id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56f8c1999e9bad19000a042f | Brain | Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape (that is, left and right sides that are approximat... | Bilaterians are animals that have what? | {
"text": [
"symmetric body shape"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
} |
56f8c1999e9bad19000a0430 | Brain | Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape (that is, left and right sides that are approximat... | The Cambrian period was how long ago? | {
"text": [
"485-540 million years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
} |
56f8c1999e9bad19000a0431 | Brain | Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape (that is, left and right sides that are approximat... | A nerve cord with an enlargement is called what? | {
"text": [
"a ganglion"
],
"answer_start": [
914
]
} |
56f8c1999e9bad19000a0432 | Brain | Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape (that is, left and right sides that are approximat... | What type of creature has a ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord as well? | {
"text": [
"leeches"
],
"answer_start": [
1198
]
} |
56f8c1d09e9bad19000a0442 | Brain | There are a few types of existing bilaterians that lack a recognizable brain, including echinoderms, tunicates, and acoelomorphs (a group of primitive flatworms). It has not been definitively established whether the existence of these brainless species indicates that the earliest bilaterians lacked a brain, or whether ... | A name for a group of primitive flatworms is what? | {
"text": [
"acoelomorphs"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} |
56f8c1d09e9bad19000a0443 | Brain | There are a few types of existing bilaterians that lack a recognizable brain, including echinoderms, tunicates, and acoelomorphs (a group of primitive flatworms). It has not been definitively established whether the existence of these brainless species indicates that the earliest bilaterians lacked a brain, or whether ... | Some bilaterians without a brain are what? | {
"text": [
"echinoderms, tunicates, and acoelomorphs"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} |
56f8c4bd9b226e1400dd0f6b | Brain | Two groups of invertebrates have notably complex brains: arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others), and cephalopods (octopuses, squids, and similar molluscs). The brains of arthropods and cephalopods arise from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal. Arthropods have a centra... | Which two groups of invertebrates have complex brains? | {
"text": [
"arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others), and cephalopods"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
56f8c4bd9b226e1400dd0f6c | Brain | Two groups of invertebrates have notably complex brains: arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others), and cephalopods (octopuses, squids, and similar molluscs). The brains of arthropods and cephalopods arise from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal. Arthropods have a centra... | Arthropods and cephalopods have brains that come from a pair of what? | {
"text": [
"parallel nerve cords"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
56f8c4bd9b226e1400dd0f6d | Brain | Two groups of invertebrates have notably complex brains: arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others), and cephalopods (octopuses, squids, and similar molluscs). The brains of arthropods and cephalopods arise from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal. Arthropods have a centra... | The invertebrates with the largest brain are what two animals? | {
"text": [
"octopus and squid"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
} |
56f8c4f99b226e1400dd0f7b | Brain | There are several invertebrate species whose brains have been studied intensively because they have properties that make them convenient for experimental work: | Which brains are easier to work on, vertebrates or invertebrates? | {
"text": [
"invertebrate"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} |
56f8c5a69e9bad19000a047a | Brain | The first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago (Mya), during the Cambrian period, and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals about 200 Mya. Each species has an equally long evolutionary history, but the brain... | How long ago did the first vertebrate organisms appear? | {
"text": [
"over 500 million years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} |
56f8c5a69e9bad19000a047b | Brain | The first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago (Mya), during the Cambrian period, and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals about 200 Mya. Each species has an equally long evolutionary history, but the brain... | During which scientific period did vertebrates appear? | {
"text": [
"Cambrian period"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
56f8c5a69e9bad19000a047c | Brain | The first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago (Mya), during the Cambrian period, and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals about 200 Mya. Each species has an equally long evolutionary history, but the brain... | Sharks appeared at about how many Mya? | {
"text": [
"450 Mya"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
56f8c5a69e9bad19000a047d | Brain | The first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago (Mya), during the Cambrian period, and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals about 200 Mya. Each species has an equally long evolutionary history, but the brain... | The foremost part of the brain in mammals is known as what? | {
"text": [
"(the telencephalon"
],
"answer_start": [
633
]
} |
56f8c5a69e9bad19000a047e | Brain | The first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago (Mya), during the Cambrian period, and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals about 200 Mya. Each species has an equally long evolutionary history, but the brain... | At how many mya did mammals first appear in time? | {
