials science, a single crystal (or single-crystal solid or monocrystalline solid) is a material in which the crystal lattice of the entire sample is continuous and unbroken to the edges of the sample, with no grain boundaries. The absence of the defects associated with grain boundaries can give monocrystals uni... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_154_chunk_0 | Thermosetting polymer | In materials science, a thermosetting polymer, often called a thermoset, is a polymer that is obtained by irreversibly hardening ("curing") a soft solid or viscous liquid prepolymer (resin). Curing is induced by heat or suitable radiation and may be promoted by high pressure, or mixing with a catalyst. Heat is not nece... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_155_chunk_0 | Advanced composite materials (engineering) | In materials science, advanced composite materials (ACMs) are materials that are generally characterized by unusually high strength fibres with unusually high stiffness, or modulus of elasticity characteristics, compared to other materials, while bound together by weaker matrices. These are termed "advanced composite m... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_156_chunk_0 | Advanced composite materials (engineering) | Advanced composites exhibit desirable physical and chemical properties that include light weight coupled with high stiffness (elasticity), and strength along the direction of the reinforcing fiber, dimensional stability, temperature and chemical resistance, flex performance, and relatively easy processing. Advanced com... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_157_chunk_0 | Advanced composite materials (engineering) | These classifications are polymer matrix composites (PMCs), ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), and metal matrix composites (MMCs). Also, materials within these categories are often called "advanced" if they combine the properties of high (axial, longitudinal) strength values and high (axial, longitudinal) stiffness valu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_158_chunk_0 | Interstitial defect | In materials science, an interstitial defect is a type of point crystallographic defect where an atom of the same or of a different type, occupies an interstitial site in the crystal structure. When the atom is of the same type as those already present they are known as a self-interstitial defect. Alternatively, small ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_159_chunk_0 | Intrinsic properties | In materials science, an intrinsic property is independent of how much of a material is present and is independent of the form of the material, e.g., one large piece or a collection of small particles. Intrinsic properties are dependent mainly on the fundamental chemical composition and structure of the material. Extri... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_160_chunk_0 | Torsion tensor | In materials science, and especially elasticity theory, ideas of torsion also play an important role. One problem models the growth of vines, focusing on the question of how vines manage to twist around objects. The vine itself is modeled as a pair of elastic filaments twisted around one another. In its energy-minimizi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_161_chunk_0 | Asperity (material science) | In materials science, asperity, defined as "unevenness of surface, roughness, ruggedness" (from the Latin asper—"rough"), has implications (for example) in physics and seismology. Smooth surfaces, even those polished to a mirror finish, are not truly smooth on a microscopic scale. They are rough, with sharp, rough or r... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_162_chunk_0 | Asperity (material science) | The fractal dimension of these structures has been correlated with the contact mechanics exhibited at an interface in terms of friction and contact stiffness. When two macroscopically smooth surfaces come into contact, initially they only touch at a few of these asperity points. These cover only a very small portion of... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_163_chunk_0 | Asperity (material science) | Friction and wear originate at these points, and thus understanding their behavior becomes important when studying materials in contact. When the surfaces are subjected to a compressive load, the asperities deform through elastic and plastic modes, increasing the contact area between the two surfaces until the contact ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_164_chunk_0 | Bulk density | In materials science, bulk density, also called apparent density or volumetric density, is a property of powders, granules, and other "divided" solids, especially used in reference to mineral components (soil, gravel), chemical substances, pharmaceutical ingredients, foodstuff, or any other masses of corpuscular or par... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_165_chunk_0 | Ceramic Matrix Composite | In materials science, ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are a subgroup of composite materials and a subgroup of ceramics. They consist of ceramic fibers embedded in a ceramic matrix. The fibers and the matrix both can consist of any ceramic material, whereby carbon and carbon fibers can also be regarded as a ceramic mat... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_166_chunk_0 | Friction force microscopy | In materials science, chemical force microscopy (CFM) is a variation of atomic force microscopy (AFM) which has become a versatile tool for characterization of materials surfaces. With AFM, structural morphology is probed using simple tapping or contact modes that utilize van der Waals interactions between tip and samp... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_167_chunk_0 | Friction force microscopy | CFM enables the ability to determine the chemical nature of surfaces, irrespective of their specific morphology, and facilitates studies of basic chemical bonding enthalpy and surface energy. Typically, CFM is limited by thermal vibrations within the cantilever holding the probe. This limits force measurement resolutio... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_168_chunk_0 | Creep (deformation) | In materials science, creep (sometimes called cold flow) is the tendency of a solid material to undergo slow deformation while subject to persistent mechanical stresses. It can occur as a result of long-term exposure to high levels of stress that are still below the yield strength of the material. Creep is more severe ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_169_chunk_0 | Creep (deformation) | Depending on the magnitude of the applied stress and its duration, the deformation may become so large that a component can no longer perform its function – for example creep of a turbine blade could cause the blade to contact the casing, resulting in the failure of the blade. Creep is usually of concern to engineers a... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_170_chunk_0 | Creep (deformation) | For example, moderate creep in concrete is sometimes welcomed because it relieves tensile stresses that might otherwise lead to cracking. Unlike brittle fracture, creep deformation does not occur suddenly upon the application of stress. Instead, strain accumulates as a result of long-term stress. Therefore, creep is a ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_171_chunk_0 | Critical resolved shear stress | In materials science, critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) is the component of shear stress, resolved in the direction of slip, necessary to initiate slip in a grain. Resolved shear stress (RSS) is the shear component of an applied tensile or compressive stress resolved along a slip plane that is other than perpendicu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_172_chunk_0 | Critical resolved shear stress | The CRSS is the value of resolved shear stress at which yielding of the grain occurs, marking the onset of plastic deformation. CRSS, therefore, is a material property and is not dependent on the applied load or grain orientation. The CRSS is related to the observed yield strength of the material by the maximum value o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_173_chunk_0 | Cross Slip | In materials science, cross slip is the process by which a screw dislocation moves from one slip plane to another due to local stresses. It allows non-planar movement of screw dislocations. Non-planar movement of edge dislocations is achieved through climb. Since the Burgers vector of a perfect screw dislocation is par... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_174_chunk_0 | Cross Slip | Therefore, a screw dislocation can glide or slip along any plane that contains its Burgers vector. During cross slip, the screw dislocation switches from gliding along one slip plane to gliding along a different slip plane, called the cross-slip plane. The cross slip of moving dislocations can be seen by transmission e... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_175_chunk_0 | Euler angle | In materials science, crystallographic texture (or preferred orientation) can be described using Euler angles. In texture analysis, the Euler angles provide a mathematical depiction of the orientation of individual crystallites within a polycrystalline material, allowing for the quantitative description of the macrosco... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_176_chunk_0 | Direct laser interference patterning | In materials science, direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) is a laser-based technology that uses the physical principle of interference of high-intensity coherent laser beams to produce functional periodic microstructures. In order to obtain interference, the beam is divided by a beam splitter, special prisms, o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_177_chunk_0 | Direct laser interference patterning | Sufficiently high power of the laser beam can thus result in the removal of material at the interference maximums thanks to ablation phenomenon, leaving the material intact at the minimums. In this way, a repeatable pattern can be permanently fixed on the surface of a given material. DLIP can be applied to almost any m... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_178_chunk_0 | Disappearing polymorphs | In materials science, disappearing polymorphs (or perverse polymorphism) describes a phenomenon in which a seemingly stable crystal structure is suddenly unable to be produced, instead transforming into a polymorph, or differing crystal structure with the same chemical composition, during nucleation. Sometimes the resu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_179_chunk_0 | Dispersion (materials science) | In materials science, dispersion is the fraction of atoms of a material exposed to the surface. In general, D = NS/N, where D is the dispersion, NS is the number of surface atoms and NT is the total number of atoms of the material. It is an important concept in heterogeneous catalysis, since only atoms exposed to the s... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_180_chunk_0 | Effective medium | In materials science, effective medium approximations (EMA) or effective medium theory (EMT) pertain to analytical or theoretical modeling that describes the macroscopic properties of composite materials. EMAs or EMTs are developed from averaging the multiple values of the constituents that directly make up the composi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_181_chunk_0 | Effective medium | They both were derived in quasi-static approximation when the electric field inside a mixture particle may be considered as homogeneous. So, these formulae can not describe the particle size effect. Many attempts were undertaken to improve these formulae. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_182_chunk_0 | Environmental stress fracture | In materials science, environmental stress fracture or environment assisted fracture is the generic name given to premature failure under the influence of tensile stresses and harmful environments of materials such as metals and alloys, composites, plastics and ceramics. Metals and alloys exhibit phenomena such as stre... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_183_chunk_0 | Environmental stress fracture | Plastics and plastic-based composites may suffer swelling, debonding and loss of strength when exposed to organic fluids and other corrosive environments, such as acids and alkalies. Under the influence of stress and environment, many structural materials, particularly the high-specific strength ones become brittle and... