Source string | Question string | Answer string | Question_type string | Referenced_file(s) string | chunk_text string | expert_annotation string | specific to paper string | Label int64 |
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expert | Who first observed synchrotron radiation and when? | It was first observed on April 24, 1947, by Herb Pollock, Robert Langmuir, Frank Elder, and Anatole Gurewitsch at General Electric¬Ç√Ñ√¥s Research Lab in Schenectady, New York. | Fact | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | ‚Äì Longitudinal gradient bends: these are dipole magnets whose magnetic field varies along their length. By providing a variable field strength along the bend, longitudinal gradient bends (LGBs) concentrate the highest magnetic field in the middle, where the dispersion reaches a minimum. This further reduces the horiz... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why are very accurate measurements of beam size required for dielectric laser accelerators? | To ensure that the beam size fits into the small structure aperture | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | INTRODUCTION Accurate beam size measurements are of utmost importance for current and future particle accelerators. The transverse dimensions of the particle beams directly impact the luminosity in particle colliders [1] and determine the quality of the emitted X-rays in synchrotron light sources [2]. Moreover, measure... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why are very accurate measurements of beam size required for dielectric laser accelerators? | To ensure that the beam size fits into the small structure aperture | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | MEASUREMENT ERRORS The accuracy of beam size measurements is a!ected by various factors, such as CCD noise, beam jitter, and beamline vibrations. The resulting errors, denoted by $\\Delta \\sigma$ , are related to the errors in visibility measurements, $\\Delta \\lvert \\gamma \\rvert$ , by the formula $$ \\Delta \\sig... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why are very accurate measurements of beam size required for dielectric laser accelerators? | To ensure that the beam size fits into the small structure aperture | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | INTRODUCTION Particle accelerators have revolutionized our understanding of the universe and enabled numerous technological advancements. However, conventional accelerators have limitations such as high cost and large size. This has led the accelerator scientific community to look up for smaller and cheaper alternative... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why are very accurate measurements of beam size required for dielectric laser accelerators? | To ensure that the beam size fits into the small structure aperture | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | Table: Caption: Table 2: Parameters of the beam used to test the alternating gradient dielectric structure as measured at the entrance to the structure by a three-screen measurement. Body: <html><body><table><tr><td>Charge (Q) Energy (U) RMS beam size (σ)</td><td>X</td><td>1 nC 61MeV 0.61 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Emittanc... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why are very accurate measurements of beam size required for dielectric laser accelerators? | To ensure that the beam size fits into the small structure aperture | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | File Name:DIAGNOSTICS_BEAMLINE_DEVELOPMENT_FOR_ALS-U#U2192.pdf DIAGNOSTICS BEAMLINE DEVELOPMENT FOR ALS-U C. Sun†, S.D. Santis, L. Kistulentz, K. Mccombs and H. Muratagic Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94706, USA Abstract INTERFEROMETER TECHNIQUES The Advanced Light Source (ALS) at Lawrence Berke... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why are very accurate measurements of beam size required for dielectric laser accelerators? | To ensure that the beam size fits into the small structure aperture | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | PERTURBED BEAMS The stability of plasma-based accelerators against transverse misalignments and asymmetries of the drive beam is crucial for their applicability. Even small centroid change of the drive beam centroid can couple coherently to the plasma wake grow, and ultimately lead to emittance degradation or beam loss... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why are very accurate measurements of beam size required for dielectric laser accelerators? | To ensure that the beam size fits into the small structure aperture | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | File Name:STUDY_ON_TRANSVERSE_BEAM_SIZE_MEASUREMENT_USING.pdf STUDY ON TRANSVERSE BEAM SIZE MEASUREMENT USING CHERENKOV DIFFRACTION RADIATION IN LOW-ENERGY ELECTRON ACCELERATOR W. Song, G. Yun, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea D. Song, D. Kim, S. Jang, I. Nam, J. Huang, T. Ha, G. Hahn‚àó Pohan... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why are very accurate measurements of beam size required for dielectric laser accelerators? | To ensure that the beam size fits into the small structure aperture | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | Laser RF HV RF RF ALPHA -THz Undulator corrector Longit. YPM 三 DO Y Solenoid Spectomter Quadrupoles FC YAG THz FEL YAG BETA-Advanced Accelerator Concepts For stable operation and achieving the design parameters of the machine, it is necessary to have an appropriate beam diagnostic system. AREAL Linac diagnostic tasks... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why are very accurate measurements of beam size required for dielectric laser accelerators? | To ensure that the beam size fits into the small structure aperture | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | In the last step of each iteration, a small random value is added to each coordinate according to the Gaussian kernel defined in Eq. (2). This smoothes the distribution on the scale of $\\rho$ . For the reconstruction of the measurement presented in Sec. IV, $\\rho _ { x , y }$ was set to $8 0 \\ \\mathrm { n m }$ . Th... | 2 | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why are very accurate measurements of beam size required for dielectric laser accelerators? | To ensure that the beam size fits into the small structure aperture | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | $$ D _ { \\mathrm { b e a m } } = 2 f \\mathrm { N A } \\Leftrightarrow f = \\frac { D _ { \\mathrm { b e a m } } } { 2 \\mathrm { N A } } $$ gives the (ray optics approximate) optimal focal length $f$ of the collimator. Here, a Thorlabs F950FC-A collimator with $f = 9 . 9 \\mathrm { { m m } }$ and an entrance aperture... | 2 | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why are very accurate measurements of beam size required for dielectric laser accelerators? | To ensure that the beam size fits into the small structure aperture | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | One approach for addressing the issue posed by SBBU is through the introduction of an external magnetic lattice to correct for deviations in the beam trajectory due to wakefield effects. This approach is limited however in it’s maximum allowable accelerating gradient due to the fact that longitudinal wakefields scale... | 1 | NO | 0 |
