Source string | Question string | Answer string | Question_type string | Referenced_file(s) string | chunk_text string | expert_annotation string | specific to paper string | Label int64 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
expert | Why the CpFM features to identical fused silica bars? | One bar is devoted to the direct beam flux measurement , the other one to the background characterisation. | Fact | CpFM_paper.pdf | $$ \\theta _ { k } = \\frac { x _ { C p F M } - \\sqrt { \\frac { \\beta _ { C p F M } } { \\beta _ { c r y } } } x _ { c r y } c o s \\varDelta \\phi } { \\sqrt { \\beta _ { c r y } \\beta _ { C p F M } } s i n \\varDelta \\phi } $$ being $\\beta _ { C p F M }$ and $\\beta _ { c r y }$ the betatron function at the CpF... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why the CpFM features to identical fused silica bars? | One bar is devoted to the direct beam flux measurement , the other one to the background characterisation. | Fact | CpFM_paper.pdf | Hit rate monitor threshold. The hit rate monitor cannot be used to count the channeled particles because, if the beam is well bunched, they are deflected at the same time (or more precisely within the 2 ns of the bunch), producing a single signal shape proportional to their number. Nevertheless, the hit rate monitor ca... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why the CpFM features to identical fused silica bars? | One bar is devoted to the direct beam flux measurement , the other one to the background characterisation. | Fact | CpFM_paper.pdf | 5.2.2. Crystal bending angle and angular spread of the channeled beam at the crystal position The results of the fits performed on the integrated beam profiles in Fig. 8(b) provide two additional functionality tests of the detector allowing to derive channeled beam and crystal characteristics already well known. In par... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why the CpFM features to identical fused silica bars? | One bar is devoted to the direct beam flux measurement , the other one to the background characterisation. | Fact | CpFM_paper.pdf | In order to fully characterize this collimation system, it is essential to steadily monitor the flux of the halo particles deflected by the crystal towards the absorber. Typical crystal-extracted fluxes range from $1 0 ^ { 5 }$ up to $1 0 ^ { 7 }$ protons/s (i.e. from 1 up to 200 protons per SPS revolution) and about $... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why the CpFM features to identical fused silica bars? | One bar is devoted to the direct beam flux measurement , the other one to the background characterisation. | Fact | CpFM_paper.pdf | The efficiency (ùúñ) of this version of the detector is well described by an upper cumulative distribution function of a Binomial distribution $B ( k , n , p )$ , being $n$ the real number of incoming protons to be detected, $k$ the total number of photoelectrons produced by the $n$ protons and p the single proton eff... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why the CpFM features to identical fused silica bars? | One bar is devoted to the direct beam flux measurement , the other one to the background characterisation. | Fact | CpFM_paper.pdf | 6. CpFM 2.0: in-situ calibration with Xenon ions and first case study During the winter shut-down of 2016, the layout of the CpFM detector was modified. In order to improve the detector efficiency, the fiber bundles were removed being indeed responsible for a reduction factor of 10 in the light yield per proton. They w... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why the CpFM features to identical fused silica bars? | One bar is devoted to the direct beam flux measurement , the other one to the background characterisation. | Fact | CpFM_paper.pdf | The WaveCatcher is triggered by the UA9 trigger (common to all the other UA9 instrumentation). This trigger signal is the SPS revolution signal $( 4 3 \\mathrm { k H z } )$ down-scaled by a factor of 1000 and synchronized with the passage of a filled bucket in LSS5. The acquisition rate corresponds to the trigger frequ... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why the CpFM features to identical fused silica bars? | One bar is devoted to the direct beam flux measurement , the other one to the background characterisation. | Fact | CpFM_paper.pdf | 3.3. WaveCatcher settings optimization In the following the optimal readout electronic settings are discussed with respect to the characteristics of the signal to be sampled. Sampling frequency and digitizer window length. Since the PMT reading out the CpFM signal is very fast (rise time $\\simeq 1 . 5 \\mathrm { n s }... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why the CpFM features to identical fused silica bars? | One bar is devoted to the direct beam flux measurement , the other one to the background characterisation. | Fact | CpFM_paper.pdf | 5. Commissioning and operations In this section the most common operations in which the detector is involved are described. During the commissioning phase they were also used to validate the functionality of the detector, allowing the measurement of some well know channeled beam and crystal characteristics. The crystal... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why the CpFM features to identical fused silica bars? | One bar is devoted to the direct beam flux measurement , the other one to the background characterisation. | Fact | CpFM_paper.pdf | 5.2. Standard operation: Linear scan The CpFM linear scan is the standard procedure needed to identify the CpFM position with respect to the primary and the channeled beam. A fast linear scan (linear motor speed $\\sim 1 0 0 ~ { \\mu \\mathrm { m } } / { \\sigma } )$ is performed at the very beginning of the operations... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why the CpFM features to identical fused silica bars? | One bar is devoted to the direct beam flux measurement , the other one to the background characterisation. | Fact | CpFM_paper.pdf | The relative resolution on the flux measurement of the CpFM for 100 incoming electrons was assessed to be $1 5 \\%$ , corresponding to a 0.62 photoelectron (ph.e.) yield per single particle [9,11,12]. The CpFM is installed in the SPS tunnel since 2015. 2.1. Electronic readout and DAQ system The CpFM electronic readout ... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why the fiber bundles were removed? | To increase the detector efficiency | Reasoning | CpFM_paper.pdf | A conceptual sketch of the first version of the CpFM is shown in Fig. 2. It consists of two identical Fused Silica bars $( 5 \\times 1 0 \\times 3 6 0 ~ \\mathrm { m m } ^ { 3 }$ , $5 ~ \\mathrm { m m }$ along the beam direction) acting as Cherenkov light radiators and light guides at the same time. When a relativistic... | 1 | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why the fiber bundles were removed? | To increase the detector efficiency | Reasoning | CpFM_paper.pdf | 5.2.1. Channeled beam profile In the channeling plateau, the linear scan shown in Fig. 8(b) basically corresponds to integrate the channeled beam profile in the horizontal plane. Therefore it can be fitted with an error function: $$ e r f ( x ) = A \\cdot { \\frac { 1 } { \\sigma { \\sqrt { 2 \\pi } } } } \\int _ { 0 }... | 1 | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why the fiber bundles were removed? | To increase the detector efficiency | Reasoning | CpFM_paper.pdf | 6. CpFM 2.0: in-situ calibration with Xenon ions and first case study During the winter shut-down of 2016, the layout of the CpFM detector was modified. In order to improve the detector efficiency, the fiber bundles were removed being indeed responsible for a reduction factor of 10 in the light yield per proton. They w... | 5 | Yes | 1 |
expert | Why using a tilted laser pulse helps with higher gradient? | it interacts arbitrary long with an electron, while the interaction with each DLA structure cell can be arbitrary short | reasoning | Beam_Dynamics_in_Dielectric_Laser_Acceleration.pdf | 4.1 Ponderomotive focusing To simplify and generalize the discussion one can imagine the electrons to be moving in the field of two waves of electric field amplitude $E _ { 0 }$ and $E _ { 1 }$ respectively, one with velocity $\\beta _ { r }$ phase synchronous with the beam (which provides stable longitudinal accelerat... | 4 | Yes | 1 |
expert | Why using a tilted laser pulse helps with higher gradient? | it interacts arbitrary long with an electron, while the interaction with each DLA structure cell can be arbitrary short | reasoning | Beam_Dynamics_in_Dielectric_Laser_Acceleration.pdf | There have been two major approaches to producing injectors of sufficiently high brightness. The first approach uses a nanotip cold field or Schottky emitter in an electron microscope column that has been modified for laser access to the cathode [14, 21, 22]. One can then leverage the decades of development that have b... | 1 | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why using a tilted laser pulse helps with higher gradient? | it interacts arbitrary long with an electron, while the interaction with each DLA structure cell can be arbitrary short | reasoning | Beam_Dynamics_in_Dielectric_Laser_Acceleration.pdf | $ { 0 . 