id
stringlengths
24
24
title
stringlengths
3
59
context
stringlengths
151
3.71k
question
stringlengths
12
217
answers
dict
572e9eb603f9891900756842
Neptune
For reasons that remain obscure, the planet's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K. The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by ultraviolet radiation. One candidate for a heating mechanism is atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet's magnetic field. Other can...
What does Neptune's thermosphere containers traces of?
{ "text": [ "carbon dioxide and water" ], "answer_start": [ 434 ] }
572ea13b03f9891900756863
Neptune
Neptune also resembles Uranus in its magnetosphere, with a magnetic field strongly tilted relative to its rotational axis at 47° and offset at least 0.55 radii, or about 13500 km from the planet's physical centre. Before Voyager 2's arrival at Neptune, it was hypothesised that Uranus's tilted magnetosphere was the resu...
What is the rotational axis of Neptune's magnetic field?
{ "text": [ "47°" ], "answer_start": [ 125 ] }
572ea13b03f9891900756864
Neptune
Neptune also resembles Uranus in its magnetosphere, with a magnetic field strongly tilted relative to its rotational axis at 47° and offset at least 0.55 radii, or about 13500 km from the planet's physical centre. Before Voyager 2's arrival at Neptune, it was hypothesised that Uranus's tilted magnetosphere was the resu...
Where is Neptune's magnetic field offset from the physical centre?
{ "text": [ "0.55 radii" ], "answer_start": [ 149 ] }
572ea13b03f9891900756865
Neptune
Neptune also resembles Uranus in its magnetosphere, with a magnetic field strongly tilted relative to its rotational axis at 47° and offset at least 0.55 radii, or about 13500 km from the planet's physical centre. Before Voyager 2's arrival at Neptune, it was hypothesised that Uranus's tilted magnetosphere was the resu...
What planet besides Neptune has a sideways rotation?
{ "text": [ "Uranus's" ], "answer_start": [ 278 ] }
572ea13b03f9891900756866
Neptune
Neptune also resembles Uranus in its magnetosphere, with a magnetic field strongly tilted relative to its rotational axis at 47° and offset at least 0.55 radii, or about 13500 km from the planet's physical centre. Before Voyager 2's arrival at Neptune, it was hypothesised that Uranus's tilted magnetosphere was the resu...
What might cause Neptune's extreme orientation?
{ "text": [ "flows in the planets' interiors" ], "answer_start": [ 472 ] }
572ea13b03f9891900756867
Neptune
Neptune also resembles Uranus in its magnetosphere, with a magnetic field strongly tilted relative to its rotational axis at 47° and offset at least 0.55 radii, or about 13500 km from the planet's physical centre. Before Voyager 2's arrival at Neptune, it was hypothesised that Uranus's tilted magnetosphere was the resu...
What fluids are in Neptune's interior?
{ "text": [ "ammonia, methane and water" ], "answer_start": [ 649 ] }
572ea25103f989190075686d
Neptune
The dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas (0.14 G). The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 (14 μT·RN3, where RN is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large contributions from...
What is Neptune's dipole magnetic moment?
{ "text": [ "2.2 × 1017 T·m3" ], "answer_start": [ 159 ] }
572ea25103f989190075686e
Neptune
The dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas (0.14 G). The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 (14 μT·RN3, where RN is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large contributions from...
What is one of Neptune's non-dipolar component what may exceed the dipole moment in strength?
{ "text": [ "strong quadrupole moment" ], "answer_start": [ 357 ] }
572ea25103f989190075686f
Neptune
The dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas (0.14 G). The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 (14 μT·RN3, where RN is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large contributions from...
Which three planets have small quadrupole moments compared to Neptune?
{ "text": [ "Earth, Jupiter and Saturn" ], "answer_start": [ 442 ] }
572ea25103f9891900756870
Neptune
The dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas (0.14 G). The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 (14 μT·RN3, where RN is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large contributions from...
Besides the geometrical constraints of Neptune's dynamo generator, what is another result of the quadrupole moment?
{ "text": [ "the planet's centre" ], "answer_start": [ 641 ] }
572ea25103f9891900756871
Neptune
The dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas (0.14 G). The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 (14 μT·RN3, where RN is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large contributions from...
What is the dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of neptune?
{ "text": [ "14 microteslas (0.14 G)" ], "answer_start": [ 87 ] }
572ea38403f9891900756889
Neptune
Neptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune, the Le Verri...
What system, like Saturn, does Neptune have?
{ "text": [ "planetary ring system" ], "answer_start": [ 14 ] }
572ea38403f989190075688a
Neptune
Neptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune, the Le Verri...
What might Neptune's rings consist of?
{ "text": [ "ice particles" ], "answer_start": [ 116 ] }
572ea38403f989190075688b
Neptune
Neptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune, the Le Verri...
What might the ice particles of Neptune's rings be coated with?
{ "text": [ "silicates or carbon-based material" ], "answer_start": [ 142 ] }
572ea38403f989190075688c
Neptune
Neptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune, the Le Verri...
Where is Adams ring from the center of Neptune?
{ "text": [ "63,000 km" ], "answer_start": [ 270 ] }
572ea38403f989190075688d
Neptune
Neptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune, the Le Verri...
