id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
570beefe6b8089140040fac8 | ASCII | Most early home computer systems developed their own 8-bit character sets containing line-drawing and game glyphs, and often filled in some or all of the control characters from 0–31 with more graphics. Kaypro CP/M computers used the "upper" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet. The IBM PC defined code page 437, which... | What did IBM PC replace the control-characters with? | {
"text": [
"graphic symbols such as smiley faces"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} |
570beefe6b8089140040fac9 | ASCII | Most early home computer systems developed their own 8-bit character sets containing line-drawing and game glyphs, and often filled in some or all of the control characters from 0–31 with more graphics. Kaypro CP/M computers used the "upper" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet. The IBM PC defined code page 437, which... | What did Digital Equipment Corporation develop? | {
"text": [
"Multinational Character Set (DEC-MCS)"
],
"answer_start": [
624
]
} |
570beefe6b8089140040faca | ASCII | Most early home computer systems developed their own 8-bit character sets containing line-drawing and game glyphs, and often filled in some or all of the control characters from 0–31 with more graphics. Kaypro CP/M computers used the "upper" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet. The IBM PC defined code page 437, which... | What did Macintosh use instead of graphics? | {
"text": [
"typographic punctuation marks"
],
"answer_start": [
923
]
} |
570bf0126b8089140040fad0 | ASCII | ASCII (i/ˈæski/ ASS-kee), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character-encoding scheme (the IANA prefers the name US-ASCII). ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCI... | What does ASCII stand for? | {
"text": [
"American Standard Code for Information Interchange"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
570bf0126b8089140040fad1 | ASCII | ASCII (i/ˈæski/ ASS-kee), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character-encoding scheme (the IANA prefers the name US-ASCII). ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCI... | What is the definition of ASCII? | {
"text": [
"is a character-encoding scheme"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
570bf0126b8089140040fad3 | ASCII | ASCII (i/ˈæski/ ASS-kee), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character-encoding scheme (the IANA prefers the name US-ASCII). ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCI... | ASCI was the most common character encoding on the world wide web until when? | {
"text": [
"December 2007"
],
"answer_start": [
444
]
} |
570bf0126b8089140040fad4 | ASCII | ASCII (i/ˈæski/ ASS-kee), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character-encoding scheme (the IANA prefers the name US-ASCII). ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCI... | Who surpassed ASCII? | {
"text": [
"UTF-8"
],
"answer_start": [
484
]
} |
570bf0896b8089140040fadd | ASCII | The committee debated the possibility of a shift function (like in ITA2), which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code. In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes. It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for data trans... | What happened after they decided agasint shifting? | {
"text": [
"ASCII required at least a seven-bit code"
],
"answer_start": [
488
]
} |
570bf2846b8089140040fae8 | ASCII | Older operating systems such as TOPS-10, along with CP/M, tracked file length only in units of disk blocks and used Control-Z (SUB) to mark the end of the actual text in the file. For this reason, EOF, or end-of-file, was used colloquially and conventionally as a three-letter acronym for Control-Z instead of SUBstitute... | What did older operating systems use to mark the end of the text? | {
"text": [
"Control-Z (SUB)"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} |
570bf2846b8089140040fae9 | ASCII | Older operating systems such as TOPS-10, along with CP/M, tracked file length only in units of disk blocks and used Control-Z (SUB) to mark the end of the actual text in the file. For this reason, EOF, or end-of-file, was used colloquially and conventionally as a three-letter acronym for Control-Z instead of SUBstitute... | What does EOF stand for? | {
"text": [
"end-of-file"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
570bf2846b8089140040faeb | ASCII | Older operating systems such as TOPS-10, along with CP/M, tracked file length only in units of disk blocks and used Control-Z (SUB) to mark the end of the actual text in the file. For this reason, EOF, or end-of-file, was used colloquially and conventionally as a three-letter acronym for Control-Z instead of SUBstitute... | What else is the end-of-text code known as? | {
"text": [
"Control-C"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
} |
570bf3abec8fbc190045bbe2 | ASCII | ASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was publishe... | What was ASCII developed from? | {
"text": [
"telegraphic codes"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
570bf3abec8fbc190045bbe3 | ASCII | ASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was publishe... | What was the first commercial use of ASCII? | {
"text": [
"a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
570bf3abec8fbc190045bbe4 | ASCII | ASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was publishe... | When did work on the ASCII standard begin? | {
"text": [
"October 6, 1960"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
570bf3abec8fbc190045bbe5 | ASCII | ASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was publishe... | When was the first edition of the standard published? | {
"text": [
"1963"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} |
570bf3abec8fbc190045bbe6 | ASCII | ASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was publishe... | When was the first major revision of the code done? | {
