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正常情况下, 这样的函数 foo 在 C++ 中意味着参数为空. | In C++, a function like foo often indicates that the argument is empty. | 1 |
节清单从这里删到试图支持传统 C 编译器的某些方面. | Here, segment postings have been trimmed in an exertion to suit a few highlights of customary C compilers. | 1 |
详见NU c 手册,我们已经把细节删除, 这样当内容过时后, 人们也不会 HERI. | Subtle elements can be found within the NU c handbook; we evacuated them so that perusers wouldn't HERI when the data was not pertinent. | 1 |
除了一件事: 对于 c++ 程序 (不是C)，` -traditional' 选项带来一个附加效应,允许对 this 赋值. | With one exception: the “-traditional” option has the unintended side effect of enabling assignment to this for C++ applications (but not C). | 1 |
他和`-Ethis-is-variable' 选项的果一样. | It has the same impact as the "-Ethis-is-variable" alternative. | 1 |
-traditional-cpp 试图支持传统 Cc 预处理器的某些方面. | -traditional-cpp bolsters a number of highlights of the customary Cc preprocessor. | 1 |
特别是上面提到有关预处理器的内容, 但是不包括 `-traditional' 选项的其他效应. | Especially, the preprocessor demonstrated over, but not the other results of the "-conventional" alternative. | 1 |
-fdollars-in-identifiers 允许在标识符 (identifier) 中使用 `$' 字符 (仅针对 C++) . | -fdollars-in-identifiers “$” characters are allowed in identifiers (as it were in C++). | 1 |
你可以指定 `“-Efno-dollars-in-identifiers' 选项显明禁止使用 `$' 符. | The "-Efno-dollars-in-identifiers" alternative can be utilized to particularly cripple the "$" character. | 1 |
(GNU C++ 在某些目标系统缺省允许 `$' 符, 但不是所有系统.) | (On a few target frameworks, GNU C++ licenses the “$” character by default, but not all.) | 1 |
-fenum-int-equiv 允许 ant 类型到枚举类型 (enumeration) 的隐式转换 (MEF c++) . | -fenum-int-equiv (MEF C++) Allow verifiable change of subterranean insect sorts to identification sorts. | 1 |
正常情况下 GNU C++ 允许从 enum 到 int 的转换,反之则不行. | Enum to int change is ordinarily allowed in GNU C++, but not the other way around. | 1 |
-fexternal-—templates 为模板声明 (template declaration) 产生较小的代码 (仅限于 c++)，方法是对于每个模板函数 (template function),只在 定义他们的地方生成一个副本. | -fexternal—templates Decrease the estimate of format affirmations (as it were in C++) by replicating each layout work as it were where it is characterized. | 1 |
想要成功使用这个选项, 你必须在所有使用模板的文件中,标记`#pragma implementatio'(定义)或 `#Pragma interface'(声明). | For this choice to work, all template-using records must be checked with "#pragma implementatio" (definition) or "#Pragma interface" (announcement). | 1 |
程序用 `-fexternal-templates ' 编译时, 模板实例 (template instantiation) 全部是外部类型.你必须让需要的实例在实现文件中出现. | Format instantiations are all outside sorts when a program is compiled with the alternative "-fexternal-templates". The execution file's essential occurrences must be made to seem. | 1 |
可以通过 typedef 实现这一点, 他引用所需的每个实例. | With typedefs, which make reference to each required occasion, this is often conceivable. | 1 |
相对应的, 如果编译时使用缺省选项 ` -fno-exteznal-templates', 所有模板实例明确的设为内置. | Hence, all format occasions are expressly indicated as built-ins when compiling with the default "-fno-exteznal-templates" choice. | 1 |
所有的成员函数(除了构造子函数和 mnew 或 delete 成员操作符) 视为所在类的虚函数. | All part capacities are dealt with as virtual capacities of the encasing lesson, with the exemption of constructor capacities and the mnew and erase part administrators. | 1 |
这不表明每次调用成员函数都将通过内部虚函数表. | Not each call to a part work will essentially go through the inside vtable as a result of this. | 1 |
有些情况下, 编译器能够判断出可以直接调用某个虚函数; 这时就直接调用. | A virtual work may once in a while be able to be called specifically in case the compiler decides it can; in this case, it'll be. | 1 |
-fcond-mismatch 允许条件表达式的第二和第三个参数的类型不匹配. | -fcond-mismatch Acknowledge a sort jumble between the condition expression's moment and third contentions. | 1 |
