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5730c2302461fd1900a9d046
Russian_language
Significant Russian-speaking groups also exist in Western Europe. These have been fed by several waves of immigrants since the beginning of the 20th century, each with its own flavor of language. The United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Brazil, Norway, and Austria have significant Russian-sp...
How many people in Ireland speak Russian?
{ "text": [ "21,639" ], "answer_start": [ 392 ] }
5730c2302461fd1900a9d047
Russian_language
Significant Russian-speaking groups also exist in Western Europe. These have been fed by several waves of immigrants since the beginning of the 20th century, each with its own flavor of language. The United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Brazil, Norway, and Austria have significant Russian-sp...
How much of Ireland's Russian speakers are Russian citizens?
{ "text": [ "13%" ], "answer_start": [ 478 ] }
5730c2302461fd1900a9d048
Russian_language
Significant Russian-speaking groups also exist in Western Europe. These have been fed by several waves of immigrants since the beginning of the 20th century, each with its own flavor of language. The United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Brazil, Norway, and Austria have significant Russian-sp...
How much of Ireland's Russian speakers are Irish citizens?
{ "text": [ "20%" ], "answer_start": [ 506 ] }
5730c2302461fd1900a9d049
Russian_language
Significant Russian-speaking groups also exist in Western Europe. These have been fed by several waves of immigrants since the beginning of the 20th century, each with its own flavor of language. The United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Brazil, Norway, and Austria have significant Russian-sp...
How much of Ireland's Russian speakers are Latvian citizens?
{ "text": [ "27%" ], "answer_start": [ 540 ] }
5730df7eaca1c71400fe5b1f
Russian_language
In Armenia Russian has no official status, but it's recognised as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 15,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1 million active speakers. 30% of the popu...
What convention recognizes Russian in Armenia?
{ "text": [ "Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities" ], "answer_start": [ 96 ] }
5730df7eaca1c71400fe5b20
Russian_language
In Armenia Russian has no official status, but it's recognised as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 15,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1 million active speakers. 30% of the popu...
How many Armenians speak Russian natively?
{ "text": [ "15,000" ], "answer_start": [ 224 ] }
5730df7eaca1c71400fe5b21
Russian_language
In Armenia Russian has no official status, but it's recognised as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 15,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1 million active speakers. 30% of the popu...
How many Armenians speak Russian actively?
{ "text": [ "1 million" ], "answer_start": [ 278 ] }
5730df7eaca1c71400fe5b22
Russian_language
In Armenia Russian has no official status, but it's recognised as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 15,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1 million active speakers. 30% of the popu...
What percent of Armenia speaks Russian?
{ "text": [ "30%" ], "answer_start": [ 305 ] }
5730df7eaca1c71400fe5b23
Russian_language
In Armenia Russian has no official status, but it's recognised as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 15,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1 million active speakers. 30% of the popu...
What percent of Armenia uses Russian as their main language?
{ "text": [ "2%" ], "answer_start": [ 362 ] }
5730dfd1aca1c71400fe5b29
Russian_language
In Georgia Russian has no official status, but it's recognised as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 130,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1.7 million active speakers. 27% of the p...
What convention recognizes Russian in Georgia?
{ "text": [ "Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities" ], "answer_start": [ 96 ] }
5730dfd1aca1c71400fe5b2a
Russian_language
In Georgia Russian has no official status, but it's recognised as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 130,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1.7 million active speakers. 27% of the p...
How many Georgians speak Russian natively?
{ "text": [ "130,000" ], "answer_start": [ 224 ] }
5730dfd1aca1c71400fe5b2b
Russian_language
In Georgia Russian has no official status, but it's recognised as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 130,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1.7 million active speakers. 27% of the p...
How many Georgians speak Russian actively?
{ "text": [ "1.7 million" ], "answer_start": [ 279 ] }
5730dfd1aca1c71400fe5b2c
Russian_language
In Georgia Russian has no official status, but it's recognised as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 130,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1.7 million active speakers. 27% of the p...
What percent of Georgia is fluent in Russian?
{ "text": [ "27%" ], "answer_start": [ 308 ] }
5730dfd1aca1c71400fe5b2d
Russian_language
In Georgia Russian has no official status, but it's recognised as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 130,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1.7 million active speakers. 27% of the p...
