id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5731350da5e9cc1400cdbce2 | Qing_dynasty | The sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor. Kangxi's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the "High Qing", during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi's long reign started when he was eight years old up... | Who had the longest rule of any emperor? | {
"text": [
"Kangxi"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
5731350da5e9cc1400cdbce3 | Qing_dynasty | The sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor. Kangxi's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the "High Qing", during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi's long reign started when he was eight years old up... | What era did Kanxi's rule kick off? | {
"text": [
"High Qing"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
5731350da5e9cc1400cdbce4 | Qing_dynasty | The sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor. Kangxi's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the "High Qing", during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi's long reign started when he was eight years old up... | How old was Kangxi when he took over? | {
"text": [
"eight"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
5731350da5e9cc1400cdbce5 | Qing_dynasty | The sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor. Kangxi's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the "High Qing", during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi's long reign started when he was eight years old up... | Who ruled while Kangxi was young? | {
"text": [
"Oboi"
],
"answer_start": [
871
]
} |
5731360e497a881900248c4d | Qing_dynasty | The early Manchu rulers also established two foundations of legitimacy which help to explain the stability of their dynasty. The first was the bureaucratic institutions and the neo-Confucian culture which they adopted from earlier dynasties. Manchu rulers and Han Chinese scholar-official elites gradually came to terms ... | What type of learning did the early Manchu leaders respect? | {
"text": [
"Confucian"
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
} |
5731360e497a881900248c4e | Qing_dynasty | The early Manchu rulers also established two foundations of legitimacy which help to explain the stability of their dynasty. The first was the bureaucratic institutions and the neo-Confucian culture which they adopted from earlier dynasties. Manchu rulers and Han Chinese scholar-official elites gradually came to terms ... | What declaration solidified Confucian values? | {
"text": [
"Sacred Edict of 1670"
],
"answer_start": [
506
]
} |
5731360e497a881900248c4f | Qing_dynasty | The early Manchu rulers also established two foundations of legitimacy which help to explain the stability of their dynasty. The first was the bureaucratic institutions and the neo-Confucian culture which they adopted from earlier dynasties. Manchu rulers and Han Chinese scholar-official elites gradually came to terms ... | Who did the Manchu appeal to? | {
"text": [
"Mongol, Tibetan and Uighur"
],
"answer_start": [
696
]
} |
5731360e497a881900248c50 | Qing_dynasty | The early Manchu rulers also established two foundations of legitimacy which help to explain the stability of their dynasty. The first was the bureaucratic institutions and the neo-Confucian culture which they adopted from earlier dynasties. Manchu rulers and Han Chinese scholar-official elites gradually came to terms ... | What Christians did Kangxi allow in his court? | {
"text": [
"Jesuit missionaries"
],
"answer_start": [
1209
]
} |
573136ed497a881900248c5f | Qing_dynasty | Yet controlling the "Mandate of Heaven" was a daunting task. The vastness of China's territory meant that there were only enough banner troops to garrison key cities forming the backbone of a defense network that relied heavily on surrendered Ming soldiers. In addition, three surrendered Ming generals were singled out ... | Who was the most important Ming general? | {
"text": [
"Wu Sangui"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} |
573136ed497a881900248c60 | Qing_dynasty | Yet controlling the "Mandate of Heaven" was a daunting task. The vastness of China's territory meant that there were only enough banner troops to garrison key cities forming the backbone of a defense network that relied heavily on surrendered Ming soldiers. In addition, three surrendered Ming generals were singled out ... | What provinces did Sangui control? | {
"text": [
"Yunnan and Guizhou"
