id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56e02191231d4119001abf55 | Comics | The popularity of superhero comic books declined following World War II, while comic book sales continued to increase as other genres proliferated, such as romance, westerns, crime, horror, and humour. Following a sales peak in the early 1950s, the content of comic books (particularly crime and horror) was subjected to... | When did the alternative comics movement begin? | {
"text": [
"1980s"
],
"answer_start": [
938
]
} |
56e02a437aa994140058e2dd | Comics | From the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-istic creators als... | Serialization of comics became less popular when? | {
"text": [
"1980s"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
56e02a437aa994140058e2de | Comics | From the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-istic creators als... | How were comics published when serialization became less common? | {
"text": [
"as albums"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
56e02a437aa994140058e2df | Comics | From the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-istic creators als... | Which small publisher published in formats that were not traditional? | {
"text": [
"L'Association"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
56e02a437aa994140058e2e1 | Comics | From the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-istic creators als... | Comics continue to thrive regardless of the decrease in what market? | {
"text": [
"print market"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} |
56e02acd231d4119001abf6d | Comics | Japanese comics and cartooning (manga),[g] have a history that has been seen as far back as the anthropomorphic characters in the 12th-to-13th-century Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga, 17th-century toba-e and kibyōshi picture books, and woodblock prints such as ukiyo-e which were popular between the 17th and 20th centuries. The kib... | What picture books from the 17th century show manga origins? | {
"text": [
"toba-e and kibyōshi picture books"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
56e02acd231d4119001abf6e | Comics | Japanese comics and cartooning (manga),[g] have a history that has been seen as far back as the anthropomorphic characters in the 12th-to-13th-century Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga, 17th-century toba-e and kibyōshi picture books, and woodblock prints such as ukiyo-e which were popular between the 17th and 20th centuries. The kib... | What is ukiyo-e an example of? | {
"text": [
"woodblock prints"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
} |
56e02b8d231d4119001abf75 | Comics | Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some America... | When did comic supplements start showing up in Japan? | {
"text": [
"1890s"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
56e02b8d231d4119001abf76 | Comics | Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some America... | Who introduced satirical strips to Japan? | {
"text": [
"Western expatriates"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
56e02b8d231d4119001abf77 | Comics | Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some America... | When did Jiji Manga debut? | {
"text": [
"1900"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
56e02b8d231d4119001abf78 | Comics | Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some America... | Who started the first Japanese comic strip in modern times? | {
"text": [
"Rakuten Kitazawa"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
56e02b8d231d4119001abf79 | Comics | Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some America... | When did comic strips start appearing in hardback collection volumes? | {
"text": [
"1930s"
],
"answer_start": [
546
]
} |
56e02d07231d4119001abf7f | Comics | The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick... | What comic strip was created by Osamu Tezuka? | {
"text": [
"Sazae-san"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
} |
56e02d07231d4119001abf81 | Comics | The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick... | Where were comic strip stories first serialized? | {
"text": [
"magazines"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
56e02d07231d4119001abf82 | Comics | The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick... | What is considered the start of the modern comics in Japan? | {
"text": [
"after World War II"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
56e02db6231d4119001abf8f | Comics | Comic strips are generally short, multipanel comics that traditionally most commonly appeared in newspapers. In the US, daily strips have normally occupied a single tier, while Sunday strips have been given multiple tiers. In the early 20th century, daily strips were typically in black-and-white and Sundays were usuall... | Where do comics usually appear? | {
"text": [
"newspapers"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
56e02e6e231d4119001abf9a | Comics | Specialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly in different cultures. Comic books, primarily an American format, are thin periodicals usually published in colour. European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines—monthly or weekly in Europe, and usually black-and-white and weekly in Japan. Japane... | Where do serialized comics in Japan typically appear? | {
"text": [
"magazines"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