Where is the La Verrier ring from the center of Neptune?
{ "text": [ "53,000 km" ], "answer_start": [ 332 ] }
572ea40dcb0c0d14000f13d2
Neptune
Neptune's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems, with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)—nearly reaching supersonic flow. More typically, by tracking the motion of persistent clouds, wind speeds have been shown to vary from 20 m/s in the easterly direction to 325 m/s w...
What dynamic weather does Neptune have?
{ "text": [ "storm" ], "answer_start": [ 56 ] }
572ea40dcb0c0d14000f13d3
Neptune
Neptune's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems, with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)—nearly reaching supersonic flow. More typically, by tracking the motion of persistent clouds, wind speeds have been shown to vary from 20 m/s in the easterly direction to 325 m/s w...
What does Neptune's wind speeds reach?
{ "text": [ "600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)" ], "answer_start": [ 108 ] }
572ea40dcb0c0d14000f13d4
Neptune
Neptune's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems, with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)—nearly reaching supersonic flow. More typically, by tracking the motion of persistent clouds, wind speeds have been shown to vary from 20 m/s in the easterly direction to 325 m/s w...
What is the high wind speed on Neptune's cloud tops?
{ "text": [ "400 m/s" ], "answer_start": [ 389 ] }
572ea40dcb0c0d14000f13d5
Neptune
Neptune's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems, with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)—nearly reaching supersonic flow. More typically, by tracking the motion of persistent clouds, wind speeds have been shown to vary from 20 m/s in the easterly direction to 325 m/s w...
Which direction does Neptune's winds move relevant to the plant's rotation?
{ "text": [ "opposite" ], "answer_start": [ 489 ] }
572ea40dcb0c0d14000f13d6
Neptune
Neptune's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems, with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)—nearly reaching supersonic flow. More typically, by tracking the motion of persistent clouds, wind speeds have been shown to vary from 20 m/s in the easterly direction to 325 m/s w...
What is the effect called that describes the flow direction on Neptune?
{ "text": [ "skin effect" ], "answer_start": [ 690 ] }
572ea4b0c246551400ce4458
Neptune
In 2007, it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere, which averages approximately 73 K (−200 °C). The temperature differential is enough to let methane, which elsewhere is frozen in the troposphere, escape into the stratosphere near the pol...
How much warmer is Neptune's south pole to the rest of it's atmosphere?
{ "text": [ "10 K" ], "answer_start": [ 88 ] }
572ea4b0c246551400ce4459
Neptune
In 2007, it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere, which averages approximately 73 K (−200 °C). The temperature differential is enough to let methane, which elsewhere is frozen in the troposphere, escape into the stratosphere near the pol...
What is the average temperature of Neptune's south pole?
{ "text": [ "73 K (−200 °C)." ], "answer_start": [ 162 ] }
572ea4b0c246551400ce445a
Neptune
In 2007, it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere, which averages approximately 73 K (−200 °C). The temperature differential is enough to let methane, which elsewhere is frozen in the troposphere, escape into the stratosphere near the pol...
Where does methane in the south pole escape to on Neptune?
{ "text": [ "the stratosphere near the pole." ], "answer_start": [ 291 ] }
572ea4b0c246551400ce445b
Neptune
In 2007, it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere, which averages approximately 73 K (−200 °C). The temperature differential is enough to let methane, which elsewhere is frozen in the troposphere, escape into the stratosphere near the pol...
How many earth years is Neptune's south pole exposed to the sun?
{ "text": [ "40" ], "answer_start": [ 474 ] }
572ea4b0c246551400ce445c
Neptune
In 2007, it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere, which averages approximately 73 K (−200 °C). The temperature differential is enough to let methane, which elsewhere is frozen in the troposphere, escape into the stratosphere near the pol...
To which pole will Neptune's methane shift to as it moves to the opposite side of the sun?
{ "text": [ "north pole" ], "answer_start": [ 660 ] }
572ea63ac246551400ce446c
Neptune
The Scooter is another storm, a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot. This nickname first arose during the months leading up to the Voyager 2 encounter in 1989, when they were observed moving at speeds faster than the Great Dark Spot (and images acquired later would subsequently reveal the presence ...
What white cloud group on Neptune is farther south than the dark great spot?
{ "text": [ "The Scooter" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
572ea63ac246551400ce446d
Neptune
The Scooter is another storm, a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot. This nickname first arose during the months leading up to the Voyager 2 encounter in 1989, when they were observed moving at speeds faster than the Great Dark Spot (and images acquired later would subsequently reveal the presence ...
When was The Scooter on Neptune observed?
{ "text": [ "1989" ], "answer_start": [ 175 ] }
572ea63ac246551400ce446e
Neptune
The Scooter is another storm, a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot. This nickname first arose during the months leading up to the Voyager 2 encounter in 1989, when they were observed moving at speeds faster than the Great Dark Spot (and images acquired later would subsequently reveal the presence ...
What type of storm is The Scooter on Neptune?