"text": [
"200 Mya"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
56f8c61b9b226e1400dd0f87 | Brain | Brains are most simply compared in terms of their size. The relationship between brain size, body size and other variables has been studied across a wide range of vertebrate species. As a rule, brain size increases with body size, but not in a simple linear proportion. In general, smaller animals tend to have larger br... | Do predators have larger or smaller brains compared to their prey? | {
"text": [
"larger"
],
"answer_start": [
767
]
} |
56f8c61b9b226e1400dd0f88 | Brain | Brains are most simply compared in terms of their size. The relationship between brain size, body size and other variables has been studied across a wide range of vertebrate species. As a rule, brain size increases with body size, but not in a simple linear proportion. In general, smaller animals tend to have larger br... | In mammals, brain volume and body mass follows a power law with an exponent of what? | {
"text": [
"0.75"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} |
56f8c61b9b226e1400dd0f89 | Brain | Brains are most simply compared in terms of their size. The relationship between brain size, body size and other variables has been studied across a wide range of vertebrate species. As a rule, brain size increases with body size, but not in a simple linear proportion. In general, smaller animals tend to have larger br... | Which group of animals have brains 5-10 times larger than the formula predicts? | {
"text": [
"primates"
],
"answer_start": [
675
]
} |
56f8c6939e9bad19000a048c | Brain | All vertebrate brains share a common underlying form, which appears most clearly during early stages of embryonic development. In its earliest form, the brain appears as three swellings at the front end of the neural tube; these swellings eventually become the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain (the prosencephalon, mes... | The forebrain during development is known as what? | {
"text": [
"prosencephalon"
],
"answer_start": [
301
]
} |
56f8c6939e9bad19000a048d | Brain | All vertebrate brains share a common underlying form, which appears most clearly during early stages of embryonic development. In its earliest form, the brain appears as three swellings at the front end of the neural tube; these swellings eventually become the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain (the prosencephalon, mes... | The midbrain during development is known as what? | {
"text": [
"mesencephalon"
],
"answer_start": [
317
]
} |
56f8c6939e9bad19000a048e | Brain | All vertebrate brains share a common underlying form, which appears most clearly during early stages of embryonic development. In its earliest form, the brain appears as three swellings at the front end of the neural tube; these swellings eventually become the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain (the prosencephalon, mes... | The hindbrain during development is known as what? | {
"text": [
"rhombencephalon"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
56f8c6939e9bad19000a048f | Brain | All vertebrate brains share a common underlying form, which appears most clearly during early stages of embryonic development. In its earliest form, the brain appears as three swellings at the front end of the neural tube; these swellings eventually become the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain (the prosencephalon, mes... | Which group of animals does the forebrain grow the largest? | {
"text": [
"mammals"
],
"answer_start": [
577
]
} |
56f8c6939e9bad19000a0490 | Brain | All vertebrate brains share a common underlying form, which appears most clearly during early stages of embryonic development. In its earliest form, the brain appears as three swellings at the front end of the neural tube; these swellings eventually become the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain (the prosencephalon, mes... | During development, the brain is made up of three swellings at the front of what? | {
"text": [
"neural tube;"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
56f8c74d9b226e1400dd0fb3 | Brain | The brains of vertebrates are made of very soft tissue. Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside and mostly white on the inside, with subtle variations in color. Vertebrate brains are surrounded by a system of connective tissue membranes called meninges that separate the skull from the brain. Blood vessels enter t... | Brain tissue that is living is what color on the outside? | {
"text": [
"pinkish"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
56f8c74d9b226e1400dd0fb4 | Brain | The brains of vertebrates are made of very soft tissue. Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside and mostly white on the inside, with subtle variations in color. Vertebrate brains are surrounded by a system of connective tissue membranes called meninges that separate the skull from the brain. Blood vessels enter t... | The color of the brain inside is what? | {
"text": [
"white"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
56f8c74d9b226e1400dd0fb5 | Brain | The brains of vertebrates are made of very soft tissue. Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside and mostly white on the inside, with subtle variations in color. Vertebrate brains are surrounded by a system of connective tissue membranes called meninges that separate the skull from the brain. Blood vessels enter t... | Brains are surrounded by what system of tissues? | {
"text": [
"meninges"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
56f8c74d9b226e1400dd0fb6 | Brain | The brains of vertebrates are made of very soft tissue. Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside and mostly white on the inside, with subtle variations in color. Vertebrate brains are surrounded by a system of connective tissue membranes called meninges that separate the skull from the brain. Blood vessels enter t... | Meninges separate what structure from the brain? | {
