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8c520c33-c15c-4261-8ac3-3a26d8e01bfc | A 24-year-old accountant complains of a white discharge from his breasts. He is most likely experiencing which one of the following? | A tumor of the posterior pituitary that could be surgically removed | Excessive production of OT in the hypothalamus | Deficient testosterone receptors in the mammary glands | A prolactinoma that would decrease its secretory activity in response to bromocriptine (an analog of dopamine) | 3d | multi | The accountant has galactorrhea (inappropriate production of milk) caused by a prolactinoma (a tumor of the anterior pituitary that secretes PRL). Dopamine, the major regulator of PRL secretion, inhibits PRL production and release by the anterior pituitary. Bromocriptine is a drug that acts like dopamine to inhibit PRL... | Biochemistry | Endocrinology |
06c1eb6f-b385-44ec-bbf0-21ec594a095d | Which of the following are supratentorial tumors? | Craniopharyngioma | Medulloblastoma | Astrocytoma | Ependymoma | 0a | single | Ans. A. CraniopharyngiomaTumors arising from the brain are common in children. Certain genetic syndromes and familial factors increase the risk of occurrence of brain tumors. Over 2/3 of brain tumors in children are infratentorial. They can be classified as:* Cerebellar Tumors: Medulloblastoma, Astrocytoma* Brainstem T... | Pediatrics | Childhood Tumors |
7e3d608a-fd80-4ca9-bc55-873d961d55c6 | All are actions of coisol on the skin and connective tissue except | Antiproliferative for fibroblasts | Antiproliferative for keratinocytes | Loss of collagen | Hyperpigmentation | 3d | multi | It is antiproliferative for fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Glucocoicoids in excess inhibit fibroblasts, lead to loss of collagen and connective tissue, and thus result in thinning of the skin, easy bruising, stria formation, and poor wound healing. Hyperpigmentation is a direct effect of ACTH on melanocoin 1 receptors. | Physiology | Endocrinology |
f2ae21f4-7c6c-4831-aa59-81123a0e86e4 | Lipoma becomes malignant commonly at which site: | Subcutaneous | Sub-aponeurotic | Retroperitoneal | Intermuscular | 2c | single | RETROPERITONEAL LIPOMA These swellings sometimes reach an immense size Retroperitoneal lipoma is often malignant (liposarcoma) and may increase rapidly in size A retroperitoneal lipoma sometimes undergoes myxomatous degeneration Clinical Features Swelling or indefinite abdominal pain More common in women Diagnosis Diag... | Surgery | Plastic Surgery and Skin Lesions |
b0f43e57-e3f6-40a1-a684-10e593e47f23 | A 9 month infant presents with a head circumference of 39 cm. All of the following can be the underlying causes EXCEPT? | Edward syndrome | Maternal smoking | Alexander disease | Congenital Toxoplasmosis | 2c | multi | Alexander disease- cause of Megalencephaly. Here, a 9 month infant has HC=39cm, so he/she has microcephaly, (Normal head circumference at bih = 33-35 cm) Rate of increase in HC 1st 3 months 2cm/month Next 3 months 1cm/month Next 6 months 0.5cm/month Next 2 years 0.2cm/month Megalencephaly causes:- Benign familial megal... | Pediatrics | Abnormalities of Head Size |
a48a15e7-1bb5-417a-a943-25e08552fd6e | . If blood gas analysis reveal pH = 7.52, pCO2=3O; pO2= 105.This will be compensated by? | Compensatory respiratory acidosis | Compensatory respiratory alkalosis | Compensatory metabolic acidosis | Compensatory metabolic alkalosis | 2c | single | As a compensatory mechanism, metabolic acidosis leads to alveolar hyperventilation with a fall in PaCO2. Normally, PaCO2 falls by 1-1.3 mm Hg for every 1-mEq/L fall in serum HCO3- concentration, a compensatory response that can occur fairly quickly Ref Davidson 23rd edition pg 345 | Medicine | Fluid and electrolytes |
5f56ffb6-97b2-474b-9110-e76759b1ac88 | Corneal lesion seen in Hutchinson triad associated with congenital syphilis is: September 2006 | Disciform keratitis | Interstitial keratitis | Phylectenular keratitis | Mooren ulcer | 1b | single | Ans. B: Interstitial keratitis Hutchinson's triad is named after Sir Jonathan Hutchinson. It is a common pattern of presentation for congenital syphilis, and consists of three phenomena: interstitial keratitis, Hutchinson incisors (notching of the two upper central incisors in the permanent dentition), and eighth nerve... | Ophthalmology | null |
156c9c50-7769-43bc-812b-c869cef40f98 | Chemoprophylaxsis is..................... prevention - | Primordial | Primary | Secondary | Teiary | 1b | single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Primary | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
c8bed643-6f04-43f0-8bfc-b86552d35ce8 | Which of the following is not a cause of hypermetropia: September 2009 | Sho axial length of the eyeball | Flat cornea | Increased refractive index of the coex of lens | Anterior dislocation of the lens | 3d | multi | Ans. D: Anterior dislocation of the lens Factors responsible for hypermetropia: Sho axial length of the eyeball Curvature hypermetropia commonly occurs as a factor in astigmatism (corneal plana) Index hypermetropia accounts for the hypermetropia of old age due to increased refractive index of the coex of the lens relat... | Ophthalmology | null |
07f4bb0a-327e-4771-a8b1-2db15949309d | An eight years old child is suffering from transient synovitis of the hip joint. Which of the following statement is false | May follow upper respiratory tract infection | WBC count and ESR are usually normal. | The hip is typically held in adduction and internal rotation | Widening of joint space will be seen on ultrasound. | 2c | multi | Ans. C. The hip is typically held in adduction and internal rotationIn any type of synovitis, the joint will be held in flexion, abduction and external rotation because in this position joint capacity is maximum causing least pain (Minimal stretching of capsule) | Orthopaedics | Miscellaneous |
550e9be0-2b76-4f06-b5af-46923c33b94b | Half-life of T3 | 10 hours | 2 day | 6 days | 10 days | 1b | single | Triiodothyronine, also known as T3, is a thyroid hormone. It affects almost every physiological process in the body, including growth and development, metabolism, body temperature, and hea rate. Production of T3 and its prohormone thyroxine (T4) is activated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is released from ... | Physiology | Endocrinology |