56e02e6e231d4119001abf9b | Comics | Specialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly in different cultures. Comic books, primarily an American format, are thin periodicals usually published in colour. European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines—monthly or weekly in Europe, and usually black-and-white and weekly in Japan. Japane... | How often are European serialized comics in magazines? | {
"text": [
"monthly or weekly"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
56e02e6e231d4119001abf9c | Comics | Specialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly in different cultures. Comic books, primarily an American format, are thin periodicals usually published in colour. European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines—monthly or weekly in Europe, and usually black-and-white and weekly in Japan. Japane... | How often do serialized comics typically appear in Japanese magazines? | {
"text": [
"weekly"
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
} |
56e02e6e231d4119001abf9d | Comics | Specialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly in different cultures. Comic books, primarily an American format, are thin periodicals usually published in colour. European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines—monthly or weekly in Europe, and usually black-and-white and weekly in Japan. Japane... | How long is the typical Japanese comic magazine? | {
"text": [
"hundreds of pages"
],
"answer_start": [
356
]
} |
56e02f3b7aa994140058e30d | Comics | Book-length comics take different forms in different cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term "novel"—a term normally associa... | What are bounds volumes of comics called in America? | {
"text": [
"graphic novels"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
56e02f3b7aa994140058e30f | Comics | Book-length comics take different forms in different cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term "novel"—a term normally associa... | What is the name given to Japanese comics volumes? | {
"text": [
"tankōbon"
],
"answer_start": [
460
]
} |
56e02f3b7aa994140058e310 | Comics | Book-length comics take different forms in different cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term "novel"—a term normally associa... | What type of work is the word novel generally geared towards? | {
"text": [
"fiction"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} |
56e02f3b7aa994140058e311 | Comics | Book-length comics take different forms in different cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term "novel"—a term normally associa... | What term can mean a non-fiction piece of a collection of short pieces? | {
"text": [
"graphic novels"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
56e02fd17aa994140058e323 | Comics | Gag and editorial cartoons usually consist of a single panel, often incorporating a caption or speech balloon. Definitions of comics which emphasize sequence usually exclude gag, editorial, and other single-panel cartoons; they can be included in definitions that emphasize the combination of word and image. Gag cartoon... | Where did gag cartoons first make an appearance? | {
"text": [
"Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} |
56e02fd17aa994140058e324 | Comics | Gag and editorial cartoons usually consist of a single panel, often incorporating a caption or speech balloon. Definitions of comics which emphasize sequence usually exclude gag, editorial, and other single-panel cartoons; they can be included in definitions that emphasize the combination of word and image. Gag cartoon... | When did gag single-panel illustrations become known as cartoons? | {
"text": [
"1843"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
56e02fd17aa994140058e325 | Comics | Gag and editorial cartoons usually consist of a single panel, often incorporating a caption or speech balloon. Definitions of comics which emphasize sequence usually exclude gag, editorial, and other single-panel cartoons; they can be included in definitions that emphasize the combination of word and image. Gag cartoon... | In which publication was cartoon first used to describe gag single-panel illustrations? | {
"text": [
"Punch"
],
"answer_start": [
513
]
} |
56e03088231d4119001abfa3 | Comics | Comics in the US has had a lowbrow reputation stemming from its roots in mass culture; cultural elites sometimes saw popular culture as threatening culture and society. In the latter half of the 20th century, popular culture won greater acceptance, and the lines between high and low culture began to blur. Comics nevert... | What did comics have in the United States because of cultural roots? | {
"text": [
"lowbrow reputation"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
56e03088231d4119001abfa4 | Comics | Comics in the US has had a lowbrow reputation stemming from its roots in mass culture; cultural elites sometimes saw popular culture as threatening culture and society. In the latter half of the 20th century, popular culture won greater acceptance, and the lines between high and low culture began to blur. Comics nevert... | Who thought pop culture was a risk? | {
"text": [
"cultural elites"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
