id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
570baa0f6b8089140040f9ce | Infrared | IR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit infrared radiatio... | What is the IrDA? | {
"text": [
"the Infrared Data Association"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
570baa0f6b8089140040f9cf | Infrared | IR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit infrared radiatio... | What does the acronym LEDs stand for? | {
"text": [
"light-emitting diodes"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
570baa0f6b8089140040f9d0 | Infrared | IR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit infrared radiatio... | What is a term for when something is switched on and off? | {
"text": [
"modulated"
],
"answer_start": [
388
]
} |
570baa0f6b8089140040f9d1 | Infrared | IR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit infrared radiatio... | What device is used to transform infrared radiation into an electric current? | {
"text": [
"silicon photodiode"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
} |
570baa0f6b8089140040f9d2 | Infrared | IR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit infrared radiatio... | Why does infrared not cause trouble for devices in adjacent rooms? | {
"text": [
"IR does not penetrate walls"
],
"answer_start": [
775
]
} |
570baaabec8fbc190045baa6 | Infrared | In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via the Forouhi-Bloomer... | What letter represents the index of refraction? | {
"text": [
"n"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
} |
570baaabec8fbc190045baa7 | Infrared | In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via the Forouhi-Bloomer... | What letter represents the extinction Coefficient? | {
"text": [
"k"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
570baaabec8fbc190045baa8 | Infrared | In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via the Forouhi-Bloomer... | What equations are used to figure out the index of refraction and extinction Coefficient? | {
"text": [
"Forouhi-Bloomer dispersion"
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
} |
570baaabec8fbc190045baa9 | Infrared | In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via the Forouhi-Bloomer... | Along with critical dimension and depth, what can the infrared light reflectance be used to determine in regard to high aspect ratio trench structures? | {
"text": [
"sidewall angle"
],
"answer_start": [
448
]
} |
570baaabec8fbc190045baaa | Infrared | In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via the Forouhi-Bloomer... | What reflectance is measured from a semiconductor wafer's surface to determine the index of refraction? | {
"text": [
"light"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
570bab20ec8fbc190045bab0 | Infrared | Infrared cleaning is a technique used by some Motion picture film scanner, film scanners and flatbed scanners to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished scan. It works by collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three visible color ch... | What is the name of the technique used in scanners to minimize the effects of dust and scratches? | {
"text": [
"Infrared cleaning"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
570bab20ec8fbc190045bab1 | Infrared | Infrared cleaning is a technique used by some Motion picture film scanner, film scanners and flatbed scanners to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished scan. It works by collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three visible color ch... | Along with red and blue, what is the third visible color channel? | {
"text": [
"green"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} |
570bab20ec8fbc190045bab2 | Infrared | Infrared cleaning is a technique used by some Motion picture film scanner, film scanners and flatbed scanners to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished scan. It works by collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three visible color ch... | Along with replacement via inpainting, what procedure is used in infrared cleaning to remove the effect of scratches and dust? | {
"text": [
"scaling"
],
"answer_start": [
515
]
} |
570bab20ec8fbc190045bab3 | Infrared | Infrared cleaning is a technique used by some Motion picture film scanner, film scanners and flatbed scanners to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished scan. It works by collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three visible color ch... | Along with the visible light channels, what channel is used to locate scratches and dust in scanners? | {
"text": [
"infrared"
],
"answer_start": [
355
]
} |
570baba0ec8fbc190045bab8 | Infrared | Earth's surface and the clouds absorb visible and invisible radiation from the sun and re-emit much of the energy as infrared back to atmosphere. Certain substances in the atmosphere, chiefly cloud droplets and water vapor, but also carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, and chlorofluorocarbons, a... | Along with the surface of the Earth, what objects absorb radiation from the sun? | {
"text": [
"clouds"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
570baba0ec8fbc190045bab9 | Infrared | Earth's surface and the clouds absorb visible and invisible radiation from the sun and re-emit much of the energy as infrared back to atmosphere. Certain substances in the atmosphere, chiefly cloud droplets and water vapor, but also carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, and chlorofluorocarbons, a... | After Earth surface's absorbs radiation, in what spectrum is much of it re-emitted? | {
"text": [
"infrared"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
570baba0ec8fbc190045baba | Infrared | Earth's surface and the clouds absorb visible and invisible radiation from the sun and re-emit much of the energy as infrared back to atmosphere. Certain substances in the atmosphere, chiefly cloud droplets and water vapor, but also carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, and chlorofluorocarbons, a... | Along with water vapor, what atmospheric substance primarily absorbs the infrared emitted by the Earth? | {
"text": [