52291eaf-2ced-4051-b033-ad1ecd788e8a | Typhoid oral vaccine is given ? | 1, 3, 5 days | 1, 2, 3 days | 1, 2, 4 days | 1, 7, 14 days | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., 1, 3, 5 days ANTI-TYPHOID VACCINES The old parenteral killed whole-cell vaccine was effective but produced strong side-effects. So, they are not used now. Two safe and effective vaccines are now licensed and available : - 1.The Vi polysachharide vaccine It is composed of purified Vi capsular polysacch... | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
f1c82e81-ab79-4bb0-835c-8c6686628a85 | Commonest site of lytic lesion in multiple myeloma is: | Veebral column | Femur | Clavicle | Pelvis | 0a | single | In multiple myeloma- bone lesions are most common in veebral column. The pain usually involves the back and ribs, and unlike the pain of metastatic carcinoma, which often is worse at night, the pain of myeloma is precipitated by movement. Persistent localized pain in a patient with myeloma usually signifies a pathologi... | Medicine | Lymphoma and Plasma cell disorder |
40e51276-aaf1-4cc8-8141-3905da5cbe9b | The length of the feeding tube to be inseed for transpyloric feeding is measured from the tip of | Nose to the umblicus | Ear lobe to the umblicus | Nose to the pelvis | Ear lobe to the pelvis | 1b | single | The feeding tube length can be measured by following the normal route for tube i.e. Nasal ala - to ear lobe - to epigastium Since the distance between the nasal ala and ear lobe is almost equal to the distance between the epigastrium and umbilicus, the length can be measured from ear lobe to umbilicus. | Anatomy | General surgery |
5101bc72-2325-44e8-8086-ec73130153ed | Difference in expression of gene in the sibling as inherited by the father is termed as: | Mosaicism | Anticipation | Mutation | Replication | 0a | single | Difference in expression of gene in the sibling as inherited by the father is termed as mosaicism. It results from a mutation that occurs during embryonic, fetal, or extrauterine development. When mutation occur during from nondisjunction at an early embryonic mitotic division chromosomal mosaicism occurs. Somatic mosa... | Medicine | null |
647a6092-baba-4abd-bb16-8723eef4fe1d | Infantile atopic dermatitis commonly involves | Flexors | Extensors | Head & neck | Perianal area | 1b | single | Infantile atopic dermatitis (2 months - 2 years): More commonly involves extensors.
Childhood atopic dermatitis (2 - 10 years): Commonly involves flexors
Adolescent atopic dermatitis (> 10 years): Commonly involves flexors, hand & feet. | Dental | null |
63b79c3e-4652-4dcd-b5c8-acc1c922333f | Oligohydroamnios is AFI- | <8cm | <5cm | <2 cm | <1 cm | 1b | single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., < 5 cm Oligohydramnios1) AFI <5 cm or single largest vertical pocket < 2cm2) Amniotic fluid less than 100 mLEtiologyChromosomal AbnormalitiesUteroplacental Insufficiency* Congenital anomalies (e.g., renal agenesis and posterior urethral valves)* IUGR* Postdatism/postterm pregnancy* PROM* Twin-to-twin ... | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Carcinoma Ovary |
8353de61-7c64-4e09-8c60-54d33ddce638 | Thoracic duct opens into: | Subclan vein | Internal jugular vein | Right brachiocephalic vein | Left brachiocephalic vein | 3d | single | Thoracic duct is continuation of cysterna chyli. It passes through aoic hiatus beginning at lower border of T12 . At T5 it crosses to left side andopens into the left venous (jugulo-subclan) angle - junction of the left internal jugular and subclan vein, at the beginning of left brachio-cephalic vein. | Anatomy | Thorax- wall and Bronchopulmonary segment |
cb9e6fa9-2513-4f16-98d1-72f9dd62edf6 | The incidence rates of Clostridium difficile are measured in both hospitals and nursing homes throughout a particular county. Those with low rates of infection were marked as having an effective nosocomial infection prevention strategy, while those with high rates were marked as having an ineffective strategy
If the D... | Chi-squared test | One-way analysis of variance | Paired t-test | Pearson correlation | 0a | multi | null | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
b0950f33-a52d-43a5-a3a2-11c02834341e | All of the following are features of splenic rupture on plain X-ra3, abdomen except: | Obliteration of psoas shadow | Obliteration of splenic outline | Obliteration of colonic air hubble | Elevation of left hemidiaphragm | 2c | multi | Ans. Obliteration of colonic air hubble | Radiology | null |
bafcd3fb-ab46-4f94-b568-842a891aa617 | Most common organism implicated in causation of necrotizing fascitis: | Staphylococcus aureus | Streptococcus pyogenes | Clostridium perfringens | Pneumococcus | 1b | single | Streptococcus pyogenes | Microbiology | null |
3025b9c9-8a7a-452a-8b51-e77250b51c87 | Stature of an unknown person can be found out from long bones, by applying all the following formulas except | Trotter and Glesser | Karl Pearson | Haase | Dupeuis and Hadden | 2c | multi | Hasses rule is for foetus age determination based on length . HASSE'S RULE For the first 5 months of the foetus - Square root of the length of the foetus in cm gives its age in lunar months After 5 months - 1/5th of the length of the foetus in cm gives the age in lunar months Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic med... | Forensic Medicine | All India exam |
111693e4-7edb-4bba-98e0-b9b8021e6910 | Pediatric fracture of mandible pattern is typically seen as: | Downwards and forwards. | Downwards and backwards. | Zig zag pattern due to presence of tooth buds. | Comminuted fractures. | 2c | multi | A high tooth-to-bone ratio exists in the pediatric bone. Fractures frequently occur through developing tooth crypts, giving a zig-zag appearance of fracture line. | Surgery | null |
4e96a28e-a5e0-49a5-9b41-f93a08586580 | Node of Ranvier is seen in | Cell body | Dendrites | Axons | Terminal butons | 2c | single | A cross-section of a typical small nerve has many large nerve fibers that constitute most of the cross-sectional area. However, a more careful look revealsmany more small fibers lying between the large ones. The large fibers are myelinated, and the small ones are unmyelinated. The average nerve trunk contains about twi... | Physiology | Nervous system |
f1c81b43-99ef-4eca-87a4-e4b45eef4798 | Which one of the following test is used to detect malingering - | Stenger's test | Buinge's test | Weber 's test | Rinne's test | 0a | single | Malingering/Nonorganic hearing loss (also called pseudohypacusis)
Ocassionally patients wilfully or subconsciously exaggerate their hearing loss.