What percent of Georgia use Russian as their main language?
{ "text": [ "1%" ], "answer_start": [ 365 ] }
5730e504f6cb411900e2451f
Russian_language
In Kazakhstan Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 4,200,000 native speakers of Russian in the country,...
How many people in Kazakhstan speak Russian natively?
{ "text": [ "4,200,000" ], "answer_start": [ 268 ] }
5730e504f6cb411900e24520
Russian_language
In Kazakhstan Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 4,200,000 native speakers of Russian in the country,...
How many people in Kazakhstan speak Russian actively?
{ "text": [ "10 million" ], "answer_start": [ 325 ] }
5730e504f6cb411900e24521
Russian_language
In Kazakhstan Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 4,200,000 native speakers of Russian in the country,...
What percent of people in Kazakhstan speak Russian fluently?
{ "text": [ "63%" ], "answer_start": [ 353 ] }
5730e504f6cb411900e24522
Russian_language
In Kazakhstan Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 4,200,000 native speakers of Russian in the country,...
What percent of people in Kazakhstan use Russian as their main language?
{ "text": [ "46%" ], "answer_start": [ 410 ] }
5730e7c0b54a4f140068ccd0
Russian_language
The language was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 1700s. Although most colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elde...
Where did Russian explorers first reach North America?
{ "text": [ "Alaska" ], "answer_start": [ 87 ] }
5730e7c0b54a4f140068ccd1
Russian_language
The language was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 1700s. Although most colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elde...
When did Russian explorers first reach North America?
{ "text": [ "1700s" ], "answer_start": [ 131 ] }
5730e7c0b54a4f140068ccd2
Russian_language
The language was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 1700s. Although most colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elde...
When did the US buy Alaska?
{ "text": [ "1867" ], "answer_start": [ 210 ] }
5730e7c0b54a4f140068ccd3
Russian_language
The language was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 1700s. Although most colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elde...
What portion of Russian-speaking Americans are ethnic Russians?
{ "text": [ "about 25%" ], "answer_start": [ 824 ] }
5730e7c0b54a4f140068ccd4
Russian_language
The language was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 1700s. Although most colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elde...
What is the term for Russian-speaking people?
{ "text": [ "Russophones" ], "answer_start": [ 945 ] }
5730e962f6cb411900e24546
Russian_language
Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, World Health Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, UNESCO, World Intellectual Property Organization, International Telecommunica...
For which mission did NASA astronauts first learn Russian?
{ "text": [ "Apollo-Soyuz" ], "answer_start": [ 1172 ] }
5730e962f6cb411900e24547
Russian_language
Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, World Health Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, UNESCO, World Intellectual Property Organization, International Telecommunica...
When did Apollo-Soyuz fly?
{ "text": [ "1975" ], "answer_start": [ 1214 ] }
5730e962f6cb411900e24548
Russian_language
Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, World Health Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, UNESCO, World Intellectual Property Organization, International Telecommunica...
What are Russian astronauts called?
{ "text": [ "cosmonauts" ], "answer_start": [ 1091 ] }
5730e962f6cb411900e24549
Russian_language
Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, World Health Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, UNESCO, World Intellectual Property Organization, International Telecommunica...
What math competition has Russian as an official language?
{ "text": [ "International Mathematical Olympiad" ], "answer_start": [ 910 ] }
5730e9bfaca1c71400fe5b69
Russian_language
In March 2013 it was announced that Russian is now the second-most used language on the Internet after English. People use the Russian language on 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian is used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Sov...
What is the second-most-popular language online as of 2013?
{ "text": [ "Russian" ], "answer_start": [ 36 ] }
5730e9bfaca1c71400fe5b6a
Russian_language
In March 2013 it was announced that Russian is now the second-most used language on the Internet after English. People use the Russian language on 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian is used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Sov...
What percent of all websites are in English?
{ "text": [ "54.7%" ], "answer_start": [ 218 ] }
5730e9bfaca1c71400fe5b6b
Russian_language
In March 2013 it was announced that Russian is now the second-most used language on the Internet after English. People use the Russian language on 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian is used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Sov...
What percent of all websites are in Russian?