{ "text": [ "southern cyclonic storm" ], "answer_start": [ 433 ] }
572ea63ac246551400ce446f
Neptune
The Scooter is another storm, a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot. This nickname first arose during the months leading up to the Voyager 2 encounter in 1989, when they were observed moving at speeds faster than the Great Dark Spot (and images acquired later would subsequently reveal the presence ...
What detected the storms on Neptune?
{ "text": [ "Voyager 2)" ], "answer_start": [ 396 ] }
572ea63ac246551400ce4470
Neptune
The Scooter is another storm, a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot. This nickname first arose during the months leading up to the Voyager 2 encounter in 1989, when they were observed moving at speeds faster than the Great Dark Spot (and images acquired later would subsequently reveal the presence ...
What is the second most intense storm on Neptune?
{ "text": [ "The Small Dark Spot" ], "answer_start": [ 408 ] }
572ea6dbdfa6aa1500f8d251
Neptune
Neptune's dark spots are thought to occur in the troposphere at lower altitudes than the brighter cloud features, so they appear as holes in the upper cloud decks. As they are stable features that can persist for several months, they are thought to be vortex structures. Often associated with dark spots are brighter, pe...
Where are Neptune's dark spots thought to occur?
{ "text": [ "in the troposphere" ], "answer_start": [ 42 ] }
572ea6dbdfa6aa1500f8d252
Neptune
Neptune's dark spots are thought to occur in the troposphere at lower altitudes than the brighter cloud features, so they appear as holes in the upper cloud decks. As they are stable features that can persist for several months, they are thought to be vortex structures. Often associated with dark spots are brighter, pe...
What do Neptune's dark spots appear as in the cloud decks?
{ "text": [ "holes" ], "answer_start": [ 132 ] }
572ea6dbdfa6aa1500f8d253
Neptune
Neptune's dark spots are thought to occur in the troposphere at lower altitudes than the brighter cloud features, so they appear as holes in the upper cloud decks. As they are stable features that can persist for several months, they are thought to be vortex structures. Often associated with dark spots are brighter, pe...
Since Neptune's dark spots persist for several months, what are they thought to be?
{ "text": [ "vortex structures" ], "answer_start": [ 252 ] }
572ea6dbdfa6aa1500f8d254
Neptune
Neptune's dark spots are thought to occur in the troposphere at lower altitudes than the brighter cloud features, so they appear as holes in the upper cloud decks. As they are stable features that can persist for several months, they are thought to be vortex structures. Often associated with dark spots are brighter, pe...
What on Neptune are associated with dark spots that are brighter?
{ "text": [ "methane clouds" ], "answer_start": [ 329 ] }
572ea6dbdfa6aa1500f8d255
Neptune
Neptune's dark spots are thought to occur in the troposphere at lower altitudes than the brighter cloud features, so they appear as holes in the upper cloud decks. As they are stable features that can persist for several months, they are thought to be vortex structures. Often associated with dark spots are brighter, pe...
When Neptune's dark spots migrate too close to the equator, what do they do?
{ "text": [ "dissipate" ], "answer_start": [ 560 ] }
572ea842dfa6aa1500f8d26f
Neptune
Neptune's more varied weather when compared to Uranus is due in part to its higher internal heating. Although Neptune lies over 50% further from the Sun than Uranus, and receives only 40% its amount of sunlight, the two planets' surface temperatures are roughly equal. The upper regions of Neptune's troposphere reach a ...
Why might Neptune have more varied weather than Uranus?
{ "text": [ "higher internal heating" ], "answer_start": [ 76 ] }
572ea842dfa6aa1500f8d270
Neptune
Neptune's more varied weather when compared to Uranus is due in part to its higher internal heating. Although Neptune lies over 50% further from the Sun than Uranus, and receives only 40% its amount of sunlight, the two planets' surface temperatures are roughly equal. The upper regions of Neptune's troposphere reach a ...
How much farther is Neptune from the Sun than Uranus?
{ "text": [ "50%" ], "answer_start": [ 128 ] }
572ea842dfa6aa1500f8d271
Neptune
Neptune's more varied weather when compared to Uranus is due in part to its higher internal heating. Although Neptune lies over 50% further from the Sun than Uranus, and receives only 40% its amount of sunlight, the two planets' surface temperatures are roughly equal. The upper regions of Neptune's troposphere reach a ...
How much percentage of the sun does Neptune get compared to Uranus?
{ "text": [ "40%" ], "answer_start": [ 184 ] }
572ea842dfa6aa1500f8d272
Neptune
Neptune's more varied weather when compared to Uranus is due in part to its higher internal heating. Although Neptune lies over 50% further from the Sun than Uranus, and receives only 40% its amount of sunlight, the two planets' surface temperatures are roughly equal. The upper regions of Neptune's troposphere reach a ...
How much more energy does Neptune radiate than it receives?
{ "text": [ "2.61" ], "answer_start": [ 723 ] }
572ea842dfa6aa1500f8d273
Neptune
Neptune's more varied weather when compared to Uranus is due in part to its higher internal heating. Although Neptune lies over 50% further from the Sun than Uranus, and receives only 40% its amount of sunlight, the two planets' surface temperatures are roughly equal. The upper regions of Neptune's troposphere reach a ...
The current heat flow on Neptune might be explained by what?