This is functional hearing loss or pseudohypacusis or malingering
– The signs in the test behavior that suggest functional component include:
a. Inconsistent responses
b. S... | ENT | null |
2373fcae-6c51-4afb-92c7-574f70259807 | The thick filament is made up of Heavy chain of myosin Light chain of myosin Dystrophin Titin | 1, 3, and 4 | 2, 3 and 4 | 1 and 2 | 3 and 4 | 2c | single | The thick filament or the myosin is made up of the heavy chain of myosin and light chain of myosin The myosin molecule is composed of six polypeptide chains- Two heavy chains, each with a molecular weight of about 200,000 and four light chains with molecular weights of about 20,000 each. The two heavy chains wrap spira... | Physiology | General physiology |
342b67bf-2129-4bf8-8540-93deab81ccaf | Megaloblastic anemia is caused by - | Phenytoin | Lithium | Lead | Chloroquine | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., PhenytoinSome important drugs causing megaloblastic anaemiao Methotrexateo Phenytoino Cytosine arabinosideo Phenobarbitoneo Pentamidineo Pyrimethamineo Zidovudineo 5-Fluorouracilo Sulfasalazineo Triamtereneo Primidoneo Trimethoprimo Azathioprine | Pharmacology | Adverse Drug Effect |
a025385d-fb73-428d-adb0-3f820cba2454 | Endometriosis is common in : | Multiple | Peri menopausal age | Nullipara | Virgins | 2c | single | Nullipara | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
a15da526-c1cc-4933-a4a2-54cbc36f7211 | A 70-year-old female patient was readmitted to a local hospital with fever and chills following cardiac surgery at a major teaching institution. Blood cultures were taken and a Gram-positive coccus grew from the blood cultures within 24 hours. Initial tests indicated that this isolate was resistant to penicillin. The m... | image_question | image_question | image_question | image_question | 3d | single | Enterococci causes a wide variety of infections ranging from less serious, for example, urinary tract infections, to very serious, such as septicemia. A Gram-positive coccus resistant to penicillin must be assumed to be enterococcus until other more definitive biochemical testing places the isolate in one of the more e... | Microbiology | Bacteriology |
72395e86-bd98-4e2b-8505-faa60b5d33a6 | A girl falls in love with a film star & believes that he also loves her. It is best exemplified by? | Persecutory delusion | Grandiose delusion | Erotomania | Nymphomania | 2c | multi | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Erotomania* Erotomania (Delusions of love): - False belief that another person is in love with one (commoner in woman). In one form, termed de clerambault sydrome, a woman (usually) believes that a man, frequently older and of higher status, is in love with her. Erotomania is seen in Schizophrenia, de... | Psychiatry | Miscellaneous |
dce8cce5-13b0-4d8d-9431-a4227a2a8456 | What is the recommended drug for treatment of leptospirosis? | Penicillin | Tetracycline | Azithromycin | Erythromycin | 0a | single | Penicillin is the drug of choice for treatment of leptospirosis. Tetracycline or doxycycline may also be used. Ref: Park 21st edition, page 267. | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
41d7713f-2a98-477f-9dc5-49ca2c1c521e | All are true about ESBL except - | Sensitive to carbapenems | Ambler classification is based on molecular structure | Classification is based on 3rd g. cefalosporin sensivity | 3rd & 4* g. cefalosporin sensivity testing is must to confirm the ESBL | 3d | multi | Ans. is 'd' i.e., 3rd and 4th generation sensitivity is must Penicillins were the earliest antibiotics to be developed.Penicillins and their related group of antibiotics were called b lactam antibiotics because they contained a four carbon ring called b lactam ring.Within a few years of introduction of penicillin, bact... | Pharmacology | D.O.C |
ddbafd09-7344-4f74-a726-934e0b7a4bdd | Most common symptom of posterior uveitis - | Pain | Photophobia | Lacrimation | Diminished vision | 3d | single | Posterior uveitis(choroiditis) is a painless condition,usually characterised by visual symptoms due to associated vitreous haze and involvement of the retina. | Ophthalmology | Uveal tract |
2dd15eef-7099-4cf6-b99f-7b7322c84b41 | The enzyme used for the mapping of hypersensitive sites in recombinant DNA research is? | DNA ligase | DNA polymerase I | DNase I | Polynucleotide kinase | 2c | single | Ans. C. DNase Ia. DNA ligase is used for joining of DNA molecules.b. DNA polymerase I is used for synthesis of double stranded cDNA.c. Polynucleotide kinase is used for T-32 end labeling of DNA or RNA. | Biochemistry | Molecular Genetics |
1130ac3f-006b-444a-8eec-5630f3350828 | As a general rule, veins carry | Urine | Lymph fluid | Oxygenated blood | Deoxygenated blood | 3d | single | All veins carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart with the exception of the pulmonary vein
which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. | Pathology | null |
3d03c4a0-ca11-400c-a61c-4710d36867d5 | Which of the following is associated with Down syndrome: March 2010 | Raised PAPP-A level | Decresed beta-HCG level | Raised estriol level | Decreased AFP level | 3d | single | Ans. D: Decreased AFP level Alpha-fetoprotein is made in the pa of the womb called the yolk sac and in the fetal liver, and some amount of AFP gets into the mother's blood. In neural tube defects, the skin of the fetus is not intact and so larger amounts of AFP is measured in the mother's blood. In Down syndrome, the A... | Pediatrics | null |
4e19b317-403e-4592-8575-8d222a8215fc | Right anterior quadrant of the scalp is supplied by the following arteries EXCEPT | Right supra orbital artery | Right supra trochlear artery | Right superficial temporal artery | Right maxillary artery | 3d | multi | null | Anatomy | null |