"text": [
"the skull"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
} |
56f8c74d9b226e1400dd0fb7 | Brain | The brains of vertebrates are made of very soft tissue. Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside and mostly white on the inside, with subtle variations in color. Vertebrate brains are surrounded by a system of connective tissue membranes called meninges that separate the skull from the brain. Blood vessels enter t... | The blood-brain barrier is made up of what? | {
"text": [
"cells in the blood vessel walls"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
56f8c90c9b226e1400dd0fdf | Brain | Neuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions: the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Each of these areas has a complex internal structure. Some parts, such as the cerebral cortex ... | People who study the anatomy of the central nervous system are known as what? | {
"text": [
"Neuroanatomists"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8c90c9b226e1400dd0fe0 | Brain | Neuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions: the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Each of these areas has a complex internal structure. Some parts, such as the cerebral cortex ... | The cerebral hemispheres of the brain are called what? | {
"text": [
"telencephalon"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
56f8c90c9b226e1400dd0fe1 | Brain | Neuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions: the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Each of these areas has a complex internal structure. Some parts, such as the cerebral cortex ... | The thalamus and hypothalamus comprise what region of the brain? | {
"text": [
"diencephalon"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
56f8c90c9b226e1400dd0fe2 | Brain | Neuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions: the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Each of these areas has a complex internal structure. Some parts, such as the cerebral cortex ... | The midbrain region of the brain is known as what? | {
"text": [
"mesencephalon"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
} |
56f8c90c9b226e1400dd0fe3 | Brain | Neuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions: the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Each of these areas has a complex internal structure. Some parts, such as the cerebral cortex ... | Clusters of small nuclei comprise what parts of the brain? | {
"text": [
"thalamus and hypothalamus"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
56f8c9d99b226e1400dd1003 | Brain | Although the same basic components are present in all vertebrate brains, some branches of vertebrate evolution have led to substantial distortions of brain geometry, especially in the forebrain area. The brain of a shark shows the basic components in a straightforward way, but in teleost fishes (the great majority of e... | The forebrain is everted in what type of fishes? | {
"text": [
"teleost fishes"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
56f8c9d99b226e1400dd1004 | Brain | Although the same basic components are present in all vertebrate brains, some branches of vertebrate evolution have led to substantial distortions of brain geometry, especially in the forebrain area. The brain of a shark shows the basic components in a straightforward way, but in teleost fishes (the great majority of e... | Which part of the brain has led to many distortions among different species? | {
"text": [
"forebrain area"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
56f8ca819b226e1400dd100d | Brain | The most obvious difference between the brains of mammals and other vertebrates is in terms of size. On average, a mammal has a brain roughly twice as large as that of a bird of the same body size, and ten times as large as that of a reptile of the same body size. | A mammal's brain is how many times larger than a birds relative to body size? | {
"text": [
"twice as large"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
56f8ca819b226e1400dd100e | Brain | The most obvious difference between the brains of mammals and other vertebrates is in terms of size. On average, a mammal has a brain roughly twice as large as that of a bird of the same body size, and ten times as large as that of a reptile of the same body size. | A mammal's brain is how many times larger than a reptiles relative to body size? | {
"text": [
"ten times"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
56f8ca819b226e1400dd100f | Brain | The most obvious difference between the brains of mammals and other vertebrates is in terms of size. On average, a mammal has a brain roughly twice as large as that of a bird of the same body size, and ten times as large as that of a reptile of the same body size. | The biggest difference between brains of mammals and other vertebrates is what? | {
"text": [
"size."
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
56f8cc029b226e1400dd1027 | Brain | Size, however, is not the only difference: there are also substantial differences in shape. The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates, but dramatic differences appear in the forebrain, which is greatly enlarged and also altered in structure. The cerebral cortex is the par... | What part of the brain most strongly differentiates mammals from other vertebrates? | {
"text": [
"The cerebral cortex"
],
"answer_start": [
290
]
} |
56f8cc029b226e1400dd1028 | Brain | Size, however, is not the only difference: there are also substantial differences in shape. The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates, but dramatic differences appear in the forebrain, which is greatly enlarged and also altered in structure. The cerebral cortex is the par... | The three-layered structure covering the cerebrum in non-mammals is known as what? | {
"text": [
