id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56f97f299b226e1400dd14c6 | Brain | Each sensory system begins with specialized receptor cells, such as light-receptive neurons in the retina of the eye, vibration-sensitive neurons in the cochlea of the ear, or pressure-sensitive neurons in the skin. The axons of sensory receptor cells travel into the spinal cord or brain, where they transmit their sign... | Vibration-sensitive neurons are found in what part of the ear? | {
"text": [
"cochlea"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
56f97f299b226e1400dd14c7 | Brain | Each sensory system begins with specialized receptor cells, such as light-receptive neurons in the retina of the eye, vibration-sensitive neurons in the cochlea of the ear, or pressure-sensitive neurons in the skin. The axons of sensory receptor cells travel into the spinal cord or brain, where they transmit their sign... | Signals are sent from the thalamus to what part of the brain? | {
"text": [
"cerebral cortex"
],
"answer_start": [
594
]
} |
56f97f669e9bad19000a09d5 | Brain | Motor systems are areas of the brain that are directly or indirectly involved in producing body movements, that is, in activating muscles. Except for the muscles that control the eye, which are driven by nuclei in the midbrain, all the voluntary muscles in the body are directly innervated by motor neurons in the spinal... | What part of the body is controlled by nuclei in the midbrain? | {
"text": [
"the eye,"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
56f97f669e9bad19000a09d6 | Brain | Motor systems are areas of the brain that are directly or indirectly involved in producing body movements, that is, in activating muscles. Except for the muscles that control the eye, which are driven by nuclei in the midbrain, all the voluntary muscles in the body are directly innervated by motor neurons in the spinal... | All the muscles controlled by motor neurons in the body are controlled by what? | {
"text": [
"spinal cord and hindbrain"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
} |
56f9808b9e9bad19000a09e3 | Brain | The brain contains several motor areas that project directly to the spinal cord. At the lowest level are motor areas in the medulla and pons, which control stereotyped movements such as walking, breathing, or swallowing. At a higher level are areas in the midbrain, such as the red nucleus, which is responsible for coor... | Which motor areas of the brain control breathing and swallowing? | {
"text": [
"the medulla and pons,"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
56f9808b9e9bad19000a09e4 | Brain | The brain contains several motor areas that project directly to the spinal cord. At the lowest level are motor areas in the medulla and pons, which control stereotyped movements such as walking, breathing, or swallowing. At a higher level are areas in the midbrain, such as the red nucleus, which is responsible for coor... | At the lowest level of the brain and spinal cord, are what areas? | {
"text": [
"the medulla and pons"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
56f9808b9e9bad19000a09e5 | Brain | The brain contains several motor areas that project directly to the spinal cord. At the lowest level are motor areas in the medulla and pons, which control stereotyped movements such as walking, breathing, or swallowing. At a higher level are areas in the midbrain, such as the red nucleus, which is responsible for coor... | The red nucleus controls what part(s) of the body? | {
"text": [
"coordinating movements of the arms and legs"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} |
56f9808b9e9bad19000a09e6 | Brain | The brain contains several motor areas that project directly to the spinal cord. At the lowest level are motor areas in the medulla and pons, which control stereotyped movements such as walking, breathing, or swallowing. At a higher level are areas in the midbrain, such as the red nucleus, which is responsible for coor... | A strip of tissue found at the edge of the frontal lobe is called what? | {
"text": [
"primary motor cortex"
],
"answer_start": [
390
]
} |
56f9808b9e9bad19000a09e7 | Brain | The brain contains several motor areas that project directly to the spinal cord. At the lowest level are motor areas in the medulla and pons, which control stereotyped movements such as walking, breathing, or swallowing. At a higher level are areas in the midbrain, such as the red nucleus, which is responsible for coor... | The primary motor cortex sends signals to the spinal cord through what? | {
"text": [
"pyramidal tract."