03fa88dd-6887-445c-a283-5aa7bd49bd90 | One of the following groups of enzymes does not exhibit stereospecificity | Oxidoreductases | Isomerases | Lyases | Transferases | 1b | single | All enzymes (except isomerases) exhibit stereospecificity, that reacts only with one set of stereoisomers.Whereas isomerases conve substrate from one isomerase to another. Harper 30th edition pg: 60 | Biochemistry | Enzymes |
11bc5e56-5033-42bf-98f5-f01c744511a1 | RDA cover of nutrient requirement of- | 50% of individuals | 75% of individuals | 98% of individuals | Same as adequate intake | 2c | single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., 98% of individuals Recommended Dietary allowance (RDA) o Also know as recommended daily allowance. o The RDA is the average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirments of nearly all (97 to 98%) individuals in a life stage and gender group. o The RDA applies to indivi... | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
a6151ab4-b5e5-4778-bba9-2a6515b1e1be | Sandfly transmitts which disease- | Oraya fever | Oriental sore | Kala-azar | All of the above | 3d | multi | Ans. is 'd' i.e., All of the above Diseases transmitted by sandflyo Kala-azaro Sand-fly fevero Oriental soreo Oraya fever | Microbiology | Arthropod born diseases |
26536f95-d092-46f6-a732-77e503067488 | H pylori causes all except | Peptic ulcer | Maltoma | Carcinoid tumor | Gastric carcinoma | 2c | multi | Infection with H. pylori plays a key pathogenic role and the infection has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a definite human carcinogen. It is associated with chronic atrophic gastritis, gastric mucosal atrophy and gastric cancer . It has been estimated that H. pylori infecti... | Medicine | G.I.T |
9af5809d-a617-49a5-a9d8-526611306970 | Investigation of choice for diagnosis of splenic rupture – | Peritoneal lavage | Ultrasound | CT scan | MRI | 2c | single | "CT has become the gold standard for the assessment of abdominal trauma particularly solid parenchymal injury". | Radiology | null |
a3b9f641-7e52-4ce3-bf7c-56d35d4ae9ed | True about shunt vessels | Evenly distributed throughout the skin | Role in nutrition | Play a role in thermoregulation | No autonomic nervous regulation | 2c | multi | Shunt vessels are sho, low resistance connection between aerioles and veins,allowing blood to bypass capillaries in ceain areas These vessels are especially found in skin of finger, toes, and earlobes where they play a major role in thermoregulation Ref: Medical Physiology Indu Khurana 2015 edition, Page No:237 Shunt v... | Physiology | Cardiovascular system |
502172e8-f88a-45a1-a688-37e63230d513 | All of the following may be present in Duane&;s retraction syndrome except | Suppression | Head turn | Narrowing of palpebral apeure in abduction | Limitation of abduction | 2c | multi | RESTRICTIVE SQUINT Duane's retraction syndrome : It is a congenital ocular motility defect occurring due to fibrous tightening of lateral or medial or both rectus muscles. Its features are: 1) Limitation of abduction (type I) or adduction (type II) or both (type III). 2) Retraction of the globe and narrowing of the p... | Ophthalmology | Ocular motility and squint |
7e713303-4b10-4822-88bd-5f7c19c1e07c | Fracture of talus without displacement in x-ray would lead to -a) Osteoarthritis of ankleb) Osteonecrosis of head of talusc) Avascular necrosis of body of talusd) Avascular necrosis of neck of taluse) Non union | ac | bc | ad | b | 0a | single | Complicatiosn of Talar neck fracture
Malunion
Avascular necrosis (osteonecrosis) of body.
Non-union
Secondary osteoarthritis of ankle and subtalar joint. | Orthopaedics | null |
d2261cdf-564b-4b53-bce6-e379a650bb5d | Chelating agent used in mercury poisoning is - | Calcium disodium edetate | Desferrioxamine | Penicillamine | BAL | 3d | single | Ans. is 'd' i.e., BAL Use of different chelating agentsDimercaprol (BAL)o Poisoning by As, Hg, Au, Bi, Ni, Sbo As an adjuvant to EDTA in lead poisoningo As an adjuvant to penicillamine in Cuo Contraindicated in iron and cadmium poisoning.Calcium disodium edetate (Ca Na,EDTA)o Lead poisoningo Also used in Zn, Cd, Mn, Cu... | Unknown | null |
e5f159bf-3ec9-4ba9-8c0e-de8ff0df4fed | Drug used in irritable bowel syndrome with constipation is | Lubiprostone | Loperamide | Alosetron | Clonidine | 0a | single | -Lubiprostone acts by stimulating Cl- channel opening in the intestine, increasing liquid secretion in gut and decreasing transit time, therefore used for chronic constipation. -It has also been approved for constipation dominant irritable bowel syndrome in women. -Irritable bowel syndrome is a condition characterized ... | Pharmacology | Gastro-Intestinal Tract |
9fcc4663-56b6-4a6e-a535-caf7b16d65db | Which of the following malignancy is MOST sensitive to radiotherapy? | Serous cystadenoma | Dysgerminoma | Mucinous cystadenoma | Teratoma | 1b | single | Dysgerminomas are usually unilateral and are the most common type of germ cell tumor seen in patients with gonadal dysgenesis. They are highly radiosensitive and chemosensitive. Serous cystadenoma is the most common epithelial cell neoplasm. 70% of these tumors are benign and surgery is the treatment of choice. Mucinou... | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
cd6ef7dd-345d-44f7-8c57-193e747f7bb1 | An epidemiologic study evaluates the rate of dental caries and tooth abscesses among children living in communities within a metropolitan area. Investigators discover that the rate is high among children living in an upper-middle-class community but low in children living in a community below the poverty level. The lev... | Copper | Fluoride | Iodine | Selenium | 1b | single | Water in some areas naturally contains fluoride, and dental problems in children are fewer in these areas because tooth enamel is strengthened. Fluoride can be added to drinking water, but opposition to this practice, from ignorance or fear, is common. Copper deficiency can produce neurologic defects. Iodine deficiency... | Pathology | Environment & Nutritional Pathology |