{ "text": [ "5.9%" ], "answer_start": [ 147 ] }
5730e9bfaca1c71400fe5b6c
Russian_language
In March 2013 it was announced that Russian is now the second-most used language on the Internet after English. People use the Russian language on 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian is used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Sov...
What percent of all .ru websites are in Russian?
{ "text": [ "89.8%" ], "answer_start": [ 254 ] }
5730e9bfaca1c71400fe5b6d
Russian_language
In March 2013 it was announced that Russian is now the second-most used language on the Internet after English. People use the Russian language on 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian is used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Sov...
What percent of Ukraine's websites are in Russian?
{ "text": [ "79.0%" ], "answer_start": [ 419 ] }
5730edfaa5e9cc1400cdbb01
Russian_language
Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the two. Others divide the languag...
What two regions do some linguists divide Russian into?
{ "text": [ "\"Northern\" and \"Southern\"" ], "answer_start": [ 207 ] }
5730edfaa5e9cc1400cdbb02
Russian_language
Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the two. Others divide the languag...
What three regions do some linguists divide Russian into?
{ "text": [ "Northern, Central (or Middle) and Southern" ], "answer_start": [ 344 ] }
5730edfaa5e9cc1400cdbb03
Russian_language
Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the two. Others divide the languag...
What distinguishes Russian dialects?
{ "text": [ "non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary and grammar" ], "answer_start": [ 802 ] }
5730ee8905b4da19006bcc58
Russian_language
The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly (the phenomenon called okanye/оканье). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e~i̯ɛ/ in the place of Proto-Slavic *ě and /o~u̯ɔ/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Uk...
What is okanye?
{ "text": [ "pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly" ], "answer_start": [ 79 ] }
5730ee8905b4da19006bcc59
Russian_language
The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly (the phenomenon called okanye/оканье). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e~i̯ɛ/ in the place of Proto-Slavic *ě and /o~u̯ɔ/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Uk...
What articles are similar to Bulgarian?
{ "text": [ "post-posed definite article -to, -ta, -te" ], "answer_start": [ 412 ] }
5730ee8905b4da19006bcc5a
Russian_language
The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly (the phenomenon called okanye/оканье). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e~i̯ɛ/ in the place of Proto-Slavic *ě and /o~u̯ɔ/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Uk...
What do some Russian dialects do about vowels?
{ "text": [ "absence of vowel reduction" ], "answer_start": [ 163 ] }
5730ee8905b4da19006bcc5b
Russian_language
The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly (the phenomenon called okanye/оканье). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e~i̯ɛ/ in the place of Proto-Slavic *ě and /o~u̯ɔ/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Uk...
What region of dialects is the Volga River area in?
{ "text": [ "Northern Russian" ], "answer_start": [ 4 ] }
5730eef6a5e9cc1400cdbb09
Russian_language
In the Southern Russian dialects, instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [ɪ] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. несли is pronounced [nʲaˈslʲi], not [nʲɪsˈlʲi]) – this is called yakanye...
What does Southern Russian have a linguistic continuum with?
{ "text": [ "modern Belarusian and some dialects of Ukrainian (Eastern Polesian)" ], "answer_start": [ 823 ] }
5730f09fa5e9cc1400cdbb13
Russian_language
Among the first to study Russian dialects was Lomonosov in the 18th century. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. In modern times, the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Langua...
Who made the first dialectal Russian dictionary?
{ "text": [ "Vladimir Dal" ], "answer_start": [ 90 ] }
5730f09fa5e9cc1400cdbb14
Russian_language
Among the first to study Russian dialects was Lomonosov in the 18th century. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. In modern times, the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Langua...
In what century was the first dialectal Russian dictionary published?
{ "text": [ "19th" ], "answer_start": [ 84 ] }
5730f09fa5e9cc1400cdbb15
Russian_language
Among the first to study Russian dialects was Lomonosov in the 18th century. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. In modern times, the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Langua...
When did Lomonosov study Russian dialects?
{ "text": [ "18th century" ], "answer_start": [ 63 ] }
5730f09fa5e9cc1400cdbb16
Russian_language
Among the first to study Russian dialects was Lomonosov in the 18th century. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. In modern times, the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Langua...
When were detailed maps of Russian dialects created?