"cloud droplets"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
} |
570baba0ec8fbc190045babb | Infrared | Earth's surface and the clouds absorb visible and invisible radiation from the sun and re-emit much of the energy as infrared back to atmosphere. Certain substances in the atmosphere, chiefly cloud droplets and water vapor, but also carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, and chlorofluorocarbons, a... | What notable warming effect does the presence of infrared absorbers contribute to? | {
"text": [
"greenhouse"
],
"answer_start": [
412
]
} |
570bc0386b8089140040fa0a | Biodiversity | Biodiversity, a contraction of "biological diversity," generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth. One of the most widely used definitions defines it in terms of the variability within species, between species, and between ecosystems. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in differen... | What term refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth? | {
"text": [
"Biodiversity"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
570bc0386b8089140040fa0b | Biodiversity | Biodiversity, a contraction of "biological diversity," generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth. One of the most widely used definitions defines it in terms of the variability within species, between species, and between ecosystems. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in differen... | What types of variations does Biodiversity refer to? | {
"text": [
"genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation"
],
"answer_start": [
352
]
} |
570bc0386b8089140040fa0c | Biodiversity | Biodiversity, a contraction of "biological diversity," generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth. One of the most widely used definitions defines it in terms of the variability within species, between species, and between ecosystems. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in differen... | What type of biodiversity happens near the equator? | {
"text": [
"Terrestrial biodiversity"
],
"answer_start": [
467
]
} |
570bc0386b8089140040fa0d | Biodiversity | Biodiversity, a contraction of "biological diversity," generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth. One of the most widely used definitions defines it in terms of the variability within species, between species, and between ecosystems. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in differen... | Where on Earth is biodiversity the most abundnant? | {
"text": [
"It is richest in the tropics."
],
"answer_start": [
659
]
} |
570bc0386b8089140040fa0e | Biodiversity | Biodiversity, a contraction of "biological diversity," generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth. One of the most widely used definitions defines it in terms of the variability within species, between species, and between ecosystems. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in differen... | Where is sea surface temperature the highest? | {
"text": [
"along coasts in the Western Pacific"
],
"answer_start": [
729
]
} |
570bc2566b8089140040fa14 | Biodiversity | This multilevel construct is consistent with Dasmann and Lovejoy. An explicit definition consistent with this interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) for the 1982 World National Parks Conference. Wil... | Who is the author of the biodiversity research paper? | {
"text": [
"Bruce A. Wilcox"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
570bc2566b8089140040fa16 | Biodiversity | This multilevel construct is consistent with Dasmann and Lovejoy. An explicit definition consistent with this interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) for the 1982 World National Parks Conference. Wil... | At what event was the biodiversity research paper presented? | {
"text": [
"1982 World National Parks Conference"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
570bc2566b8089140040fa17 | Biodiversity | This multilevel construct is consistent with Dasmann and Lovejoy. An explicit definition consistent with this interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) for the 1982 World National Parks Conference. Wil... | What year did the United Nations Earth Summit define "biological diversity"? | {
"text": [
"1992"
],
"answer_start": [
504
]
} |
570bc3996b8089140040fa1c | Biodiversity | On the other hand, changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic model (widely used in population biology, demography and macrosociology, as well as fossil biodiversity) than with exponential and logistic models. The latter models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a first-order p... | What model correlates much better than the hyperbolic model? | {
"text": [
"the Phanerozoic"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
570bc3996b8089140040fa1d | Biodiversity | On the other hand, changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic model (widely used in population biology, demography and macrosociology, as well as fossil biodiversity) than with exponential and logistic models. The latter models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a first-order p... | What model is widely used in macrosociology? | {
"text": [
"hyperbolic model"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
570bc3996b8089140040fa1e | Biodiversity | On the other hand, changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic model (widely used in population biology, demography and macrosociology, as well as fossil biodiversity) than with exponential and logistic models. The latter models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a first-order p... | What models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a first-order positive feedback? | {
"text": [
"exponential and logistic models"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
570bc3996b8089140040fa1f | Biodiversity | On the other hand, changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic model (widely used in population biology, demography and macrosociology, as well as fossil biodiversity) than with exponential and logistic models. The latter models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a first-order p... | What model implies a second-order positive feedback? | {