0f3af128-25e2-4000-8ad7-1b3078efe483 | The diagnosis of gout is best established by the presence of | Synol uric add crystals | Intracellular uric acid crystals | Elevated serum uric acid | Involvement of the first metatarsal phalangeal joint | 1b | single | Gout / Hyperuricemia Gout refers to the disease that occurs in response to the presence of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in joints, bones, and soft tissues.Causes of GoutIncreased productionDecreased renal excretionHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGP) deficiencyPhosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) synth... | Medicine | All India exam |
b8d695f8-fee7-4700-87e5-de58da4a31ce | Obesity indices are - | Broca's index | Ponderal index | Quetelet index | Corpulence index | 0a | single | Body mass index(quetelet&;s index) Ponderal index Broca index Lorentz&;sformula Corpulence index. Among these BMI and Broca index are widely used. BMI is used an index for obesity. Ref- Park&;s textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 24th edition. | Social & Preventive Medicine | Non communicable diseases |
a6d6e5e5-d124-4b67-aa49-c20498776f74 | Organised glomemler deposits in kidney is present in- | Amyloidosis | Diabetes millitus | IgA nephropathy | Cry oglobulinemia | 2c | single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., IgA NephropathyOrganized glomerular deposits are seen in : Mesangial proliferative GN Memranous GN Membranoproliferative GNo IgA nephropathy is a type of mesangioproliferative GN. | Pathology | null |
e899ec1b-56b3-4f27-b8f6-1fa8ebef77bc | Drug of choice for severe Falciparum malaria in pregnancy is: | Aresunate | Artemether | Chloroquine | Quinine | 3d | single | As Artemesinin compunds are contraindicated in pregnancy, Quinine is used for severe Falciparum malaria. | Pharmacology | null |
a50748bd-c510-44a1-ac54-96cc82b7ed59 | A 37-yrs-old man in DKA has yellowish papules scattered over his trunk and extremities. A tube of plasma that is collected from the patient develops a turbid supernate. This is consistent with which type of hyperlipoproteinemia? | Type I | Type II | Type III | Type V | 3d | single | The patient most likely has a type V hyperlipoproteinemia, which is associated with eruptive xanthomas secondary to increased triacylglycerol. Type V hyperlipoproteinemia is a combination of type I, characterized by elevated chylomicrons, and type IV, characterized by increased very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). D... | Unknown | null |
edca7269-11e7-4fe8-8130-f784cd61acad | Radiation exposure during infancy has been linked to | Breast | Melanoma | Thyroid | Lung | 2c | single | Ans. (c) ThyroidRef: Robbin's pathology 9th ed. /109* The most radio-sensitive organ sites in children in the order of sensitivity are thyroid, breasts, bone marrow and brain.* Exposure to ionizing radiation in first 2 decades predisposes a person for development of papillary CA. | Pathology | Etiology: Carcinogenic Agents |
a41db06b-1ebb-4e2e-824e-f1a62f7e996d | Chemical labyrinthectomy by transtympanic route is done in Meniere's disease using which drug- | Amikacin | Gentamicin | Amoxycillin | Cyclosporine | 1b | single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Gentamicin o Has been explained in previous sessions. | ENT | Menier's Disease |
78a66891-c22f-45e8-b7c2-c2b3ddcbed3f | True statements regarding Depolarizing muscle relaxant are all EXCEPT: March 2013 (a) | Cause muscle fasciculation | No fade | Reversed by neostigmine | No post tetanic facilitation | 2c | multi | Ans. C i.e. Reversed by neostigmine Muscle relaxants Depolarizing muscle relaxants (Succinylcholine): - Usually sho acting, - No tetanic fade, - No post tetanic facilitation Non-depolarizing muscle relaxant (Mivacurium): Post tetanic facilitation seen, - Diaphragm is resistant to non-depolarizing agents, - Train of fou... | Anaesthesia | null |
b9cf5f1c-d8f8-48f0-bed3-d12554934917 | Which of the following statements best describes 'Background Radiation'? | Radiation in the background of nuclear reactors | Radiation in the background during radiological investigations | Radiation present constantly from natural sources | Radiation from nuclear fall out | 2c | multi | Background radiation refers to those coming from the environment of natural radioactivity at the eahs surface and the those from direct cosmic radiation that arrives at the eahs surface. Ref: Radiation Biophysics By Edward L. Alpen, Page 432; The Biological Basis of Nursing : Cancer By William T. Blows, Page 54, 56 | Radiology | null |
c973957e-8a58-42c7-9ed0-07ddafc05069 | Umbilical cord has ____________ | 1 vein and 2 aeries | 2 vein and 2 aeries | 1 vein and 1 aery | 2 veins and 1 aery | 0a | single | Umbilical cord contain two aeries & one vein. Ref : Ghai essential of pediatrics, 19th edition, p.no402 ; Davidson principal and practice of internal medicine, 22nd edition, p.no:630 | Pediatrics | C.V.S |
e88a3e19-4037-4cce-a0f0-493536f85f50 | All of following are true about measles except- | Maximum incidence in 6m - 3 year age group | Best age for immunization is 9-12 months | Secondary attack rate is 30% | I.P= 7-14 days | 2c | multi | <p>MEASLES:- An acute highly infectious disease of childhood caused by a specific virus of group myxovirus. Clinically characterised by fever and catarrhal symptoms of the upper respiratory tract( coryza,cough), followed by a typical rash. Incubation period-10 days from exposure to onset of fever and 14 days of appeara... | Social & Preventive Medicine | Communicable diseases |