"text": [
"1967"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
570bf49d6b8089140040faf1 | ASCII | The committee considered an eight-bit code, since eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal. However, it would require all data transmission to send eight bits when seven could suffice. The committee voted to use a seven-bit code to minimize costs a... | Why did the committee decide on 7bit instead? | {
"text": [
"minimize costs associated with data transmission"
],
"answer_start": [
304
]
} |
570bf60b6b8089140040faf6 | ASCII | With the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code.:66, 245 There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rat... | What was ASCII published as and when? | {
"text": [
"ASA X3.4-1963"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
570bf60b6b8089140040faf7 | ASCII | With the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code.:66, 245 There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rat... | How many code positions were left unassigned for furture standardization? | {
"text": [
"28 code positions"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
570bf60b6b8089140040faf8 | ASCII | With the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code.:66, 245 There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rat... | When was the change to ASCII made official? | {
"text": [
"May 1963"
],
"answer_start": [
727
]
} |
570bf7f9ec8fbc190045bbec | ASCII | Other international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as ISO/IEC 646 that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII, with extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States, such as the symbol for the United Kingdom's pound sterling (£). Almost every... | What is a retified versionof ASCII? | {
"text": [
"ISO/IEC 646"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
570bf7f9ec8fbc190045bbef | ASCII | Other international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as ISO/IEC 646 that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII, with extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States, such as the symbol for the United Kingdom's pound sterling (£). Almost every... | Why are the other versions of ASCII not true ASCII? | {
"text": [
"true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard"
],
"answer_start": [
662
]
} |
570bfabb6b8089140040fafe | ASCII | Probably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some ways less fragi... | What was the most influential device that interpretated the characters? | {
"text": [
"Teletype Model 33 ASR"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
570bfabb6b8089140040faff | ASCII | Probably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some ways less fragi... | What was the Teletype Model 33 ASR? | {
"text": [
"a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
570bfabb6b8089140040fb00 | ASCII | Probably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some ways less fragi... | When was paper tape popular? | {
"text": [
"until the 1980s"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
570bfabb6b8089140040fb01 | ASCII | Probably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some ways less fragi... | Why was paper tape better than magnetic tape? | {
"text": [
"less costly and in some ways less fragile"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
570bfabb6b8089140040fb02 | ASCII | Probably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some ways less fragi... | What code eventually became neglected? | {
"text": [
"code 15 (Control-O, Shift In)"
],
"answer_start": [
896
]
} |
570bfb6dec8fbc190045bbf7 | ASCII | The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring "plain text" files between systems. The best example of this is the newline problem on various operating systems. Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both "Carriage R... | What side does the carriage have to be pushed to when starting a new line? | {
"text": [
"right"
],
"answer_start": [
710
]
} |
570bfcd5ec8fbc190045bbfc | ASCII | Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, not electric typewriters. Mechanical typewriters followed the standard set by the Remington No. 2 (1878), the first typewriter with a ... | When was the first typewritter with a shift key created? | {
"text": [
"1878"
],
"answer_start": [
285
]
} |
570bfcd5ec8fbc190045bbfe | ASCII | Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, not electric typewriters. Mechanical typewriters followed the standard set by the Remington No. 2 (1878), the first typewriter with a ... | What layout did the Teletype Model 33 use? | {
"text": [
"which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII"
],
"answer_start": [
1077
]
} |
570bfcd5ec8fbc190045bbff | ASCII | Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, not electric typewriters. Mechanical typewriters followed the standard set by the Remington No. 2 (1878), the first typewriter with a ... | Do shift values for symbols on modern keyboards correspond closely to the ASCII table? | {
"text": [
"do not correspond as closely"
],
"answer_start": [
1444
]
} |
570bfe83ec8fbc190045bc04 | ASCII | Code 127 is officially named "delete" but the Teletype label was "rubout". Since the original standard did not give detailed interpretation for most control codes, interpretations of this code varied. The original Teletype meaning, and the intent of the standard, was to make it an ignored character, the same as NUL (al... | What is the official name of code 127? | {
"text": [
"delete"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
570bfe83ec8fbc190045bc05 | ASCII | Code 127 is officially named "delete" but the Teletype label was "rubout". Since the original standard did not give detailed interpretation for most control codes, interpretations of this code varied. The original Teletype meaning, and the intent of the standard, was to make it an ignored character, the same as NUL (al... | What was code 127 labeled as for the Teletype? | {