],
"answer_start": [
549
]
} |
573136ed497a881900248c61 | Qing_dynasty | Yet controlling the "Mandate of Heaven" was a daunting task. The vastness of China's territory meant that there were only enough banner troops to garrison key cities forming the backbone of a defense network that relied heavily on surrendered Ming soldiers. In addition, three surrendered Ming generals were singled out ... | Name the other two important Ming generals? | {
"text": [
"Shang Kexi and Geng Jingzhong"
],
"answer_start": [
584
]
} |
573136ed497a881900248c62 | Qing_dynasty | Yet controlling the "Mandate of Heaven" was a daunting task. The vastness of China's territory meant that there were only enough banner troops to garrison key cities forming the backbone of a defense network that relied heavily on surrendered Ming soldiers. In addition, three surrendered Ming generals were singled out ... | Which provinces did Kexi and Jingzhong receive? | {
"text": [
"Guangdong and Fujian"
],
"answer_start": [
625
]
} |
5731378ba5e9cc1400cdbd0f | Qing_dynasty | As the years went by, the three feudal lords and their extensive territories became increasingly autonomous. Finally, in 1673, Shang Kexi petitioned Kangxi for permission to retire to his hometown in Liaodong province and nominated his son as his successor. The young emperor granted his retirement, but denied the hered... | When did Kexi retire? | {
"text": [
"1673"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
5731378ba5e9cc1400cdbd10 | Qing_dynasty | As the years went by, the three feudal lords and their extensive territories became increasingly autonomous. Finally, in 1673, Shang Kexi petitioned Kangxi for permission to retire to his hometown in Liaodong province and nominated his son as his successor. The young emperor granted his retirement, but denied the hered... | Who did Kexi thing should take over for him? | {
"text": [
"his son"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
5731378ba5e9cc1400cdbd11 | Qing_dynasty | As the years went by, the three feudal lords and their extensive territories became increasingly autonomous. Finally, in 1673, Shang Kexi petitioned Kangxi for permission to retire to his hometown in Liaodong province and nominated his son as his successor. The young emperor granted his retirement, but denied the hered... | What happened when Kexi, and the two other generals all retired? | {
"text": [
"all three fiefdoms to be reverted to the crown."
],
"answer_start": [
598
]
} |
5731388f497a881900248c7b | Qing_dynasty | Faced with the stripping of their powers, Wu Sangui, later joined by Geng Zhongming and by Shang Kexi's son Shang Zhixin, felt they had no choice but to revolt. The ensuing Revolt of the Three Feudatories lasted for eight years. Wu attempted, ultimately in vain, to fire the embers of south China Ming loyalty by restori... | How long did the Revolt of the Three Feudatories last? | {
"text": [
"eight years"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
5731388f497a881900248c7c | Qing_dynasty | Faced with the stripping of their powers, Wu Sangui, later joined by Geng Zhongming and by Shang Kexi's son Shang Zhixin, felt they had no choice but to revolt. The ensuing Revolt of the Three Feudatories lasted for eight years. Wu attempted, ultimately in vain, to fire the embers of south China Ming loyalty by restori... | Who declared himself emperor? | {
"text": [
"Wu"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
5731388f497a881900248c7d | Qing_dynasty | Faced with the stripping of their powers, Wu Sangui, later joined by Geng Zhongming and by Shang Kexi's son Shang Zhixin, felt they had no choice but to revolt. The ensuing Revolt of the Three Feudatories lasted for eight years. Wu attempted, ultimately in vain, to fire the embers of south China Ming loyalty by restori... | When did the Qing regain power over southern China? | {
"text": [
"1681"
],
"answer_start": [
765
]
} |
5731388f497a881900248c7e | Qing_dynasty | Faced with the stripping of their powers, Wu Sangui, later joined by Geng Zhongming and by Shang Kexi's son Shang Zhixin, felt they had no choice but to revolt. The ensuing Revolt of the Three Feudatories lasted for eight years. Wu attempted, ultimately in vain, to fire the embers of south China Ming loyalty by restori... | Who did the Qing think were the better soldiers to battle Han Chinese? | {
"text": [
"other Han people"
],
"answer_start": [
1269
]
} |