"text": [
"Hyperbolic model"
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
} |
570bc3996b8089140040fa20 | Biodiversity | On the other hand, changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic model (widely used in population biology, demography and macrosociology, as well as fossil biodiversity) than with exponential and logistic models. The latter models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a first-order p... | What can be accounted for by a feedback between diversity and community structure complexity? | {
"text": [
"The hyperbolic character of biodiversity growth"
],
"answer_start": [
657
]
} |
570bc5976b8089140040fa26 | Biodiversity | Interspecific crop diversity is, in part, responsible for offering variety in what we eat. Intraspecific diversity, the variety of alleles within a single species, also offers us choice in our diets. If a crop fails in a monoculture, we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with something new. If a wheat c... | What has some responsibility for offering variety in what we eat? | {
"text": [
"Interspecific crop diversity"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
570bc5976b8089140040fa27 | Biodiversity | Interspecific crop diversity is, in part, responsible for offering variety in what we eat. Intraspecific diversity, the variety of alleles within a single species, also offers us choice in our diets. If a crop fails in a monoculture, we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with something new. If a wheat c... | What is the variety of alleles within a single species? | {
"text": [
"Interspecific crop diversity"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
570bc5976b8089140040fa28 | Biodiversity | Interspecific crop diversity is, in part, responsible for offering variety in what we eat. Intraspecific diversity, the variety of alleles within a single species, also offers us choice in our diets. If a crop fails in a monoculture, we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with something new. If a wheat c... | When do we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with something new? | {
"text": [
"If a crop fails in a monoculture"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
570bc5976b8089140040fa29 | Biodiversity | Interspecific crop diversity is, in part, responsible for offering variety in what we eat. Intraspecific diversity, the variety of alleles within a single species, also offers us choice in our diets. If a crop fails in a monoculture, we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with something new. If a wheat c... | What can destroy a wheat crop? | {
"text": [
"a pest"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
} |
570bc5976b8089140040fa2a | Biodiversity | Interspecific crop diversity is, in part, responsible for offering variety in what we eat. Intraspecific diversity, the variety of alleles within a single species, also offers us choice in our diets. If a crop fails in a monoculture, we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with something new. If a wheat c... | What type of a society primarily grows monocultures? | {
"text": [
"agricultural society"
],
"answer_start": [
567
]
} |
570bc6466b8089140040fa30 | Biodiversity | In absolute terms, the planet has lost 52% of its biodiversity since 1970 according to a 2014 study by the World Wildlife Fund. The Living Planet Report 2014 claims that "the number of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish across the globe is, on average, about half the size it was 40 years ago". Of that number... | What percentage of biodiversity has the planet lost since 1970 | {
"text": [
"52%"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
570bc6466b8089140040fa31 | Biodiversity | In absolute terms, the planet has lost 52% of its biodiversity since 1970 according to a 2014 study by the World Wildlife Fund. The Living Planet Report 2014 claims that "the number of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish across the globe is, on average, about half the size it was 40 years ago". Of that number... | What year was they study done by the World Wildlife Fund? | {
"text": [
"2014"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
570bc6466b8089140040fa32 | Biodiversity | In absolute terms, the planet has lost 52% of its biodiversity since 1970 according to a 2014 study by the World Wildlife Fund. The Living Planet Report 2014 claims that "the number of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish across the globe is, on average, about half the size it was 40 years ago". Of that number... | What percentage accounts for the terrestrial wildlife gone? | {
"text": [
"39%"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
570bc6466b8089140040fa33 | Biodiversity | In absolute terms, the planet has lost 52% of its biodiversity since 1970 according to a 2014 study by the World Wildlife Fund. The Living Planet Report 2014 claims that "the number of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish across the globe is, on average, about half the size it was 40 years ago". Of that number... | What percentage accounts for the marine wildlife gone? | {
"text": [
"39%"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} |
570bc6466b8089140040fa34 | Biodiversity | In absolute terms, the planet has lost 52% of its biodiversity since 1970 according to a 2014 study by the World Wildlife Fund. The Living Planet Report 2014 claims that "the number of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish across the globe is, on average, about half the size it was 40 years ago". Of that number... | What percentage accounts for the freshwater wildlife gone? | {
"text": [
"76%"
],
"answer_start": [
408
]
} |
570bc7826b8089140040fa3a | Biodiversity | A 2007 study conducted by the National Science Foundation found that biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent—that diversity among species requires diversity within a species, and vice versa. "If any one type is removed from the system, the cycle can break down, and the community becomes dominated by a single... | In which year was the study published that found biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent? | {