],
"answer_start": [
633
]
} |
56f981a79b226e1400dd14d5 | Brain | In addition to all of the above, the brain and spinal cord contain extensive circuitry to control the autonomic nervous system, which works by secreting hormones and by modulating the "smooth" muscles of the gut. The autonomic nervous system affects heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, perspiration, uri... | The brain and spinal cord work together to control what system of the body? | {
"text": [
"autonomic nervous system"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
56f981a79b226e1400dd14d6 | Brain | In addition to all of the above, the brain and spinal cord contain extensive circuitry to control the autonomic nervous system, which works by secreting hormones and by modulating the "smooth" muscles of the gut. The autonomic nervous system affects heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, perspiration, uri... | What system in the body controls heart rate? | {
"text": [
"autonomic nervous system"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
56f981a79b226e1400dd14d7 | Brain | In addition to all of the above, the brain and spinal cord contain extensive circuitry to control the autonomic nervous system, which works by secreting hormones and by modulating the "smooth" muscles of the gut. The autonomic nervous system affects heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, perspiration, uri... | What system in the body controls salivation? | {
"text": [
"autonomic nervous system"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
56f981a79b226e1400dd14d8 | Brain | In addition to all of the above, the brain and spinal cord contain extensive circuitry to control the autonomic nervous system, which works by secreting hormones and by modulating the "smooth" muscles of the gut. The autonomic nervous system affects heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, perspiration, uri... | Most of the processes of the autonomic nervous system are called what? | {
"text": [
"not under direct voluntary control"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
56f981a79b226e1400dd14d9 | Brain | In addition to all of the above, the brain and spinal cord contain extensive circuitry to control the autonomic nervous system, which works by secreting hormones and by modulating the "smooth" muscles of the gut. The autonomic nervous system affects heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, perspiration, uri... | Which system in the body controls urination? | {
"text": [
"The autonomic nervous system"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
56f984649b226e1400dd14f2 | Brain | A key component of the arousal system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a tiny part of the hypothalamus located directly above the point at which the optic nerves from the two eyes cross. The SCN contains the body's central biological clock. Neurons there show activity levels that rise and fall with a period of abo... | The SCN of the nervous system is an abbreviation for what? | {
"text": [
"suprachiasmatic nucleus"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
56f984649b226e1400dd14f3 | Brain | A key component of the arousal system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a tiny part of the hypothalamus located directly above the point at which the optic nerves from the two eyes cross. The SCN contains the body's central biological clock. Neurons there show activity levels that rise and fall with a period of abo... | The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a small part of what part of the brain? | {
"text": [
"the hypothalamus"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
56f984649b226e1400dd14f4 | Brain | A key component of the arousal system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a tiny part of the hypothalamus located directly above the point at which the optic nerves from the two eyes cross. The SCN contains the body's central biological clock. Neurons there show activity levels that rise and fall with a period of abo... | Which part of the arousal system controls the body's biological clock? | {
"text": [
"the suprachiasmatic nucleus"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
56f984649b226e1400dd14f5 | Brain | A key component of the arousal system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a tiny part of the hypothalamus located directly above the point at which the optic nerves from the two eyes cross. The SCN contains the body's central biological clock. Neurons there show activity levels that rise and fall with a period of abo... | The RHT is an abbreviation for what? | {
"text": [
"retinohypothalamic tract"
],
"answer_start": [
636
]
} |
56f984649b226e1400dd14f6 | Brain | A key component of the arousal system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a tiny part of the hypothalamus located directly above the point at which the optic nerves from the two eyes cross. The SCN contains the body's central biological clock. Neurons there show activity levels that rise and fall with a period of abo... | THE SCN receives information from the optic nerves through what? | {
"text": [
"the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT"
],
"answer_start": [
632
]
} |
56f984f59e9bad19000a0a0b | Brain | The SCN projects to a set of areas in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and midbrain that are involved in implementing sleep-wake cycles. An important component of the system is the reticular formation, a group of neuron-clusters scattered diffusely through the core of the lower brain. Reticular neurons send signals to the ... | A group of neuron-clusters scattered in the core of the lower brain is called what? | {
"text": [
"the reticular formation"
],
"answer_start": [
173
]
} |
56f984f59e9bad19000a0a0c | Brain | The SCN projects to a set of areas in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and midbrain that are involved in implementing sleep-wake cycles. An important component of the system is the reticular formation, a group of neuron-clusters scattered diffusely through the core of the lower brain. Reticular neurons send signals to the ... | Reticular neurons transfer signals to what part of the brain? | {
"text": [
"the thalamus"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} |
56f984f59e9bad19000a0a0d | Brain | The SCN projects to a set of areas in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and midbrain that are involved in implementing sleep-wake cycles. An important component of the system is the reticular formation, a group of neuron-clusters scattered diffusely through the core of the lower brain. Reticular neurons send signals to the ... | Damage to the reticular formation can cause what? | {
"text": [
"state of coma"
],
"answer_start": [
472
]
} |
56f984f59e9bad19000a0a0e | Brain | The SCN projects to a set of areas in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and midbrain that are involved in implementing sleep-wake cycles. An important component of the system is the reticular formation, a group of neuron-clusters scattered diffusely through the core of the lower brain. Reticular neurons send signals to the ... | The SCN transfers signals to a set of areas that implement what? | {
"text": [
"sleep-wake cycles."