4 \\mathrm { m m } }$ with a throughput of roughly $5 0 \\%$ . As shown in Fig. 4, multiple acceleration stages can be arranged on a single SOI chip. Each stage roughly doubles the energy and is characterized by the laser pulse front tilt angle, corresponding to an ’average’ beam velocity in the stage (See ... | 1 | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why using a tilted laser pulse helps with higher gradient? | it interacts arbitrary long with an electron, while the interaction with each DLA structure cell can be arbitrary short | reasoning | Beam_Dynamics_in_Dielectric_Laser_Acceleration.pdf | Efficient operation of the DLA undulator requires a design with optimized cell geometry to maximize the interaction of the electron beam with the laser field. Figure 11 shows simulation results for a parameter scan of the tilt angle $\\alpha$ and the fill factor $r _ { \\mathrm { f } }$ which is the tooth width divided... | 4 | Yes | 1 |
expert | Why using a tilted laser pulse helps with higher gradient? | it interacts arbitrary long with an electron, while the interaction with each DLA structure cell can be arbitrary short | reasoning | Beam_Dynamics_in_Dielectric_Laser_Acceleration.pdf | $$ K _ { \\\\mathrm { z } } = a _ { \\\\mathrm { z } } { \\\\frac { k _ { \\\\mathrm { x } } } { k _ { \\\\mathrm { u } } } } = { \\\\frac { q } { m _ { 0 } c ^ { 2 } } } { \\\\frac { k _ { \\\\mathrm { z } } } { k k _ { \\\\mathrm { u } } } } \\\\left| e _ { 1 } \\\\left( \\\\alpha \\\\right) \\\\right| \\\\tan \\\\al... | 4 | Yes | 1 |
expert | Why using a tilted laser pulse helps with higher gradient? | it interacts arbitrary long with an electron, while the interaction with each DLA structure cell can be arbitrary short | reasoning | Beam_Dynamics_in_Dielectric_Laser_Acceleration.pdf | Usually the laser pulses are impinging laterally on the structures, with the polarization in the direction of electron beam propagation. Short pulses thus allow interaction with the electron beam only over a short distance. This lack of length scalability can be overcome by pulse front tilt (PFT), which can be obtained... | 5 | Yes | 1 |
expert | Why using a tilted laser pulse helps with higher gradient? | it interacts arbitrary long with an electron, while the interaction with each DLA structure cell can be arbitrary short | reasoning | Beam_Dynamics_in_Dielectric_Laser_Acceleration.pdf | 3 Alternating Phase Focusing DLA 3.1 Principle and Nanophotonic Structures The advantage of high gradient in DLA comes with the drawback of non-uniform driving optical nearfields across the beam channel. The electron beam, which usually fills the entire channel, is therefore defocused. The defocusing is resonant, i.e. ... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why using a tilted laser pulse helps with higher gradient? | it interacts arbitrary long with an electron, while the interaction with each DLA structure cell can be arbitrary short | reasoning | Beam_Dynamics_in_Dielectric_Laser_Acceleration.pdf | 4.2 Soft tuning of DLA parameters The original plan proposed to hard-wire spatial harmonics into the structure to obtain the ponderomotive focusing effect. In practice, one can also simply modulate the drive laser phase, effectively introducing spatial harmonics into a generic, strictly periodic grating, see Fig. 8. Th... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why using a tilted laser pulse helps with higher gradient? | it interacts arbitrary long with an electron, while the interaction with each DLA structure cell can be arbitrary short | reasoning | Beam_Dynamics_in_Dielectric_Laser_Acceleration.pdf | k _ { x } ^ { 2 } + k _ { y } ^ { 2 } = - \\frac { \\omega ^ { 2 } } { \\beta ^ { 2 } \\gamma ^ { 2 } c ^ { 2 } } , $$ where $\\omega = 2 \\pi c / \\lambda$ is the laser angular frequency and $\\beta , \\gamma$ are the relativistic velocity and mass factors. Note that the longitudinal field Eq. 3.1 suffices to describe... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why using a tilted laser pulse helps with higher gradient? | it interacts arbitrary long with an electron, while the interaction with each DLA structure cell can be arbitrary short | reasoning | Beam_Dynamics_in_Dielectric_Laser_Acceleration.pdf | Figure $1 4 \\mathrm { b }$ ) shows the width $\\sigma _ { \\mathrm { y } }$ for an electron beam passing the DLA undulator without particle losses. A transversal geometric emittance of $\\varepsilon _ { \\mathrm { y } } = 1 0 \\mathrm { p m }$ ensures $1 0 0 \\%$ transmission. The simulations use an electron beam with... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why using a tilted laser pulse helps with higher gradient? | it interacts arbitrary long with an electron, while the interaction with each DLA structure cell can be arbitrary short | reasoning | Beam_Dynamics_in_Dielectric_Laser_Acceleration.pdf | File Name:Beam_Dynamics_in_Dielectric_Laser_Acceleration.pdf Prepared for submission to JINST Special Issue on Beam Dynamics Challenges in Advanced and Novel Accelerators February 2022 Beam Dynamics in Dielectric Laser Acceleration U. Niedermayerùëé K. Leedleùëè P. Musumeciùëê S. A. Schmidùëé ùëéTechnical Universi... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why using a tilted laser pulse helps with higher gradient? | it interacts arbitrary long with an electron, while the interaction with each DLA structure cell can be arbitrary short | reasoning | Beam_Dynamics_in_Dielectric_Laser_Acceleration.pdf | By etching the pillars by electron beam lithography and the ’mesa’ by photo lithography, several low energy electron manipulation devices, well known in the accelerator toolbox, were created on a chip. These are ballistic bunchers [33, 34], APF single cells and channels [35, 36], and the first demonstration of low ... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why using a tilted laser pulse helps with higher gradient? | it interacts arbitrary long with an electron, while the interaction with each DLA structure cell can be arbitrary short | reasoning | Beam_Dynamics_in_Dielectric_Laser_Acceleration.pdf | $$ \\mathbf { a } \\left( x , y , z , c t \\right) = a _ { \\mathrm { z } } \\cosh \\left( k _ { \\mathrm { y } } y \\right) \\sin \\left( k c t - k _ { \\mathrm { z } } z + k _ { \\mathrm { x } } x \\right) \\mathbf { e } _ { \\mathrm { z } } $$ with the reciprocal grating vectors of the tilted DLA cell $k _ { \\mathr... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why using a tilted laser pulse helps with higher gradient? | it interacts arbitrary long with an electron, while the interaction with each DLA structure cell can be arbitrary short | reasoning | Beam_Dynamics_in_Dielectric_Laser_Acceleration.pdf | $$ k _ { \\mathrm { u } } \\approx \\frac { 1 } { \\beta } k - k _ { \\mathrm { z } } . $$ The analytical model provides design guidelines for the experimental realization of an DLA undulator. In Eq. (5.4) the deviation of $k$ with respect to a synchronous DLA structure determines the undulator wavelength $\\lambda _ {... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why using a tilted laser pulse helps with higher gradient? | it interacts arbitrary long with an electron, while the interaction with each DLA structure cell can be arbitrary short | reasoning | Beam_Dynamics_in_Dielectric_Laser_Acceleration.pdf | 4 Spatial Harmonic Focusing One important assumption in the APF discussion is that particles mainly interact with the resonant electromagnetic waves as they propagate in the DLA structure. That is the effect of waves propagating with phase velocity different than the velocity of the electrons averages out and does not ... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why using a tilted laser pulse helps with higher gradient? | it interacts arbitrary long with an electron, while the interaction with each DLA structure cell can be arbitrary short | reasoning | Beam_Dynamics_in_Dielectric_Laser_Acceleration.pdf | Logan Su, Rahul Trivedi, Yu Miao, Olav Solgaard, Robert L Byer, and Jelena Vuckovic. On-chip integrated laser-driven particle accelerator. Science, 367(January):79–83, 2020. [46] D. Cesar, J. Maxson, P. Musumeci, X. Shen, R. J. England, and K. P. Wootton. Optical design for increased interaction length in a high grad... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why using a tilted laser pulse helps with higher gradient? | it interacts arbitrary long with an electron, while the interaction with each DLA structure cell can be arbitrary short | reasoning | Beam_Dynamics_in_Dielectric_Laser_Acceleration.pdf | 4.2 Soft tuning of DLA parameters 11 5 DLA Undulator 13 5.1 Tilted Grating Design 13 5.2 Analytical Model for the Non-Synchronous Undulator 14 5.3 Simulation of the Beam Dynamics in Tilted Gratings 16 6 Conclusion 18 1 Introduction The combination of periodic dielectric structures and coherent light allows to reverse t... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why using a tilted laser pulse helps with higher gradient? | it interacts arbitrary long with an electron, while the interaction with each DLA structure cell can be arbitrary short | reasoning | Beam_Dynamics_in_Dielectric_Laser_Acceleration.pdf | Looking towards applications of dielectric laser acceleration, electron diffraction and the generation of light with particular properties are the most catching items, besides the omnipresent goal of creating a TeV collider for elementary particle physics. As such we will look into DLA-type laser driven undulators, whi... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why using a tilted laser pulse helps with higher gradient? | it interacts arbitrary long with an electron, while the interaction with each DLA structure cell can be arbitrary short | reasoning | Beam_Dynamics_in_Dielectric_Laser_Acceleration.pdf | 2 Ultra-low Emittance Injector The sub- $4 0 0 \\mathrm { n m }$ wide accelerator channel and field non-uniformity in dielectric laser accelerators place very strict emittance requirements on the electron injector. Typical acceptances in an APF DLA designed for a 2 micron drive laser require a ${ \\sim } 1 0 ~ \\mathrm... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Why using a tilted laser pulse helps with higher gradient? | it interacts arbitrary long with an electron, while the interaction with each DLA structure cell can be arbitrary short | reasoning | Beam_Dynamics_in_Dielectric_Laser_Acceleration.pdf | Key to the high gradients in DLA is the synchronization of optical near fields to relativistic electrons, expressed by the Wideroe condition $$ \\lambda _ { g } = m \\beta \\lambda $$ where $\\lambda _ { g }$ is the grating period, $\\lambda$ is the laser wavelength, and $\\beta = \\nu / c$ is the the electron velocity... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | which is the typical bending angle of a SPS-UA9 crystal? | 170 um | Definition | CpFM_paper.pdf | The relative resolution on the flux measurement of the CpFM for 100 incoming electrons was assessed to be $1 5 \\%$ , corresponding to a 0.62 photoelectron (ph.e.) yield per single particle [9,11,12]. The CpFM is installed in the SPS tunnel since 2015. 2.1. Electronic readout and DAQ system The CpFM electronic readout ... | 1 | Yes | 0 |
expert | which is the typical bending angle of a SPS-UA9 crystal? | 170 um | Definition | CpFM_paper.pdf | 6. CpFM 2.0: in-situ calibration with Xenon ions and first case study During the winter shut-down of 2016, the layout of the CpFM detector was modified. In order to improve the detector efficiency, the fiber bundles were removed being indeed responsible for a reduction factor of 10 in the light yield per proton. They w... | 1 | Yes | 0 |
expert | which is the typical bending angle of a SPS-UA9 crystal? | 170 um | Definition | CpFM_paper.pdf | 5. Commissioning and operations In this section the most common operations in which the detector is involved are described. During the commissioning phase they were also used to validate the functionality of the detector, allowing the measurement of some well know channeled beam and crystal characteristics. The crystal... | 2 | Yes | 0 |
IPAC | why crystal-based collimation is promising alternative to standard multi-stage collimation system? | It can effectively reduce the beam losses in the sensitive area of the accelerator. | Summary | CpFM_paper.pdf | Numerous tests were conducted at the LHC to comprehensively characterize crystal-assisted collimation before deployment in operation. However, all these tests were conducted during Machine Development studies, over short durations and with low beam intensities. During the first operational deployment of crystal-assiste... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | why crystal-based collimation is promising alternative to standard multi-stage collimation system? | It can effectively reduce the beam losses in the sensitive area of the accelerator. | Summary | CpFM_paper.pdf | UPGRADED DEVICES Bent crystals are hosted in high-precision goniometers, which provide an angular resolution below $0 . 1 \\mu \\mathrm { r a d }$ and a stability below $1 \\mu \\mathrm { r a d }$ even during the execution of combined linear and angular motion required to follow the beam envelope during the energy ramp... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | why crystal-based collimation is promising alternative to standard multi-stage collimation system? | It can effectively reduce the beam losses in the sensitive area of the accelerator. | Summary | CpFM_paper.pdf | The initial upgrade scenario, relying on the installation of additional collimators in the IR7-DS [4] before the LHC Run 3, had to be deferred because of delays with the $1 1 \\mathrm { T }$ dipole required for this scheme. Therefore, crystal collimation, initially studied as an alternative scenario, became the baselin... | 2 | NO | 0 |
expert | why crystal-based collimation is promising alternative to standard multi-stage collimation system? | It can effectively reduce the beam losses in the sensitive area of the accelerator. | Summary | CpFM_paper.pdf | In order to fully characterize this collimation system, it is essential to steadily monitor the flux of the halo particles deflected by the crystal towards the absorber. Typical crystal-extracted fluxes range from $1 0 ^ { 5 }$ up to $1 0 ^ { 7 }$ protons/s (i.e. from 1 up to 200 protons per SPS revolution) and about $... | 1 | NO | 0 |