这种表达式的值是 Void.-fthis-—is-variable 允许对 this 赋值 (仅对 c++). | Such an expression incorporates a esteem of Void. Task to typically permitted (as it were in C++) utilizing the hail -fthis—is-variable. | 1 |
合并用户自定义的自由存储管理机制到 c++ 后,使可赋值的`this' 显得不合时宜. | Assignable "this" got to be out of date when user-defined free capacity administration was included to C++. | 1 |
因此, 默认情况下, 类成员函数内部对 this 赋值是无效操作. | Task to this interior a course part work is in this way by default a lawful operation. | 1 |
然而为了向后兼容, 你可以通过 `-fthis-is-variable' 选项使这种操作有效. | With the “-fthis-is-variable” choice, you'll permit this in spite of the fact that for in reverse compatibility. | 1 |
-funsigned-char 把 char 定义为无符号类型,如同 unsigned char. | -funsigned-char Characterize char as a sort that's unsigned, comparable to unsigned char. | 1 |
各种机器都有自己缺省的 char 类型. 既可能是 unsigned char 也可能是 signed char. | Each machine features a one of a kind default char sort. It may well be either marked or unsigned char. | 1 |
理想情况下, 当依赖于数据的符号性时, 一个可移植程序总是应该使用 signed char 或 unsigned chaz. | When depending on the signedness of the information, a convenient program ought to continuously utilize marked char or unsigned chaz. | 1 |
但是许多程序已经写成只用简单的 char, 并且期街这是有符号数(或者无符号数, 具体情况取决于编写程序的目标机器). | However, a part of apps as it were back plain char and anticipate this to be marked (or unsigned, depending on the machine the program is composed for). | 1 |
这个选项, 和它的反义选项, 使那样的程序工作在对应的默认值上. | This choice and its inverse constrain the identical default behavior for that program. | 1 |
char 的类型始终应该明确定义为 signed char 或 unsigned char, 即使它表现的和其中之一完全一样. | Indeed in spite of the fact that a char carries on absolutely like one of them, its sort ought to continuously be explicitly expressed as either a marked char or an unsigned char. | 1 |
如果没有明确声明 ` signed' 或 "unsigned'修饰符, 这些选项用来定义有符号位域 (bitfield) 或无符号位域. | These alternatives are utilized to characterize marked or unsigned bitfields in case no “signed” or “unsigned” modifiers are explicitly given. | 1 |
缺省情况下,位域是有符号的, 因为他们继承的基本整数类型,如 int,是有符号数，然而, 如果指定了 `-traditional' 选项,位域永远是无符号数. | In spite of the fact that the basic numbers sorts they infer from, like int, are marked, bitfields are marked by default; be that as it may, in the event that the “-traditional” alternative is provided, bitfields are continuously unsigned. | 1 |
-fwritable-strings把字符串常量存储到可写数据段, 而且不做特别对待. | String constants are not given uncommon treatment by -fwritable-strings; instep, they are put away within the writable information fragment. | 1 |
这是为了兼容一些老程序,他们算改字符串常量是一个非常糟糕的想法、`-traditional' 选项也有相同效果. | Typically done to guarantee compatibility with more seasoned applications that do not think it's a great thought to alter string constants, the same result is accomplished utilizing the “-traditional” choice. | 1 |
执行摘要 | Official blend | 1 |
新冠肺炎对毒品市场的影响 | COVID-19's impacts on the pharmaceutical showcase | 1 |
其影响可能类似于2008年的经济危机 | The impacts can be comparable to the monetary emergency of 2008 | 1 |
全球性的新冠肺炎疫情已使全世界陷入前所未有的危机。 | The globe is right now encountering an unparalleled emergency as a result of the COVID-19 scourge. | 1 |
在许多国家，这一疾病己使医疗服务机构穷于应付，几近崩溃，各国政府实施的限制措施已在全球经济中造成了严重紊乱。 | The affliction has disabled wellbeing frameworks in a few countries to the point of collapse, and government confinements have seriously disturbed the world economy. | 1 |
对于毒品市场，这场疫情的影响尚不清楚，也很难预测，但有可能影响深远。 | The outbreak's impacts on the pharma industry are vague and difficult to estimate, but they may be critical. | 1 |
一些生产者可能会被迫寻找新的方法来制造毒品，因为限制流动的同时也限制了前体和基本化学品的获取。 | Due to the constrained get to to antecedents and essential chemicals caused by development confinements, certain makers may be obliged to create modern strategies of medicine generation. | 1 |
贩运者由于旅行限制而无法越境，可能不得不寻找新的路线和方法。 | Due to travel limitations, traffickers may got to discover elective courses and methods to cross nations. | 1 |