"pallium"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} |
56f8cc029b226e1400dd1029 | Brain | Size, however, is not the only difference: there are also substantial differences in shape. The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates, but dramatic differences appear in the forebrain, which is greatly enlarged and also altered in structure. The cerebral cortex is the par... | Mammals have a pallium that involved into what? | {
"text": [
"neocortex or isocortex"
],
"answer_start": [
592
]
} |
56f8cc029b226e1400dd102a | Brain | Size, however, is not the only difference: there are also substantial differences in shape. The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates, but dramatic differences appear in the forebrain, which is greatly enlarged and also altered in structure. The cerebral cortex is the par... | The hippocampus and amygdala are ares inside what structure? | {
"text": [
"neocortex"
],
"answer_start": [
649
]
} |
56f8cc7b9e9bad19000a051e | Brain | The elaboration of the cerebral cortex carries with it changes to other brain areas. The superior colliculus, which plays a major role in visual control of behavior in most vertebrates, shrinks to a small size in mammals, and many of its functions are taken over by visual areas of the cerebral cortex. The cerebellum of... | The superior colliculus is related to what sensual control of vertebrates? | {
"text": [
"visual"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
56f8cc7b9e9bad19000a051f | Brain | The elaboration of the cerebral cortex carries with it changes to other brain areas. The superior colliculus, which plays a major role in visual control of behavior in most vertebrates, shrinks to a small size in mammals, and many of its functions are taken over by visual areas of the cerebral cortex. The cerebellum of... | The larger part of the cerebellum in mammals is called what? | {
"text": [
"(the neocerebellum"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} |
56f8cc7b9e9bad19000a0520 | Brain | The elaboration of the cerebral cortex carries with it changes to other brain areas. The superior colliculus, which plays a major role in visual control of behavior in most vertebrates, shrinks to a small size in mammals, and many of its functions are taken over by visual areas of the cerebral cortex. The cerebellum of... | The Neocerebellum supports what other part of the brain? | {
"text": [
"cerebral cortex"
],
"answer_start": [
402
]
} |
56f8cddd9e9bad19000a0542 | Brain | The brains of humans and other primates contain the same structures as the brains of other mammals, but are generally larger in proportion to body size. The most widely accepted way of comparing brain sizes across species is the so-called encephalization quotient (EQ), which takes into account the nonlinearity of the b... | Comparing brain sizes among different creatures is used most commonly by what? | {
"text": [
"encephalization quotient (EQ)"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
56f8cddd9e9bad19000a0543 | Brain | The brains of humans and other primates contain the same structures as the brains of other mammals, but are generally larger in proportion to body size. The most widely accepted way of comparing brain sizes across species is the so-called encephalization quotient (EQ), which takes into account the nonlinearity of the b... | What is the average EQ of a person? | {
"text": [
"7-to-8 range"
],
"answer_start": [
380
]
} |
56f8cddd9e9bad19000a0544 | Brain | The brains of humans and other primates contain the same structures as the brains of other mammals, but are generally larger in proportion to body size. The most widely accepted way of comparing brain sizes across species is the so-called encephalization quotient (EQ), which takes into account the nonlinearity of the b... | Primates have an EQ in what range? | {
"text": [
"2-to-3"
],
"answer_start": [
438
]
} |
56f8cee09e9bad19000a0552 | Brain | Most of the enlargement of the primate brain comes from a massive expansion of the cerebral cortex, especially the prefrontal cortex and the parts of the cortex involved in vision. The visual processing network of primates includes at least 30 distinguishable brain areas, with a complex web of interconnections. It has ... | Primates have a visual processing network of how many brain areas? | {
"text": [
"30"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
} |
56f8cee09e9bad19000a0553 | Brain | Most of the enlargement of the primate brain comes from a massive expansion of the cerebral cortex, especially the prefrontal cortex and the parts of the cortex involved in vision. The visual processing network of primates includes at least 30 distinguishable brain areas, with a complex web of interconnections. It has ... | The visual processing areas occupy how much of the surface of the neocortex or primates? | {
"text": [
"more than half"
],
"answer_start": [
371
]
} |
56f8cee09e9bad19000a0554 | Brain | Most of the enlargement of the primate brain comes from a massive expansion of the cerebral cortex, especially the prefrontal cortex and the parts of the cortex involved in vision. The visual processing network of primates includes at least 30 distinguishable brain areas, with a complex web of interconnections. It has ... | Planning, motivation, and attention are controlled by what area? | {
"text": [
"prefrontal cortex"
],
"answer_start": [
437
]
} |
56f8cee09e9bad19000a0555 | Brain | Most of the enlargement of the primate brain comes from a massive expansion of the cerebral cortex, especially the prefrontal cortex and the parts of the cortex involved in vision. The visual processing network of primates includes at least 30 distinguishable brain areas, with a complex web of interconnections. It has ... | The prefrontal cortex is the largest in what animals? | {
"text": [
"primates"
],
"answer_start": [
616
]
} |