56e03088231d4119001abfa6 | Comics | Comics in the US has had a lowbrow reputation stemming from its roots in mass culture; cultural elites sometimes saw popular culture as threatening culture and society. In the latter half of the 20th century, popular culture won greater acceptance, and the lines between high and low culture began to blur. Comics nevert... | What was thought to be only good for children and those who could not read or write? | {
"text": [
"Comics"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e03125231d4119001abfab | Comics | The graphic novel—book-length comics—began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God (1978). The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of Maus, Watchmen, and The Dark Knight Returns in the mid-1980s. In the 21st century graphic novels beca... | What is a comic that is as long as a book called? | {
"text": [
"graphic novel"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56e03125231d4119001abfac | Comics | The graphic novel—book-length comics—began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God (1978). The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of Maus, Watchmen, and The Dark Knight Returns in the mid-1980s. In the 21st century graphic novels beca... | Who helped "graphic novel" get public attention? | {
"text": [
"Will Eisner"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
56e03125231d4119001abfad | Comics | The graphic novel—book-length comics—began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God (1978). The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of Maus, Watchmen, and The Dark Knight Returns in the mid-1980s. In the 21st century graphic novels beca... | What decade did the term "graphic novel" become well known by the public? | {
"text": [
"1980s"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
56e03125231d4119001abfae | Comics | The graphic novel—book-length comics—began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God (1978). The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of Maus, Watchmen, and The Dark Knight Returns in the mid-1980s. In the 21st century graphic novels beca... | In addition to printed graphic novels in stores, what became popular online? | {
"text": [
"webcomics"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
56e03125231d4119001abfaf | Comics | The graphic novel—book-length comics—began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God (1978). The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of Maus, Watchmen, and The Dark Knight Returns in the mid-1980s. In the 21st century graphic novels beca... | The popularity of the Watchmen, The Dark Knight Returns and what other comic helped popularize "graphic novel" as a term? | {
"text": [
"Maus"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
56e031847aa994140058e33f | Comics | The francophone Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Franco-Belgian com... | Who started producing comic strips and theories about them in 1827? | {
"text": [
"Rodolphe Töpffer"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
56e031847aa994140058e340 | Comics | The francophone Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Franco-Belgian com... | What century had comics in wide production? | {
"text": [
"19th"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
56e031847aa994140058e341 | Comics | The francophone Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Franco-Belgian com... | What 1925 cartoon made speech bubbles popular? | {
"text": [
"Zig et Puce"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
} |
56e031847aa994140058e342 | Comics | The francophone Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Franco-Belgian com... | What comics began to dominate in Europe? | {
"text": [
"Franco-Belgian"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
56e031847aa994140058e343 | Comics | The francophone Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Franco-Belgian com... | When was "The Adventures of Tintin" serialized? | {
"text": [
"1929"
],
"answer_start": [
472
]
} |
56e031db231d4119001abfb7 | Comics | Following the success of Le Journal de Mickey (1934–44), dedicated comics magazines and full-colour comics albums became the primary outlet for comics in the mid-20th century. As in the US, at the time comics were seen as infantile and a threat to culture and literacy; commentators stated that "none bear up to the slig... | In the United States in the middle of the 20th century comics were seen as a risk to culture and what? | {
"text": [
"literacy"
],
"answer_start": [
260
]
} |
56e031db231d4119001abfb8 | Comics | Following the success of Le Journal de Mickey (1934–44), dedicated comics magazines and full-colour comics albums became the primary outlet for comics in the mid-20th century. As in the US, at the time comics were seen as infantile and a threat to culture and literacy; commentators stated that "none bear up to the slig... | What was seen as "infantile" in the United States? | {
"text": [
"comics"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
56e031db231d4119001abfb9 | Comics | Following the success of Le Journal de Mickey (1934–44), dedicated comics magazines and full-colour comics albums became the primary outlet for comics in the mid-20th century. As in the US, at the time comics were seen as infantile and a threat to culture and literacy; commentators stated that "none bear up to the slig... | Comics were quoted as a sabotage of art and what? | {
"text": [
"literature"
],
"answer_start": [
402
]
} |