{ "text": [ "turn of the 20th century" ], "answer_start": [ 219 ] }
5730f09fa5e9cc1400cdbb17
Russian_language
Among the first to study Russian dialects was Lomonosov in the 18th century. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. In modern times, the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Langua...
How long did it take to compile the Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language?
{ "text": [ "four decades" ], "answer_start": [ 472 ] }
5730f1c3e6313a140071cad6
Russian_language
Older letters of the Russian alphabet include ⟨ѣ⟩, which merged to ⟨е⟩ (/je/ or /ʲe/); ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩, which both merged to ⟨и⟩ (/i/); ⟨ѳ⟩, which merged to ⟨ф⟩ (/f/); ⟨ѫ⟩, which merged to ⟨у⟩ (/u/); ⟨ѭ⟩, which merged to ⟨ю⟩ (/ju/ or /ʲu/); and ⟨ѧ/⟨ѩ⟩⟩, which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨я⟩ and merged phonetically...
What did the old letter ⟨ѣ⟩ become?
{ "text": [ "⟨е⟩" ], "answer_start": [ 67 ] }
5730f1c3e6313a140071cad7
Russian_language
Older letters of the Russian alphabet include ⟨ѣ⟩, which merged to ⟨е⟩ (/je/ or /ʲe/); ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩, which both merged to ⟨и⟩ (/i/); ⟨ѳ⟩, which merged to ⟨ф⟩ (/f/); ⟨ѫ⟩, which merged to ⟨у⟩ (/u/); ⟨ѭ⟩, which merged to ⟨ю⟩ (/ju/ or /ʲu/); and ⟨ѧ/⟨ѩ⟩⟩, which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨я⟩ and merged phonetically...
What did the old letters ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩ become?
{ "text": [ "⟨и⟩" ], "answer_start": [ 121 ] }
5730f1c3e6313a140071cad8
Russian_language
Older letters of the Russian alphabet include ⟨ѣ⟩, which merged to ⟨е⟩ (/je/ or /ʲe/); ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩, which both merged to ⟨и⟩ (/i/); ⟨ѳ⟩, which merged to ⟨ф⟩ (/f/); ⟨ѫ⟩, which merged to ⟨у⟩ (/u/); ⟨ѭ⟩, which merged to ⟨ю⟩ (/ju/ or /ʲu/); and ⟨ѧ/⟨ѩ⟩⟩, which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨я⟩ and merged phonetically...
What did the old letter ⟨ѳ⟩ become?
{ "text": [ "⟨ф⟩" ], "answer_start": [ 153 ] }
5730f1c3e6313a140071cad9
Russian_language
Older letters of the Russian alphabet include ⟨ѣ⟩, which merged to ⟨е⟩ (/je/ or /ʲe/); ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩, which both merged to ⟨и⟩ (/i/); ⟨ѳ⟩, which merged to ⟨ф⟩ (/f/); ⟨ѫ⟩, which merged to ⟨у⟩ (/u/); ⟨ѭ⟩, which merged to ⟨ю⟩ (/ju/ or /ʲu/); and ⟨ѧ/⟨ѩ⟩⟩, which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨я⟩ and merged phonetically...
What did the old letter ⟨ѫ⟩ become?
{ "text": [ "⟨у⟩" ], "answer_start": [ 185 ] }
5730f1c3e6313a140071cada
Russian_language
Older letters of the Russian alphabet include ⟨ѣ⟩, which merged to ⟨е⟩ (/je/ or /ʲe/); ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩, which both merged to ⟨и⟩ (/i/); ⟨ѳ⟩, which merged to ⟨ф⟩ (/f/); ⟨ѫ⟩, which merged to ⟨у⟩ (/u/); ⟨ѭ⟩, which merged to ⟨ю⟩ (/ju/ or /ʲu/); and ⟨ѧ/⟨ѩ⟩⟩, which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨я⟩ and merged phonetically...
What did the old letter ⟨ѭ⟩ become?
{ "text": [ "⟨ю⟩" ], "answer_start": [ 217 ] }
5730f210a5e9cc1400cdbb1d
Russian_language
Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš'. Once commonly used by the majority of those living ou...
What is 'moroz' a transliteration of?