{ "text": [ "heat left over from Neptune's formation" ], "answer_start": [ 981 ] }
572ea93ec246551400ce448a
Neptune
On 11 July 2011, Neptune completed its first full barycentric orbit since its discovery in 1846, although it did not appear at its exact discovery position in the sky, because Earth was in a different location in its 365.26-day orbit. Because of the motion of the Sun in relation to the barycentre of the Solar System, o...
When did Neptune complete it's first barycentric orbit since it's discovery?
{ "text": [ "11 July 2011" ], "answer_start": [ 3 ] }
572ea93ec246551400ce448b
Neptune
On 11 July 2011, Neptune completed its first full barycentric orbit since its discovery in 1846, although it did not appear at its exact discovery position in the sky, because Earth was in a different location in its 365.26-day orbit. Because of the motion of the Sun in relation to the barycentre of the Solar System, o...
What is the Earth's orbit?
{ "text": [ "365.26-day" ], "answer_start": [ 217 ] }
572ea93ec246551400ce448c
Neptune
On 11 July 2011, Neptune completed its first full barycentric orbit since its discovery in 1846, although it did not appear at its exact discovery position in the sky, because Earth was in a different location in its 365.26-day orbit. Because of the motion of the Sun in relation to the barycentre of the Solar System, o...
Using the heliocentric coordinate system, when did Neptune reach the discovery longitude?
{ "text": [ "12 July 2011" ], "answer_start": [ 505 ] }
572ea93ec246551400ce448d
Neptune
On 11 July 2011, Neptune completed its first full barycentric orbit since its discovery in 1846, although it did not appear at its exact discovery position in the sky, because Earth was in a different location in its 365.26-day orbit. Because of the motion of the Sun in relation to the barycentre of the Solar System, o...
Why didn't Neptune appear to be in it's exact discover position?
{ "text": [ "Earth was in a different location" ], "answer_start": [ 176 ] }
572ea9c803f98919007568db
Neptune
Neptune's orbit has a profound impact on the region directly beyond it, known as the Kuiper belt. The Kuiper belt is a ring of small icy worlds, similar to the asteroid belt but far larger, extending from Neptune's orbit at 30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun. Much in the same way that Jupiter's gravity dominates the...
What is the region behind Neptune called?
{ "text": [ "Kuiper belt" ], "answer_start": [ 85 ] }
572ea9c803f98919007568dc
Neptune
Neptune's orbit has a profound impact on the region directly beyond it, known as the Kuiper belt. The Kuiper belt is a ring of small icy worlds, similar to the asteroid belt but far larger, extending from Neptune's orbit at 30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun. Much in the same way that Jupiter's gravity dominates the...
What does the Kuiper belt consist of?
{ "text": [ "small icy worlds" ], "answer_start": [ 127 ] }
572ea9c803f98919007568dd
Neptune
Neptune's orbit has a profound impact on the region directly beyond it, known as the Kuiper belt. The Kuiper belt is a ring of small icy worlds, similar to the asteroid belt but far larger, extending from Neptune's orbit at 30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun. Much in the same way that Jupiter's gravity dominates the...
Where is the Kuiper belt relative to Neptune?
{ "text": [ "30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun" ], "answer_start": [ 224 ] }
572ea9c803f98919007568de
Neptune
Neptune's orbit has a profound impact on the region directly beyond it, known as the Kuiper belt. The Kuiper belt is a ring of small icy worlds, similar to the asteroid belt but far larger, extending from Neptune's orbit at 30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun. Much in the same way that Jupiter's gravity dominates the...
What dominates the Kuiper belt?
{ "text": [ "Neptune's gravity" ], "answer_start": [ 362 ] }
572ea9c803f98919007568df
Neptune
Neptune's orbit has a profound impact on the region directly beyond it, known as the Kuiper belt. The Kuiper belt is a ring of small icy worlds, similar to the asteroid belt but far larger, extending from Neptune's orbit at 30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun. Much in the same way that Jupiter's gravity dominates the...
What did Neptune's gravity do to Kuiper belt?
{ "text": [ "gaps in the Kuiper belt's structure" ], "answer_start": [ 527 ] }
572eaa5903f98919007568e5
Neptune
There do exist orbits within these empty regions where objects can survive for the age of the Solar System. These resonances occur when Neptune's orbital period is a precise fraction of that of the object, such as 1:2, or 3:4. If, say, an object orbits the Sun once for every two Neptune orbits, it will only complete ha...
What is the fraction of the most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt?
{ "text": [ "2:3 resonance" ], "answer_start": [ 479 ] }
572eaa5903f98919007568e6
Neptune
There do exist orbits within these empty regions where objects can survive for the age of the Solar System. These resonances occur when Neptune's orbital period is a precise fraction of that of the object, such as 1:2, or 3:4. If, say, an object orbits the Sun once for every two Neptune orbits, it will only complete ha...
How many known objects is in the most populated resonance of the Kuiper belt?
{ "text": [ "200" ], "answer_start": [ 453 ] }
572eaa5903f98919007568e7
Neptune
There do exist orbits within these empty regions where objects can survive for the age of the Solar System. These resonances occur when Neptune's orbital period is a precise fraction of that of the object, such as 1:2, or 3:4. If, say, an object orbits the Sun once for every two Neptune orbits, it will only complete ha...