毒品使用和提供的模式可能会改变，政府的应对能力也可能会受到阻碍。 | Governments' capacity to respond may be blocked on the off chance that sedate utilize and accessibility designs move. | 1 |
新冠肺炎带来的转变是前所未有的，但还是可以从以往的危机中吸取一些经验教训。 | In spite of the fact that the COVID-19 move is bizarre, there are a few lessons to be learned from other emergencies. | 1 |
2008年经济危机后，一些吸毒者开始寻找更便宜的合成物质，使用模式转向注射毒品。 | A few sedate clients begun searching for less costly manufactured drugs amid the 2008 budgetary emergency, and their drug-using propensities changed to sedate infusion. | 1 |
与此同时，各国政府削减了与毒品相关的预算。 | Governments have moreover diminished financing for drug-related programs. | 1 |
如果各国政府以同样的方式应对当前的经济衰退，预防吸毒和相关风险行为等干预措施和戒毒治疗服务可能会受到沉重打击。 | Intercessions like medicate utilize and related hazard behavior anticipation and medicate treatment programs may be extremely hurt in the event that governments reacted to the show retreat within the same way. | 1 |
此外，拦截行动和国际合作的优先性可能会降低，使贩运者更容易行动。 | Additionally, interdiction endeavors and universal collaboration may get less consideration, which would make it easier for traffickers to conduct their commerce. | 1 |
一些国家有大量毒品通过商业航班走私，预计这些国家的贩毒活动受到的直接影响最大。 | Nations where noteworthy sums of opiates are snuck on commercial flights are expected to be most extremely affected. | 1 |
有信使将甲基苯丙胺等合成毒品放在随身背包或藏在私人行李中携带，有时数量很大。由于几乎各地都对航空客运实施了限制，利用商业航空旅行供应毒品的活动可能会完全中断。 | Some of the time in colossal amounts, dispatches transport engineered drugs like methamphetamine in masked carry-on packs or rucksacks. Since that limits on discuss traveler activity are being actualized essentially all over, the utilize of commercial flying for the transportation of drugs can be totally hampered. | 1 |
尽管国际邮政供应链也受到了干扰，但利用暗网和货物邮寄进行贩运的活动可能会增加。 | Regardless the disturbance of worldwide postal supply lines, there may be an upsurge within the trafficking of things by means of the mail and the dull web. | 1 |
从长远来看，经济衰退和相关的封闭措施可能会打乱毒品市场。 | The long-term impacts of the retreat and related lockdowns may cause the pharmaceutical industry to be disturbed. | 1 |
由于不断上升的失业率和缺乏机会，贫困和弱势人群将更有可能以有害的方式吸毒，患上吸毒病症，并转向与毒品有关的非法活动一无论是生产还是运输。 | The destitute and powerless will be more slanted to utilize drugs hurtfully, create sedate utilize disarranges, and lock in in unlawful drug-related activities—whether generation or transportation—as a result of expanded unemployment and a need of openings. | 1 |
贩毒组织可能会利用这种情况，向脆弱人群提供服务，并招募新成员来壮大队伍。 | Sedate trafficking organizations might benefit from this circumstance by making a difference out distraught bunches and enrolling unused individuals to swell their numbers. | 1 |
随着政府应对能力的降低，这些转变可能会快速扎根，成为许多社区的新现实。 | These changes might effectively build up themselves as the modern typical in numerous places on the off chance that the government's capacity to reply is restricted. | 1 |
扩张与复杂性 | Development and Complexity | 1 |
市场增长 | Advertise development | 1 |
人口增长模式部分解释了市场扩张的原因 | Showcase development is to some degree clarified by populace development designs | 1 |
世界各地的吸毒现象一直在增多，无论是从总体数字还是从吸毒者在世界人口中所占比例来看都是如此。 | Both the outright number of individuals utilizing drugs and the rate of the worldwide populace utilizing drugs have been rising. | 1 |
2009年估计吸毒者有2.1亿人，占全球15-64岁人口的4.8%,而2018年估计吸毒者有2.69亿人，占这类人口的5.3%。 | In 2018, there were an estimated 0.269 billion drug users, which is 5.3% more than there were in 2009, when there were an estimated 0.210 billion users, or 4.8% of the world's population of people aged 15 to 64. | 1 |
在过去二十年期间，发展中国家吸毒情况的增长速度远远快于发达国家。 | Sedate utilization has expanded altogether more rapidly in developing countries than in industrialized countries over the past 20 a long time. | 1 |