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
56f9859b9e9bad19000a0a1d | Brain | Sleep involves great changes in brain activity. Until the 1950s it was generally believed that the brain essentially shuts off during sleep, but this is now known to be far from true; activity continues, but patterns become very different. There are two types of sleep: REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM (non-REM, usual... | There are two types of sleep called what? | {
"text": [
"REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
56f9859b9e9bad19000a0a1e | Brain | Sleep involves great changes in brain activity. Until the 1950s it was generally believed that the brain essentially shuts off during sleep, but this is now known to be far from true; activity continues, but patterns become very different. There are two types of sleep: REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM (non-REM, usual... | What type of sleep involves dreaming? | {
"text": [
"REM sleep"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
56f9859b9e9bad19000a0a1f | Brain | Sleep involves great changes in brain activity. Until the 1950s it was generally believed that the brain essentially shuts off during sleep, but this is now known to be far from true; activity continues, but patterns become very different. There are two types of sleep: REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM (non-REM, usual... | The three types of brain activity that can be measured are what? | {
"text": [
"REM, light NREM and deep NREM"
],
"answer_start": [
489
]
} |
56f9859b9e9bad19000a0a20 | Brain | Sleep involves great changes in brain activity. Until the 1950s it was generally believed that the brain essentially shuts off during sleep, but this is now known to be far from true; activity continues, but patterns become very different. There are two types of sleep: REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM (non-REM, usual... | Slow wave sleep is also known as what? | {
"text": [
"deep NREM sleep"
],
"answer_start": [
527
]
} |
56f9859b9e9bad19000a0a21 | Brain | Sleep involves great changes in brain activity. Until the 1950s it was generally believed that the brain essentially shuts off during sleep, but this is now known to be far from true; activity continues, but patterns become very different. There are two types of sleep: REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM (non-REM, usual... | During what stage of sleep do serotonin and norepinephrine levels drop? | {
"text": [
"slow wave sleep"
],
"answer_start": [
773
]
} |
56f986479e9bad19000a0a28 | Brain | For any animal, survival requires maintaining a variety of parameters of bodily state within a limited range of variation: these include temperature, water content, salt concentration in the bloodstream, blood glucose levels, blood oxygen level, and others. The ability of an animal to regulate the internal environment ... | Homeostasis is Greek for what phrase? | {
"text": [
"\"standing still\""
],
"answer_start": [
441
]
} |
56f986479e9bad19000a0a29 | Brain | For any animal, survival requires maintaining a variety of parameters of bodily state within a limited range of variation: these include temperature, water content, salt concentration in the bloodstream, blood glucose levels, blood oxygen level, and others. The ability of an animal to regulate the internal environment ... | The milieu interieur term was used by what physiologist? | {
"text": [
"Claude Bernard"
],
"answer_start": [
381
]
} |
56f986479e9bad19000a0a2a | Brain | For any animal, survival requires maintaining a variety of parameters of bodily state within a limited range of variation: these include temperature, water content, salt concentration in the bloodstream, blood glucose levels, blood oxygen level, and others. The ability of an animal to regulate the internal environment ... | Homeostasis is like what household tool? | {
"text": [
"a thermostat."
],
"answer_start": [
856
]
} |
56f986ed9b226e1400dd1510 | Brain | In vertebrates, the part of the brain that plays the greatest role is the hypothalamus, a small region at the base of the forebrain whose size does not reflect its complexity or the importance of its function. The hypothalamus is a collection of small nuclei, most of which are involved in basic biological functions. So... | The hypothalamus is located at the base of what? | {
"text": [
"the forebrain"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
56f986ed9b226e1400dd1511 | Brain | In vertebrates, the part of the brain that plays the greatest role is the hypothalamus, a small region at the base of the forebrain whose size does not reflect its complexity or the importance of its function. The hypothalamus is a collection of small nuclei, most of which are involved in basic biological functions. So... | In vertebrates, the most important part of the brain is what? | {
"text": [
"the hypothalamus,"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
56f986ed9b226e1400dd1512 | Brain | In vertebrates, the part of the brain that plays the greatest role is the hypothalamus, a small region at the base of the forebrain whose size does not reflect its complexity or the importance of its function. The hypothalamus is a collection of small nuclei, most of which are involved in basic biological functions. So... | A collection of small nuclei at the base of the forebrain is called what? | {
"text": [
"the hypothalamus,"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
56f986ed9b226e1400dd1513 | Brain | In vertebrates, the part of the brain that plays the greatest role is the hypothalamus, a small region at the base of the forebrain whose size does not reflect its complexity or the importance of its function. The hypothalamus is a collection of small nuclei, most of which are involved in basic biological functions. So... | The gland directly underneath the hypothalamus is which gland? | {
"text": [
"the pituitary gland"
],
"answer_start": [
830
]
} |
56f986ed9b226e1400dd1514 | Brain | In vertebrates, the part of the brain that plays the greatest role is the hypothalamus, a small region at the base of the forebrain whose size does not reflect its complexity or the importance of its function. The hypothalamus is a collection of small nuclei, most of which are involved in basic biological functions. So... | The pituitary gland sends hormones through what in the body? | {