expert | why crystal-based collimation is promising alternative to standard multi-stage collimation system? | It can effectively reduce the beam losses in the sensitive area of the accelerator. | Summary | CpFM_paper.pdf | In Fig. 7 the angular scan of the UA9 crystal-1 during a proton run is shown. It is displayed both by the BLMs and the CpFM (CpFM position is such that both the bars intercept the whole channeled beam when the crystal is in the optimal channeling position). The first and the last angular regions (angle $< - 2 7 0 0$ Œ... | 1 | NO | 0 |
IPAC | why crystal-based collimation is promising alternative to standard multi-stage collimation system? | It can effectively reduce the beam losses in the sensitive area of the accelerator. | Summary | CpFM_paper.pdf | Short crystal strips can be cut with respect to specific Miller indices and are mechanically bent to impart an anticlastic curvature [3]. Such crystals can deflect charged particles by tens or hundreds of microradians [4, 5]. Anticlastic crystals are used in several applications at CERN. For example, to improve the col... | 1 | NO | 0 |
IPAC | why crystal-based collimation is promising alternative to standard multi-stage collimation system? | It can effectively reduce the beam losses in the sensitive area of the accelerator. | Summary | CpFM_paper.pdf | CONCLUSIONS Crystal collimation has been integrated in the HL-LHC upgrade baseline to improve cleaning performance with heavy ion beams, aiming at the safe handling of $2 2 \\mathbf { M J }$ of stored beam energy as of LHC Run 3 (2022-2025). A significant e"ort was made to achieve compliance with the operational requir... | 1 | NO | 0 |
IPAC | why crystal-based collimation is promising alternative to standard multi-stage collimation system? | It can effectively reduce the beam losses in the sensitive area of the accelerator. | Summary | CpFM_paper.pdf | Figure 3: Left: Schematic view of the horizontal TCPC assembly installed on the LHC beam pipe. Right: Detail of the goniometer with its replacement chamber and the crystal, with their directions of movement: (1) and (2), respectively. Table: Caption: Table 3: Crystal parameters measured at $6 . 8 Z$ TeV with p and $\\m... | 4 | NO | 1 |
expert | why crystal-based collimation is promising alternative to standard multi-stage collimation system? | It can effectively reduce the beam losses in the sensitive area of the accelerator. | Summary | CpFM_paper.pdf | Hit rate monitor threshold. The hit rate monitor cannot be used to count the channeled particles because, if the beam is well bunched, they are deflected at the same time (or more precisely within the 2 ns of the bunch), producing a single signal shape proportional to their number. Nevertheless, the hit rate monitor ca... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | why crystal-based collimation is promising alternative to standard multi-stage collimation system? | It can effectively reduce the beam losses in the sensitive area of the accelerator. | Summary | CpFM_paper.pdf | Using the value above and the value of the $\\sigma$ of the channeled beam obtained by the fit shown in Fig. 8(b), it is also possible to extrapolate the angular spread of the particles exiting the crystal. It can be derived subtracting the equivalent kick for $x _ { C p F M } = { \\bf c } \\pm \\sigma$ from $\\theta _... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | why crystal-based collimation is promising alternative to standard multi-stage collimation system? | It can effectively reduce the beam losses in the sensitive area of the accelerator. | Summary | CpFM_paper.pdf | File Name:CpFM_paper.pdf Commissioning and operation of the Cherenkov detector for proton Flux Measurement of the UA9 experiment F.M. Addesa a,‚àó, D. Breton d, L. Burmistrov d, G. Cavoto a,b, V. Chaumat d, S. Dubos d, L. Esposito c, F. Galluccio e, M. Garattini c,g, F. Iacoangeli a, J. Maalmi d, D. Mirarchi c, S. Mont... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | why crystal-based collimation is promising alternative to standard multi-stage collimation system? | It can effectively reduce the beam losses in the sensitive area of the accelerator. | Summary | CpFM_paper.pdf | 5. Commissioning and operations In this section the most common operations in which the detector is involved are described. During the commissioning phase they were also used to validate the functionality of the detector, allowing the measurement of some well know channeled beam and crystal characteristics. The crystal... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | why crystal-based collimation is promising alternative to standard multi-stage collimation system? | It can effectively reduce the beam losses in the sensitive area of the accelerator. | Summary | CpFM_paper.pdf | $$ y = \\frac { A _ { P b } } { Z _ { P b } ^ { 2 } \\times S _ { p h . e } \\left( m V \\right) } $$ where the $S _ { p h . e } ( \\mathrm { m V } )$ depends on the PMT bias and it can be obtained fitting the amplitude distributions in Fig. 3 and rescaling it to the PMT gain used for ions $_ { \\scriptstyle 7 0 0 \\ma... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | why crystal-based collimation is promising alternative to standard multi-stage collimation system? | It can effectively reduce the beam losses in the sensitive area of the accelerator. | Summary | CpFM_paper.pdf | 5.2.1. Channeled beam profile In the channeling plateau, the linear scan shown in Fig. 8(b) basically corresponds to integrate the channeled beam profile in the horizontal plane. Therefore it can be fitted with an error function: $$ e r f ( x ) = A \\cdot { \\frac { 1 } { \\sigma { \\sqrt { 2 \\pi } } } } \\int _ { 0 }... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | why crystal-based collimation is promising alternative to standard multi-stage collimation system? | It can effectively reduce the beam losses in the sensitive area of the accelerator. | Summary | CpFM_paper.pdf | beam profile monitors) Cherenkov detectors In-vacuum detectors High-energy particle accelerators A B S T R A C T The UA9 Experiment at CERN-SPS investigates channeling processes in bent silicon crystals with the aim to manipulate hadron beams. Monitoring and characterization of channeled beams in the high energy accele... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | why crystal-based collimation is promising alternative to standard multi-stage collimation system? | It can effectively reduce the beam losses in the sensitive area of the accelerator. | Summary | CpFM_paper.pdf | 3.2. PMT gain optimization While choosing the PMT gain for both proton and ion runs, the maximum expected flux has to be considered together with the photoelectron yield per charge and the WaveCatcher dynamic range. To determine the optimal gain is noticed that the saturation of the ADC occurs at $2 . 5 \\mathrm { V }$... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | why crystal-based collimation is promising alternative to standard multi-stage collimation system? | It can effectively reduce the beam losses in the sensitive area of the accelerator. | Summary | CpFM_paper.pdf | A conceptual sketch of the first version of the CpFM is shown in Fig. 2. It consists of two identical Fused Silica bars $( 5 \\times 1 0 \\times 3 6 0 ~ \\mathrm { m m } ^ { 3 }$ , $5 ~ \\mathrm { m m }$ along the beam direction) acting as Cherenkov light radiators and light guides at the same time. When a relativistic... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | why crystal-based collimation is promising alternative to standard multi-stage collimation system? | It can effectively reduce the beam losses in the sensitive area of the accelerator. | Summary | CpFM_paper.pdf | 5.2. Standard operation: Linear scan The CpFM linear scan is the standard procedure needed to identify the CpFM position with respect to the primary and the channeled beam. A fast linear scan (linear motor speed $\\sim 1 0 0 ~ { \\mu \\mathrm { m } } / { \\sigma } )$ is performed at the very beginning of the operations... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | why crystal-based collimation is promising alternative to standard multi-stage collimation system? | It can effectively reduce the beam losses in the sensitive area of the accelerator. | Summary | CpFM_paper.pdf | $$ \\theta _ { k } = \\frac { x _ { C p F M } - \\sqrt { \\frac { \\beta _ { C p F M } } { \\beta _ { c r y } } } x _ { c r y } c o s \\varDelta \\phi } { \\sqrt { \\beta _ { c r y } \\beta _ { C p F M } } s i n \\varDelta \\phi } $$ being $\\beta _ { C p F M }$ and $\\beta _ { c r y }$ the betatron function at the CpF... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | why crystal-based collimation is promising alternative to standard multi-stage collimation system? | It can effectively reduce the beam losses in the sensitive area of the accelerator. | Summary | CpFM_paper.pdf | The relative resolution on the flux measurement of the CpFM for 100 incoming electrons was assessed to be $1 5 \\%$ , corresponding to a 0.62 photoelectron (ph.e.) yield per single particle [9,11,12]. The CpFM is installed in the SPS tunnel since 2015. 2.1. Electronic readout and DAQ system The CpFM electronic readout ... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
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