56e032247aa994140058e34b | Comics | In the 1960s, the term bandes dessinées ("drawn strips") came into wide use in French to denote the medium. Cartoonists began creating comics for mature audiences, and the term "Ninth Art"[e] was coined, as comics began to attract public and academic attention as an artform. A group including René Goscinny and Albert U... | Comics for adults began to be called what? | {
"text": [
"Ninth Art"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
56e032247aa994140058e34c | Comics | In the 1960s, the term bandes dessinées ("drawn strips") came into wide use in French to denote the medium. Cartoonists began creating comics for mature audiences, and the term "Ninth Art"[e] was coined, as comics began to attract public and academic attention as an artform. A group including René Goscinny and Albert U... | What year did Pilote begin? | {
"text": [
"1959"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
} |
56e032247aa994140058e34d | Comics | In the 1960s, the term bandes dessinées ("drawn strips") came into wide use in French to denote the medium. Cartoonists began creating comics for mature audiences, and the term "Ninth Art"[e] was coined, as comics began to attract public and academic attention as an artform. A group including René Goscinny and Albert U... | What became a best-seller comic in the French language? | {
"text": [
"Adventures of Asterix"
],
"answer_start": [
437
]
} |
56e032687aa994140058e353 | Comics | Frustration with censorship and editorial interference led to a group of Pilote cartoonists to found the adults-only L'Écho des savanes in 1972. Adult-oriented and experimental comics flourished in the 1970s, such as in the experimental science fiction of Mœbius and others in Métal hurlant, even mainstream publishers t... | Pilote cartoonists were upset with censorship and what? | {
"text": [
"editorial interference"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
56e032687aa994140058e354 | Comics | Frustration with censorship and editorial interference led to a group of Pilote cartoonists to found the adults-only L'Écho des savanes in 1972. Adult-oriented and experimental comics flourished in the 1970s, such as in the experimental science fiction of Mœbius and others in Métal hurlant, even mainstream publishers t... | When was L'Écho des savanes begun? | {
"text": [
"1972"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
56e032687aa994140058e356 | Comics | Frustration with censorship and editorial interference led to a group of Pilote cartoonists to found the adults-only L'Écho des savanes in 1972. Adult-oriented and experimental comics flourished in the 1970s, such as in the experimental science fiction of Mœbius and others in Métal hurlant, even mainstream publishers t... | Métal hurlant was of what genre? | {
"text": [
"science fiction"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
56e032687aa994140058e357 | Comics | Frustration with censorship and editorial interference led to a group of Pilote cartoonists to found the adults-only L'Écho des savanes in 1972. Adult-oriented and experimental comics flourished in the 1970s, such as in the experimental science fiction of Mœbius and others in Métal hurlant, even mainstream publishers t... | What format did adult comics begin to be published in? | {
"text": [
"prestige"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
56e033fc7aa994140058e35d | Comics | Historical narratives of manga tend to focus either on its recent, post-WWII history, or on attempts to demonstrates deep roots in the past, such as to the Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga picture scroll of the 12th and 13th centuries, or the early 19th-century Hokusai Manga. The first historical overview of Japanese comics was Sei... | Which historical overview did Seiki Hosokibara create? | {
"text": [
"Nihon Manga-Shi"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
56e033fc7aa994140058e35e | Comics | Historical narratives of manga tend to focus either on its recent, post-WWII history, or on attempts to demonstrates deep roots in the past, such as to the Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga picture scroll of the 12th and 13th centuries, or the early 19th-century Hokusai Manga. The first historical overview of Japanese comics was Sei... | When did Hosokibara create Nihon Manga-Shi? | {
"text": [
"1924"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} |
56e033fc7aa994140058e35f | Comics | Historical narratives of manga tend to focus either on its recent, post-WWII history, or on attempts to demonstrates deep roots in the past, such as to the Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga picture scroll of the 12th and 13th centuries, or the early 19th-century Hokusai Manga. The first historical overview of Japanese comics was Sei... | What was created in 2001 to give students comic scholarships? | {
"text": [
"Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics"
],
"answer_start": [
1079
]
} |
56e033fc7aa994140058e360 | Comics | Historical narratives of manga tend to focus either on its recent, post-WWII history, or on attempts to demonstrates deep roots in the past, such as to the Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga picture scroll of the 12th and 13th centuries, or the early 19th-century Hokusai Manga. The first historical overview of Japanese comics was Sei... | Who helped the rest of the world use the word manga outside of Japan's borders? | {
"text": [
"Frederik L. Schodt"
],
"answer_start": [
1209
]
} |