"text": [
"2007"
],
"answer_start": [
2
]
} |
570bc7826b8089140040fa3b | Biodiversity | A 2007 study conducted by the National Science Foundation found that biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent—that diversity among species requires diversity within a species, and vice versa. "If any one type is removed from the system, the cycle can break down, and the community becomes dominated by a single... | Who conducted the 2007 study? | {
"text": [
"National Science Foundation"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
570bc7826b8089140040fa3c | Biodiversity | A 2007 study conducted by the National Science Foundation found that biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent—that diversity among species requires diversity within a species, and vice versa. "If any one type is removed from the system, the cycle can break down, and the community becomes dominated by a single... | What can cause a break down of a biodiversity system? | {
"text": [
"If any one type is removed from the system"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
570bc7826b8089140040fa3d | Biodiversity | A 2007 study conducted by the National Science Foundation found that biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent—that diversity among species requires diversity within a species, and vice versa. "If any one type is removed from the system, the cycle can break down, and the community becomes dominated by a single... | Where are the most threatened ecosystems found? | {
"text": [
"in fresh water"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} |
570bc8b4ec8fbc190045baf2 | Biodiversity | Finally, an introduced species may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces. In Belgium, Prunus spinosa from Eastern Europe leafs much sooner than its West European counterparts, disrupting the feeding habits of the Thecla betulae butterfly (which feeds on the leaves). Introducing new sp... | What may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces? | {
"text": [
"an introduced species"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
570bc8b4ec8fbc190045baf3 | Biodiversity | Finally, an introduced species may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces. In Belgium, Prunus spinosa from Eastern Europe leafs much sooner than its West European counterparts, disrupting the feeding habits of the Thecla betulae butterfly (which feeds on the leaves). Introducing new sp... | Where does the Prunus spinosa leaf much sooner? | {
"text": [
"In Belgium"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
570bc8b4ec8fbc190045baf5 | Biodiversity | Finally, an introduced species may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces. In Belgium, Prunus spinosa from Eastern Europe leafs much sooner than its West European counterparts, disrupting the feeding habits of the Thecla betulae butterfly (which feeds on the leaves). Introducing new sp... | What species struggle to with the introduction of new species? | {
"text": [
"endemic and other local species"
],
"answer_start": [
339
]
} |
570bc8b4ec8fbc190045baf6 | Biodiversity | Finally, an introduced species may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces. In Belgium, Prunus spinosa from Eastern Europe leafs much sooner than its West European counterparts, disrupting the feeding habits of the Thecla betulae butterfly (which feeds on the leaves). Introducing new sp... | What types of new species can be introduced? | {
"text": [
"The exotic organisms may be predators, parasites"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
} |
570bcd11ec8fbc190045bafc | Biodiversity | The forests play a vital role in harbouring more than 45,000 floral and 81,000 faunal species of which 5150 floral and 1837 faunal species are endemic. Plant and animal species confined to a specific geographical area are called endemic species. In reserved forests, rights to activities like hunting and grazing are som... | What plays a vital role in harbouring floral and faunal species? | {
"text": [
"The forests"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
570bcd11ec8fbc190045bafd | Biodiversity | The forests play a vital role in harbouring more than 45,000 floral and 81,000 faunal species of which 5150 floral and 1837 faunal species are endemic. Plant and animal species confined to a specific geographical area are called endemic species. In reserved forests, rights to activities like hunting and grazing are som... | How many endemic floral species do forests harbor? | {
"text": [
"5150"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
570bcd11ec8fbc190045bafe | Biodiversity | The forests play a vital role in harbouring more than 45,000 floral and 81,000 faunal species of which 5150 floral and 1837 faunal species are endemic. Plant and animal species confined to a specific geographical area are called endemic species. In reserved forests, rights to activities like hunting and grazing are som... | How many endemic faunal species do forests harbor? | {
"text": [
"1837"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
} |
570bcd11ec8fbc190045baff | Biodiversity | The forests play a vital role in harbouring more than 45,000 floral and 81,000 faunal species of which 5150 floral and 1837 faunal species are endemic. Plant and animal species confined to a specific geographical area are called endemic species. In reserved forests, rights to activities like hunting and grazing are som... | What types of animals and plans are confined to a specific geographical area? | {
"text": [
"endemic species"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
570bcd11ec8fbc190045bb00 | Biodiversity | The forests play a vital role in harbouring more than 45,000 floral and 81,000 faunal species of which 5150 floral and 1837 faunal species are endemic. Plant and animal species confined to a specific geographical area are called endemic species. In reserved forests, rights to activities like hunting and grazing are som... | What types of activities are granted rights in reserved forests? | {
"text": [