425e336f-37e3-4677-bd84-1f998339d263 | Which of the following is not a large vessel vasculitiis ? | Takayasu aeritis | Cogan syndrome | Chrug strauss syndrome | Giant cell aeritis | 2c | single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Churg strauss syndrome | Pathology | null |
41585522-f8c5-4f30-b48e-a37af93c0819 | Solid and largest lymphatic organ of the body is | Spleen | Thymus | Lymph node | Liver | 0a | single | (A) Spleen# Largest lymphatic organ in the human body is the spleen.> Primary function of the spleen is to purify the blood and store blood cells. It helps the immune system identify and combat foreign antibodies.> The spleen consists of white pulp and red pulp. The white pulp generates blood cells and synthesizes anti... | Anatomy | Misc. |
24313fed-2bff-4c8d-955a-6016eb59a411 | False regarding Health For All by 2000 A.D is - | All people will be healthy by 2000 A.D | All people are accessible to health care services | All will have socially and economically productive life | Equal health status for people and countries | 0a | multi | Foremost among the goals to be achieved by 2000 AD were Reduction of infant moality from the level of 125 to below 60 To raise the expectation of life at bih from the level of 52 years to 64 To reduce the crude death rate from the level of 14 per 1000 population to 9 per 1000 To reduce crude bih rate from the level of ... | Social & Preventive Medicine | Health care of community & international health |
87390311-9c5b-4cc2-b63e-4b87f3589b2b | All of _the following may be seen in patient of cardiac tamponade exceptAll of _the following may be seen in patient of cardiac tamponade except- | Kussmaul's sign | Pulsus paradoxus | Electriciaalten alternans | Right ventricular diastolic collapse on echocardiogram | 0a | multi | Kussmaul sign is a paradoxical rise in jugular venous pressure (JVP) on inspiration, or a failure in the appropriate fall of the JVP with inspiration. It can be seen in some forms of hea disease and is usually indicative of limited right ventricular filling due to right hea dysfunction Ref Harrison 20th edition pg 1456 | Medicine | C.V.S |
62246d1f-3284-4972-9e2c-17e603fc9566 | True about mummification is: | External features are preserved | High atmospheric temperature is needed for | Occurs in dry air | All of the above | 3d | multi | D i.e. All of above Mummification is dessication/ dehydration or drying & shriveling of body tissue & viscera after death.Q Mummification is drying or dehydrationQ of cadaver & is modification of putrefactionQ. In which body features and appearances are preservedQ but face is greatly distoedQ High temperature, dry (dev... | Forensic Medicine | null |
a873ee82-b46b-492e-b623-d4ca72682332 | Gynaecomastia and infertility is caused by? | Flutamide | Cimetidine | Ranitidine | Methotrexate | 1b | single | ANSWER: (B) CimetidineREF: APPENDIX-39 below for "DRUGS CAUSING GYNAECOMASTIA"Repeat Pharmacology 2013 Session 2Indirect repeat Pharmacology 2012 Session II, 2006 APPENDIX - 39Causes Of Gynecomastia:IdiopathicDrugs (partial list)Physiologic causesNeonatal periodPubertyAgingObesityAlcoholAlkylating agentsAmiodaroneAnabo... | Pharmacology | Adverse Drug Effect |
131942a7-80f8-46b5-8ef3-85fc5c91e334 | Exfoliative cytology is useful in | Carcinoma stomach | Carcinoma bronchus | Carcinoma cervix | All of the above | 3d | multi | Ans. is 'd' i.e., All of the above Exfoliative cytology is used for ? Cervical Ca. 3. Bronchogenic Ca. 5. Prostatic Ca. Endometrial Ca. 4. Bladder Ca. 6. Stomach Ca. | Pathology | null |
ecf6f648-4e63-4ba7-b375-d3f4c8ca6e2b | Transvestism is : | Wearing clothes of opposite sex | Touching ones own private pas to others | Desire for sexual intercourse with dead bodies | Orgasm from visualisation pa of the body of a woman | 0a | single | A i.e. Wearing clothes of opposite sex | Psychiatry | null |
6741fb1f-da35-472b-b6e8-baf898663b9d | Apixaban is a new drug that acts by | Inhibiting TNF alpha | Inhibiting coagulation factor Xa | Inhibiting platelet aggregation | Activating plasminogen | 1b | single | Rivaroxaban and Apixaban are newer oral anticoagulants that act by inhibiting factor Xa. Newer oral anticoagulants that are currently being asked in the exams are: Direct thrombin inhibitor- Dabigatran Direct factor Xa inhibitors Apixaban Rivaroxaban Edoxaban Betrixaban | Pharmacology | Hematology |
be987604-79fd-4499-b753-4eac67f3ab2c | A child presents with acute diarrhea with signs of dehydration; On investigation, Na+ 125 mEq/L, K+ 3 meq/L, HCO3- 16 mEq/L and pH is 7.23. IV Fluid to be given is? | Normal saline | 3% saline | N/2 saline + 10% dextrose | N/3 saline + 5% dextrose | 0a | single | * Hyponatremic dehydration is treated by correction of intravascular volume with isotonic fluid (NS or LR). * An overly rapid (>12 mEq/L over the first 24 hr) or overcorrection of serum sodium concentration (>135 mEq/L) is associated with an increased risk of central pontine myelinolysis. | Pediatrics | Disorders of Gastrointestinal System Including Diarrhea |
8a9efb57-c3c6-43aa-9d15-6b56667ab4f5 | Iron requirement in lactating mother is: | 30 mg/day | 34 mg/day | 36 mg/day | 38 mg/day | 0a | single | Ref: Park s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 22nd edition. Pages 578,590Explanation:"The ICMR recommended daily allowance (RDA) for Iron is 38 mg/day during pregnancy and 30 mg/ day during lactation." (ICMR - Old Guideline)IRON REQUIREMENT DURING LACTATIONThere is no increase in iron requirement during lacta... | Social & Preventive Medicine | Nutrition and Health |
80cd973a-8998-4f3d-ba13-c5f2177c034c | Seibert’s class IV defect is | Faciolingual loss of tissues with normal ridge height | Normal ridge width with loss of ridge height | Loss of height and width | None of the above | 3d | multi | Seibert’s Classification
Class 0 defects- no defect
Class I defects- faciolingual loss of tissue width with normal ridge height.
Class II defects- loss of ridge height with normal ridge width.