5731388f497a881900248c7f | Qing_dynasty | Faced with the stripping of their powers, Wu Sangui, later joined by Geng Zhongming and by Shang Kexi's son Shang Zhixin, felt they had no choice but to revolt. The ensuing Revolt of the Three Feudatories lasted for eight years. Wu attempted, ultimately in vain, to fire the embers of south China Ming loyalty by restori... | How many Green Standard Army soldiers were on the Qing side? | {
"text": [
"400,000"
],
"answer_start": [
2136
]
} |
573138f7a5e9cc1400cdbd3d | Qing_dynasty | The Qing forces were crushed by Wu from 1673-1674. The Qing had the support of the majority of Han Chinese soldiers and Han elite against the Three Feudatories, since they refused to join Wu Sangui in the revolt, while the Eight Banners and Manchu officers fared poorly against Wu Sangui, so the Qing responded with usin... | When did Wu destroy the Qing armies? | {
"text": [
"1673-1674"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
573138f7a5e9cc1400cdbd3e | Qing_dynasty | The Qing forces were crushed by Wu from 1673-1674. The Qing had the support of the majority of Han Chinese soldiers and Han elite against the Three Feudatories, since they refused to join Wu Sangui in the revolt, while the Eight Banners and Manchu officers fared poorly against Wu Sangui, so the Qing responded with usin... | How many soldiers did the Qing fight back with? | {
"text": [
"900,000"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
} |
573138f7a5e9cc1400cdbd3f | Qing_dynasty | The Qing forces were crushed by Wu from 1673-1674. The Qing had the support of the majority of Han Chinese soldiers and Han elite against the Three Feudatories, since they refused to join Wu Sangui in the revolt, while the Eight Banners and Manchu officers fared poorly against Wu Sangui, so the Qing responded with usin... | What happened to Wu's army? | {
"text": [
"crushed by the Green Standard Army"
],
"answer_start": [
479
]
} |
57313a17497a881900248c8f | Qing_dynasty | To extend and consolidate the dynasty's control in Central Asia, the Kangxi Emperor personally led a series of military campaigns against the Dzungars in Outer Mongolia. The Kangxi Emperor was able to successfully expel Galdan's invading forces from these regions, which were then incorporated into the empire. Galdan wa... | Where did Kangxi lead an army? | {
"text": [
"Outer Mongolia"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
57313a17497a881900248c90 | Qing_dynasty | To extend and consolidate the dynasty's control in Central Asia, the Kangxi Emperor personally led a series of military campaigns against the Dzungars in Outer Mongolia. The Kangxi Emperor was able to successfully expel Galdan's invading forces from these regions, which were then incorporated into the empire. Galdan wa... | Who did Kangxi fight? | {
"text": [
"Dzungars"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
57313a17497a881900248c91 | Qing_dynasty | To extend and consolidate the dynasty's control in Central Asia, the Kangxi Emperor personally led a series of military campaigns against the Dzungars in Outer Mongolia. The Kangxi Emperor was able to successfully expel Galdan's invading forces from these regions, which were then incorporated into the empire. Galdan wa... | When was Galdan killed? | {
"text": [
"Dzungar–Qing War"
],
"answer_start": [
347
]
} |
57313a17497a881900248c92 | Qing_dynasty | To extend and consolidate the dynasty's control in Central Asia, the Kangxi Emperor personally led a series of military campaigns against the Dzungars in Outer Mongolia. The Kangxi Emperor was able to successfully expel Galdan's invading forces from these regions, which were then incorporated into the empire. Galdan wa... | When did Taiwan fall? | {
"text": [
"1683"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
} |
57313a17497a881900248c93 | Qing_dynasty | To extend and consolidate the dynasty's control in Central Asia, the Kangxi Emperor personally led a series of military campaigns against the Dzungars in Outer Mongolia. The Kangxi Emperor was able to successfully expel Galdan's invading forces from these regions, which were then incorporated into the empire. Galdan wa... | What European country did Kangxi fight? | {
"text": [
"Russia"
],
"answer_start": [
1206
]
} |
57313a71e6313a140071cd40 | Qing_dynasty | After the Kangxi Emperor's death in the winter of 1722, his fourth son, Prince Yong (雍親王), became the Yongzheng Emperor. In the later years of Kangxi's reign, Yongzheng and his brothers had fought, and there were rumours that he had usurped the throne(most of the rumours believe that Yongzheng's brother Yingzhen (Kangx... | When did Kangxi die? | {
"text": [