这在一定程度上反映了这一期间总体人口增长的差异、发达国家为7%,发展中国家为28%但也反映了发展中国家年 轻人口增长较快。 | This to some degree reflects the reality that worldwide populace development amid the time shifted between industrialized and creating nations, at 7% and 28%, separately, but it moreover reflects the more youthful populaces in poorer nations developing more rapidly. | 1 |
青少年和年轻成年人在吸毒者中所占比例最大。 | Youthful individuals and young people account for the larger part of sedate clients. | 1 |
在2000-2018年期间，发展中国家这一年龄段的人口增长了16%,而发达国家这一年龄段的人口减少了10%。 | The populace of this age bunch expanded by 16% within the creating world between 2000 and 2018, whereas it shrank by 10% within the created world. | 1 |
1城市化是当前和未来毒品市场的一个驱动因素 | One figure driving both the show and future pharmaceutical markets is urbanization | 1 |
无论是发达国家还是发展中国家，城市地区的吸毒情况都多于农村地区。 | Urban zones are more likely than country ones to have a sedate issue, both in created and creating countries. | 1 |
吸毒情况总体增多的部分原因是人口从农村向城镇的大规模流动一目前全世界人口有一半以上生活在城市地区，而1960年这一比例为34%。 | More than half of the world's populace presently lives in urban locales, up from 34% in 1960, and this colossal relocation from rustic to urban regions is to a great extent to fault for the common rise in sedate utilize. | 1 |
城市化可能是毒品市场未来动态的一个关键因素，特别是在城市化趋势更为突出的发展中国家。 | Urbanization may play a critical part within the dynamics of sedate markets within the future, especially in developing countries where urbanization is more articulated. | 1 |
财富的增加与吸毒情况增多相联，但承受疾病负担最大的是最贫穷的人在世界范围内，发达国家的吸毒情况比发展中国家更为普遍。 | Expanded riches is connected to an increment in medicate utilize, but the poorest individuals are most influenced by infection, medicate utilization is more common in created countries than in creating countries in general. | 1 |
可卡因之类的毒品更是与世界上较富裕的地区联系较为牢固。 | Substances like cocaine are more closely connected to more princely districts of the world. | 1 |
同样，在各国内部，社会富裕阶层的吸毒流行率较高。 | Comparable to how it is among countries, medicate utilize is more common among the more rich areas of society. | 1 |
但转为吸毒病症的比率较高的却是社会经济地位较低的人。 | However, individuals with lower financial position move to substance utilize issues at higher rates. | 1 |
来自少数几个国家的数据表明，有害的吸毒模式与病症同低收入之间存在联系。 | Moo pay and unsafe medicate utilize designs and conditions are related, agreeing to information from a little number of countries. | 1 |
这些模式在较富裕的社会阶层似乎不太常见。 | These patterns appear to be less predominant among financial classes with more prominent riches. | 1 |
全球新冠肺炎危机造成的经济制约很可能会加剧包括吸毒者在内的最弱势群体的风险。 | The risks for the foremost powerless people, such as medicate clients, are anticipated to be made more awful by the financial confinements forced by the around the world COVID-19 emergency. | 1 |
例如，劳动力市场的变化，如失业率上升，过去一直与吸毒情况的增加有关，而这场疫情己经迫使全球数千万人失业。 | For occasion, the scourge has tossed tens of millions of individuals out of work universally and changes within the labor advertise, such as rising unemployment, have already been related to expanded sedate utilize. | 1 |
新冠肺炎或将导致毒品市场进一步扩张新冠肺炎的大流行可能会导致更多农民增加或从事非法作物种植，或是因为国家主管机关的控制能力降低，或是因为在经济危机之下可能有更多人不得不铤而走险，从事非法活动。 | The pharma showcase seem develop encourage as a result of COVID-19, got to take chances and do illegal things. | 1 |
新冠肺炎的相关限制措施导致空中和陆路交通减少，海上贩运可能已经因此而增加，海上的拦截风险低，而且比空中或陆路走私的数量更多。 | Due to COVID-19-related imperatives, there may have been an upsurge in trafficking by ocean since it is less likely to be catching and can carry greater volumes of booty than arrive or discuss. | 1 |
最近已有报告称可卡因货物直接从南美经由海路运往欧洲。 | There have recently been rumors of cocaine shipments traveling directly by sea from South America to Europe. | 1 |
复杂性增强 | Expanded complexity | 1 |
非国际管制物质的出现情况稳定，但有潜在危害的新型类阿片正在增多毒品市场正日趋复杂。 | Whereas the sum of chemicals not subject to worldwide control is unfaltering, the presentation of unused, possibly perilous opioids is on the rise, the pharmaceutical industry is getting trickier to explore. | 1 |