Class III defects- a combination of loss in both dimensions. | Dental | null |
7a20cf92-9b6d-4582-82a2-8a7965d98503 | What is the power of a lens if the focal length is 0.75 m? | 1.3 D | 2.3 D | 3.3 | 4.3 D | 0a | single | ANSWER: (A) 1.3 DREF: Khurana 4th Ed Pg 23The focal length (f) of a lens is the distance between the optical centre and the principal focus.Power of a lens (P) is defined as the ability of the lens to converge a beam of light falling on the lens. For a converging (convex) lens the power is taken as positive and for a d... | Ophthalmology | Elementary Optics |
aa569ee4-969e-4b2e-9b10-c4900a873447 | Reaction occuring in conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine? | Hydroxylation | Oxidation | Glucuronidation | Methylation | 3d | single | Ans. D. Methylation | Biochemistry | null |
37f827c3-3ab6-425a-90e1-29642013ad66 | . In case of pelvic fracture with urethral injury, the most important first step in management is- | Repair in injured urethra | Fixation of pelvic fracture | Treatment of shock and haemorrhage | Splinting urethra with catheters | 2c | multi | null | Surgery | null |
097eb4b5-86b9-48f3-9f4d-30cb51e3697e | Most commonly used vector for DNA cloning ? | Plasmid | Virus | Cosmid | Phage | 0a | single | A cloning vector is a carrier DNA molecule to which human DNA fragment is attached. Normally, foreign DNA fragments cannot self-replicate within host cell. Therefore, they are joined to a vector DNA, that can replicate within host cell.The five major types of cloning vectors used are -i) Plasmidsii) Viral vectors/Bacte... | Biochemistry | null |
572fa0e2-8103-4251-bc5a-65c33534629b | Pedophile is having anal intercourse with : | Older women | Children | Homosexual adult | Hijra | 1b | single | B i.e. Children | Forensic Medicine | null |
c6b2a296-9253-4903-b67b-a0eaa1a03df1 | A young person presents with self mutilating behaviour and impulsivity. What is he most likely suffering from? | Dependent personality disorder | Borderline personality disorder | Adjustment disorder | Paranoid personality disorder | 1b | single | The primary features of borderline personality disorder (BPD) are unstable interpersonal relationships, affective distress, marked impulsivity, and unstable self-image. Individuals with BPD tend to experience frequent, strong and long-lasting states of aversive tension, often triggered by perceived rejection, being alo... | Psychiatry | null |
48f8875b-69ee-4ac5-ad14-f9e58c478cfc | A woman complains of excessive vomiting and mild vaginal bleeding for two weeks at a POA of 12 weeks. The fundal height corresponds of 16 weeks. The cervical os is closed. Ultrasound scan demonstrates a snowstorm appearance in part of the uterus together with a foetus. The crown-rump length corresponds to 10 weeks. The... | Carry out medical termination with vaginal misoprostol | Carry out medical termination with an oxytocin infusion | Perform suction evacuation | Perform a total abdominal hysterectomy | 2c | multi | Ans. is c, i.e. Perform suction evacuationSuction evacuation is the method of choice, for evacuation of a partial molar pregnancy. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Gestational Trophoblastic Disease |
843dadcd-43cd-43c0-a74c-9efd7bafffd4 | Which of the following approach of brachial block is most suitable for catheter placement:- | Supraclavicular | Infraclavicular | Axillary | All | 1b | multi | The infraclavicular brachial plexus blocks are an alternative to axillary block for anaesthetizing the elbow, forearm, and hand when positioning is compromised by limited abduction at the shoulder, for example, rheumatoid ahritis or an immobilized/traumatized arm. It is also an alternative to supraclavicular block for ... | Anaesthesia | Regional Anesthesia |
33495b1d-0c62-4ebd-86f0-175868dd6e06 | Protein level more than 4-5grms/100ml seen in all except: | Dentigerous cyst. | OKC. | Radicular cyst. | None. | 1b | multi | null | Pathology | null |
f583f579-a273-4ac1-a539-9a4a02502ba4 | Which is not a heterophile agglutination test ? | Weil Felix test | Widal test | Paul Bunnell test | Streptococcus | 1b | single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Widal test Heterophilic agglutination reaction . Some organisms of different class or species share closely related antigens. . When serum containing agglutinin (antibody) of one organism gives agglutination reaction with antigen of other organism, it is called heterophilic agglutination test. Example... | Microbiology | null |
46d48cbc-83b0-402e-b0ed-2400d3ababc2 | Traumatic eye lesion can cause: | Vitreous haemorrhage | Corneal opacity | Exudative retinal detachment | All | 3d | multi | A. i.e. Vitreous hemorrhage; B. i.e. Corneal opacity; C i.e. Exudative retinal detachment | Ophthalmology | null |
49ee36ba-e4ba-43d6-88a5-68aac31166d1 | Innate immunity involves ? | T-cells | B-cells | Macrophages | Antibodies | 2c | single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Macrophages Macrophages and neutrophils are phagocytic cells that engulf a microbial pathogen after it has been identified by the innate immune system | Microbiology | null |
d847733a-23b3-42b2-85d9-8832365bd0ad | Boundaries of foramen of Winslow are all EXCEPT: | Caudate lobe of liver | Inferior vena cava | Free border of lesser omentum | 4th part of Duodenum | 3d | multi | ANSWER: (D) 4th part of DuodenumREF: Gray s anatomy 39th edition, page 3136 Repeat from June 2009 and June 2011In human anatomy, the omental foramen (Epiploic foramen, foramen of Winslow, or uncommonly aditus) is the passage of communication, or foramen, between the greater sac (general cavity of the abdomen), and the ... | Anatomy | Hepatobiliary System |
29dfee05-7ff3-47f9-9a3b-19fa0ba04254 | Malt workers lung is associated with: | Aspergillus clavatus | Aspergillus fumigatus | Micropolyspora faeni | Actinomyces israeli | 0a | single | Aspergillus clavatus | Microbiology | null |
d5578ae7-8a16-4944-a3f0-d6c5304488e0 | Mechanism of hypoxemia in asthma is | Hypoventilation | Diffusion decreased | Shunting | Ventilation perfusin mismatch | 3d | single | Pathophysiology Airway hyper-reactivity (AHR) - the tendency for airways to narrow excessively in response to triggers that have little or no effect in normal individuals is integral to the diagnosis of asthma and appears to be related, although not exclusively, to airwayinflammation . Other factors likely to be impoan... | Medicine | Respiratory system |