"1722"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
57313a71e6313a140071cd41 | Qing_dynasty | After the Kangxi Emperor's death in the winter of 1722, his fourth son, Prince Yong (雍親王), became the Yongzheng Emperor. In the later years of Kangxi's reign, Yongzheng and his brothers had fought, and there were rumours that he had usurped the throne(most of the rumours believe that Yongzheng's brother Yingzhen (Kangx... | Who took Kangxi's place? | {
"text": [
"Prince Yong"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
57313a71e6313a140071cd42 | Qing_dynasty | After the Kangxi Emperor's death in the winter of 1722, his fourth son, Prince Yong (雍親王), became the Yongzheng Emperor. In the later years of Kangxi's reign, Yongzheng and his brothers had fought, and there were rumours that he had usurped the throne(most of the rumours believe that Yongzheng's brother Yingzhen (Kangx... | How old was Yongzheng when he took over? | {
"text": [
"45"
],
"answer_start": [
751
]
} |
57313b16e6313a140071cd50 | Qing_dynasty | He moved rapidly. First, he promoted Confucian orthodoxy and reversed what he saw as his father's laxness by cracking down on unorthodox sects and by decapitating an anti-Manchu writer his father had pardoned. In 1723 he outlawed Christianity and expelled Christian missionaries, though some were allowed to remain in th... | Who did Yongzheng behead? | {
"text": [
"anti-Manchu writer"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
57313b16e6313a140071cd51 | Qing_dynasty | He moved rapidly. First, he promoted Confucian orthodoxy and reversed what he saw as his father's laxness by cracking down on unorthodox sects and by decapitating an anti-Manchu writer his father had pardoned. In 1723 he outlawed Christianity and expelled Christian missionaries, though some were allowed to remain in th... | What religion did Yongzheng ban? | {
"text": [
"Christianity"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
57313b16e6313a140071cd52 | Qing_dynasty | He moved rapidly. First, he promoted Confucian orthodoxy and reversed what he saw as his father's laxness by cracking down on unorthodox sects and by decapitating an anti-Manchu writer his father had pardoned. In 1723 he outlawed Christianity and expelled Christian missionaries, though some were allowed to remain in th... | When did Yongzheng ban christianity? | {
"text": [
"1723"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
57313b16e6313a140071cd53 | Qing_dynasty | He moved rapidly. First, he promoted Confucian orthodoxy and reversed what he saw as his father's laxness by cracking down on unorthodox sects and by decapitating an anti-Manchu writer his father had pardoned. In 1723 he outlawed Christianity and expelled Christian missionaries, though some were allowed to remain in th... | What did Yongzheng crack down on? | {
"text": [
"collection of the land tax"
],
"answer_start": [
998
]
} |
57313b7c05b4da19006bcef2 | Qing_dynasty | In 1725 Yongzheng bestowed the hereditary title of Marquis on a descendant of the Ming dynasty Imperial family, Zhu Zhiliang, who received a salary from the Qing government and whose duty was to perform rituals at the Ming tombs, and was also inducted the Chinese Plain White Banner in the Eight Banners. Later the Qianl... | Who did Yongzheng call Marquis? | {
"text": [
"Zhu Zhiliang"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
57313b7c05b4da19006bcef3 | Qing_dynasty | In 1725 Yongzheng bestowed the hereditary title of Marquis on a descendant of the Ming dynasty Imperial family, Zhu Zhiliang, who received a salary from the Qing government and whose duty was to perform rituals at the Ming tombs, and was also inducted the Chinese Plain White Banner in the Eight Banners. Later the Qianl... | When did Yongzheng give this title? | {
"text": [
"1725"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
57313b7c05b4da19006bcef4 | Qing_dynasty | In 1725 Yongzheng bestowed the hereditary title of Marquis on a descendant of the Ming dynasty Imperial family, Zhu Zhiliang, who received a salary from the Qing government and whose duty was to perform rituals at the Ming tombs, and was also inducted the Chinese Plain White Banner in the Eight Banners. Later the Qianl... | What was Zhu's job? | {
"text": [
"perform rituals"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