What is the best known, and largest, object in the Kuiper belt?
{ "text": [ "Pluto" ], "answer_start": [ 673 ] }
572eaa5903f98919007568e8
Neptune
There do exist orbits within these empty regions where objects can survive for the age of the Solar System. These resonances occur when Neptune's orbital period is a precise fraction of that of the object, such as 1:2, or 3:4. If, say, an object orbits the Sun once for every two Neptune orbits, it will only complete ha...
What is the resonance of Pluto in the Kuiper belt?
{ "text": [ "2:3" ], "answer_start": [ 718 ] }
572eaa5903f98919007568e9
Neptune
There do exist orbits within these empty regions where objects can survive for the age of the Solar System. These resonances occur when Neptune's orbital period is a precise fraction of that of the object, such as 1:2, or 3:4. If, say, an object orbits the Sun once for every two Neptune orbits, it will only complete ha...
Which resonances are less populated in the Kuiper belt?
{ "text": [ "3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5" ], "answer_start": [ 768 ] }
572eab33cb0c0d14000f1438
Neptune
Neptune has a number of known trojan objects occupying both the Sun–Neptune L4 and L5 Lagrangian points—gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing Neptune in its orbit, respectively. Neptune trojans can be viewed as being in a 1:1 resonance with Neptune. Some Neptune trojans are remarkably stable in their orbi...
What is the resonance of Neptune trojans?
{ "text": [ "1:1" ], "answer_start": [ 236 ] }
572eab33cb0c0d14000f1439
Neptune
Neptune has a number of known trojan objects occupying both the Sun–Neptune L4 and L5 Lagrangian points—gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing Neptune in its orbit, respectively. Neptune trojans can be viewed as being in a 1:1 resonance with Neptune. Some Neptune trojans are remarkably stable in their orbi...
Where did most Neptune trojans form?
{ "text": [ "alongside Neptune" ], "answer_start": [ 354 ] }
572eab33cb0c0d14000f143a
Neptune
Neptune has a number of known trojan objects occupying both the Sun–Neptune L4 and L5 Lagrangian points—gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing Neptune in its orbit, respectively. Neptune trojans can be viewed as being in a 1:1 resonance with Neptune. Some Neptune trojans are remarkably stable in their orbi...
What is the only object identified with Neptune's trailing L5 Lagrangian point?
{ "text": [ "2008 LC18" ], "answer_start": [ 505 ] }
572eab33cb0c0d14000f143b
Neptune
Neptune has a number of known trojan objects occupying both the Sun–Neptune L4 and L5 Lagrangian points—gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing Neptune in its orbit, respectively. Neptune trojans can be viewed as being in a 1:1 resonance with Neptune. Some Neptune trojans are remarkably stable in their orbi...
What is Neptune's temporary quasi-satellite named?
{ "text": [ "(309239) 2007 RW10" ], "answer_start": [ 562 ] }
572eab33cb0c0d14000f143c
Neptune
Neptune has a number of known trojan objects occupying both the Sun–Neptune L4 and L5 Lagrangian points—gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing Neptune in its orbit, respectively. Neptune trojans can be viewed as being in a 1:1 resonance with Neptune. Some Neptune trojans are remarkably stable in their orbi...
How long has Neptune's quasi-satellite been with Neptune?
{ "text": [ "12,500 years" ], "answer_start": [ 641 ] }
572ead7cc246551400ce44d8
Neptune
The formation of the ice giants, Neptune and Uranus, has proven difficult to model precisely. Current models suggest that the matter density in the outer regions of the Solar System was too low to account for the formation of such large bodies from the traditionally accepted method of core accretion, and various hypoth...
What could have blasted Neptune and Uranus's atmosphere with radiation, aiding in creation?
{ "text": [ "nearby massive OB star" ], "answer_start": [ 561 ] }
572ead7cc246551400ce44d9
Neptune
The formation of the ice giants, Neptune and Uranus, has proven difficult to model precisely. Current models suggest that the matter density in the outer regions of the Solar System was too low to account for the formation of such large bodies from the traditionally accepted method of core accretion, and various hypoth...
What is too low to account for the formation of Neptune?
{ "text": [ "matter density" ], "answer_start": [ 126 ] }
572ead7cc246551400ce44da
Neptune
The formation of the ice giants, Neptune and Uranus, has proven difficult to model precisely. Current models suggest that the matter density in the outer regions of the Solar System was too low to account for the formation of such large bodies from the traditionally accepted method of core accretion, and various hypoth...
If Neptune was formed from instabilities within the original protoplanetary disc, what was it not formed by?
{ "text": [ "core accretion" ], "answer_start": [ 418 ] }
572eae2203f9891900756929
Neptune
An alternative concept is that they formed closer to the Sun, where the matter density was higher, and then subsequently migrated to their current orbits after the removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc. This hypothesis of migration after formation is favoured, due to its ability to better explain the occupancy of ...
If Neptune formed closer to the sun, what is the matter density?