56e033fc7aa994140058e361 | Comics | Historical narratives of manga tend to focus either on its recent, post-WWII history, or on attempts to demonstrates deep roots in the past, such as to the Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga picture scroll of the 12th and 13th centuries, or the early 19th-century Hokusai Manga. The first historical overview of Japanese comics was Sei... | What publication is Schodt responsible for? | {
"text": [
"Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics"
],
"answer_start": [
1230
]
} |
56e0353d7aa994140058e371 | Comics | Coulton Waugh attempted the first comprehensive history of American comics with The Comics (1947). Will Eisner's Comics and Sequential Art (1985) and Scott McCloud's Understanding Comics (1993) were early attempts in English to formalize the study of comics. David Carrier's The Aesthetics of Comics (2000) was the first... | Who put together a history of American comics in 1947? | {
"text": [
"Coulton Waugh"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e0353d7aa994140058e372 | Comics | Coulton Waugh attempted the first comprehensive history of American comics with The Comics (1947). Will Eisner's Comics and Sequential Art (1985) and Scott McCloud's Understanding Comics (1993) were early attempts in English to formalize the study of comics. David Carrier's The Aesthetics of Comics (2000) was the first... | What was the name of Waugh's work? | {
"text": [
"The Comics"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
56e0353d7aa994140058e373 | Comics | Coulton Waugh attempted the first comprehensive history of American comics with The Comics (1947). Will Eisner's Comics and Sequential Art (1985) and Scott McCloud's Understanding Comics (1993) were early attempts in English to formalize the study of comics. David Carrier's The Aesthetics of Comics (2000) was the first... | Who created a book about comics from a philosophical point of view? | {
"text": [
"David Carrier"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
56e0353d7aa994140058e375 | Comics | Coulton Waugh attempted the first comprehensive history of American comics with The Comics (1947). Will Eisner's Comics and Sequential Art (1985) and Scott McCloud's Understanding Comics (1993) were early attempts in English to formalize the study of comics. David Carrier's The Aesthetics of Comics (2000) was the first... | What book did Will Eisner create in 1985? | {
"text": [
"Comics and Sequential Art"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
56e035be7aa994140058e385 | Comics | Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic ... | What word is used in France for comics? | {
"text": [
"bandes dessinées"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
56e035be7aa994140058e386 | Comics | Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic ... | What word is used in Japan for comics? | {
"text": [
"manga"
],
"answer_start": [
337
]
} |
56e035be7aa994140058e388 | Comics | Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic ... | What does bandes dessinées mean? | {
"text": [
"drawn strip"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
56e035be7aa994140058e389 | Comics | Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic ... | What is the definitive factor of bandes dessinées? | {
"text": [
"drawn images"
],
"answer_start": [
234
]
} |
56e038497aa994140058e3a5 | Comics | Webcomics are comics that are available on the internet. They are able to reach large audiences, and new readers usually can access archived installments. Webcomics can make use of an infinite canvas—meaning they are not constrained by size or dimensions of a page. | What comics are on the Internet? | {
"text": [
"Webcomics"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e038497aa994140058e3a6 | Comics | Webcomics are comics that are available on the internet. They are able to reach large audiences, and new readers usually can access archived installments. Webcomics can make use of an infinite canvas—meaning they are not constrained by size or dimensions of a page. | Webcomics reach large audiences and new what? | {
"text": [
"readers"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
56e038497aa994140058e3a7 | Comics | Webcomics are comics that are available on the internet. They are able to reach large audiences, and new readers usually can access archived installments. Webcomics can make use of an infinite canvas—meaning they are not constrained by size or dimensions of a page. | With webcomics, readers have access to what? | {
"text": [
"archived installments"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
56e038497aa994140058e3a8 | Comics | Webcomics are comics that are available on the internet. They are able to reach large audiences, and new readers usually can access archived installments. Webcomics can make use of an infinite canvas—meaning they are not constrained by size or dimensions of a page. | Not held back by size limits, webcomics are said to have a what? | {
"text": [
"infinite canvas"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
56e0388a231d4119001abfdd | Comics | Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to de... | Storyboards and what are thought to be comics by some? | {
"text": [
"Wordless novels"
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
} |
56e0388a231d4119001abfde | Comics | Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to de... | Storyboards are used a lot by what? | {
"text": [