57313c06e6313a140071cd62 | Qing_dynasty | Yongzheng also inherited diplomatic and strategic problems. A team made up entirely of Manchus drew up the Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) to solidify the diplomatic understanding with Russia. In exchange for territory and trading rights, the Qing would have a free hand dealing with the situation in Mongolia. Yongzheng then t... | When was the Treaty of Kyakhta written? | {
"text": [
"1727"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
57313c06e6313a140071cd63 | Qing_dynasty | Yongzheng also inherited diplomatic and strategic problems. A team made up entirely of Manchus drew up the Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) to solidify the diplomatic understanding with Russia. In exchange for territory and trading rights, the Qing would have a free hand dealing with the situation in Mongolia. Yongzheng then t... | Who was the partner in the Treaty of Kyakhta? | {
"text": [
"Russia"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
57313c06e6313a140071cd64 | Qing_dynasty | Yongzheng also inherited diplomatic and strategic problems. A team made up entirely of Manchus drew up the Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) to solidify the diplomatic understanding with Russia. In exchange for territory and trading rights, the Qing would have a free hand dealing with the situation in Mongolia. Yongzheng then t... | What did the treaty give to the Russians? | {
"text": [
"territory and trading rights"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
57313c06e6313a140071cd65 | Qing_dynasty | Yongzheng also inherited diplomatic and strategic problems. A team made up entirely of Manchus drew up the Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) to solidify the diplomatic understanding with Russia. In exchange for territory and trading rights, the Qing would have a free hand dealing with the situation in Mongolia. Yongzheng then t... | What did the Qing get from the Treaty of Kyakhta? | {
"text": [
"Mongolia"
],
"answer_start": [
294
]
} |
57313c97e6313a140071cd6a | Qing_dynasty | Qianlong's reign saw the launch of several ambitious cultural projects, including the compilation of the Siku Quanshu, or Complete Repository of the Four Branches of Literature. With a total of over 3,400 books, 79,000 chapters, and 36,304 volumes, the Siku Quanshu is the largest collection of books in Chinese history.... | How many books were in the Siku Quanshu? | {
"text": [
"3,400 books"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} |
57313c97e6313a140071cd6b | Qing_dynasty | Qianlong's reign saw the launch of several ambitious cultural projects, including the compilation of the Siku Quanshu, or Complete Repository of the Four Branches of Literature. With a total of over 3,400 books, 79,000 chapters, and 36,304 volumes, the Siku Quanshu is the largest collection of books in Chinese history.... | How many volumes were in the Siku Quanshu? | {
"text": [
"36,304 volumes"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
57313c97e6313a140071cd6c | Qing_dynasty | Qianlong's reign saw the launch of several ambitious cultural projects, including the compilation of the Siku Quanshu, or Complete Repository of the Four Branches of Literature. With a total of over 3,400 books, 79,000 chapters, and 36,304 volumes, the Siku Quanshu is the largest collection of books in Chinese history.... | Who created the Siku Quanshu? | {
"text": [
"Qianlong"
],
"answer_start": [
726
]
} |
57313c97e6313a140071cd6d | Qing_dynasty | Qianlong's reign saw the launch of several ambitious cultural projects, including the compilation of the Siku Quanshu, or Complete Repository of the Four Branches of Literature. With a total of over 3,400 books, 79,000 chapters, and 36,304 volumes, the Siku Quanshu is the largest collection of books in Chinese history.... | How many literary persecutions were there under Qianlongs reign? | {
"text": [
"53"
],
"answer_start": [
767
]
} |
57313d3d05b4da19006bcf16 | Qing_dynasty | China also began suffering from mounting overpopulation during this period. Population growth was stagnant for the first half of the 17th century due to civil wars and epidemics, but prosperity and internal stability gradually reversed this trend. The introduction of new crops from the Americas such as the potato and p... | What crops helped the Chinese? | {
"text": [
"potato and peanut"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
57313d3d05b4da19006bcf17 | Qing_dynasty | China also began suffering from mounting overpopulation during this period. Population growth was stagnant for the first half of the 17th century due to civil wars and epidemics, but prosperity and internal stability gradually reversed this trend. The introduction of new crops from the Americas such as the potato and p... | What led to overpopulation in China? | {