{ "text": [ "higher" ], "answer_start": [ 91 ] }
572eae2203f989190075692a
Neptune
An alternative concept is that they formed closer to the Sun, where the matter density was higher, and then subsequently migrated to their current orbits after the removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc. This hypothesis of migration after formation is favoured, due to its ability to better explain the occupancy of ...
If Neptune formed closer to the sun, what caused it to migrate to it's current orbit?
{ "text": [ "removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc" ], "answer_start": [ 164 ] }
572eae2203f989190075692b
Neptune
An alternative concept is that they formed closer to the Sun, where the matter density was higher, and then subsequently migrated to their current orbits after the removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc. This hypothesis of migration after formation is favoured, due to its ability to better explain the occupancy of ...
What is the most widely accepted explanation of Neptune's formation called?
{ "text": [ "the Nice model" ], "answer_start": [ 484 ] }
572eae2203f989190075692c
Neptune
An alternative concept is that they formed closer to the Sun, where the matter density was higher, and then subsequently migrated to their current orbits after the removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc. This hypothesis of migration after formation is favoured, due to its ability to better explain the occupancy of ...
What does The Nice model consider effected the migration of Neptune?
{ "text": [ "Kuiper belt." ], "answer_start": [ 601 ] }
572eae88dfa6aa1500f8d2ad
Neptune
Neptune has 14 known moons. Triton is the largest Neptunian moon, comprising more than 99.5% of the mass in orbit around Neptune,[e] and it is the only one massive enough to be spheroidal. Triton was discovered by William Lassell just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself. Unlike all other large planetary moons...
How many moons does Neptune have?
{ "text": [ "14" ], "answer_start": [ 12 ] }
572eae88dfa6aa1500f8d2ae
Neptune
Neptune has 14 known moons. Triton is the largest Neptunian moon, comprising more than 99.5% of the mass in orbit around Neptune,[e] and it is the only one massive enough to be spheroidal. Triton was discovered by William Lassell just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself. Unlike all other large planetary moons...
What is Neptune's largest moon?
{ "text": [ "Triton" ], "answer_start": [ 28 ] }
572eae88dfa6aa1500f8d2af
Neptune
Neptune has 14 known moons. Triton is the largest Neptunian moon, comprising more than 99.5% of the mass in orbit around Neptune,[e] and it is the only one massive enough to be spheroidal. Triton was discovered by William Lassell just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself. Unlike all other large planetary moons...
Who discovered Triton?
{ "text": [ "William Lassell" ], "answer_start": [ 214 ] }
572eae88dfa6aa1500f8d2b0
Neptune
Neptune has 14 known moons. Triton is the largest Neptunian moon, comprising more than 99.5% of the mass in orbit around Neptune,[e] and it is the only one massive enough to be spheroidal. Triton was discovered by William Lassell just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself. Unlike all other large planetary moons...
What orbit does Triton have around Neptune?
{ "text": [ "retrograde orbit" ], "answer_start": [ 355 ] }
572eae88dfa6aa1500f8d2b1
Neptune
Neptune has 14 known moons. Triton is the largest Neptunian moon, comprising more than 99.5% of the mass in orbit around Neptune,[e] and it is the only one massive enough to be spheroidal. Triton was discovered by William Lassell just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself. Unlike all other large planetary moons...
What does Triton's orbit suggest about it's relation to Neptune?
{ "text": [ "that it was captured" ], "answer_start": [ 384 ] }
572eaf62cb0c0d14000f147e
Neptune
From July to September 1989, Voyager 2 discovered six moons of Neptune. Of these, the irregularly shaped Proteus is notable for being as large as a body of its density can be without being pulled into a spherical shape by its own gravity. Although the second-most-massive Neptunian moon, it is only 0.25% the mass of Tri...
What discovered six moons of Neptune in 1989?
{ "text": [ "Voyager 2" ], "answer_start": [ 29 ] }
572eaf62cb0c0d14000f147f
Neptune
From July to September 1989, Voyager 2 discovered six moons of Neptune. Of these, the irregularly shaped Proteus is notable for being as large as a body of its density can be without being pulled into a spherical shape by its own gravity. Although the second-most-massive Neptunian moon, it is only 0.25% the mass of Tri...
What is the second most massive Neptunian moon?
{ "text": [ "Proteus" ], "answer_start": [ 105 ] }
572eaf62cb0c0d14000f1480
Neptune
From July to September 1989, Voyager 2 discovered six moons of Neptune. Of these, the irregularly shaped Proteus is notable for being as large as a body of its density can be without being pulled into a spherical shape by its own gravity. Although the second-most-massive Neptunian moon, it is only 0.25% the mass of Tri...
What is notable about the moon Proteus?
{ "text": [ "irregularly shaped" ], "answer_start": [ 86 ] }
572eaf62cb0c0d14000f1481
Neptune
From July to September 1989, Voyager 2 discovered six moons of Neptune. Of these, the irregularly shaped Proteus is notable for being as large as a body of its density can be without being pulled into a spherical shape by its own gravity. Although the second-most-massive Neptunian moon, it is only 0.25% the mass of Tri...
Which are Neptune's four innermost moons?