expert | Why are very accurate measurements of beam size required for dielectric laser accelerators? | To ensure that the beam size fits into the small structure aperture | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | V. DISCUSSION The reconstructed phase space represents the average distribution of many shots, since shot-to-shot fluctuations in the density cannot be characterized with multishot measurements like wire scans. Errors induced by total bunch charge fluctuations and position jitter of the electron beam could be corrected... | 1 | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why are very accurate measurements of beam size required for dielectric laser accelerators? | To ensure that the beam size fits into the small structure aperture | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | The typical length for a $1 \\mathrm { M e V }$ DLA injector would be around $1 \\mathrm { c m }$ with an energy gradient of $5 0 0 \\mathrm { M e V } / \\mathrm { m }$ . The guiding concept of alternating phase focusing (APF) for a DLA requires that the laser phase in the structure be regularly flipped — through the... | 5 | NO | 1 |
expert | Why are very accurate measurements of beam size required for dielectric laser accelerators? | To ensure that the beam size fits into the small structure aperture | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | 2. Amplitude errors Jitter to the BLM signal is introduced by read-out noise of the PMT $( < 1 \\% )$ , charge fluctuations of the machine and halo-particles scattering at other elements of the accelerator. The charge measured by the BPMs fluctuated by $1 . 3 \\%$ (rms) during the measurement. The signal-to-noise ratio... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why are very accurate measurements of beam size required for dielectric laser accelerators? | To ensure that the beam size fits into the small structure aperture | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | D. Beam loss monitor Electrons scatter off the atomic nuclei of the metallic wire and a particle shower containing mainly x-rays, electrons and positrons is generated. The intensity of the secondary particle shower depends on the electron density integrated along the wire and is measured with a downstream beam loss mon... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why are very accurate measurements of beam size required for dielectric laser accelerators? | To ensure that the beam size fits into the small structure aperture | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | The ensemble of particles is iteratively optimized so that their projections match with the set of measured projections. The algorithm starts from a homogeneous particle distribution. One iteration consists of the following operations. (i) Transport $T ( z )$ (ii) Rotation $R ( \\theta )$ (iii) Histogram of the transpo... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why are very accurate measurements of beam size required for dielectric laser accelerators? | To ensure that the beam size fits into the small structure aperture | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | assume a specific shape (e.g., Gaussian) of the distribution, asymmetries, double-peaks, or halos of the distribution can be reconstructed (an example is shown in Appendix C). Properties of the transverse phase space including, transverse emittance in both planes, astigmatism and Twiss parameters can be calculated from... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why are very accurate measurements of beam size required for dielectric laser accelerators? | To ensure that the beam size fits into the small structure aperture | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | APPENDIX C: RECONSTRUCTION OF NON-GAUSSIAN BEAMS Our particle based tomographic reconstruction algorithm does not assume any specific shape for the density profile. Therefore, asymmetric density variations, such as tails of a localized core can be reconstructed. To demonstrate this capability of our tomographic techniq... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why are very accurate measurements of beam size required for dielectric laser accelerators? | To ensure that the beam size fits into the small structure aperture | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to express our gratitude to the SwissFEL operations crew, the PSI expert groups, and the entire ACHIP collaboration for their support with these experiments. We would like to thank Thomas Schietinger for careful proofreading of the manuscript. This research is supported by the Gordon and B... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why do diffraction-limited storage rings use such a small vacuum chamber? | This is to accomodate the smaller inner bore of the magnets. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | Increasing the brightness and coherence will also have a direct impact on the achievable temporal resolution for exploiting processes in real time of material fabrication and functioning. All spectroscopic, ‚Äòclassical‚Äô diffraction and scattering methods with gain from the brightness, whereas in the case of e.g. XPC... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why do diffraction-limited storage rings use such a small vacuum chamber? | This is to accomodate the smaller inner bore of the magnets. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | The proposed geometry is designed to be inserted from the inner side of the storage ring. To be able to do so without interfering with the electron beam, the absorber features a cut-out in the shape of Elettra 2.0 vacuum chamber, to maintain continuity along the electron beam path. The absorber insertion from the inner... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do diffraction-limited storage rings use such a small vacuum chamber? | This is to accomodate the smaller inner bore of the magnets. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | The natural energy spread $\\Delta E / E$ is given by $$ \\frac { \\Delta E } { E } = \\sqrt { \\frac { C _ { q } \\gamma ^ { 2 } } { 2 j _ { z } \\langle \\rho \\rangle } } , $$ where $\\langle \\rho \\rangle$ is the average radius of curvature in the storage ring. Finally, in the vertical phase space of accelerators,... | 1 | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do diffraction-limited storage rings use such a small vacuum chamber? | This is to accomodate the smaller inner bore of the magnets. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ for any natural number $n$ . $$ A B = B C = { \\frac { d } { \\sin \\vartheta } } $$ and $$ \\ A C = { \\frac { 2 d } { \\tan \\vartheta } } , $$ from which follows $$ A C ^ { \\prime } = A C \\cos \\vartheta = { \\frac { 2 d } { \\tan \\vartheta } } \\cos \\vartheta = { \\frac { 2 d } { \\sin \\vartheta } } \\cos ^... | 1 | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why do diffraction-limited storage rings use such a small vacuum chamber? | This is to accomodate the smaller inner bore of the magnets. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | With the same RF cavity of the present HLS storage ring, the momentum aperture of DDBA-H6BA lattice is tracked, -3-2-10123Momentum aperture [%] WHLWLH WVVWVV 0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 s [m] as shown in Fig. 6. The MA at straight sections are about $3 \\% { \\sim } 4 \\%$ and larger than $1 . 5 \\%$ at the dispersion bum... | 2 | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do diffraction-limited storage rings use such a small vacuum chamber? | This is to accomodate the smaller inner bore of the magnets. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ \\begin{array} { r c l } { { \\displaystyle \\sigma _ { r } } } & { { = } } & { { \\displaystyle \\frac { 1 } { 4 \\pi } \\sqrt { \\lambda L } } } \\\\ { { \\displaystyle \\sigma _ { r ^ { \\prime } } } } & { { = } } & { { \\displaystyle \\sqrt { \\frac { \\lambda } { L } } . } } \\end{array} $$ This diffraction lim... | 1 | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why do diffraction-limited storage rings use such a small vacuum chamber? | This is to accomodate the smaller inner bore of the magnets. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $1 0 0 \\mu \\mathrm { m } / 1 0 0 \\mu \\mathrm { m } / 2 0 0 \\mu \\mathrm { m }$ , roll angle misalignments should be better than $2 0 0 \\mu \\mathrm { r a d }$ . INSTABILITY ANALYSIS Instabilities induced by beam collective effects are dominant limitation of average current in storage rings, especially for the cas... | 1 | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do diffraction-limited storage rings use such a small vacuum chamber? | This is to accomodate the smaller inner bore of the magnets. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | How would you measure this radiation? I.10.7.27 Superconducting undulators What is the advantage of using undulators made with superconducting coils, in comparison to permanentmagnet arrays? What are drawbacks? I.10.7.28 In-vacuum undulators What are the advantages of using in-vacuum undulators? What are possible diffi... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do diffraction-limited storage rings use such a small vacuum chamber? | This is to accomodate the smaller inner bore of the magnets. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ where $J$ is the Bessel function of the first kind. As $K$ increases, the higher harmonics play a more signicificant role, but the fundamental harmonic always has the highest flux. I.10.3 Effects of the emission of radiation on beam dynamics In this section, we will delve deeper into the interplay between the radiat... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do diffraction-limited storage rings use such a small vacuum chamber? | This is to accomodate the smaller inner bore of the magnets. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | d) . . . requires the rotation of the sample around three orthogonal axes I.10.7.52 Undulator radiation Derive the formula for the fundamental wavelength of undulator radiation emitted at a small angle $\\theta$ : $$ \\lambda = \\frac { \\lambda _ { u } } { 2 \\gamma ^ { 2 } } \\left( 1 + \\frac { K ^ { 2 } } { 2 } + \... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do diffraction-limited storage rings use such a small vacuum chamber? | This is to accomodate the smaller inner bore of the magnets. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | I.10.7.55 Practical applications of synchrotron radiation The Italian Light Source Elettra is a 3rd generation synchrotron source with $2 5 9 \\mathrm { m }$ circumference, and can operate at beam energies of either $2 . 0 \\mathrm { G e V }$ or $2 . 4 \\mathrm { G e V } ,$ with beam currents of $3 1 0 \\mathrm { m A }... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do diffraction-limited storage rings use such a small vacuum chamber? | This is to accomodate the smaller inner bore of the magnets. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | File Name:Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_‚Äî_Synchrotron_radiation.pdf Chapter I.10 Synchrotron radiation Rasmus Ischebeck Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland Electrons circulating in a storage ring emit synchrotron radiation. The spectrum of this powerful radiation spans from the far infrared to the $\\boldsymbol {... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do diffraction-limited storage rings use such a small vacuum chamber? | This is to accomodate the smaller inner bore of the magnets. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ The change in action is thus $$ \\begin{array} { l l l } { { d J _ { y } } } & { { = } } & { { J _ { y } ^ { \\prime } - J _ { y } } } \\\\ { { } } & { { } } & { { } } \\\\ { { } } & { { \\approx } } & { { \\displaystyle - \\alpha _ { y } y p _ { y } \\frac { d p } { P _ { 0 } } - \\beta _ { y } p _ { y } ^ { 2 } \\... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do diffraction-limited storage rings use such a small vacuum chamber? | This is to accomodate the smaller inner bore of the magnets. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | This method contrasts with traditional filling schemes, where the beam intensity peaks right after a fill and then continuously diminishes. Top-up injection maintains a nearly constant beam current, equilibrating thermal load and thereby improving the stability of the beam over extended periods. Such consistency is par... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do diffraction-limited storage rings use such a small vacuum chamber? | This is to accomodate the smaller inner bore of the magnets. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | The term diffraction-limited refers to a system, typically in optics or imaging, where the resolution or image detail is primarily restricted by the fundamental diffraction of light rather than by imperfections or aberrations in the source, or in imaging components. In such a system, the performance reaches the theoret... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do diffraction-limited storage rings use such a small vacuum chamber? | This is to accomodate the smaller inner bore of the magnets. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ The critical angle is defined as $$ \\vartheta _ { c } = \\frac { 1 } { \\gamma } \\left( \\frac { \\omega _ { c } } { \\omega } \\right) ^ { 1 / 3 } . $$ Higher frequencies have a smaller critical angle. For frequencies much larger than the critical frequency, and for angles much larger than the critical angle, the... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do diffraction-limited storage rings use such a small vacuum chamber? | This is to accomodate the smaller inner bore of the magnets. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | ‚Äì Photoelectric absorption: absorption by electrons bound to atoms; ‚Äì Thomson scattering: elastic scattering, i.e. scattering without energy transfer between the X-ray and a free electron; ‚Äì Compton scattering: inelastic scattering, where energy is transferred from the X-ray photon to an electron. I.10.5.1 Intera... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do diffraction-limited storage rings use such a small vacuum chamber? | This is to accomodate the smaller inner bore of the magnets. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | I.10.6.3 Tomographic imaging and ptychography Tomography is a powerful imaging technique that reconstructs a three-dimensional object from its twodimensional projections. It is used widely in medicine, where it allows a detailed view of our skeleton. Synchrotron radiation sources, with their brilliant and monochromatic... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do diffraction-limited storage rings use such a small vacuum chamber? | This is to accomodate the smaller inner bore of the magnets. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ where $\\vartheta$ is the angle at which the photon is scattered. I.10.5.2 Scattering of $\\mathbf { X }$ -rays on atoms In the case of photon energies less than a few keV, the wavelength is longer than the size of the atom. The scattering is then coherent, i.e., the phases of the scattered waves from different part... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do diffraction-limited storage rings use such a small vacuum chamber? | This is to accomodate the smaller inner bore of the magnets. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ where $E _ { \\mathrm { n o m } }$ is the nominal beam energy and $$ C _ { \\gamma } = \\frac { e ^ { 2 } } { 3 \\varepsilon _ { 0 } ( m _ { e } c ^ { 2 } ) ^ { 4 } } . $$ We define the following integral as the second synchrotron radiation integral $$ I _ { 2 } : = \\oint \\frac { 1 } { \\rho ^ { 2 } } d s . $$ Fro... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why do slower (non-relativistic) electrons produce stronger radiation at subwavelength separations? | Because in the near field (??d ? 1), slower electrons generate stronger near-field amplitudes, leading to enhanced spontaneous emission despite increased evanescence. | Reasoning | Maximal_spontaneous_photon_emission_and_energy_loss_from_free_electrons.pdf | $$ Pulsed-beam profiles were computed for several longitudinal coordinates and are presented in Fig. 1. PARTICLE FLIGHT Non-relativistic Results The influence of electric fields with spatio-temporal profiles described in Eq. 3 on free charged particle flight is calculated by finite-difference time-domain simulations. T... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why do slower (non-relativistic) electrons produce stronger radiation at subwavelength separations? | Because in the near field (??d ? 1), slower electrons generate stronger near-field amplitudes, leading to enhanced spontaneous emission despite increased evanescence. | Reasoning | Maximal_spontaneous_photon_emission_and_energy_loss_from_free_electrons.pdf | INTRODUCTION At the Fermilab Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) [1], an experimental program was initiated to study the classical and quantum properties of undulator radiation from electron bunches and from individual electrons [2]. We are addressing the following scientific questions: What are the properties of... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why do slower (non-relativistic) electrons produce stronger radiation at subwavelength separations? | Because in the near field (??d ? 1), slower electrons generate stronger near-field amplitudes, leading to enhanced spontaneous emission despite increased evanescence. | Reasoning | Maximal_spontaneous_photon_emission_and_energy_loss_from_free_electrons.pdf | Table: Caption: Table 2: Photon Production Parameters Body: <html><body><table><tr><td>Parameter</td><td>Value</td></tr><tr><td>Number of ions per bunch [20]</td><td>0.90 √ó108</td></tr><tr><td>Fraction of excited particles</td><td>14.1%</td></tr><tr><td>Number of emitted photons per bunch</td><td>1.27√ó 107</td></tr>... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why do slower (non-relativistic) electrons produce stronger radiation at subwavelength separations? | Because in the near field (??d ? 1), slower electrons generate stronger near-field amplitudes, leading to enhanced spontaneous emission despite increased evanescence. | Reasoning | Maximal_spontaneous_photon_emission_and_energy_loss_from_free_electrons.pdf | (Ex) [V/m] 0.5 0 三三三 × -0.5 0 500 1000 (Ez)[mV/m] 0.5 4 0 2 0 0 × -2 -0.5 0 500 1000 Z-Z。[nm] R(Ex) [V/m] R(Eγ) [V/m] 1 0. 8 0.。 @ C y -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 0 0.5 -0.5 0 0.5 R(Bx） [nT] R(Bγ) [nT] 0.5 @ 0.5 5 0 0 o y -0.5 -0.5 I -0.5 0 0.5 -0.5 0 0.5 x [mm] x [mm] (E,)[mV/m] (Bz)[T] 0.5 0.5 ol L 1 0 0 y -0.5 -0... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why do slower (non-relativistic) electrons produce stronger radiation at subwavelength separations? | Because in the near field (??d ? 1), slower electrons generate stronger near-field amplitudes, leading to enhanced spontaneous emission despite increased evanescence. | Reasoning | Maximal_spontaneous_photon_emission_and_energy_loss_from_free_electrons.pdf | $$ where $\\omega _ { c }$ is the critical frequency defined at half power spectrum, $E _ { 0 }$ is the particle energy, $\\gamma$ is the relativistic factor, $\\boldsymbol { a }$ is the fine structure constant and $r _ { e }$ is the electron’s classical radius. For $\\Upsilon \\gg 1$ , the photon spectrum is given b... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why do slower (non-relativistic) electrons produce stronger radiation at subwavelength separations? | Because in the near field (??d ? 1), slower electrons generate stronger near-field amplitudes, leading to enhanced spontaneous emission despite increased evanescence. | Reasoning | Maximal_spontaneous_photon_emission_and_energy_loss_from_free_electrons.pdf | COMPTON BACKSCATTERING Compton backscattering occurs when a photon with energy $E _ { L }$ hits a relativistically moving electron with energy $E _ { e }$ and is scattered back. Energy is transferred from the electron to the photon. The recoil factor $X = ( 4 E _ { e } E _ { L } ) / ( m _ { e } c ^ { 2 } ) ^ { 2 }$ [15... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why do slower (non-relativistic) electrons produce stronger radiation at subwavelength separations? | Because in the near field (??d ? 1), slower electrons generate stronger near-field amplitudes, leading to enhanced spontaneous emission despite increased evanescence. | Reasoning | Maximal_spontaneous_photon_emission_and_energy_loss_from_free_electrons.pdf | File Name:NUMERICAL_SIMULATIONS_OF_RADIATION_REACTION_USING.pdf NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF RADIATION REACTION USING LORENTZ-ABRAHAM-DIRAC FORMALISM ∗ P. Rogers1, E. Breen1, R. Shahan1, G. Wilson2, E. Johnson1, B. Terzić1, G. Krafft1,3 1Department of Physics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA 2Department... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why do slower (non-relativistic) electrons produce stronger radiation at subwavelength separations? | Because in the near field (??d ? 1), slower electrons generate stronger near-field amplitudes, leading to enhanced spontaneous emission despite increased evanescence. | Reasoning | Maximal_spontaneous_photon_emission_and_energy_loss_from_free_electrons.pdf | $$ Intuitively, at very short time, we would expect the fields generated by a given particle to look like free-space radiation, allowing us to further break up $\\mathbf { E } _ { c }$ into $$ \\mathbf { E } _ { c } ( \\mathbf { r } , t ) = \\mathbf { E } _ { 0 } ( \\mathbf { r } , t ) + \\mathbf { E } _ { \\mathrm { q... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why do slower (non-relativistic) electrons produce stronger radiation at subwavelength separations? | Because in the near field (??d ? 1), slower electrons generate stronger near-field amplitudes, leading to enhanced spontaneous emission despite increased evanescence. | Reasoning | Maximal_spontaneous_photon_emission_and_energy_loss_from_free_electrons.pdf | We adopt notation and analytical electron scattering factors from Kirkland [1] henceforth. THEORY The incident wavefunction of the electron is approximated by a plane wave propagating along the optical axis in ùëß‚àídirection given by $$ \\psi _ { 0 } ( z ) = \\exp \\left( i 2 \\pi k _ { z } z \\right) , $$ where the ... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why do slower (non-relativistic) electrons produce stronger radiation at subwavelength separations? | Because in the near field (??d ? 1), slower electrons generate stronger near-field amplitudes, leading to enhanced spontaneous emission despite increased evanescence. | Reasoning | Maximal_spontaneous_photon_emission_and_energy_loss_from_free_electrons.pdf | Table: Caption: Table 2: X-ray Output Properties Body: <html><body><table><tr><td>Parameter</td><td>Analytical</td><td>MITHRA</td><td>Unit</td></tr><tr><td>Max Power</td><td>16.8</td><td>13.7</td><td>MW</td></tr><tr><td>Photon Energy</td><td>1.04</td><td>1.04</td><td>keV</td></tr><tr><td>Gain Length</td><td>137</td><t... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why do slower (non-relativistic) electrons produce stronger radiation at subwavelength separations? | Because in the near field (??d ? 