{ "text": [ "мороз" ], "answer_start": [ 192 ] }
5730f210a5e9cc1400cdbb1e
Russian_language
Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš'. Once commonly used by the majority of those living ou...
What is 'mysh' a transliteration of?
{ "text": [ "мышь" ], "answer_start": [ 237 ] }
5730f210a5e9cc1400cdbb1f
Russian_language
Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš'. Once commonly used by the majority of those living ou...
What font technology has reduced the need for transliteration?
{ "text": [ "Unicode character encoding," ], "answer_start": [ 437 ] }
5730f210a5e9cc1400cdbb20
Russian_language
Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš'. Once commonly used by the majority of those living ou...
What does 'moroz' mean?
{ "text": [ "frost" ], "answer_start": [ 200 ] }
5730f210a5e9cc1400cdbb21
Russian_language
Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš'. Once commonly used by the majority of those living ou...
What does 'mysh' mean?
{ "text": [ "mouse" ], "answer_start": [ 244 ] }
5730f2a1497a881900248a85
Russian_language
The Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. KOI8-R was designed by the Soviet government and was intended to serve as the standard encoding. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditional Macintosh (ISO/IEC 88...
Who created KOI8-R encoding?
{ "text": [ "the Soviet government" ], "answer_start": [ 84 ] }
5730f2a1497a881900248a86
Russian_language
The Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. KOI8-R was designed by the Soviet government and was intended to serve as the standard encoding. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditional Macintosh (ISO/IEC 88...
What system used CP1251 encoding?
{ "text": [ "Microsoft Windows" ], "answer_start": [ 330 ] }
5730f2a1497a881900248a87
Russian_language
The Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. KOI8-R was designed by the Soviet government and was intended to serve as the standard encoding. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditional Macintosh (ISO/IEC 88...
What systems used IBM866 encoding?
{ "text": [ "MS-DOS and OS/2" ], "answer_start": [ 261 ] }
5730f2a1497a881900248a88
Russian_language
The Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. KOI8-R was designed by the Soviet government and was intended to serve as the standard encoding. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditional Macintosh (ISO/IEC 88...
What encoding did early Macs use?
{ "text": [ "ISO/IEC 8859-5" ], "answer_start": [ 310 ] }
5730f2a1497a881900248a89
Russian_language
The Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. KOI8-R was designed by the Soviet government and was intended to serve as the standard encoding. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditional Macintosh (ISO/IEC 88...
In what years was CP1251 encoding used in most Russian online usage?
{ "text": [ "1995–2005" ], "answer_start": [ 561 ] }
5730f30ce6313a140071cae0
Russian_language
According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent (знак ударения) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: замо́к/за́мок (lock/c...
What organization is the Institute of Russian Language part of?
{ "text": [ "Russian Academy of Sciences" ], "answer_start": [ 54 ] }
5730f30ce6313a140071cae1
Russian_language
According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent (знак ударения) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: замо́к/за́мок (lock/c...
What can optional acute accents indicate?
{ "text": [ "stress" ], "answer_start": [ 167 ] }
5730f30ce6313a140071cae2
Russian_language
According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent (знак ударения) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: замо́к/за́мок (lock/c...
What is distinguished from 'lock' only by an accent, in Russian?
{ "text": [ "castle" ], "answer_start": [ 319 ] }
5730f30ce6313a140071cae3
Russian_language
According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent (знак ударения) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: замо́к/за́мок (lock/c...
What is distinguished from 'this is odd' only by an accent, in Russian?
{ "text": [ "this is marvelous" ], "answer_start": [ 396 ] }
5730f30ce6313a140071cae4
Russian_language
According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent (знак ударения) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: замо́к/за́мок (lock/c...
What is distinguished from 'wothwhile' only by an accent, in Russian?
{ "text": [ "standing" ], "answer_start": [ 358 ] }
5730f38405b4da19006bcc74
Russian_language
The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St. Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. (The hard co...
Who says Russian has 6 vowels?
{ "text": [ "St. Petersburg Phonological School" ], "answer_start": [ 54 ] }
5730f38405b4da19006bcc75
Russian_language
The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St. Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. (The hard co...
When are Russian vowels written differently?