56f8d2919b226e1400dd108b | Brain | For vertebrates, the early stages of neural development are similar across all species. As the embryo transforms from a round blob of cells into a wormlike structure, a narrow strip of ectoderm running along the midline of the back is induced to become the neural plate, the precursor of the nervous system. The neural p... | The precursor of the nervous system is called what in vertebrates? | {
"text": [
"the neural plate"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
56f8d2919b226e1400dd108c | Brain | For vertebrates, the early stages of neural development are similar across all species. As the embryo transforms from a round blob of cells into a wormlike structure, a narrow strip of ectoderm running along the midline of the back is induced to become the neural plate, the precursor of the nervous system. The neural p... | The neural groove is a hollow cord of cells with what in the center? | {
"text": [
"fluid-filled ventricle"
],
"answer_start": [
468
]
} |
56f8d2919b226e1400dd108e | Brain | For vertebrates, the early stages of neural development are similar across all species. As the embryo transforms from a round blob of cells into a wormlike structure, a narrow strip of ectoderm running along the midline of the back is induced to become the neural plate, the precursor of the nervous system. The neural p... | The vesicle that contains the cerebral cortex is which one? | {
"text": [
"telencephalon"
],
"answer_start": [
713
]
} |
56f8d2919b226e1400dd108f | Brain | For vertebrates, the early stages of neural development are similar across all species. As the embryo transforms from a round blob of cells into a wormlike structure, a narrow strip of ectoderm running along the midline of the back is induced to become the neural plate, the precursor of the nervous system. The neural p... | The thalamus and hypothalamus are contained in which vesicle? | {
"text": [
"the diencephalon"
],
"answer_start": [
811
]
} |
56f8d30f9e9bad19000a05a4 | Brain | Once a neuron is in place, it extends dendrites and an axon into the area around it. Axons, because they commonly extend a great distance from the cell body and need to reach specific targets, grow in a particularly complex way. The tip of a growing axon consists of a blob of protoplasm called a growth cone, studded wi... | A growth cone of an axon is made up of a blob of what? | {
"text": [
"protoplasm"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
56f8d30f9e9bad19000a05a5 | Brain | Once a neuron is in place, it extends dendrites and an axon into the area around it. Axons, because they commonly extend a great distance from the cell body and need to reach specific targets, grow in a particularly complex way. The tip of a growing axon consists of a blob of protoplasm called a growth cone, studded wi... | What two structures does a neuron extend when it is in place during development? | {
"text": [
"dendrites and an axon"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
56f8db919b226e1400dd1104 | Brain | In humans and many other mammals, new neurons are created mainly before birth, and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain. There are, however, a few areas where new neurons continue to be generated throughout life. The two areas for which adult neurogenesis is well established are the... | The infant brain contains more of what type of cells in the brain than the adult brain? | {
"text": [
"neurons"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
56f8db919b226e1400dd1105 | Brain | In humans and many other mammals, new neurons are created mainly before birth, and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain. There are, however, a few areas where new neurons continue to be generated throughout life. The two areas for which adult neurogenesis is well established are the... | The olfactory bulb is related to what sense? | {
"text": [
"sense of smell"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} |
56f8db919b226e1400dd1106 | Brain | In humans and many other mammals, new neurons are created mainly before birth, and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain. There are, however, a few areas where new neurons continue to be generated throughout life. The two areas for which adult neurogenesis is well established are the... | What area of the hippocampus plays a role in storing new memories? | {
"text": [
"dentate gyrus of the hippocampus"
],
"answer_start": [
386
]
} |
56f8db919b226e1400dd1107 | Brain | In humans and many other mammals, new neurons are created mainly before birth, and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain. There are, however, a few areas where new neurons continue to be generated throughout life. The two areas for which adult neurogenesis is well established are the... | Which type of cells in the brain are generated throughout your lifetime? | {
"text": [
"Glial cells"
],
"answer_start": [
636
]
} |
56f8db919b226e1400dd1108 | Brain | In humans and many other mammals, new neurons are created mainly before birth, and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain. There are, however, a few areas where new neurons continue to be generated throughout life. The two areas for which adult neurogenesis is well established are the... | Neurogenesis is the process of what? | {
"text": [
"neurons continue to be generated throughout life"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
56f8dc869b226e1400dd1122 | Brain | The functions of the brain depend on the ability of neurons to transmit electrochemical signals to other cells, and their ability to respond appropriately to electrochemical signals received from other cells. The electrical properties of neurons are controlled by a wide variety of biochemical and metabolic processes, m... | The electrical properties of neurons are controlled by what? | {
"text": [
"neurotransmitters and receptors that take place at synapses"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
} |