c7f9ccf9-02b1-4ae5-bce3-e44daa174541 | A patient with a recent history of convulsions, presented to emergency in subconscious state with blood pressure 60/90 mm/Hg, bradycardia & slow gasping respiration. There is increased lacrimation, salivation & sweating. On examination there is pin point pupil. Which of the following poisoning should be suspected? | Opioids | Phenobarbitone | Organophosphorus | Dhatura | 2c | single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Organophosphorus [Ref Parikh 6Th /e p. 10.43; Reddy 33`d% p. 5231Organophosphorus poisoning compounds are irreversible inhibitors of enzyme cholinesterase, an enzyme which hydrolyzes acetylcholine.Thus organophosphates inhibit cholinesterase and protect acetylcholine from hydrolysis. This results in i... | Forensic Medicine | null |
423b037d-8bb7-43fd-9d44-45cbc27c15b2 | An elderly male presented with longstanding progressive increase in nose size with hardened. On clinical examination it was thought to be end stage of chronic acne rosacea. Your diagnosis is NOT RELATED - ENT | Rhinosporidiosis | Rhinophyma | Atrophic rhinitis | Strawberry nose | 1b | single | . | Pharmacology | All India exam |
cd676134-bf22-4a92-87f7-f0158a29c381 | The plane of the axial wall of an M.O. cavity prepared for silver amalgam should be | A flat straight plane bucolingually | Parallel to the long axis of the teeth | Concave to allow greater bulk of amalgam | Parallel to the long axis of the teeth and should follow the buccolingual contour of the tooth | 3d | multi | null | Dental | null |
403ad4bc-29dd-407a-8a2a-1176b6c39db1 | Treatment of phlyctenular conjunctivitis is? | Systemic steroids | Topical steroids | Antibiotics | Miotics | 1b | single | ANSWER: (B) Topical steroidsREF: Parson's 20th ed p. 173Treatment of phlyctenular keratoconjuctivit is:Topical steroids are drugs of choiceTopical antibiotics and atropine are used when cornea is involved Phlyctenular conjunctivitis:Delayed type IV hypersensitivity response to endogenousstaphylococcus proteins ( most c... | Ophthalmology | Inflammations of Conjunctiva - Allergic and Granulomatous |
66b21fd9-0203-4a3e-aabc-fe745fefa0df | Pain and temperature are carried by | Anterior spinothalamic tract | Lateral spinothalamic tract | Dorsal column | None | 1b | multi | The lateral spinothalamic tract is located in the lateral funiculus towards the medial side, i.e.e near the grey matter. The spinothalamic tracts are formed by the axons of the chief sensory cells of posterior grey horn, which form the second order sensory neurons. After taking origin from the chief sensory cells, the ... | Physiology | Nervous system |
918e6157-4ed4-4a0a-9314-05d7d8675b65 | Microdermasion is done with: | Aluminium oxide crystals | Aluminium trihydrate crystals | Ferrous oxide crystals | Ferric oxide crystals | 0a | single | Microdermabrasion is resurfacing technique with superficial skin wound achieved with aluminium oxide crystals. Ref: Textbook of dermatosurgery & cosmetology, Satish S savant, E-2, P-620. | Skin | null |
de1630df-7b39-43e1-b1fe-2435585188c5 | Defect in collagen formation is seen in | Scurvy | Hunter's syndrome | Marfan's syndrome | Osteogenesis imperfecta | 0a | single | Scurvy is caused due ti deficiecy of ascorbc acid. Ascorbic acid is necessary for the post-transltional hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues. Hyroxyproline and hydrolysine are essential for the formation of crosslinks in the collagen, which gives the tensile strength to the fibers. This process is absolutely ne... | Biochemistry | Structure and function of protein |
4121c83c-4c8d-43d1-a50e-d5570de2e9fe | All are features of Trachoma stage Ill, except: | Herbe's pits | Pannus | Necrosis in scar | Scar on tarsal conjunctiva | 1b | multi | Ans. Pannus | Ophthalmology | null |
f7eea7f4-970a-40f0-90b2-dd36e3062669 | Which of the following is true about shunt vessels? | Evenly distributed throughout the skin | Role in nutrition | Play a role in thermoregulation | No autonomic nervous regulation | 2c | multi | Ans. c. Plav a role in thermoregulation Cutaneous (anterior-venous anastomosis) shunt vessels play an important role in temperature thermoregulation.Functional Classification of Vessel WaltVesselIncludeFeatureElastic ArteriesAorta, pulmonary artery and major branches* Elastic recoil maintains continuous blood flow and ... | Physiology | Heart, Circulation, and Blood |
2f3c4b18-418c-4205-b461-8309489ba645 | Wire loop lesions are often characteristic for the following class of lupus nephritis - | Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis( WHO class II) | Focal proliferative glomerulonephritis (WHO class III) | Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (WHO class IV) | Membranous glomerulonephritis (WHO class V) | 2c | single | null | Medicine | null |
b052b33f-9f4b-4637-9e3a-c4d9a0ec9650 | A 56-year-old woman has not passed stools for the last 14 days. Xray shows no air fluid levels. Probable diagnosis is - | Paralytic ileus | Aganglionosis of the colon | Intestinal pseudo-obstruction | Duodenal obstruction | 2c | single | The information provided in the question is too less, but we have to come to a diagnosis based on the provided information. Lets see each option one by one.
Paralytic ileus
multiple air fluid levels are noted, hence ruled out.
Aganglionosis of the colon or Hirshprung's ds.
presents in infancy or childhood hence rul... | Surgery | null |
89556543-fa48-4987-b63b-faaef1603692 | Xantheurenic acid is produced in - | Tyrosine metabolism | Tryptophan metabolism | Cysteine metabolism | Valine metabolism | 1b | single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Tryptophan metabolism o Serotonin secretion is increased in carcinoid syndrome which causes flushingQ. VasoconstrictionQ, diarrheaQ and bronchospasm (respiratory distress),Metabolism of tryptophano Tryptophan is an essential amino acidQ, containing indol ringQ. Tryptophan is oxidized to produce alanin... | Biochemistry | Amino Acid Metabolic Disorder |
1ba6892b-c757-420a-9221-7cbd5e0b3ff7 | The only reliable symptom of hypoglycemia in a patient on beta blocker therapy is | Tremor | Sweating | Tachycardia | Palpitations | 1b | single | * All the symptoms of hypoglycemia are blocked by beta blockers except sweating as it has cholinergic innervation * Beta blockers (non selective) are contraindicated in : ABSOLUTE C/I Pheochromocytoma Decompensated hea failure symptomatic bradycardia AV block Asthma RELATIVE C/I Peripheral vascular disease | Pharmacology | Sympathetic System |
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