{ "text": [ "depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized" ], "answer_start": [ 132 ] }
5730f38405b4da19006bcc76
Russian_language
The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St. Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. (The hard co...
What dialect is standard Russian based on?
{ "text": [ "Moscow dialect" ], "answer_start": [ 432 ] }
5730f38405b4da19006bcc77
Russian_language
The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St. Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. (The hard co...
What language does Russian treat hard consonants similar to?
{ "text": [ "Irish" ], "answer_start": [ 388 ] }
5730f38405b4da19006bcc78
Russian_language
The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St. Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. (The hard co...
What is done to unstressed vowels?
{ "text": [ "reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa" ], "answer_start": [ 580 ] }
5730f3cae6313a140071caea
Russian_language
Russian is notable for its distinction based on palatalization of most of the consonants. While /k/, /ɡ/, /x/ do have palatalized allophones [kʲ, ɡʲ, xʲ], only /kʲ/ might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive (the only native minimal pair which argues for /kʲ/ to be a s...
What might /kʲ/ be considered?
{ "text": [ "a phoneme" ], "answer_start": [ 185 ] }
5730f434497a881900248a99
Russian_language
Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern R...
When did Eastern Slavs become the dominant group in the area of Ukraine?
{ "text": [ "approximately 1000 AD" ], "answer_start": [ 38 ] }
5730f434497a881900248a9a
Russian_language
Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern R...
When was Kievan Rus' formed?
{ "text": [ "about 880" ], "answer_start": [ 290 ] }
5730f434497a881900248a9b
Russian_language
Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern R...
What countries did Kievan Rus' become?
{ "text": [ "modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus" ], "answer_start": [ 312 ] }
5730f434497a881900248a9c
Russian_language
Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern R...
What was the main language in Kievan Rus'?
{ "text": [ "Old East Slavic" ], "answer_start": [ 380 ] }
5730f434497a881900248a9d
Russian_language
Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern R...
When did Kievan Rus' adopt Christianity?
{ "text": [ "988" ], "answer_start": [ 491 ] }
5730f49b05b4da19006bcc88
Russian_language
The political reforms of Peter the Great (Пётр Вели́кий, Pyótr Velíkiy) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke Frenc...
Where did Russian get specialized vocabulary from?
{ "text": [ "the languages of Western Europe" ], "answer_start": [ 231 ] }
5730f49b05b4da19006bcc89
Russian_language
The political reforms of Peter the Great (Пётр Вели́кий, Pyótr Velíkiy) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke Frenc...
What second language was common among Russian nobles by 1800?
{ "text": [ "French" ], "answer_start": [ 315 ] }
5730f49b05b4da19006bcc8a
Russian_language
The political reforms of Peter the Great (Пётр Вели́кий, Pyótr Velíkiy) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke Frenc...
What third language was common among Russian nobles by 1800?
{ "text": [ "German" ], "answer_start": [ 333 ] }
5730f49b05b4da19006bcc8b
Russian_language
The political reforms of Peter the Great (Пётр Вели́кий, Pyótr Velíkiy) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke Frenc...
Who wrote 'War and Peace'?
{ "text": [ "Leo Tolstoy" ], "answer_start": [ 397 ] }
5730f49b05b4da19006bcc8c
Russian_language
The political reforms of Peter the Great (Пётр Вели́кий, Pyótr Velíkiy) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke Frenc...
What language often appeared in Russian novels without translation?
{ "text": [ "French" ], "answer_start": [ 485 ] }
5730f4ede6313a140071caf0
Russian_language
The modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of Alexander Pushkin (Алекса́ндр Пу́шкин) in the first third of the 19th century. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called "высо́кий стиль" — "high style") in favor of grammar and vocabulary ...
Who revolutionized modern Russian?
{ "text": [ "Alexander Pushkin" ], "answer_start": [ 76 ] }
5730f4ede6313a140071caf1
Russian_language
The modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of Alexander Pushkin (Алекса́ндр Пу́шкин) in the first third of the 19th century. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called "высо́кий стиль" — "high style") in favor of grammar and vocabulary ...
What did Pushkin reject from older Russian?