56f8dc869b226e1400dd1123 | Brain | The functions of the brain depend on the ability of neurons to transmit electrochemical signals to other cells, and their ability to respond appropriately to electrochemical signals received from other cells. The electrical properties of neurons are controlled by a wide variety of biochemical and metabolic processes, m... | What type of signals do neurons transfer from one another? | {
"text": [
"electrochemical"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
56f96f189e9bad19000a0901 | Brain | Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are released at synapses when an action potential activates them—neurotransmitters attach themselves to receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse's target cell, and thereby alter the electrical or chemical properties of the receptor molecules. With few exceptions, each neuro... | Chemicals called neurotransmitters are released at what part of the brain? | {
"text": [
"synapses"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
56f96f189e9bad19000a0902 | Brain | Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are released at synapses when an action potential activates them—neurotransmitters attach themselves to receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse's target cell, and thereby alter the electrical or chemical properties of the receptor molecules. With few exceptions, each neuro... | What do neurotransmitters attach to? | {
"text": [
"receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse's target cell"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
56f96f189e9bad19000a0903 | Brain | Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are released at synapses when an action potential activates them—neurotransmitters attach themselves to receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse's target cell, and thereby alter the electrical or chemical properties of the receptor molecules. With few exceptions, each neuro... | Neurons that release the same chemicals are following what rule? | {
"text": [
"Dale's principle"
],
"answer_start": [
500
]
} |
56f96fee9b226e1400dd1454 | Brain | The two neurotransmitters that are used most widely in the vertebrate brain are glutamate, which almost always exerts excitatory effects on target neurons, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is almost always inhibitory. Neurons using these transmitters can be found in nearly every part of the brain. Because of t... | GABA is the abbreviation for what? | {
"text": [
"gamma-aminobutyric acid"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
56f96fee9b226e1400dd1455 | Brain | The two neurotransmitters that are used most widely in the vertebrate brain are glutamate, which almost always exerts excitatory effects on target neurons, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is almost always inhibitory. Neurons using these transmitters can be found in nearly every part of the brain. Because of t... | Which of two neurotransmitters is usually inhibitory? | {
"text": [
"gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
56f96fee9b226e1400dd1456 | Brain | The two neurotransmitters that are used most widely in the vertebrate brain are glutamate, which almost always exerts excitatory effects on target neurons, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is almost always inhibitory. Neurons using these transmitters can be found in nearly every part of the brain. Because of t... | The neurostransmitter that usually excites targets is called what? | {
"text": [
"glutamate,"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
56f96fee9b226e1400dd1457 | Brain | The two neurotransmitters that are used most widely in the vertebrate brain are glutamate, which almost always exerts excitatory effects on target neurons, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is almost always inhibitory. Neurons using these transmitters can be found in nearly every part of the brain. Because of t... | Tranquilizers affect which of the two common neurotransmitters? | {
"text": [
"gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
56f9725b9e9bad19000a092b | Brain | There are dozens of other chemical neurotransmitters that are used in more limited areas of the brain, often areas dedicated to a particular function. Serotonin, for example—the primary target of antidepressant drugs and many dietary aids—comes exclusively from a small brainstem area called the Raphe nuclei. Norepineph... | Serotonin comes from what part of the brain? | {
"text": [
"Raphe nuclei"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} |
56f9725b9e9bad19000a092c | Brain | There are dozens of other chemical neurotransmitters that are used in more limited areas of the brain, often areas dedicated to a particular function. Serotonin, for example—the primary target of antidepressant drugs and many dietary aids—comes exclusively from a small brainstem area called the Raphe nuclei. Norepineph... | Antidepressants typically affect what chemical of the brain? | {
"text": [
"Serotonin"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
56f9725b9e9bad19000a092d | Brain | There are dozens of other chemical neurotransmitters that are used in more limited areas of the brain, often areas dedicated to a particular function. Serotonin, for example—the primary target of antidepressant drugs and many dietary aids—comes exclusively from a small brainstem area called the Raphe nuclei. Norepineph... | Which chemical of the brain is involved with arousal? | {
"text": [
"Norepinephrine"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
56f9725b9e9bad19000a092e | Brain | There are dozens of other chemical neurotransmitters that are used in more limited areas of the brain, often areas dedicated to a particular function. Serotonin, for example—the primary target of antidepressant drugs and many dietary aids—comes exclusively from a small brainstem area called the Raphe nuclei. Norepineph... | Norepinephrine comes from an area of the brain known as what? | {
"text": [
"locus coeruleus"
],
"answer_start": [
410
]
} |