"text": [
"the bloodstream"
],
"answer_start": [
967
]
} |
56f987c59b226e1400dd1524 | Brain | Most organisms studied to date utilize a reward–punishment mechanism: for instance, worms and insects can alter their behavior to seek food sources or to avoid dangers. In vertebrates, the reward-punishment system is implemented by a specific set of brain structures, at the heart of which lie the basal ganglia, a set o... | A set of interconnected areas at the base of the forebrain is called what? | {
"text": [
"basal ganglia"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
56f987c59b226e1400dd1525 | Brain | Most organisms studied to date utilize a reward–punishment mechanism: for instance, worms and insects can alter their behavior to seek food sources or to avoid dangers. In vertebrates, the reward-punishment system is implemented by a specific set of brain structures, at the heart of which lie the basal ganglia, a set o... | The basal ganglia is thought to be the central location at which what are made? | {
"text": [
"decisions"
],
"answer_start": [
456
]
} |
56f987c59b226e1400dd1526 | Brain | Most organisms studied to date utilize a reward–punishment mechanism: for instance, worms and insects can alter their behavior to seek food sources or to avoid dangers. In vertebrates, the reward-punishment system is implemented by a specific set of brain structures, at the heart of which lie the basal ganglia, a set o... | Which neurotransmitter plays a large role in drug abuse? | {
"text": [
"dopamine"
],
"answer_start": [
1041
]
} |
56f987c59b226e1400dd1527 | Brain | Most organisms studied to date utilize a reward–punishment mechanism: for instance, worms and insects can alter their behavior to seek food sources or to avoid dangers. In vertebrates, the reward-punishment system is implemented by a specific set of brain structures, at the heart of which lie the basal ganglia, a set o... | Which of the two systems, reward or punishment is better understood? | {
"text": [
"The reward mechanism"
],
"answer_start": [
846
]
} |
56f9888b9e9bad19000a0a4d | Brain | Almost all animals are capable of modifying their behavior as a result of experience—even the most primitive types of worms. Because behavior is driven by brain activity, changes in behavior must somehow correspond to changes inside the brain. Theorists dating back to Santiago Ramón y Cajal argued that the most plausib... | In what year did Tim Bliss and Terje Lomo publish a paper about long-term potentiation? | {
"text": [
"1971"
],
"answer_start": [
538
]
} |
56f9888b9e9bad19000a0a4e | Brain | Almost all animals are capable of modifying their behavior as a result of experience—even the most primitive types of worms. Because behavior is driven by brain activity, changes in behavior must somehow correspond to changes inside the brain. Theorists dating back to Santiago Ramón y Cajal argued that the most plausib... | BDNF is an abbreviation for what term? | {
"text": [
"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor"
],
"answer_start": [
1097
]
} |
56f9888b9e9bad19000a0a4f | Brain | Almost all animals are capable of modifying their behavior as a result of experience—even the most primitive types of worms. Because behavior is driven by brain activity, changes in behavior must somehow correspond to changes inside the brain. Theorists dating back to Santiago Ramón y Cajal argued that the most plausib... | Learning and memory expressed as changes in the synaptic connections was first theorized by whom? | {
"text": [
"Santiago Ramón y Cajal"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} |
56f989259e9bad19000a0a53 | Brain | The field of neuroscience encompasses all approaches that seek to understand the brain and the rest of the nervous system. Psychology seeks to understand mind and behavior, and neurology is the medical discipline that diagnoses and treats diseases of the nervous system. The brain is also the most important organ studie... | What field of science studies the brain and the central nervous system? | {
"text": [
"neuroscience"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
56f989259e9bad19000a0a54 | Brain | The field of neuroscience encompasses all approaches that seek to understand the brain and the rest of the nervous system. Psychology seeks to understand mind and behavior, and neurology is the medical discipline that diagnoses and treats diseases of the nervous system. The brain is also the most important organ studie... | What scientific field tries to understand the mind and behavior? | {
"text": [
"Psychology"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
56f989259e9bad19000a0a55 | Brain | The field of neuroscience encompasses all approaches that seek to understand the brain and the rest of the nervous system. Psychology seeks to understand mind and behavior, and neurology is the medical discipline that diagnoses and treats diseases of the nervous system. The brain is also the most important organ studie... | What field of science strives to diagnose and treat diseases of the nervous system? | {
"text": [
"neurology"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
56f989259e9bad19000a0a56 | Brain | The field of neuroscience encompasses all approaches that seek to understand the brain and the rest of the nervous system. Psychology seeks to understand mind and behavior, and neurology is the medical discipline that diagnoses and treats diseases of the nervous system. The brain is also the most important organ studie... | Psychiatry is the branch of science that does what? | {
"text": [
"study, prevent, and treat mental disorders"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} |
56f989259e9bad19000a0a57 | Brain | The field of neuroscience encompasses all approaches that seek to understand the brain and the rest of the nervous system. Psychology seeks to understand mind and behavior, and neurology is the medical discipline that diagnoses and treats diseases of the nervous system. The brain is also the most important organ studie... | Cognitive science seeks to join what two branches of science with other fields? | {