{ "text": [ "Naiad, Thalassa, Despina and Galatea" ], "answer_start": [ 356 ] }
572eaf62cb0c0d14000f1482
Neptune
From July to September 1989, Voyager 2 discovered six moons of Neptune. Of these, the irregularly shaped Proteus is notable for being as large as a body of its density can be without being pulled into a spherical shape by its own gravity. Although the second-most-massive Neptunian moon, it is only 0.25% the mass of Tri...
When was Neptune's moon Larissa discovered?
{ "text": [ "1981" ], "answer_start": [ 503 ] }
572eaff6dfa6aa1500f8d2c9
Neptune
Because of the distance of Neptune from Earth, its angular diameter only ranges from 2.2 to 2.4 arcseconds, the smallest of the Solar System planets. Its small apparent size makes it challenging to study it visually. Most telescopic data was fairly limited until the advent of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and large grou...
What is Neptune's angular diameter range?
{ "text": [ "2.2 to 2.4 arcseconds" ], "answer_start": [ 85 ] }
572eaff6dfa6aa1500f8d2ca
Neptune
Because of the distance of Neptune from Earth, its angular diameter only ranges from 2.2 to 2.4 arcseconds, the smallest of the Solar System planets. Its small apparent size makes it challenging to study it visually. Most telescopic data was fairly limited until the advent of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and large grou...
The advent of what telescope made it easier to study Neptune?
{ "text": [ "Hubble Space Telescope" ], "answer_start": [ 277 ] }
572eaff6dfa6aa1500f8d2cb
Neptune
Because of the distance of Neptune from Earth, its angular diameter only ranges from 2.2 to 2.4 arcseconds, the smallest of the Solar System planets. Its small apparent size makes it challenging to study it visually. Most telescopic data was fairly limited until the advent of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and large grou...
When was the first useful observation of Neptune from the ground?
{ "text": [ "1997" ], "answer_start": [ 491 ] }
572eaff6dfa6aa1500f8d2cc
Neptune
Because of the distance of Neptune from Earth, its angular diameter only ranges from 2.2 to 2.4 arcseconds, the smallest of the Solar System planets. Its small apparent size makes it challenging to study it visually. Most telescopic data was fairly limited until the advent of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and large grou...
What seasons are Neptune currently entering?
{ "text": [ "spring and summer" ], "answer_start": [ 543 ] }
572eaff6dfa6aa1500f8d2cd
Neptune
Because of the distance of Neptune from Earth, its angular diameter only ranges from 2.2 to 2.4 arcseconds, the smallest of the Solar System planets. Its small apparent size makes it challenging to study it visually. Most telescopic data was fairly limited until the advent of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and large grou...
What was discovered around Neptune in 2004 and 2005?
{ "text": [ "five new small satellites" ], "answer_start": [ 1068 ] }
572eb077c246551400ce4518
Neptune
Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft that has visited Neptune. The spacecraft's closest approach to the planet occurred on 25 August 1989. Because this was the last major planet the spacecraft could visit, it was decided to make a close flyby of the moon Triton, regardless of the consequences to the trajectory, similarly t...
What is the only spacecraft to visit Neptune?
{ "text": [ "Voyager 2" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
572eb077c246551400ce4519
Neptune
Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft that has visited Neptune. The spacecraft's closest approach to the planet occurred on 25 August 1989. Because this was the last major planet the spacecraft could visit, it was decided to make a close flyby of the moon Triton, regardless of the consequences to the trajectory, similarly t...
When did a spacecraft get closest to Neptune?
{ "text": [ "25 August 1989" ], "answer_start": [ 119 ] }
572eb077c246551400ce451a
Neptune
Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft that has visited Neptune. The spacecraft's closest approach to the planet occurred on 25 August 1989. Because this was the last major planet the spacecraft could visit, it was decided to make a close flyby of the moon Triton, regardless of the consequences to the trajectory, similarly t...
What near Neptune did a spacecraft visit dangerously close?
{ "text": [ "Triton" ], "answer_start": [ 251 ] }
572eb077c246551400ce451b
Neptune
Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft that has visited Neptune. The spacecraft's closest approach to the planet occurred on 25 August 1989. Because this was the last major planet the spacecraft could visit, it was decided to make a close flyby of the moon Triton, regardless of the consequences to the trajectory, similarly t...
What program aired on PBS about Neptune?
{ "text": [ "Neptune All Night" ], "answer_start": [ 492 ] }
572eb0fd03f989190075695f
Neptune
After the Voyager 2 flyby mission, the next step in scientific exploration of the Neptunian system, is considered to be a Flagship orbital mission. Such a hypothetical mission is envisioned to be possible at in the late 2020s or early 2030s. However, there have been a couple of discussions to launch Neptune missions so...
When is the next hypothetical mission to Neptune?
{ "text": [ "late 2020s" ], "answer_start": [ 215 ] }
572eb0fd03f9891900756960
Neptune
After the Voyager 2 flyby mission, the next step in scientific exploration of the Neptunian system, is considered to be a Flagship orbital mission. Such a hypothetical mission is envisioned to be possible at in the late 2020s or early 2030s. However, there have been a couple of discussions to launch Neptune missions so...
What about Neptune did NASA propose in 2003 in their "Vision Missions Studies"?