"hunting and grazing"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
570bce18ec8fbc190045bb06 | Biodiversity | Global agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, give "sovereign national rights over biological resources" (not property). The agreements commit countries to "conserve biodiversity", "develop resources for sustainability" and "share the benefits" resulting from their use. Biodiverse countries that all... | What global agreement gives sovereign national rights over biological resources? | {
"text": [
"the Convention on Biological Diversity"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
570bce18ec8fbc190045bb07 | Biodiversity | Global agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, give "sovereign national rights over biological resources" (not property). The agreements commit countries to "conserve biodiversity", "develop resources for sustainability" and "share the benefits" resulting from their use. Biodiverse countries that all... | What agreement commits countries to conserve biodiversity? | {
"text": [
"the Convention on Biological Diversity"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
570bce18ec8fbc190045bb08 | Biodiversity | Global agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, give "sovereign national rights over biological resources" (not property). The agreements commit countries to "conserve biodiversity", "develop resources for sustainability" and "share the benefits" resulting from their use. Biodiverse countries that all... | What agreement commits countries to develop resources for sustainability? | {
"text": [
"the Convention on Biological Diversity"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
570bce18ec8fbc190045bb09 | Biodiversity | Global agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, give "sovereign national rights over biological resources" (not property). The agreements commit countries to "conserve biodiversity", "develop resources for sustainability" and "share the benefits" resulting from their use. Biodiverse countries that all... | What is the process of collecting natural products? | {
"text": [
"bioprospecting"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} |
570bceb66b8089140040fa4c | Biodiversity | Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been do... | What can typically cause mass extinctions? | {
"text": [
"Rapid environmental changes"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
570bceb66b8089140040fa4d | Biodiversity | Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been do... | What percentage of species is estimated to be extinct? | {
"text": [
"More than 99 percent"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
570bceb66b8089140040fa4e | Biodiversity | Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been do... | How many species have ever lived on earth? | {
"text": [
"over five billion species"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
570bceb66b8089140040fa4f | Biodiversity | Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been do... | How many species currently live on earth? | {
"text": [
"Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million,"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
570bceb66b8089140040fa50 | Biodiversity | Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been do... | What is the estimated weight of the total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth? | {
"text": [
"50 billion tonnes"
],
"answer_start": [
469
]
} |
570bd0036b8089140040fa56 | Biodiversity | The history of biodiversity during the Phanerozoic (the last 540 million years), starts with rapid growth during the Cambrian explosion—a period during which nearly every phylum of multicellular organisms first appeared. Over the next 400 million years or so, invertebrate diversity showed little overall trend, and vert... | Which era included a rapid growth period? | {
"text": [
"the Cambrian explosion"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
570bd0036b8089140040fa57 | Biodiversity | The history of biodiversity during the Phanerozoic (the last 540 million years), starts with rapid growth during the Cambrian explosion—a period during which nearly every phylum of multicellular organisms first appeared. Over the next 400 million years or so, invertebrate diversity showed little overall trend, and vert... | The Phanerozoic era covers what time period? | {
"text": [
"the last 540 million years"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
570bd0036b8089140040fa58 | Biodiversity | The history of biodiversity during the Phanerozoic (the last 540 million years), starts with rapid growth during the Cambrian explosion—a period during which nearly every phylum of multicellular organisms first appeared. Over the next 400 million years or so, invertebrate diversity showed little overall trend, and vert... | In which era, did the first phylum of multicellular organisms appear? | {
"text": [
"the Cambrian explosion"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
570bd0036b8089140040fa59 | Biodiversity | The history of biodiversity during the Phanerozoic (the last 540 million years), starts with rapid growth during the Cambrian explosion—a period during which nearly every phylum of multicellular organisms first appeared. Over the next 400 million years or so, invertebrate diversity showed little overall trend, and vert... | What type of diversity showed an overall exponential trend? | {
"text": [
"vertebrate diversity"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} |
570bd0036b8089140040fa5a | Biodiversity | The history of biodiversity during the Phanerozoic (the last 540 million years), starts with rapid growth during the Cambrian explosion—a period during which nearly every phylum of multicellular organisms first appeared. Over the next 400 million years or so, invertebrate diversity showed little overall trend, and vert... | In which event did the rainforests collapsed in the carboniferous? | {
"text": [
"the Permian-Triassic extinction event"
],
"answer_start": [
586
]
} |
570bd0d9ec8fbc190045bb18 | Biodiversity | Jared Diamond describes an "Evil Quartet" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting. The most authoritative classification in use t... | Who describes the "Evil Quartet"? | {