"text": [
"neuroscience and psychology"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
56f989e59e9bad19000a0a67 | Brain | The oldest method of studying the brain is anatomical, and until the middle of the 20th century, much of the progress in neuroscience came from the development of better cell stains and better microscopes. Neuroanatomists study the large-scale structure of the brain as well as the microscopic structure of neurons and t... | The oldest known method of studying the brain is what? | {
"text": [
"anatomical,"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
56f989e59e9bad19000a0a68 | Brain | The oldest method of studying the brain is anatomical, and until the middle of the 20th century, much of the progress in neuroscience came from the development of better cell stains and better microscopes. Neuroanatomists study the large-scale structure of the brain as well as the microscopic structure of neurons and t... | What do neuroanatomists study? | {
"text": [
"the large-scale structure of the brain"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
56f989e59e9bad19000a0a69 | Brain | The oldest method of studying the brain is anatomical, and until the middle of the 20th century, much of the progress in neuroscience came from the development of better cell stains and better microscopes. Neuroanatomists study the large-scale structure of the brain as well as the microscopic structure of neurons and t... | What type of study uses medical imaging techniques to correlate changes in brain structure? | {
"text": [
"neuroanatomy"
],
"answer_start": [
622
]
} |
56f989e59e9bad19000a0a6a | Brain | The oldest method of studying the brain is anatomical, and until the middle of the 20th century, much of the progress in neuroscience came from the development of better cell stains and better microscopes. Neuroanatomists study the large-scale structure of the brain as well as the microscopic structure of neurons and t... | Until what century was brain studying mostly anatomical? | {
"text": [
"the middle of the 20th century,"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
56f98aa59e9bad19000a0a79 | Brain | Neurophysiologists study the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain: their primary tools are drugs and recording devices. Thousands of experimentally developed drugs affect the nervous system, some in highly specific ways. Recordings of brain activity can be made using electrodes, either glue... | What do neurophysiologists study? | {
"text": [
"the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
56f98aa59e9bad19000a0a7a | Brain | Neurophysiologists study the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain: their primary tools are drugs and recording devices. Thousands of experimentally developed drugs affect the nervous system, some in highly specific ways. Recordings of brain activity can be made using electrodes, either glue... | The most common tools that neurophysiologists use are what? | {
"text": [
"drugs and recording devices"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
56f98aa59e9bad19000a0a7b | Brain | Neurophysiologists study the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain: their primary tools are drugs and recording devices. Thousands of experimentally developed drugs affect the nervous system, some in highly specific ways. Recordings of brain activity can be made using electrodes, either glue... | What type of receptors does the brain lack? | {
"text": [
"pain receptors"
],
"answer_start": [
529
]
} |
56f98aa59e9bad19000a0a7c | Brain | Neurophysiologists study the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain: their primary tools are drugs and recording devices. Thousands of experimentally developed drugs affect the nervous system, some in highly specific ways. Recordings of brain activity can be made using electrodes, either glue... | Electrodes are often glued to what like in EEG studies? | {
"text": [
"the scalp"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} |
56f98b409e9bad19000a0a8b | Brain | Another approach to brain function is to examine the consequences of damage to specific brain areas. Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable to numerous di... | The brain is surrounded by what type of fluid? | {
"text": [
"cerebrospinal fluid"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
56f98b409e9bad19000a0a8c | Brain | Another approach to brain function is to examine the consequences of damage to specific brain areas. Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable to numerous di... | The brain is separated from the bloodstream by what feature? | {
"text": [
"the blood–brain barrier"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
56f98b409e9bad19000a0a8d | Brain | Another approach to brain function is to examine the consequences of damage to specific brain areas. Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable to numerous di... | The two main structures that protect the brain are what? | {
"text": [
"the skull and meninges"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
56f98b409e9bad19000a0a8e | Brain | Another approach to brain function is to examine the consequences of damage to specific brain areas. Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable to numerous di... | What type of disease if often studied to understand damage to the brain? | {
"text": [
"strokes"
],
"answer_start": [
382
]
} |
56f98b409e9bad19000a0a8f | Brain | Another approach to brain function is to examine the consequences of damage to specific brain areas. Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable to numerous di... | What type of animal is most commonly used to study brain damage? | {
"text": [
"rats"
],
"answer_start": [
664
]
} |
56f98c0d9e9bad19000a0a97 | Brain | Recent years have seen increasing applications of genetic and genomic techniques to the study of the brain and a focus on the roles of neurotrophic factors and physical activity in neuroplasticity. The most common subjects are mice, because of the availability of technical tools. It is now possible with relative ease t... | What is the most common test subjects for studying of the brain? | {
"text": [