"text": [
"rubout"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
570bfe83ec8fbc190045bc06 | ASCII | Code 127 is officially named "delete" but the Teletype label was "rubout". Since the original standard did not give detailed interpretation for most control codes, interpretations of this code varied. The original Teletype meaning, and the intent of the standard, was to make it an ignored character, the same as NUL (al... | Why did Teletype have the code for "rubout"? | {
"text": [
"to make it an ignored character"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
570c0099ec8fbc190045bc0b | ASCII | Unfortunately, requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone. To simplify matters plain text data streams, including files, on Multics used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. Unix and Unix-like syst... | What id Multics use to simplify plain text data? | {
"text": [
"line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
570c0099ec8fbc190045bc0c | ASCII | Unfortunately, requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone. To simplify matters plain text data streams, including files, on Multics used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. Unix and Unix-like syst... | Who adopted this practice from Multics? | {
"text": [
"Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems"
],
"answer_start": [
297
]
} |
570c0099ec8fbc190045bc0d | ASCII | Unfortunately, requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone. To simplify matters plain text data streams, including files, on Multics used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. Unix and Unix-like syst... | What used carriage return(CR) alone as a line terminator? | {
"text": [
"Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbbe | Digestion | In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of... | What is the first step in the human digestive system? | {
"text": [
"the action of mastication (chewing)"
],
"answer_start": [
100
]
} |
570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbbf | Digestion | In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of... | What is saliva? | {
"text": [
"a liquid secreted by the salivary glands"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbc0 | Digestion | In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of... | What is in saliva that starts to digest the starches? | {
"text": [
"salivary amylase"
],
"answer_start": [
263
]
} |
570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbc1 | Digestion | In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of... | What is the definition of bolus? | {
"text": [
"a small, round slurry mass"
],
"answer_start": [
581
]
} |
570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbc2 | Digestion | In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of... | What is the action of the food morving down the esophagus into the stomach called? | {
"text": [
"peristalsis"
],
"answer_start": [
701
]
} |
570be36dec8fbc190045bbc8 | Digestion | Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nu... | What is the practive of coprophagia behaviours? | {
"text": [
"eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
570be36dec8fbc190045bbc9 | Digestion | Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nu... | Why do some animals pass food through their gut twice? | {
"text": [
"extract more nutrition"
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
} |
570be36dec8fbc190045bbca | Digestion | Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nu... | What happens with these soft feacal pellets? | {
"text": [
"excreted and generally consumed immediately"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
} |
570be36dec8fbc190045bbcb | Digestion | Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nu... | Are normal droppings also eaten? | {
"text": [
"not eaten"
],
"answer_start": [
533
]
} |
570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd0 | Digestion | Digestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it. In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they break down an orga... | What are the two types of digestion? | {
"text": [
"internal and external digestion"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd1 | Digestion | Digestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it. In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they break down an orga... | When did external digestion develop? | {
"text": [
"earlier in evolutionary history"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd2 | Digestion | Digestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it. In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they break down an orga... | What still uses the external digestion system? | {
"text": [
"most fungi"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd3 | Digestion | Digestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it. In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they break down an orga... | What is the name of the tube that helps add in animal digestion? | {
"text": [
"gastrointestinal tract"
],
"answer_start": [
410
]
} |
570cee7ffed7b91900d45afb | Digestion | The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cel... | What elements can transfer to plant cells? | {
"text": [
"Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
570cee7ffed7b91900d45afc | Digestion | The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cel... | Where do transferred genes enter? | {
"text": [
"the plant cell nucleus"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
} |
570cee7ffed7b91900d45afd | Digestion | The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cel... | What do bacteria use as carbon and energy sources? | {
"text": [
"opines"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