"Film studios"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
56e0388a231d4119001abfdf | Comics | Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to de... | Storyboards are not considered what? | {
"text": [
"an end product"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
56e0388a231d4119001abfe0 | Comics | Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to de... | Who does not often see storyboards used in film making? | {
"text": [
"the public"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
56e0388a231d4119001abfe1 | Comics | Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to de... | A book with pictures with no captions that tell a story are called what? | {
"text": [
"Wordless novels"
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
} |
56e038cc7aa994140058e3b5 | Comics | Similar to the problems of defining literature and film, no consensus has been reached on a definition of the comics medium, and attempted definitions and descriptions have fallen prey to numerous exceptions. Theorists such as Töpffer, R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner, David Carrier, Alain Rey, and Lawrence Grove emphasize th... | What has not been reached as far as defining comics is concerned? | {
"text": [
"consensus"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
56e038cc7aa994140058e3b6 | Comics | Similar to the problems of defining literature and film, no consensus has been reached on a definition of the comics medium, and attempted definitions and descriptions have fallen prey to numerous exceptions. Theorists such as Töpffer, R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner, David Carrier, Alain Rey, and Lawrence Grove emphasize th... | R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner and others are considered to be comic what? | {
"text": [
"Theorists"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
56e038cc7aa994140058e3b7 | Comics | Similar to the problems of defining literature and film, no consensus has been reached on a definition of the comics medium, and attempted definitions and descriptions have fallen prey to numerous exceptions. Theorists such as Töpffer, R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner, David Carrier, Alain Rey, and Lawrence Grove emphasize th... | What are there prominent examples of in comic history? | {
"text": [
"pantomime comics"
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
} |
56e038cc7aa994140058e3b8 | Comics | Similar to the problems of defining literature and film, no consensus has been reached on a definition of the comics medium, and attempted definitions and descriptions have fallen prey to numerous exceptions. Theorists such as Töpffer, R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner, David Carrier, Alain Rey, and Lawrence Grove emphasize th... | Comic critics, such as McCloud, stressed that sequences of what should be primary? | {
"text": [
"images"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
} |
56e038cc7aa994140058e3b9 | Comics | Similar to the problems of defining literature and film, no consensus has been reached on a definition of the comics medium, and attempted definitions and descriptions have fallen prey to numerous exceptions. Theorists such as Töpffer, R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner, David Carrier, Alain Rey, and Lawrence Grove emphasize th... | What century had forgotten comic forms rediscovered? | {
"text": [
"20th"
],
"answer_start": [
572
]
} |
56e039097aa994140058e3bf | Comics | European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-le... | In the 1840s, Töpffer wrote theories about whose work? | {
"text": [
"his own"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
56e039097aa994140058e3c0 | Comics | European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-le... | Who introduced the term "multiframe"? | {
"text": [
"Henri Vanlier"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
} |
56e039097aa994140058e3c2 | Comics | European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-le... | Who used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1970s? | {
"text": [
"Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
56e039097aa994140058e3c3 | Comics | European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-le... | Who used cognitive science to learn how people understand comics? | {
"text": [
"Neil Cohn"
],
"answer_start": [
1096
]
} |
56e039947aa994140058e3d3 | Comics | Many cultures have taken their words for comics from English, including Russian (Russian: Комикс, komiks) and German (comic). Similarly, the Chinese term manhua and the Korean manhwa derive from the Chinese characters with which the Japanese term manga is written. | What Russian word is used for comics? | {
"text": [
"komiks"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} |
56e039947aa994140058e3d4 | Comics | Many cultures have taken their words for comics from English, including Russian (Russian: Комикс, komiks) and German (comic). Similarly, the Chinese term manhua and the Korean manhwa derive from the Chinese characters with which the Japanese term manga is written. | What German word is used for comics? | {
"text": [
"comics"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
56e039947aa994140058e3d5 | Comics | Many cultures have taken their words for comics from English, including Russian (Russian: Комикс, komiks) and German (comic). Similarly, the Chinese term manhua and the Korean manhwa derive from the Chinese characters with which the Japanese term manga is written. | What Chinese word was derived from the Japanese word manga? | {