"mice"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
56f98c609e9bad19000a0a99 | Brain | The oldest brain to have been discovered was in Armenia in the Areni-1 cave complex. The brain, estimated to be over 5,000 years old, was found in the skull of a 12 to 14-year-old girl. Although the brains were shriveled, they were well preserved due to the climate found inside the cave. | Where was the oldest brain that was found? | {
"text": [
"Armenia"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
56f98c609e9bad19000a0a9a | Brain | The oldest brain to have been discovered was in Armenia in the Areni-1 cave complex. The brain, estimated to be over 5,000 years old, was found in the skull of a 12 to 14-year-old girl. Although the brains were shriveled, they were well preserved due to the climate found inside the cave. | How old was the oldest brain discovered thought to be? | {
"text": [
"over 5,000 years old"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
56f98c609e9bad19000a0a9b | Brain | The oldest brain to have been discovered was in Armenia in the Areni-1 cave complex. The brain, estimated to be over 5,000 years old, was found in the skull of a 12 to 14-year-old girl. Although the brains were shriveled, they were well preserved due to the climate found inside the cave. | The oldest known brain discovered was found in how old of a person? | {
"text": [
"12 to 14-year-old"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
56f98c609e9bad19000a0a9c | Brain | The oldest brain to have been discovered was in Armenia in the Areni-1 cave complex. The brain, estimated to be over 5,000 years old, was found in the skull of a 12 to 14-year-old girl. Although the brains were shriveled, they were well preserved due to the climate found inside the cave. | The oldest brain found in a cave was from what gender of human? | {
"text": [
"girl"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
56f98e239b226e1400dd155e | Brain | Early philosophers were divided as to whether the seat of the soul lies in the brain or heart. Aristotle favored the heart, and thought that the function of the brain was merely to cool the blood. Democritus, the inventor of the atomic theory of matter, argued for a three-part soul, with intellect in the head, emotion ... | The seal of the soul was debated to lie in what two organs of the body? | {
"text": [
"brain or heart."
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
56f98e239b226e1400dd155f | Brain | Early philosophers were divided as to whether the seat of the soul lies in the brain or heart. Aristotle favored the heart, and thought that the function of the brain was merely to cool the blood. Democritus, the inventor of the atomic theory of matter, argued for a three-part soul, with intellect in the head, emotion ... | Aristotle thought the soul lied in what organ? | {
"text": [
"the heart"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
56f98e239b226e1400dd1560 | Brain | Early philosophers were divided as to whether the seat of the soul lies in the brain or heart. Aristotle favored the heart, and thought that the function of the brain was merely to cool the blood. Democritus, the inventor of the atomic theory of matter, argued for a three-part soul, with intellect in the head, emotion ... | Who invented the atomic theory of matter? | {
"text": [
"Democritus,"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
56f98e239b226e1400dd1561 | Brain | Early philosophers were divided as to whether the seat of the soul lies in the brain or heart. Aristotle favored the heart, and thought that the function of the brain was merely to cool the blood. Democritus, the inventor of the atomic theory of matter, argued for a three-part soul, with intellect in the head, emotion ... | The "father of medicine" is a name given to whom in history? | {
"text": [
"Hippocrates"
],
"answer_start": [
359
]
} |
56f98e239b226e1400dd1562 | Brain | Early philosophers were divided as to whether the seat of the soul lies in the brain or heart. Aristotle favored the heart, and thought that the function of the brain was merely to cool the blood. Democritus, the inventor of the atomic theory of matter, argued for a three-part soul, with intellect in the head, emotion ... | What philosopher in history argued for a three-part soul? | {
"text": [
"Democritus"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
56f98eb09e9bad19000a0abf | Brain | The Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain, and theorized in some depth about how it might work. Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain, nerves, and muscles, demonstrating that all muscles in the body are connected to the brain through a branching network of nerves. He post... | The physician Galen was from which country in history? | {
"text": [
"Roman"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56f98eb09e9bad19000a0ac0 | Brain | The Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain, and theorized in some depth about how it might work. Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain, nerves, and muscles, demonstrating that all muscles in the body are connected to the brain through a branching network of nerves. He post... | What period in history was anatomical studies of nerves greatly increased? | {
"text": [
"the Renaissance"
],
"answer_start": [
571
]
} |
56f98eb09e9bad19000a0ac1 | Brain | The Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain, and theorized in some depth about how it might work. Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain, nerves, and muscles, demonstrating that all muscles in the body are connected to the brain through a branching network of nerves. He post... | Who coined the term pneumata psychikon? | {
"text": [
"The Roman physician Galen"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f98eb09e9bad19000a0ac2 | Brain | The Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain, and theorized in some depth about how it might work. Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain, nerves, and muscles, demonstrating that all muscles in the body are connected to the brain through a branching network of nerves. He post... | Penumata psychikon is usually translated as what? | {
"text": [
"animal spirits"
],
"answer_start": [
457