570cee7ffed7b91900d45afe | Digestion | The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cel... | What happens to infected plant cells? | {
"text": [
"end"
],
"answer_start": [
506
]
} |
570cee7ffed7b91900d45aff | Digestion | The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cel... | What are endosymbionts of the bacteria? | {
"text": [
"The Ti and Ri plasmids"
],
"answer_start": [
474
]
} |
570cef0dfed7b91900d45b05 | Digestion | Teeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply whic... | Where are teeth found? | {
"text": [
"in the jaws (or mouths)"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
570cef0dfed7b91900d45b06 | Digestion | Teeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply whic... | What are teeth used for? | {
"text": [
"to tear, scrape, milk and chew food"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} |
570cef0dfed7b91900d45b07 | Digestion | Teeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply whic... | What are teeth made out of? | {
"text": [
"enamel, dentine and cementum"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
570cef0dfed7b91900d45b08 | Digestion | Teeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply whic... | What in human teeth enables proprioception? | {
"text": [
"a blood and nerve supply"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
570cef82b3d812140066d33f | Digestion | The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein source... | What is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants? | {
"text": [
"The abomasum"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
570cef82b3d812140066d340 | Digestion | The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein source... | What is the abomasums close equivalent? | {
"text": [
"a monogastric stomach"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
570cef82b3d812140066d342 | Digestion | The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein source... | What happens to digesta when it moves to the small intestine? | {
"text": [
"the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs"
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
} |
570cf000fed7b91900d45b0f | Digestion | An earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food... | What does a earthworms digestive systme consist of? | {
"text": [
"a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine."
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
570cf000fed7b91900d45b10 | Digestion | An earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food... | What does an earthworm eat? | {
"text": [
"dead grass, leaves, and weeds"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
570cf000fed7b91900d45b11 | Digestion | An earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food... | What helps the earthworm grab grass leaves and weeds? | {
"text": [
"The mouth is surrounded by strong lips"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
570cf000fed7b91900d45b12 | Digestion | An earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food... | What is the food coated with for easier passage? | {
"text": [
"mucus"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
570cf000fed7b91900d45b13 | Digestion | An earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food... | What part of the earthworm helps churn and mix the dirt and food? | {
"text": [
"The powerful muscles of the gizzard"
],
"answer_start": [
546
]
} |
570cf05db3d812140066d349 | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from ... | Where does the digestions of some fats start? | {
"text": [
"in the mouth"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
570cf05db3d812140066d34a | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from ... | Where are fats mainly digested? | {
"text": [
"the small intestine"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} |
570cf05db3d812140066d34d | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from ... | What is one molecule of fat? | {
"text": [
"a triglyceride"
],
"answer_start": [
446
]
} |
570cf0b5b3d812140066d355 | Digestion | Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often d... | What are the two ways that food is broken down? | {
"text": [
"mechanical and chemical digestion"
],
"answer_start": [
380
]
} |
570cf137b3d812140066d35d | Digestion | Different phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase. The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this it is routed throug... | What are three digestions phases? | {
"text": [
"the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
570cf137b3d812140066d35f | Digestion | Different phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase. The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this it is routed throug... | Where are taste and smell stimuli sent to? | {
"text": [
"the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
570cf137b3d812140066d360 | Digestion | Different phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase. The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this it is routed throug... | How long does the gastric phase take? | {
"text": [
"3 to 4 hours"
],
"answer_start": [
642
]
} |
570cf193b3d812140066d369 | Digestion | In a channel transupport system, several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It is a simple system, which consists of only three protein subunits: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]. This secretion system tra... | What does this secretion system transport? | {
"text": [
"various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
570cf238fed7b91900d45b37 | Digestion | In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles. Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials. Vesicles fro... | What other method does Gram-negative bacters use to release material? | {
"text": [
"the formation of outer membrane vesicles"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