"text": [
"Jared Diamond"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
570bd0d9ec8fbc190045bb19 | Biodiversity | Jared Diamond describes an "Evil Quartet" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting. The most authoritative classification in use t... | What describes habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions? | {
"text": [
"Evil Quartet"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
570bd0d9ec8fbc190045bb1a | Biodiversity | Jared Diamond describes an "Evil Quartet" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting. The most authoritative classification in use t... | What describes Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting? | {
"text": [
"HIPPO"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
570bd0d9ec8fbc190045bb1b | Biodiversity | Jared Diamond describes an "Evil Quartet" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting. The most authoritative classification in use t... | What is the most authoritative classification in use today? | {
"text": [
"IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
570bd0d9ec8fbc190045bb1c | Biodiversity | Jared Diamond describes an "Evil Quartet" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting. The most authoritative classification in use t... | What funding organization uses the IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats? | {
"text": [
"the World Wildlife Fund"
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
} |
570bd233ec8fbc190045bb28 | Biodiversity | Endemic species can be threatened with extinction through the process of genetic pollution, i.e. uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping. Genetic pollution leads to homogenization or replacement of local genomes as a result of either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species. ... | What can threaten endemic species with extinction? | {
"text": [
"genetic pollution"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
570bd233ec8fbc190045bb29 | Biodiversity | Endemic species can be threatened with extinction through the process of genetic pollution, i.e. uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping. Genetic pollution leads to homogenization or replacement of local genomes as a result of either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species. ... | What are another names for genetic pollution? | {
"text": [
"uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
570bd233ec8fbc190045bb2a | Biodiversity | Endemic species can be threatened with extinction through the process of genetic pollution, i.e. uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping. Genetic pollution leads to homogenization or replacement of local genomes as a result of either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species. ... | What causes genetic pollution? | {
"text": [
"either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
570bd233ec8fbc190045bb2b | Biodiversity | Endemic species can be threatened with extinction through the process of genetic pollution, i.e. uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping. Genetic pollution leads to homogenization or replacement of local genomes as a result of either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species. ... | What are are side-effects of introduction and invasion? | {
"text": [
"Hybridization and introgression"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} |
570bd233ec8fbc190045bb2c | Biodiversity | Endemic species can be threatened with extinction through the process of genetic pollution, i.e. uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping. Genetic pollution leads to homogenization or replacement of local genomes as a result of either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species. ... | What behavior causes swamping of a gene pool? | {
"text": [
"The abundant species can interbreed with the rare species"
],
"answer_start": [
509
]
} |
570bd2fcec8fbc190045bb32 | Biodiversity | The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old... | What is the estimate age of the Earth? | {
"text": [
"about 4.54 billion years old"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
570bd2fcec8fbc190045bb33 | Biodiversity | The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old... | What era contains the earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth? | {
"text": [
"the Eoarchean Era"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
570bd2fcec8fbc190045bb34 | Biodiversity | The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old... | What is the name of the era that predated life on Earth? | {
"text": [
"Hadean Eon"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
570bd2fcec8fbc190045bb35 | Biodiversity | The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old... | Where were the billion year old microbial mat fossils found? | {
"text": [
"Western Australia"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} |
570bd2fcec8fbc190045bb36 | Biodiversity | The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old... | Where were the 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered? | {
"text": [
"Western Greenland"
],
"answer_start": [
490
]
} |
570bd3b26b8089140040fa70 | Biodiversity | The fossil record suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history. However, not all scientists support this view, since there is uncertainty as to how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections. Some scientists bel... | What suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history? | {
"text": [
"The fossil record"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
570bd3b26b8089140040fa72 | Biodiversity | The fossil record suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history. However, not all scientists support this view, since there is uncertainty as to how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections. Some scientists bel... | What is the estimate variation of the present global macroscopic species diversity? | {
"text": [
"from 2 million to 100 million"
],
"answer_start": [
615
]
} |