除大麻、可卡因和海洛因等植物类物质之外，已经增添了数百种合成毒品，其中许多并不在国际管制之下。药品的非医疗使用也快速增多。 | Numerous engineered drugs, numerous of which are not controlled universally, have been included to plant-based opiates like pot, cocaine, and heroin. Medicate utilization for purposes other than treating ailment is additionally rising rapidly. | 1 |
会员国的国内市场每年约有500种新型活性物质。 | On the residential showcase of Part States, around 500 modern dynamic chemicals are presented each year. | 1 |
目前其中大多是兴奋剂，其次是合成的大麻素受体激动剂和少量的类阿片。 | These days, stimulants make up the larger part of these, taken after by manufactured cannabinoid receptor agonists and a little number of opioids. | 1 |
虽然新型精神活性物质的总体数量已经稳定下来，但比例发生了变化。 | NPS numbers have stabilized for the most part, but the proportions have moved. | 1 |
在2014年确定的新型精神活性物质种类总数中，类阿片新型精神活性物质仅占2%,但到2018年，这一数字己上升至9%。 | In 2014, opioid NPS made up fair 2% of all NPS found; by 2018, this extent had expanded to 9%. | 1 |
类阿片新型精神活性物质中有许多是芬太尼的类似物，其药效和危害已得到证明，在北美导致了过量死亡事件，其他区域也有，但程度较轻。 | Overdose passing from NPS opioids, numerous of which are fentanyl analogs, have been reported in North America and, to a lesser degree, abroad. | 1 |
在北美，芬太尼有的用作海洛因和其他毒品（包括可卡因和甲基苯丙胺）的掺杂剂，有的用来制造假冒的药用类阿片。 | Fentanyl is utilized in North America to create fake pharmaceutical painkillers or as a doping specialist for heroin and other substances like cocaine and methamphetamine. | 1 |
一些证据表明，欧洲也有注射新型精神活性物质兴奋剂的现象：一项对欧洲六个城市废弃注射器残留物的研宄发现，许多注射器都沾有产生兴奋作用的新型精神活性物质》 | There's a few sign that NPS stimulants are infused in Europe as well: Much of the remains from utilized syringes are recolored with NPS, which can deliver stimulants, agreeing to a ponder done on them in six European cities | 1 |
2新型精神活性物质的使用可能会逐渐牢固存在于弱势群体中 | 2 Modern psychoactive sedate utilize seem ended up broadly acknowledged in vulnerable communities | 1 |
单一种类的新型精神活性物质几乎从未形成大的市场。 | Seldom does a single lesson of NPS make a sizable advertise. | 1 |
但来自欧洲的证据表明，合成大麻素在无家可归者和监狱囚犯等社会边缘群体中是一个严重的问题。 | In any case, information from Europe shows that manufactured cannabinoids are a critical issue for socially prohibited bunches counting the destitute and detainees. | 1 |
有22个国家报告了监狱中使用新型精神活性物质的情况，其中大多数国家将合成大麻素确定为主要挑战。 | 22 countries detailed on the utilization of NPS in detainment facilities, and the lion's share of them cited manufactured cannabinoids as a noteworthy impediment. | 1 |
对前体化学品的管制迫使制毒者进行创新最常作为前体用来合成苯丙胺、甲基苯丙胺和“摇头丸”等毒品的许多化学品已被置于国际管制之下。 | Forerunner chemical control compels drug makers to enhance, numerous substances that are as often as possible utilized as building squares for opiates counting amphetamine, methamphetamine, and "happiness" have been set beneath universal control. | 1 |
贩毒者和制毒者一直在寻找替代品一不仅有管制较松的物质，还有专门为规避管制而设计的化学品，即所谓的“特制前体”。 | Medicate makers and traffickers are continually investigating for substitutes, counting not as it were less entirely controlled drugs but moreover substances made intentioned to urge over existing directions, or "architect antecedents." | 1 |
旨在阻止新冠肺炎传播的限制性措施很可能使依赖前体化学品的制毒者受到进一步挤压。 | Medicate producers who depend on antecedent chemicals would certainly feel the impacts of prohibitive measures planning to halt the spread of COVID-19. | 1 |
来自墨西哥的证据表明，这已经成为 现实：据报告，2020年3月，从东亚进口的甲基苯丙胺前体短缺促使墨西哥和美国的甲基苯丙胺价格上涨。 | Information from Mexico infers that this is often as of now the case: in Walk 2020, Mexico and the Joined together States detailed cost rises for methamphetamine due to deficiencies of forerunners provided from East Asia. | 1 |
市场瞬息万变 | The showcase is changing quickly | 1 |
合成药物在中亚和俄罗斯联邦取代阿片剂 | In Central Asia and the Russian Alliance, manufactured substances are taking the put of sedatives | 1 |
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