56f973599e9bad19000a0933 | Brain | As a side effect of the electrochemical processes used by neurons for signaling, brain tissue generates electric fields when it is active. When large numbers of neurons show synchronized activity, the electric fields that they generate can be large enough to detect outside the skull, using electroencephalography (EEG) ... | An EEG of the brain stands for what? | {
"text": [
"electroencephalography"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
56f973599e9bad19000a0934 | Brain | As a side effect of the electrochemical processes used by neurons for signaling, brain tissue generates electric fields when it is active. When large numbers of neurons show synchronized activity, the electric fields that they generate can be large enough to detect outside the skull, using electroencephalography (EEG) ... | MEG of the brain is an abbreviation of what? | {
"text": [
"magnetoencephalography"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} |
56f973599e9bad19000a0935 | Brain | As a side effect of the electrochemical processes used by neurons for signaling, brain tissue generates electric fields when it is active. When large numbers of neurons show synchronized activity, the electric fields that they generate can be large enough to detect outside the skull, using electroencephalography (EEG) ... | What type of test is used to tell that a brain is active even during sleep? | {
"text": [
"EEG"
],
"answer_start": [
353
]
} |
56f973599e9bad19000a0936 | Brain | As a side effect of the electrochemical processes used by neurons for signaling, brain tissue generates electric fields when it is active. When large numbers of neurons show synchronized activity, the electric fields that they generate can be large enough to detect outside the skull, using electroencephalography (EEG) ... | What type of brain waves are seen in mammals during sleep? | {
"text": [
"large slow delta waves"
],
"answer_start": [
714
]
} |
56f973599e9bad19000a0937 | Brain | As a side effect of the electrochemical processes used by neurons for signaling, brain tissue generates electric fields when it is active. When large numbers of neurons show synchronized activity, the electric fields that they generate can be large enough to detect outside the skull, using electroencephalography (EEG) ... | What type of brain waves are sen when a creature is awake, but inattentive? | {
"text": [
"faster alpha waves"
],
"answer_start": [
751
]
} |
56f9738c9e9bad19000a093d | Brain | All vertebrates have a blood–brain barrier that allows metabolism inside the brain to operate differently from metabolism in other parts of the body. Glial cells play a major role in brain metabolism by controlling the chemical composition of the fluid that surrounds neurons, including levels of ions and nutrients. | What type of cells have a huge role in brain metabolism? | {
"text": [
"Glial cells"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
56f9738c9e9bad19000a093e | Brain | All vertebrates have a blood–brain barrier that allows metabolism inside the brain to operate differently from metabolism in other parts of the body. Glial cells play a major role in brain metabolism by controlling the chemical composition of the fluid that surrounds neurons, including levels of ions and nutrients. | Glial cells control what inside the brain? | {
"text": [
"chemical composition of the fluid that surrounds neurons"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
56f974f69e9bad19000a0941 | Brain | Brain tissue consumes a large amount of energy in proportion to its volume, so large brains place severe metabolic demands on animals. The need to limit body weight in order, for example, to fly, has apparently led to selection for a reduction of brain size in some species, such as bats. Most of the brain's energy cons... | Where does the brain usually get most of its energy from inside the body? | {
"text": [
"glucose (i.e., blood sugar"
],
"answer_start": [
893
]
} |
56f974f69e9bad19000a0942 | Brain | Brain tissue consumes a large amount of energy in proportion to its volume, so large brains place severe metabolic demands on animals. The need to limit body weight in order, for example, to fly, has apparently led to selection for a reduction of brain size in some species, such as bats. Most of the brain's energy cons... | The energy used for metabolism of the brain in humans is what percentage? | {
"text": [
"20–25%"
],
"answer_start": [
559
]
} |
56f974f69e9bad19000a0943 | Brain | Brain tissue consumes a large amount of energy in proportion to its volume, so large brains place severe metabolic demands on animals. The need to limit body weight in order, for example, to fly, has apparently led to selection for a reduction of brain size in some species, such as bats. Most of the brain's energy cons... | Other sources than glucose that provide energy to the brain are what? | {
"text": [
"ketones"
],
"answer_start": [
926
]
} |
56f974f69e9bad19000a0944 | Brain | Brain tissue consumes a large amount of energy in proportion to its volume, so large brains place severe metabolic demands on animals. The need to limit body weight in order, for example, to fly, has apparently led to selection for a reduction of brain size in some species, such as bats. Most of the brain's energy cons... | Most vertebrates usually devote how much metabolism to the brain? | {
"text": [
"2% and 8%"
],
"answer_start": [
441
]
} |
56f975539b226e1400dd146e | Brain | From an evolutionary-biological perspective, the function of the brain is to provide coherent control over the actions of an animal. A centralized brain allows groups of muscles to be co-activated in complex patterns; it also allows stimuli impinging on one part of the body to evoke responses in other parts, and it can... | The function of the brain from an evolutionary-biological thought is what? | {
"text": [
"provide coherent control over the actions of an animal"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