]
} |
56f98f329b226e1400dd1572 | Brain | The first real progress toward a modern understanding of nervous function, though, came from the investigations of Luigi Galvani, who discovered that a shock of static electricity applied to an exposed nerve of a dead frog could cause its leg to contract. Since that time, each major advance in understanding has followe... | Who found out that a shock of electricity to an exposed nerve of a dead frog caused contractions? | {
"text": [
"Luigi Galvani"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
56f98f329b226e1400dd1573 | Brain | The first real progress toward a modern understanding of nervous function, though, came from the investigations of Luigi Galvani, who discovered that a shock of static electricity applied to an exposed nerve of a dead frog could cause its leg to contract. Since that time, each major advance in understanding has followe... | The tool that was invented to stain only a small fractions of neurons was called what? | {
"text": [
"the Golgi stain"
],
"answer_start": [
566
]
} |
56f98f329b226e1400dd1574 | Brain | The first real progress toward a modern understanding of nervous function, though, came from the investigations of Luigi Galvani, who discovered that a shock of static electricity applied to an exposed nerve of a dead frog could cause its leg to contract. Since that time, each major advance in understanding has followe... | What nationality was santiago Ramon y Cajal? | {
"text": [
"Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
948
]
} |
56f98ffc9e9bad19000a0ad1 | Brain | In the first half of the 20th century, advances in electronics enabled investigation of the electrical properties of nerve cells, culminating in work by Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley, and others on the biophysics of the action potential, and the work of Bernard Katz and others on the electrochemistry of the synapse. Thes... | Work in the first half the 20th century in electrical properties of nerve cells were by what two main scientists? | {
"text": [
"Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
56f990359b226e1400dd1596 | Brain | In the second half of the 20th century, developments in chemistry, electron microscopy, genetics, computer science, functional brain imaging, and other fields progressively opened new windows into brain structure and function. In the United States, the 1990s were officially designated as the "Decade of the Brain" to co... | Which decade in history was officially called the "Decade of the Brain"? | {
"text": [
"the 1990s"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
} |
56f990ab9b226e1400dd1599 | Brain | In the 21st century, these trends have continued, and several new approaches have come into prominence, including multielectrode recording, which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time; genetic engineering, which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally;... | Genetic engineering allows what? | {
"text": [
"molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally;"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} |
56f990ab9b226e1400dd159b | Brain | In the 21st century, these trends have continued, and several new approaches have come into prominence, including multielectrode recording, which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time; genetic engineering, which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally;... | During what century was multielectrode recording invented? | {
"text": [
"the 21st century,"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56f990ab9b226e1400dd159c | Brain | In the 21st century, these trends have continued, and several new approaches have come into prominence, including multielectrode recording, which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time; genetic engineering, which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally;... | Genetic engineering was first discovered in what century? | {
"text": [
"the 21st century,"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56f8d6b49b226e1400dd10c2 | Near_East | Near East (French: Proche-Orient) is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia. Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles, the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire. The term has fallen into disuse in English, and has been replaced by the term... | What is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia? | {
"text": [
"Near East (French: Proche-Orient)"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8d6b49b226e1400dd10c3 | Near_East | Near East (French: Proche-Orient) is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia. Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles, the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire. The term has fallen into disuse in English, and has been replaced by the term... | The term near east was originally applies to the maximum extent of what empire? | {
"text": [
"Ottoman Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
56f8d6b49b226e1400dd10c4 | Near_East | Near East (French: Proche-Orient) is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia. Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles, the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire. The term has fallen into disuse in English, and has been replaced by the term... | The term Near East has fallen into disuses in what language? | {
"text": [
"English"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
56f8d6b49b226e1400dd10c5 | Near_East | Near East (French: Proche-Orient) is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia. Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles, the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire. The term has fallen into disuse in English, and has been replaced by the term... | What has replaced the term Near East? | {
"text": [
"Middle East"
],
"answer_start": [
321
]
} |
56f8d86f9b226e1400dd10d5 | Near_East | The Encyclopædia Britannica defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen. The Food and Agriculture Organization (... | The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations also includes what Country in the definition of Near East? | {
"text": [