{ "text": [ "Neptune Orbiter with Probes" ], "answer_start": [ 399 ] }
572eb0fd03f9891900756961
Neptune
After the Voyager 2 flyby mission, the next step in scientific exploration of the Neptunian system, is considered to be a Flagship orbital mission. Such a hypothetical mission is envisioned to be possible at in the late 2020s or early 2030s. However, there have been a couple of discussions to launch Neptune missions so...
When will Argo be launched?
{ "text": [ "2019" ], "answer_start": [ 550 ] }
572eb0fd03f9891900756962
Neptune
After the Voyager 2 flyby mission, the next step in scientific exploration of the Neptunian system, is considered to be a Flagship orbital mission. Such a hypothetical mission is envisioned to be possible at in the late 2020s or early 2030s. However, there have been a couple of discussions to launch Neptune missions so...
What will Argo visit?
{ "text": [ "Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and a Kuiper belt object" ], "answer_start": [ 573 ] }
572eb0fd03f9891900756963
Neptune
After the Voyager 2 flyby mission, the next step in scientific exploration of the Neptunian system, is considered to be a Flagship orbital mission. Such a hypothetical mission is envisioned to be possible at in the late 2020s or early 2030s. However, there have been a couple of discussions to launch Neptune missions so...
When can we expect Argo to visit Triton?
{ "text": [ "2029" ], "answer_start": [ 709 ] }
572e8592dfa6aa1500f8d097
Railway_electrification_system
A railway electrification system supplies electric power to railway trains and trams without an on-board prime mover or local fuel supply. Electrification has many advantages but requires significant capital expenditure. Selection of an electrification system is based on economics of energy supply, maintenance, and cap...
What is of the factors the capital cost of electrification system depends on?
{ "text": [ "maintenance" ], "answer_start": [ 300 ] }
572e8592dfa6aa1500f8d098
Railway_electrification_system
A railway electrification system supplies electric power to railway trains and trams without an on-board prime mover or local fuel supply. Electrification has many advantages but requires significant capital expenditure. Selection of an electrification system is based on economics of energy supply, maintenance, and cap...
How do some locomotives function in order to be more flexible in operation?
{ "text": [ "can switch to different supply voltages" ], "answer_start": [ 482 ] }
572e8592dfa6aa1500f8d099
Railway_electrification_system
A railway electrification system supplies electric power to railway trains and trams without an on-board prime mover or local fuel supply. Electrification has many advantages but requires significant capital expenditure. Selection of an electrification system is based on economics of energy supply, maintenance, and cap...
What is the main disadvantage of railway electrification?
{ "text": [ "significant capital expenditure" ], "answer_start": [ 188 ] }
572e8592dfa6aa1500f8d09a
Railway_electrification_system
A railway electrification system supplies electric power to railway trains and trams without an on-board prime mover or local fuel supply. Electrification has many advantages but requires significant capital expenditure. Selection of an electrification system is based on economics of energy supply, maintenance, and cap...
What are two types of revenue obtained through railway transportation?
{ "text": [ "freight and passenger traffic" ], "answer_start": [ 367 ] }
572e86c1c246551400ce42ca
Railway_electrification_system
Electric railways use electric locomotives to haul passengers or freight in separate cars or electric multiple units, passenger cars with their own motors. Electricity is typically generated in large and relatively efficient generating stations, transmitted to the railway network and distributed to the trains. Some ele...
What is used to haul passengers cars?
{ "text": [ "electric locomotives" ], "answer_start": [ 22 ] }
572e86c1c246551400ce42cb
Railway_electrification_system
Electric railways use electric locomotives to haul passengers or freight in separate cars or electric multiple units, passenger cars with their own motors. Electricity is typically generated in large and relatively efficient generating stations, transmitted to the railway network and distributed to the trains. Some ele...
How is electricity being generated for electric locomotives?
{ "text": [ "generating stations" ], "answer_start": [ 225 ] }
572e86c1c246551400ce42cc
Railway_electrification_system
Electric railways use electric locomotives to haul passengers or freight in separate cars or electric multiple units, passenger cars with their own motors. Electricity is typically generated in large and relatively efficient generating stations, transmitted to the railway network and distributed to the trains. Some ele...
What entity provides distribution lines, switches and transformers?
{ "text": [ "railway" ], "answer_start": [ 457 ] }
572e88f303f9891900756745
Railway_electrification_system
In comparison to the principal alternative, the diesel engine, electric railways offer substantially better energy efficiency, lower emissions and lower operating costs. Electric locomotives are usually quieter, more powerful, and more responsive and reliable than diesels. They have no local emissions, an important adv...
What is the principal alternative to electric railways?
{ "text": [ "diesel engine" ], "answer_start": [ 48 ] }
572e88f303f9891900756746
Railway_electrification_system
In comparison to the principal alternative, the diesel engine, electric railways offer substantially better energy efficiency, lower emissions and lower operating costs. Electric locomotives are usually quieter, more powerful, and more responsive and reliable than diesels. They have no local emissions, an important adv...
What locomotives are usually more reliable?
{ "text": [ "Electric locomotives" ], "answer_start": [ 170 ] }