56f976429b226e1400dd1470 | Brain | The invention of electronic computers in the 1940s, along with the development of mathematical information theory, led to a realization that brains can potentially be understood as information processing systems. This concept formed the basis of the field of cybernetics, and eventually gave rise to the field now known ... | Computers were invented in what decade in history? | {
"text": [
"1940s"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
56f976429b226e1400dd1471 | Brain | The invention of electronic computers in the 1940s, along with the development of mathematical information theory, led to a realization that brains can potentially be understood as information processing systems. This concept formed the basis of the field of cybernetics, and eventually gave rise to the field now known ... | Neuroscience spawned from what field of science in history? | {
"text": [
"cybernetics"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
56f976429b226e1400dd1472 | Brain | The invention of electronic computers in the 1940s, along with the development of mathematical information theory, led to a realization that brains can potentially be understood as information processing systems. This concept formed the basis of the field of cybernetics, and eventually gave rise to the field now known ... | Who wrote the book, The Computer and the Brain? | {
"text": [
"John von Neumann's"
],
"answer_start": [
504
]
} |
56f976429b226e1400dd1473 | Brain | The invention of electronic computers in the 1940s, along with the development of mathematical information theory, led to a realization that brains can potentially be understood as information processing systems. This concept formed the basis of the field of cybernetics, and eventually gave rise to the field now known ... | When was John von Neumann's book, The Computer and the Brain published? | {
"text": [
"1958"
],
"answer_start": [
523
]
} |
56f978649e9bad19000a0987 | Brain | The essence of the information processing approach is to try to understand brain function in terms of information flow and implementation of algorithms. One of the most influential early contributions was a 1959 paper titled What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain: the paper examined the visual responses of neurons ... | The scientific paper, What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain was released in what year? | {
"text": [
"1959"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
56f978649e9bad19000a0988 | Brain | The essence of the information processing approach is to try to understand brain function in terms of information flow and implementation of algorithms. One of the most influential early contributions was a 1959 paper titled What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain: the paper examined the visual responses of neurons ... | Who won a Nobel Prize for the discovery that cells in the visual cortex of monkeys become active when sharp edges move? | {
"text": [
"David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel"
],
"answer_start": [
547
]
} |
56f97e319b226e1400dd14c3 | Brain | Furthermore, even single neurons appear to be complex and capable of performing computations. So, brain models that don't reflect this are arguably too abstractive to be representative of brain operation; models that do try to capture this are very computationally expensive and arguably intractable with present computa... | What is the project called that is trying to build a realistic, detailed computer model of the human brain? | {
"text": [
"the Human Brain Project"
],
"answer_start": [
365
]
} |
56f97eb89e9bad19000a09c3 | Brain | One of the primary functions of a brain is to extract biologically relevant information from sensory inputs. The human brain is provided with information about light, sound, the chemical composition of the atmosphere, temperature, head orientation, limb position, the chemical composition of the bloodstream, and more. I... | What type of animal has a sense that adapted into sonar? | {
"text": [
"bats"
],
"answer_start": [
604
]
} |
56f97eb89e9bad19000a09c4 | Brain | One of the primary functions of a brain is to extract biologically relevant information from sensory inputs. The human brain is provided with information about light, sound, the chemical composition of the atmosphere, temperature, head orientation, limb position, the chemical composition of the bloodstream, and more. I... | What type of animal uses infrared heat to sense? | {
"text": [
"snakes"
],
"answer_start": [
405
]
} |
56f97eb89e9bad19000a09c5 | Brain | One of the primary functions of a brain is to extract biologically relevant information from sensory inputs. The human brain is provided with information about light, sound, the chemical composition of the atmosphere, temperature, head orientation, limb position, the chemical composition of the bloodstream, and more. I... | The group of animals that can detect magnetic fields is what? | {
"text": [
"birds"
],
"answer_start": [
446
]
} |
56f97eb89e9bad19000a09c6 | Brain | One of the primary functions of a brain is to extract biologically relevant information from sensory inputs. The human brain is provided with information about light, sound, the chemical composition of the atmosphere, temperature, head orientation, limb position, the chemical composition of the bloodstream, and more. I... | The group of creatures that can sense electric fields is what? | {
"text": [
"fish"
],
"answer_start": [
498
]
} |
56f97f299b226e1400dd14c5 | Brain | Each sensory system begins with specialized receptor cells, such as light-receptive neurons in the retina of the eye, vibration-sensitive neurons in the cochlea of the ear, or pressure-sensitive neurons in the skin. The axons of sensory receptor cells travel into the spinal cord or brain, where they transmit their sign... | Light-receptive neurons are located in what part of the eye? | {
"text": [
"retina"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
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