1), slower electrons generate stronger near-field amplitudes, leading to enhanced spontaneous emission despite increased evanescence. | Reasoning | Maximal_spontaneous_photon_emission_and_energy_loss_from_free_electrons.pdf | $$ where $m _ { 0 }$ denotes the rest mass of the electron, $\\beta$ the ratio of the electron velocity and light velocity $c$ , and $\\theta _ { \\gamma }$ the angle of the scattered gamma-ray photon. In the case of a head-on collision, $\\phi = \\pi$ Eq. (1) can be simplified to $$ E _ { \\gamma } = \\frac { ( 1 + \\... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why do slower (non-relativistic) electrons produce stronger radiation at subwavelength separations? | Because in the near field (??d ? 1), slower electrons generate stronger near-field amplitudes, leading to enhanced spontaneous emission despite increased evanescence. | Reasoning | Maximal_spontaneous_photon_emission_and_energy_loss_from_free_electrons.pdf | BETATRON RADIATION We will consider the betatron radiation of an ultrarelativistic electron that propagates in a plasma column, namely ion channel [2]. The plasma column is a cylindrical region free of electron, which is a good approximation of the bubble regime [3]. In much the same way as the accelerating forces in a... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
Expert | Why do slower (non-relativistic) electrons produce stronger radiation at subwavelength separations? | Because in the near field (??d ? 1), slower electrons generate stronger near-field amplitudes, leading to enhanced spontaneous emission despite increased evanescence. | Reasoning | Maximal_spontaneous_photon_emission_and_energy_loss_from_free_electrons.pdf | To overcome this deficiency, we theoretically propose a new mechanism for enhanced Smith–Purcell radiation: coupling of electrons with $\\mathrm { B I C } s ^ { 1 3 }$ . The latter have the extreme quality factors of guided modes but are, crucially, embedded in the radiation continuum, guaranteeing any resulting ... | 4 | NO | 1 |
Expert | Why do slower (non-relativistic) electrons produce stronger radiation at subwavelength separations? | Because in the near field (??d ? 1), slower electrons generate stronger near-field amplitudes, leading to enhanced spontaneous emission despite increased evanescence. | Reasoning | Maximal_spontaneous_photon_emission_and_energy_loss_from_free_electrons.pdf | Finally, we turn our attention to an ostensible peculiarity of the limits: equation (4) evidently diverges for lossless materials $( \\mathrm { I m } \\chi \\to 0 ) \\dot { { \\frac { . } { . } } }$ ), seemingly providing little insight. On the contrary, this divergence suggests the existence of a mechanism capable of ... | 4 | NO | 1 |
IPAC | Why do slower (non-relativistic) electrons produce stronger radiation at subwavelength separations? | Because in the near field (??d ? 1), slower electrons generate stronger near-field amplitudes, leading to enhanced spontaneous emission despite increased evanescence. | Reasoning | Maximal_spontaneous_photon_emission_and_energy_loss_from_free_electrons.pdf | The first of the coupled equations describes the change of energy due to a longitudinal electric field caused by a gradient of the charge distribution. The second equation can be rewritten as $d z _ { i } / d s = \\eta _ { i } / \\gamma ^ { 2 }$ meaning that relativistic particles with an energy offset change their lon... | 1 | NO | 0 |
Expert | Why do slower (non-relativistic) electrons produce stronger radiation at subwavelength separations? | Because in the near field (??d ? 1), slower electrons generate stronger near-field amplitudes, leading to enhanced spontaneous emission despite increased evanescence. | Reasoning | Maximal_spontaneous_photon_emission_and_energy_loss_from_free_electrons.pdf | $$ written in cylindrical coordinates $( x , \\rho , \\psi )$ ; here, $K _ { n }$ is the modified Bessel function of the second kind, $k _ { \\nu } = \\omega / \\nu$ and $k _ { \\rho } = \\sqrt { k _ { \\nu } ^ { 2 } - k ^ { 2 } } =$ k/βγ $\\scriptstyle ( k = \\omega / c$ , free-space wavevector; $\\gamma = 1 /... | 1 | NO | 0 |
Expert | Why do slower (non-relativistic) electrons produce stronger radiation at subwavelength separations? | Because in the near field (??d ? 1), slower electrons generate stronger near-field amplitudes, leading to enhanced spontaneous emission despite increased evanescence. | Reasoning | Maximal_spontaneous_photon_emission_and_energy_loss_from_free_electrons.pdf | As recently shown in refs 27–29, for a generic electromagnetic scattering problem, passivity—the condition that polarization currents do no net work—constrains the maximum optical response from a given incident field. Consider three power quantities derived from $\\mathbf { F } _ { \\mathrm { i n c } }$ and the... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
Expert | Why do slower (non-relativistic) electrons produce stronger radiation at subwavelength separations? | Because in the near field (??d ? 1), slower electrons generate stronger near-field amplitudes, leading to enhanced spontaneous emission despite increased evanescence. | Reasoning | Maximal_spontaneous_photon_emission_and_energy_loss_from_free_electrons.pdf | Author contributions Y.Y., O.D.M., I.K. and M.S. conceived the project. Y.Y. developed the analytical models and numerical calculations. A.M. prepared the sample under study. Y.Y., A.M., C.R.-C., S.E.K. and I.K. performed the experiment. Y.Y., T.C. and O.D.M. analysed the asymptotics and bulk loss of the limit. S.G.J.,... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why do synchrotrons not use protons? | Because the radiation power is inversely proportional to the fourth power of particle mass, making radiation effects negligible. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | INTRODUCTION Synchrotron radiation (SR) sources based on electron storage rings are among the primary tools in materials research, physics, chemistry, and biology to study the structure of matter on the atomic scale [1]. However, phase transitions, chemical reactions as well as changes of molecular conformation, electr... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why do synchrotrons not use protons? | Because the radiation power is inversely proportional to the fourth power of particle mass, making radiation effects negligible. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ \\Delta W _ { s } = q E _ { z } T l \\cos \\phi = q T V \\cos ( \\phi ) , $$ where $q$ , and $T$ are the particle charge, and transit time factor of the design particles, respectively. Much more details are available in text or handy USPAS lecture notes [10]. The SLAC, Fermilab, and LANSCE (LANL) accelerators are th... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do synchrotrons not use protons? | Because the radiation power is inversely proportional to the fourth power of particle mass, making radiation effects negligible. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ and $$ \\vec { A } ( \\vec { x } , t ) = \\frac { 1 } { 4 \\pi \\varepsilon _ { 0 } C ^ { 2 } } \\int d ^ { 3 } \\vec { x } ^ { \\prime } \\int d t ^ { \\prime } \\frac { \\vec { j } ( \\vec { x } ^ { \\prime } , t ) } { | \\vec { x } - \\vec { x } ^ { \\prime } | } \\delta \\left( t ^ { \\prime } + \\frac { \\vec {... | 4 | NO | 1 |