570bd3b26b8089140040fa73 | Biodiversity | The fossil record suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history. However, not all scientists support this view, since there is uncertainty as to how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections. Some scientists bel... | What appears increase continually in the absence of natural selection? | {
"text": [
"Diversity"
],
"answer_start": [
726
]
} |
570bd493ec8fbc190045bb46 | Biodiversity | Agricultural diversity can also be divided by whether it is ‘planned’ diversity or ‘associated’ diversity. This is a functional classification that we impose and not an intrinsic feature of life or diversity. Planned diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised (e.g.: crops, covers, sym... | What are two types of Agricultural diversity? | {
"text": [
"‘planned’ diversity or ‘associated’ diversity"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
570bd493ec8fbc190045bb47 | Biodiversity | Agricultural diversity can also be divided by whether it is ‘planned’ diversity or ‘associated’ diversity. This is a functional classification that we impose and not an intrinsic feature of life or diversity. Planned diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised (e.g.: crops, covers, sym... | What type of diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised? | {
"text": [
"Planned diversity"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
570bd493ec8fbc190045bb48 | Biodiversity | Agricultural diversity can also be divided by whether it is ‘planned’ diversity or ‘associated’ diversity. This is a functional classification that we impose and not an intrinsic feature of life or diversity. Planned diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised (e.g.: crops, covers, sym... | What type of diversity arrives uninvited? | {
"text": [
"associated diversity"
],
"answer_start": [
390
]
} |
570bd493ec8fbc190045bb49 | Biodiversity | Agricultural diversity can also be divided by whether it is ‘planned’ diversity or ‘associated’ diversity. This is a functional classification that we impose and not an intrinsic feature of life or diversity. Planned diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised (e.g.: crops, covers, sym... | What type of diversity includes herbivores and pathogens? | {
"text": [
"associated diversity"
],
"answer_start": [
390
]
} |
570bd5e26b8089140040fa78 | Biodiversity | Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss. This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change, as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are associated with change... | What is becoming an international political issue? | {
"text": [
"Biodiversity's relevance to human health"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
570bd5e26b8089140040fa79 | Biodiversity | Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss. This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change, as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are associated with change... | What issue is closely linked with changes in biodiversity? | {
"text": [
"climate change"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
570bd5e26b8089140040fa7b | Biodiversity | Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss. This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change, as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are associated with change... | What types of species disappear when a new disease is introduced? | {
"text": [
"those that buffer against infectious disease transmission"
],
"answer_start": [
548
]
} |
570bd6f56b8089140040fa80 | Biodiversity | Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. ... | How many mass extinctions have happened since Life began on Earth? | {
"text": [
"five major mass extinctions"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
570bd6f56b8089140040fa81 | Biodiversity | Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. ... | When was the period where the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared? | {
"text": [
"the Cambrian explosion"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
570bd6f56b8089140040fa83 | Biodiversity | Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. ... | When was the Permian–Triassic extinction event? | {
"text": [
"251 million years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
559
]
} |
570bd6f56b8089140040fa84 | Biodiversity | Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. ... | How long did vertebrate recovery take? | {
"text": [
"30 million years"
],
"answer_start": [
622
]
} |
570bd79aec8fbc190045bb56 | Biodiversity | The number of species invasions has been on the rise at least since the beginning of the 1900s. Species are increasingly being moved by humans (on purpose and accidentally). In some cases the invaders are causing drastic changes and damage to their new habitats (e.g.: zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer in the Grea... | What century started the increase of species invasions? | {
"text": [
"1900s"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
570bd79aec8fbc190045bb57 | Biodiversity | The number of species invasions has been on the rise at least since the beginning of the 1900s. Species are increasingly being moved by humans (on purpose and accidentally). In some cases the invaders are causing drastic changes and damage to their new habitats (e.g.: zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer in the Grea... | Who intentionally and unintentionally moves species around? | {
"text": [
"humans"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
570bd79aec8fbc190045bb58 | Biodiversity | The number of species invasions has been on the rise at least since the beginning of the 1900s. Species are increasingly being moved by humans (on purpose and accidentally). In some cases the invaders are causing drastic changes and damage to their new habitats (e.g.: zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer in the Grea... | What invaders are causing changes in the Great Lakes region? | {
"text": [
"zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} |
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