{ "text": [ "archaic grammar and vocabulary" ], "answer_start": [ 210 ] }
5730f4ede6313a140071caf2
Russian_language
The modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of Alexander Pushkin (Алекса́ндр Пу́шкин) in the first third of the 19th century. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called "высо́кий стиль" — "high style") in favor of grammar and vocabulary ...
What was 'high style'?
{ "text": [ "archaic grammar and vocabulary" ], "answer_start": [ 210 ] }
5730f53c05b4da19006bcc92
Russian_language
During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official language only in 1990. Follow...
When did the USSR dissolve?
{ "text": [ "1991" ], "answer_start": [ 352 ] }
5730f53c05b4da19006bcc93
Russian_language
During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official language only in 1990. Follow...
When did the USSR make Russian the official language?
{ "text": [ "1990" ], "answer_start": [ 308 ] }
5730f53c05b4da19006bcc94
Russian_language
During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official language only in 1990. Follow...
What unofficial status did Russian have in the USSR before 1990?
{ "text": [ "the unifying role and superior status" ], "answer_start": [ 189 ] }
5730f5bda5e9cc1400cdbb45
Russian_language
According to figures published in 2006 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L., the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in Russia in particular. In 20...
What department is the Research Center for Sociological Research part of?
{ "text": [ "Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)" ], "answer_start": [ 149 ] }
5730f5bda5e9cc1400cdbb46
Russian_language
According to figures published in 2006 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L., the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in Russia in particular. In 20...
Who wrote "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries"?
{ "text": [ "A. L. Arefyev" ], "answer_start": [ 324 ] }
5730f5bda5e9cc1400cdbb47
Russian_language
According to figures published in 2006 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L., the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in Russia in particular. In 20...
When was "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries" published?
{ "text": [ "2012" ], "answer_start": [ 318 ] }
5730bbbb8ab72b1400f9c733
United_States_Air_Force
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It ...
How many uniformed services are there in the United States?
{ "text": [ "seven" ], "answer_start": [ 121 ] }
5730bbbb8ab72b1400f9c734
United_States_Air_Force
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It ...
When did the USAF split from the US Army?
{ "text": [ "18 September 1947" ], "answer_start": [ 258 ] }
5730bbbb8ab72b1400f9c735
United_States_Air_Force
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It ...
What act formed the USAF?
{ "text": [ "National Security Act of 1947" ], "answer_start": [ 286 ] }
5730bbbb8ab72b1400f9c736
United_States_Air_Force
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It ...
What is one of the functions of the USAF?
{ "text": [ "Nuclear Deterrence Operations" ], "answer_start": [ 508 ] }
5730be5f8ab72b1400f9c75a
United_States_Air_Force
The U.S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, and is appointed by the President with Senate confir...
How many departments are there in the Department of Defense?
{ "text": [ "three" ], "answer_start": [ 102 ] }
5730be5f8ab72b1400f9c75b
United_States_Air_Force
The U.S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, and is appointed by the President with Senate confir...
Who does the Secretary of the Air Force currently report to?
{ "text": [ "Secretary of Defense" ], "answer_start": [ 246 ] }
5730be5f8ab72b1400f9c75c
United_States_Air_Force
The U.S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, and is appointed by the President with Senate confir...
What branch of the government must confirm the President's appointment of the Secretary of the Air Force?
{ "text": [ "Senate" ], "answer_start": [ 307 ] }
5730be5f8ab72b1400f9c75d
United_States_Air_Force
The U.S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, and is appointed by the President with Senate confir...
Who serves as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff?
{ "text": [ "Chief of Staff of the Air Force" ], "answer_start": [ 407 ] }
5730be5f8ab72b1400f9c75e
United_States_Air_Force
The U.S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, and is appointed by the President with Senate confir...
Who assigns combat missions to the Air Force?
{ "text": [ "Secretary of Defense" ], "answer_start": [ 611 ] }
5730c872aca1c71400fe5ab1
United_States_Air_Force
Recently, the Air Force refined its understanding of the core duties and responsibilities it performs as a Military Service Branch, streamlining what previously were six distinctive capabilities and seventeen operational functions into twelve core functions to be used across the doctrine, organization, training, equipm...
How many core functions did the Air Force reduce its duties down to recently?
{ "text": [ "twelve" ], "answer_start": [ 236 ] }