expert | Why do synchrotrons not use protons? | Because the radiation power is inversely proportional to the fourth power of particle mass, making radiation effects negligible. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ When deriving the equations for the beam dynamics in the horizontal phase space, we need to consider: ‚Äì Change in momentum: the emission of radiation leads to a recoil of the electron. This change in momentum is the same that we considered in the vertical phase space; ‚Äì Dispersion: the emission of radiation resu... | 1 | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do synchrotrons not use protons? | Because the radiation power is inversely proportional to the fourth power of particle mass, making radiation effects negligible. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | This method contrasts with traditional filling schemes, where the beam intensity peaks right after a fill and then continuously diminishes. Top-up injection maintains a nearly constant beam current, equilibrating thermal load and thereby improving the stability of the beam over extended periods. Such consistency is par... | 1 | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do synchrotrons not use protons? | Because the radiation power is inversely proportional to the fourth power of particle mass, making radiation effects negligible. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | ‚Äì Free electrons, ‚Äì Electrons bound to an atom, ‚Äì Crystals. The interaction of X-rays with matter is determined by the cross-section, which is itself proportional to the square of the so-called Thomson radius. The Thomson radius, in turn, is inversely proportional to the mass of the charged particle. Consequently... | 1 | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do synchrotrons not use protons? | Because the radiation power is inversely proportional to the fourth power of particle mass, making radiation effects negligible. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ and the equilibrium value, also called the natural horizontal emittance is $$ \\varepsilon _ { x } ( \\infty ) = C _ { q } \\gamma ^ { 2 } \\frac { I _ { 5 } } { j _ { x } I _ { 2 } } , $$ where the fifth synchrotron radiation integral $I _ { 5 }$ is defined in Equation I.10.35, and the electron quantum constant $C ... | 1 | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do synchrotrons not use protons? | Because the radiation power is inversely proportional to the fourth power of particle mass, making radiation effects negligible. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | Suggest a way to lower the emittance at the existing machine in order to test the instrumentation. What are some issues with your suggestion? I.10.7.24 Upgrade The SLS 2.0 Upgrade, amongst other things, considers an increase of the electron energy from 2.4 to $2 . 7 \\mathrm { G e V . }$ ‚Äì What can be the rationale f... | 1 | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do synchrotrons not use protons? | Because the radiation power is inversely proportional to the fourth power of particle mass, making radiation effects negligible. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | File Name:Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_‚Äî_Synchrotron_radiation.pdf Chapter I.10 Synchrotron radiation Rasmus Ischebeck Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland Electrons circulating in a storage ring emit synchrotron radiation. The spectrum of this powerful radiation spans from the far infrared to the $\\boldsymbol {... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do synchrotrons not use protons? | Because the radiation power is inversely proportional to the fourth power of particle mass, making radiation effects negligible. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ \\vec { B } ( 0 , 0 , z ) = \\vec { u } _ { y } B _ { 0 } \\sin ( k _ { u } z ) , $$ where $k _ { u } = 2 \\pi / \\lambda _ { u }$ with $\\lambda _ { u }$ the period of the magnetic field, $B _ { 0 }$ is the maximum field and $\\vec { u } _ { y }$ is the unit vector in $y$ direction. Due to the Maxwell equations, th... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do synchrotrons not use protons? | Because the radiation power is inversely proportional to the fourth power of particle mass, making radiation effects negligible. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | The size of an atom is on the order of $1 \\ \\mathring { \\mathrm { A } } = 1 0 ^ { - 1 0 } \\ \\mathrm { m }$ , while the pixels of an X-ray detector are around $1 0 0 ~ { \\mu \\mathrm { m } }$ in size. A magnification of $1 0 ^ { 6 }$ would thus be required, and it turns out that no X-ray lens can provide this9. Un... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do synchrotrons not use protons? | Because the radiation power is inversely proportional to the fourth power of particle mass, making radiation effects negligible. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ \\begin{array} { r c l } { { \\displaystyle \\sigma _ { r } } } & { { = } } & { { \\displaystyle \\frac { 1 } { 4 \\pi } \\sqrt { \\lambda L } } } \\\\ { { \\displaystyle \\sigma _ { r ^ { \\prime } } } } & { { = } } & { { \\displaystyle \\sqrt { \\frac { \\lambda } { L } } . } } \\end{array} $$ This diffraction lim... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do synchrotrons not use protons? | Because the radiation power is inversely proportional to the fourth power of particle mass, making radiation effects negligible. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ Shifting our view to a broader perspective, we now consider the properties of the entire electron bunch. By definition, the emittance is given as the ensemble average of the action. The change in emittance follows thus from the change in action $$ \\begin{array} { r c l } { d \\varepsilon _ { y } } & { = } & { \\lan... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do synchrotrons not use protons? | Because the radiation power is inversely proportional to the fourth power of particle mass, making radiation effects negligible. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | I.10.6.3 Tomographic imaging and ptychography Tomography is a powerful imaging technique that reconstructs a three-dimensional object from its twodimensional projections. It is used widely in medicine, where it allows a detailed view of our skeleton. Synchrotron radiation sources, with their brilliant and monochromatic... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do synchrotrons not use protons? | Because the radiation power is inversely proportional to the fourth power of particle mass, making radiation effects negligible. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | ‚Äì Photoelectric absorption: absorption by electrons bound to atoms; ‚Äì Thomson scattering: elastic scattering, i.e. scattering without energy transfer between the X-ray and a free electron; ‚Äì Compton scattering: inelastic scattering, where energy is transferred from the X-ray photon to an electron. I.10.5.1 Intera... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do synchrotrons not use protons? | Because the radiation power is inversely proportional to the fourth power of particle mass, making radiation effects negligible. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | How would you measure this radiation? I.10.7.27 Superconducting undulators What is the advantage of using undulators made with superconducting coils, in comparison to permanentmagnet arrays? What are drawbacks? I.10.7.28 In-vacuum undulators What are the advantages of using in-vacuum undulators? What are possible diffi... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do synchrotrons not use protons? | Because the radiation power is inversely proportional to the fourth power of particle mass, making radiation effects negligible. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | Two important aspects: ‚Äì The photon energy is proportional to the square of the energy of the electrons; ‚Äì The photon energy decreases with higher magnetic field.4 We are looking at spontaneous radiation, thus the total energy loss of the electrons is proportional to the distance travelled. Consequently, the total ... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do synchrotrons not use protons? | Because the radiation power is inversely proportional to the fourth power of particle mass, making radiation effects negligible. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ The radiation is emitted in all directions except in the direction of acceleration (see Fig. I.10.3 A). The frequency of the emitted radiation is exactly the revolution frequency $$ f = { \\frac { v } { 2 \\pi \\rho } } . $$ I.10.2.2 Relativistic particles moving in a dipole field For relativistic particles, this ra... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do synchrotrons not use protons? | Because the radiation power is inversely proportional to the fourth power of particle mass, making radiation effects negligible. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | One thus receives a series of two-dimensional diffraction patterns. The intensities of the diffracted spots relate to the absolute square of the Fourier transform of the electron density, and their positions correspond to the inverse of the spacing between planes of atoms in the crystal, as described by Bragg‚Äôs law. ... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why do synchrotrons not use protons? | Because the radiation power is inversely proportional to the fourth power of particle mass, making radiation effects negligible. | Reasoning | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | ‚Äì Auger electrons: similarly to fluorescence, this effect starts with the ionization or excitation of an inner-shell electron due to the interaction with the X-ray photon. This leaves a vacancy in the inner shell, which is then filled with an outer-shell electron. However, instead of releasing the excess energy as a ... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why does alternating the structure geometry reduce unwanted effects? | Quadrupole wakes induced in horizontal structure are compensated by vertical structrure downstream | Reasoning | Beam_performance_of_the_SHINE_dechirper.pdf | SUMMARY A detailed experimental study of the transverse dynamics in a variable gap planar DWA structure and for a cylindrical DWA structure has been performed. The results were used to validate the in-house developed, scalable, lightweight code DiWaCAT. The suppression of deflecting dipole wakefields, and consequently ... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why does alternating the structure geometry reduce unwanted effects? | Quadrupole wakes induced in horizontal structure are compensated by vertical structrure downstream | Reasoning | Beam_performance_of_the_SHINE_dechirper.pdf | Power inW[Magnitude 450 400 -0.2\\*sin(t/10) 350 0.6\\*sin(t/10) 300 250 W 200 150 100 50 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Time/ns Figure 8 depicts the power loss for three selected period lengths of asymmetric error while keeping the amplitude constant. The modulation of the losses corresponds to the period of the asymmetric e... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why does alternating the structure geometry reduce unwanted effects? | Quadrupole wakes induced in horizontal structure are compensated by vertical structrure downstream | Reasoning | Beam_performance_of_the_SHINE_dechirper.pdf | Structure Layout, Advantages and Drawbacks RF power source can be connected to the feedback waveguide in several different ways: via a directional coupler, or either one, two or more RF power couplers. The one- and two-coupler schemes were examined in detail in [7]. Figure 1 illustrates the two-coupler scheme. A 15-cel... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why does alternating the structure geometry reduce unwanted effects? | Quadrupole wakes induced in horizontal structure are compensated by vertical structrure downstream | Reasoning | Beam_performance_of_the_SHINE_dechirper.pdf | • Even though the length of all straight sections is identical, the height of the peaks are lower at the beginning of the cell than towards the end of the cell. The main reason is additional divergence created by the large momentum spread and $D ^ { \\prime }$ and to a lesser extent due to the betatron oscillations i... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why does alternating the structure geometry reduce unwanted effects? | Quadrupole wakes induced in horizontal structure are compensated by vertical structrure downstream | Reasoning | Beam_performance_of_the_SHINE_dechirper.pdf | Table: Caption: Table 1: Comparison of the different cf and sf lattice variants for the most important non-linear parameters. Body: <html><body><table><tr><td>Type</td><td>Circ. in m</td><td>Angle in ° UC, DSC</td><td>Main bend length in m</td><td>ε (UC,DSC) in pm · rad</td><td>Natural chromaticity</td><td>Sext. st... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why does alternating the structure geometry reduce unwanted effects? | Quadrupole wakes induced in horizontal structure are compensated by vertical structrure downstream | Reasoning | Beam_performance_of_the_SHINE_dechirper.pdf | Two DLW geometries are under active consideration, circular/cylindrical and planar/slab DLWs. Strong transverse fields are excited off-axis in both geometries, leading to beam breakup instability induced by small initial offsets [4]. A method for compensating this instability is required before applications of DWA can ... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why does alternating the structure geometry reduce unwanted effects? | Quadrupole wakes induced in horizontal structure are compensated by vertical structrure downstream | Reasoning | Beam_performance_of_the_SHINE_dechirper.pdf | An alternative approach to reduce RF losses goes through shortening $L _ { c u t }$ . In compensation for the rise of the resonant frequency, the transverse size of the cavity is required to be bigger, thus allowing more space for higher VV V (but shorter) undercuts. The three ending cells of a much wider cavity, $D _ ... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why does alternating the structure geometry reduce unwanted effects? | Quadrupole wakes induced in horizontal structure are compensated by vertical structrure downstream | Reasoning | Beam_performance_of_the_SHINE_dechirper.pdf | $$ where $\\theta _ { i }$ is the accumulated deflecting angle after ùëóth bending magnet, and $\\Delta { y } _ { i } ^ { ' }$ is the change of vertical closed orbit angle between two adjacent dipoles. The function $\\Delta y ^ { ' } ( \\theta )$ can be expanded into a Fourier series [11, 12] $$ \\Delta y ^ { ' }... | 1 | NO | 0 |
expert | Why does alternating the structure geometry reduce unwanted effects? | Quadrupole wakes induced in horizontal structure are compensated by vertical structrure downstream | Reasoning | Beam_performance_of_the_SHINE_dechirper.pdf | Table: Caption: Table 1 Beam parameters upon exiting the SHINE linac Body: <html><body><table><tr><td>Parameter</td><td>Value</td></tr><tr><td>Energy,E (GeV)</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Charge per bunch, Q (PC)</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td>Beam current,I (kA)</td><td>1.5</td></tr><tr><td>Bunch length (RMS),σ(μm)<... | 1 | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why does alternating the structure geometry reduce unwanted effects? | Quadrupole wakes induced in horizontal structure are compensated by vertical structrure downstream | Reasoning | Beam_performance_of_the_SHINE_dechirper.pdf | Figure 5 shows the resulting electric field profiles on the $z$ -axis along the first two cells at di!erent cell $\\# 0$ dimensions. Shorter gaps imply greater peaks of gradient, thus greater surface fields, although smaller than in regular cells where fields are more critical (Kilpatrick’s limit). It is also wor... | 1 | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why does alternating the structure geometry reduce unwanted effects? | Quadrupole wakes induced in horizontal structure are compensated by vertical structrure downstream | Reasoning | Beam_performance_of_the_SHINE_dechirper.pdf | $$ B _ { e f f } ^ { 2 } \\equiv \\sum _ { n = 0 } \\frac { B _ { 2 n + 1 } ^ { 2 } } { ( 2 n + 1 ) ^ { 2 } } $$ In order to find a maximal effective magnetic induction, the width, height and length of the main blocks in the periodic part are varied. The end structure is not changed during this step. This geometry is r... | 1 | NO | 0 |