"Afghanistan"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
56f8d86f9b226e1400dd10d6 | Near_East | The Encyclopædia Britannica defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen. The Food and Agriculture Organization (... | What group believes the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories? | {
"text": [
"the National Geographic Society"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
56f8da749b226e1400dd10f0 | Near_East | At the beginning of the 19th century the Ottoman Empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain, but by 1914 had lost all of it except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace to the rise of Balkan nationalism, which saw the independence of Greece, Serbia, the Danubian Principali... | What empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain at the beginning of the 19th century? | {
"text": [
"the Ottoman Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
56f8da749b226e1400dd10f1 | Near_East | At the beginning of the 19th century the Ottoman Empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain, but by 1914 had lost all of it except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace to the rise of Balkan nationalism, which saw the independence of Greece, Serbia, the Danubian Principali... | When did the Ottoman Empire lose all of it's empire except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace? | {
"text": [
"1914"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
56f8da749b226e1400dd10f2 | Near_East | At the beginning of the 19th century the Ottoman Empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain, but by 1914 had lost all of it except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace to the rise of Balkan nationalism, which saw the independence of Greece, Serbia, the Danubian Principali... | The rise of what saw the independence of Greece, Serbia, the Danubian Principalities and Bulgaria? | {
"text": [
"the rise of Balkan nationalism"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
56f8da749b226e1400dd10f3 | Near_East | At the beginning of the 19th century the Ottoman Empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain, but by 1914 had lost all of it except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace to the rise of Balkan nationalism, which saw the independence of Greece, Serbia, the Danubian Principali... | Until what year did the Ottomans retain a band of territory including Albania, Macedonia and Thrace? | {
"text": [
"1912"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
} |
56f8da749b226e1400dd10f4 | Near_East | At the beginning of the 19th century the Ottoman Empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain, but by 1914 had lost all of it except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace to the rise of Balkan nationalism, which saw the independence of Greece, Serbia, the Danubian Principali... | When did the Ottomans lose the territory of Albania, Macedonia and Thrace? | {
"text": [
"the two Balkan Wars of 1912–13"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
56f8dbf69b226e1400dd1118 | Near_East | The Ottoman Empire, believed to be about to collapse, was portrayed in the press as the sick man of Europe". The Balkan states, with the partial exception of Bosnia and Albania, were primarily Christian. Starting in 1894 the Ottomans struck at the Armenians on the explicit grounds that they were a non-Muslim people and... | How was the Ottoman Empire portrayed in the press? | {
"text": [
"as the sick man of Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
56f8dbf69b226e1400dd1119 | Near_East | The Ottoman Empire, believed to be about to collapse, was portrayed in the press as the sick man of Europe". The Balkan states, with the partial exception of Bosnia and Albania, were primarily Christian. Starting in 1894 the Ottomans struck at the Armenians on the explicit grounds that they were a non-Muslim people and... | The Balkan states were primarily what religion? | {
"text": [
"Christian"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
56f8dbf69b226e1400dd111a | Near_East | The Ottoman Empire, believed to be about to collapse, was portrayed in the press as the sick man of Europe". The Balkan states, with the partial exception of Bosnia and Albania, were primarily Christian. Starting in 1894 the Ottomans struck at the Armenians on the explicit grounds that they were a non-Muslim people and... | When did the Ottomans strike at the Armenians? | {
"text": [
"1894"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
56f8dbf69b226e1400dd111b | Near_East | The Ottoman Empire, believed to be about to collapse, was portrayed in the press as the sick man of Europe". The Balkan states, with the partial exception of Bosnia and Albania, were primarily Christian. Starting in 1894 the Ottomans struck at the Armenians on the explicit grounds that they were a non-Muslim people and... | What are the grounds on which the Ottomans struck at the Armenians? | {
"text": [
"the explicit grounds that they were a non-Muslim people"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
56f8dbf69b226e1400dd111c | Near_East | The Ottoman Empire, believed to be about to collapse, was portrayed in the press as the sick man of Europe". The Balkan states, with the partial exception of Bosnia and Albania, were primarily Christian. Starting in 1894 the Ottomans struck at the Armenians on the explicit grounds that they were a non-Muslim people and... | What aroused the indignation of the entire Christian world? | {
"text": [
"The Hamidian Massacres"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} |
56f8dea89e9bad19000a0634 | Near_East | It now became relevant to define the east of the eastern question. In about the middle of the 19th century "Near East" came into use to describe that part of the east closest to Europe. The term "Far East" appeared contemporaneously meaning Japan, China, Korea, Indonesia and Viet Nam; in short, the East Indies. "Near E... | When did "Near East" come into use to describe the part of the east closest to Europe? | {
"text": [
"middle of the 19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
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