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_184_chunk_0 | Environmental stress fracture | While their fracture toughness remains unaltered, their threshold stress intensity factor for crack propagation may be considerably lowered. Consequently, they become prone to premature fracture because of sub-critical crack growth. This article aims to give a brief overview of the various degradation processes mention... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_185_chunk_0 | Fast ion conductor | In materials science, fast ion conductors are solid conductors with highly mobile ions. These materials are important in the area of solid state ionics, and are also known as solid electrolytes and superionic conductors. These materials are useful in batteries and various sensors. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_186_chunk_0 | Material fatigue | In materials science, fatigue is the initiation and propagation of cracks in a material due to cyclic loading. Once a fatigue crack has initiated, it grows a small amount with each loading cycle, typically producing striations on some parts of the fracture surface. The crack will continue to grow until it reaches a cri... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_187_chunk_0 | Material fatigue | However, there are also a number of special cases that need to be considered where the rate of crack growth is significantly different compared to that obtained from constant amplitude testing. Such as the reduced rate of growth that occurs for small loads near the threshold or after the application of an overload; and... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_188_chunk_0 | Fracture toughening mechanisms | In materials science, fracture toughness is the critical stress intensity factor of a sharp crack where propagation of the crack suddenly becomes rapid and unlimited. A component's thickness affects the constraint conditions at the tip of a crack with thin components having plane stress conditions and thick components ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_189_chunk_0 | Fracture toughening mechanisms | When a test fails to meet the thickness and other test requirements that are in place to ensure plane strain conditions, the fracture toughness value produced is given the designation K c {\displaystyle K_{\text{c}}} . Fracture toughness is a quantitative way of expressing a material's resistance to crack propagation a... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_190_chunk_0 | Fragile matter | In materials science, fragile matter is a granular material that is jammed solid. Everyday examples include beans getting stuck in a hopper in a whole food shop, or milk powder getting jammed in an upside-down bottle. The term was coined by physicist Michael Cates, who asserts that such circumstances warrant a new clas... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_191_chunk_0 | Fragile matter | The jamming thus described can be unjammed by mechanical means, such as tapping or shaking the container, or poking it with a stick. Cates proposed that such jammed systems differ from ordinary solids in that if the direction of the applied stress changes, the jam will break up. Sometimes the change of direction requir... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_192_chunk_0 | Fragile matter | Perhaps the simplest example is a pile of sand, which is solid in the sense that the pile sustains its shape despite the force of gravity. Slight tilting or vibration is enough to enable the grains to shift, collapsing the pile. Not all jammed systems are fragile, i.e. foam. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_193_chunk_0 | Fragile matter | Shaving foam is jammed because the bubbles are tightly packed together under the isotropic stress imposed by atmospheric pressure. If it were a fragile solid, it would respond plastically to shear stress, however small. But because bubbles deform, foam actually responds elastically provided that the stress is below a t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_194_chunk_0 | Friability | In materials science, friability ( FRY-ə-BIL-ə-tee), the condition of being friable, describes the tendency of a solid substance to break into smaller pieces under duress or contact, especially by rubbing. The opposite of friable is indurate. Substances that are designated hazardous, such as asbestos or crystalline sil... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_195_chunk_0 | Galfenol | In materials science, galfenol is the general term for an alloy of iron and gallium. The name was first given to iron-gallium alloys by United States Navy researchers in 1998 when they discovered that adding gallium to iron could amplify iron's magnetostrictive effect up to tenfold. Galfenol is of interest to sonar res... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_196_chunk_0 | Grain growth | In materials science, grain growth is the increase in size of grains (crystallites) in a material at high temperature. This occurs when recovery and recrystallisation are complete and further reduction in the internal energy can only be achieved by reducing the total area of grain boundary. The term is commonly used in... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_197_chunk_0 | Grain refining | In materials science, grain-boundary strengthening (or Hall–Petch strengthening) is a method of strengthening materials by changing their average crystallite (grain) size. It is based on the observation that grain boundaries are insurmountable borders for dislocations and that the number of dislocations within a grain ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_198_chunk_0 | Hardness tester | In materials science, hardness (antonym: softness) is a measure of the resistance to localized plastic deformation induced by either mechanical indentation or abrasion. In general, different materials differ in their hardness; for example hard metals such as titanium and beryllium are harder than soft metals such as so... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199_chunk_0 | Intergranular corrosion | In materials science, intergranular corrosion (IGC), also known as intergranular attack (IGA), is a form of corrosion where the boundaries of crystallites of the material are more susceptible to corrosion than their insides. (Cf. transgranular corrosion.) | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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