570cf238fed7b91900d45b39 | Digestion | In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles. Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials. Vesicles fro... | What does the release of vesicles seem to demenstrate? | {
"text": [
"response to stress conditions"
],
"answer_start": [
554
]
} |
570cf297b3d812140066d36d | Digestion | Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and ... | What muscle movements are used for digestion? | {
"text": [
"swallowing and peristalsis"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
570cf297b3d812140066d36e | Digestion | Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and ... | What does every stpe of digestion require? | {
"text": [
"energy"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
570cf297b3d812140066d36f | Digestion | Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and ... | What does needing energy to digest impose? | {
"text": [
"an \"overhead charge\""
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
570cf297b3d812140066d370 | Digestion | Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and ... | Over head charges influence what? | {
"text": [
"lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures"
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} |
570cf2e7fed7b91900d45b4a | Digestion | Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the ... | What is food formed into before it is swallowed? | {
"text": [
"a bolus"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
570cf2e7fed7b91900d45b4b | Digestion | Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the ... | Where does food go after the esophagus? | {
"text": [
"the stomach"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
570cf2e7fed7b91900d45b4c | Digestion | Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the ... | What is the action of food being moved into the stomach? | {
"text": [
"peristalsis"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
570cf2e7fed7b91900d45b4d | Digestion | Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the ... | What does gastric juice consist of? | {
"text": [
"hydrochloric acid and pepsin"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
570cf364fed7b91900d45b54 | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is c... | What are lactoses component parts? | {
"text": [
"glucose and galactose"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
570cf364fed7b91900d45b55 | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is c... | Where are glucose and galactose absorbed? | {
"text": [
"small intestine"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
570cf364fed7b91900d45b56 | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is c... | What percent of the population are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods? | {
"text": [
"Approximately 65 percent"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
570cf364fed7b91900d45b57 | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is c... | What is knon as when you are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods? | {
"text": [
"lactose intolerance"
],
"answer_start": [
337
]
} |
570cf3cefed7b91900d45b5d | Digestion | After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats),[citation needed] the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passe... | What is the resulting thick liquid called? | {
"text": [
"chyme"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
570cf3cefed7b91900d45b5f | Digestion | After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats),[citation needed] the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passe... | Where does hyme go after the duodenum? | {
"text": [
"the small intestine"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
570cf3cefed7b91900d45b60 | Digestion | After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats),[citation needed] the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passe... | Where is chyme absorbed into? | {
"text": [
"blood"
],
"answer_start": [
439
]
} |
570cf3cefed7b91900d45b61 | Digestion | After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats),[citation needed] the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passe... | Where does 95% of absobtion of nutrients occur? | {
"text": [
"the small intestine"
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
} |
570cf442fed7b91900d45b71 | Digestion | In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continu... | What is the firs phase in preparation for digestion in mammals? | {
"text": [
"the cephalic phase"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
570cf442fed7b91900d45b73 | Digestion | In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continu... | What digestions begin in the mouth? | {
"text": [
"Mechanical and chemical digestion"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
570cf442fed7b91900d45b75 | Digestion | In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continu... | Where does absorption occur? | {
"text": [
"in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract"
],
"answer_start": [
445
]
} |
570cf4cefed7b91900d45b7b | Digestion | Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes howev... | Where does protein digestion occur? | {
"text": [
"in the stomach and duodenum"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
570cf4cefed7b91900d45b7c | Digestion | Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes howev... | What are the three main enzymes that break down food? | {
"text": [
"pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
570cf4cefed7b91900d45b7d | Digestion | Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes howev... | What are digestive enzymes mostly secreted as? | {
"text": [
"inactive precursors, the zymogens"
],
"answer_start": [
352
]
} |
570cf4cefed7b91900d45b7e | Digestion | Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes howev... | What are dipeptidases broken down into? | {
"text": [
"amino acids"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
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