expert | Why does alternating the structure geometry reduce unwanted effects? | Quadrupole wakes induced in horizontal structure are compensated by vertical structrure downstream | Reasoning | Beam_performance_of_the_SHINE_dechirper.pdf | File Name:Beam_performance_of_the_SHINE_dechirper.pdf Beam performance of the SHINE dechirper You-Wei $\\mathbf { G o n g } ^ { 1 , 2 } ( \\mathbb { D } )$ • Meng Zhang3 • Wei-Jie $\\mathbf { F a n } ^ { 1 , 2 } ( \\mathbb { D } )$ • Duan $\\mathbf { G } \\mathbf { u } ^ { 3 } \\boldsymbol { \\oplus }... | 1 | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why does alternating the structure geometry reduce unwanted effects? | Quadrupole wakes induced in horizontal structure are compensated by vertical structrure downstream | Reasoning | Beam_performance_of_the_SHINE_dechirper.pdf | The installation of an additional corrugated structure cannot suppress the instability completely because the geometric impedance is increased. To reduce or completely avoid the creation of longitudinal substructures, the impact of reducing the impedance in the frequency range around $f _ { \\mathrm { s u b } }$ needs ... | 2 | NO | 0 |
expert | Why does alternating the structure geometry reduce unwanted effects? | Quadrupole wakes induced in horizontal structure are compensated by vertical structrure downstream | Reasoning | Beam_performance_of_the_SHINE_dechirper.pdf | $$ where $k _ { \\mathrm { q } } ( s )$ is the effective quadrupole strength, which changes with $s$ within the bunch length $l$ . For the case where the beam is near the axis, a short uniformly distributed bunch was deduced in Ref. [25] to calculate the emittance growth after passing through the dechirper. As mentione... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why does alternating the structure geometry reduce unwanted effects? | Quadrupole wakes induced in horizontal structure are compensated by vertical structrure downstream | Reasoning | Beam_performance_of_the_SHINE_dechirper.pdf | Keywords Corrugated structure $\\mathbf { \\nabla } \\cdot \\mathbf { \\varepsilon }$ Energy spread $\\cdot$ Wakefield $\\mathbf { \\nabla } \\cdot \\mathbf { \\varepsilon }$ Shanghai high repetition rate XFEL and extreme light facility 1 Introduction Eliminating residual energy chirps is essential for optimizing the b... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why does alternating the structure geometry reduce unwanted effects? | Quadrupole wakes induced in horizontal structure are compensated by vertical structrure downstream | Reasoning | Beam_performance_of_the_SHINE_dechirper.pdf | We next simply consider the quadrupole wake, where the beam is on-axis $( \\mathrm { y } _ { \\mathrm { c } } = 0 )$ . The transfer matrices for the focusing and defocusing quadrupole are given in Eq. (16), where $L$ is the length of the corrugated structure [25]. $$ \\begin{array} { r } { \\boldsymbol { R } _ { \\math... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why does alternating the structure geometry reduce unwanted effects? | Quadrupole wakes induced in horizontal structure are compensated by vertical structrure downstream | Reasoning | Beam_performance_of_the_SHINE_dechirper.pdf | The SHINE linac beam specifications are listed in Table 1. After two stages of bunch compressors, the bunch length is shortened to $1 0 ~ { \\mu \\mathrm { m } }$ , with a time-dependent energy chirp of approximately $0 . 2 5 \\%$ $( 2 0 \\mathrm { M e V } )$ at the exit of the SHINE linac. Compared with normal conduct... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why does alternating the structure geometry reduce unwanted effects? | Quadrupole wakes induced in horizontal structure are compensated by vertical structrure downstream | Reasoning | Beam_performance_of_the_SHINE_dechirper.pdf | As previously mentioned, $t / p = 0 . 5$ was adopted. The longitudinal wakefields corresponding to different widths are shown in the middle subplot of Fig. 3. The longitudinal wakefield appears to increase with $w$ , but settles at a maximum value when $w = 1 5 \\mathrm { m m }$ . For our calculation, setting $a = 1 \\... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why does alternating the structure geometry reduce unwanted effects? | Quadrupole wakes induced in horizontal structure are compensated by vertical structrure downstream | Reasoning | Beam_performance_of_the_SHINE_dechirper.pdf | $$ where $f ( q ) = n / d$ , and with $$ \\begin{array} { l } { n = q [ \\cosh [ q ( 2 a - y - y _ { 0 } ) ] - 2 \\cosh [ q ( y - y _ { 0 } ) ] } \\\\ { \\qquad + \\cosh [ q ( 2 a + y + y _ { 0 } ) ] ] } \\\\ { \\qquad - i k \\zeta [ \\sinh [ q ( 2 a - y - y _ { 0 } ) ] + \\sinh [ q ( 2 a + y + y _ { 0 } ) ] ] , } \\en... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Why does alternating the structure geometry reduce unwanted effects? | Quadrupole wakes induced in horizontal structure are compensated by vertical structrure downstream | Reasoning | Beam_performance_of_the_SHINE_dechirper.pdf | $$ After calculating the inverse Fourier transformation, the distance s between the test and driving particles yields the longitudinal wake at the origin of $s = 0 ^ { + }$ , according to $w _ { \\mathrm { l } } \\sim e ^ { \\sqrt { s / s _ { 0 1 } } }$ . The relationship between the longitudinal point wake and the dis... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why does the inverse-designed grating exhibit higher efficiency than a conventional rectangular grating? | Because the photonic inverse design tailors the dielectric distribution to maximize directional emission and resonant coupling for the target wavelength. | Reasoning | haeusler-et-al-2022-boosting-the-efficiency-of-smith-purcell-radiators-using-nanophotonic-inverse-design.pdf | Beam Properties Impact Another possible way for emittance degradation compensation is to control beam properties by introducing inverse modulation upstream of the arc to counteract with the CSR e"ect in the arc. This method is similar with the traditional one that typically utilizes DBA pairs with $\\pi$ betatron phase... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Why does the inverse-designed grating exhibit higher efficiency than a conventional rectangular grating? | Because the photonic inverse design tailors the dielectric distribution to maximize directional emission and resonant coupling for the target wavelength. | Reasoning | haeusler-et-al-2022-boosting-the-efficiency-of-smith-purcell-radiators-using-nanophotonic-inverse-design.pdf | $$ \\begin{array} { l } { \\displaystyle { \\lambda = \\frac { \\lambda _ { u } } { 2 \\gamma ^ { 2 } h } ( 1 + \\frac { K ^ { 2 } } { 2 } ) } } \\\\ { \\displaystyle { \\approx \\frac { \\lambda _ { u } } { 2 \\gamma _ { 0 } ^ { 2 } h } \\left( 1 + \\frac { K _ { 0 } ^ { 2 } } { 2 } \\right) \\left( 1 + \\frac { 2 K _... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
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