"text": [
"manhua"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
56e039947aa994140058e3d6 | Comics | Many cultures have taken their words for comics from English, including Russian (Russian: Комикс, komiks) and German (comic). Similarly, the Chinese term manhua and the Korean manhwa derive from the Chinese characters with which the Japanese term manga is written. | What Korean word was derived from the Japanese word for manga? | {
"text": [
"manhwa"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
56e03ae1231d4119001abfff | Comics | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, bu... | The word comic comes from the humorous pieces found where? | {
"text": [
"newspaper comic strips"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
56e03ae1231d4119001ac000 | Comics | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, bu... | Comic is used for what other kind of work other than humorous works? | {
"text": [
"non-humorous"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
56e03ae1231d4119001ac001 | Comics | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, bu... | Comic books are what type of books? | {
"text": [
"periodicals"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} |
56e03ae1231d4119001ac002 | Comics | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, bu... | What is the term that the English use for the comics out of Japan? | {
"text": [
"manga"
],
"answer_start": [
466
]
} |
56e03ae1231d4119001ac003 | Comics | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, bu... | What is the term that the English use for the comics that come out of Belgian? | {
"text": [
"bandes dessinées"
],
"answer_start": [
496
]
} |
56e03b7f7aa994140058e3e4 | Comics | While comics are often the work of a single creator, the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be separate writers and artists, and artists may specialize in parts of the artwork such as characters or backgrounds, as is common in Japan. Particularly in American superhero... | Though one person typically creates the comic, there are usually a number of what involved in actually designing it? | {
"text": [
"specialists"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
56e03b7f7aa994140058e3e5 | Comics | While comics are often the work of a single creator, the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be separate writers and artists, and artists may specialize in parts of the artwork such as characters or backgrounds, as is common in Japan. Particularly in American superhero... | What is a person called who does the initial pencil work for the artwork? | {
"text": [
"penciller"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
56e03b7f7aa994140058e3e6 | Comics | While comics are often the work of a single creator, the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be separate writers and artists, and artists may specialize in parts of the artwork such as characters or backgrounds, as is common in Japan. Particularly in American superhero... | What does an inker do? | {
"text": [
"finishes the artwork in ink"
],
"answer_start": [
428
]
} |
56e03c3c7aa994140058e3ed | Comics | Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to ... | What are the individual images with action called in comics? | {
"text": [
"Panels"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e03c3c7aa994140058e3ee | Comics | Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to ... | Narrative is placed into panels using what? | {
"text": [
"encapsulation"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
56e03c3c7aa994140058e3ef | Comics | Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to ... | Who puts the panels together using closure? | {
"text": [
"The reader"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
56e03c3c7aa994140058e3f0 | Comics | Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to ... | Timing and pace of comics is made by adjusting size, shape and what of panels? | {
"text": [
"arrangement"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
56e03c3c7aa994140058e3f1 | Comics | Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to ... | When a comic panel has events that are not at the same time the panel is considered to be what? | {
"text": [
"asynchronous"
],
"answer_start": [
483
]
} |
56e03c7e231d4119001ac00b | Comics | Text is frequently incorporated into comics via speech balloons, captions, and sound effects. Speech balloons indicate dialogue (or thought, in the case of thought balloons), with tails pointing at their respective speakers. Captions can give voice to a narrator, convey characters' dialogue or thoughts, or indicate pla... | What association with comics is strong? | {
"text": [
"Speech balloons"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
56e03c7e231d4119001ac00c | Comics | Text is frequently incorporated into comics via speech balloons, captions, and sound effects. Speech balloons indicate dialogue (or thought, in the case of thought balloons), with tails pointing at their respective speakers. Captions can give voice to a narrator, convey characters' dialogue or thoughts, or indicate pla... | The presence of a single speech balloon in an image turns it into what? | {
"text": [
"comics"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
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