"text": [
"prosperity and internal stability"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
57313d3d05b4da19006bcf18 | Qing_dynasty | China also began suffering from mounting overpopulation during this period. Population growth was stagnant for the first half of the 17th century due to civil wars and epidemics, but prosperity and internal stability gradually reversed this trend. The introduction of new crops from the Americas such as the potato and p... | How many people lived in China at the start of the 18th century? | {
"text": [
"100 million"
],
"answer_start": [
444
]
} |
57313d3d05b4da19006bcf19 | Qing_dynasty | China also began suffering from mounting overpopulation during this period. Population growth was stagnant for the first half of the 17th century due to civil wars and epidemics, but prosperity and internal stability gradually reversed this trend. The introduction of new crops from the Americas such as the potato and p... | How many people lived in China at the end of the 20th century? | {
"text": [
"300 million"
],
"answer_start": [
459
]
} |
57313d3d05b4da19006bcf1a | Qing_dynasty | China also began suffering from mounting overpopulation during this period. Population growth was stagnant for the first half of the 17th century due to civil wars and epidemics, but prosperity and internal stability gradually reversed this trend. The introduction of new crops from the Americas such as the potato and p... | What was the last part of China with farmland left? | {
"text": [
"Manchuria"
],
"answer_start": [
789
]
} |
57313da305b4da19006bcf2a | Qing_dynasty | However Qing rule saw an massively increasing amount of Han Chinese both illegally and legally streaming into Manchuria and settling down to cultivate land as Manchu landlords desired Han Chinese peasants to rent on their land and grow grain, most Han Chinese migrants were not evicted as they went over the Great Wall a... | Where did Hans go to to find land? | {
"text": [
"Manchuria"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
57313da305b4da19006bcf2b | Qing_dynasty | However Qing rule saw an massively increasing amount of Han Chinese both illegally and legally streaming into Manchuria and settling down to cultivate land as Manchu landlords desired Han Chinese peasants to rent on their land and grow grain, most Han Chinese migrants were not evicted as they went over the Great Wall a... | How much land did the Han cultivate? | {
"text": [
"500,000 hectares"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
57313da305b4da19006bcf2c | Qing_dynasty | However Qing rule saw an massively increasing amount of Han Chinese both illegally and legally streaming into Manchuria and settling down to cultivate land as Manchu landlords desired Han Chinese peasants to rent on their land and grow grain, most Han Chinese migrants were not evicted as they went over the Great Wall a... | What percent of the population in Manchuria was Han? | {
"text": [
"80%"
],
"answer_start": [
600
]
} |
57313e9a05b4da19006bcf30 | Qing_dynasty | Han Chinese farmers were resettled from north China by the Qing to the area along the Liao River in order to restore the land to cultivation. Wasteland was reclaimed by Han Chinese squatters in addition to other Han who rented land from Manchu landlords. Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese settlement on the Manc... | Where were starving Han sent by the Qing? | {
"text": [
"Manchuria and Inner Mongolia"
],
"answer_start": [
478
]
} |
57313e9a05b4da19006bcf31 | Qing_dynasty | Han Chinese farmers were resettled from north China by the Qing to the area along the Liao River in order to restore the land to cultivation. Wasteland was reclaimed by Han Chinese squatters in addition to other Han who rented land from Manchu landlords. Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese settlement on the Manc... | How much land did the Han farm in Inner Mongolia? | {
"text": [
"tens of thousands of hectares"
],
"answer_start": [
568
]
} |
57313e9a05b4da19006bcf32 | Qing_dynasty | Han Chinese farmers were resettled from north China by the Qing to the area along the Liao River in order to restore the land to cultivation. Wasteland was reclaimed by Han Chinese squatters in addition to other Han who rented land from Manchu landlords. Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese settlement on the Manc... | What other types of land were the Han allowed to farm? | {
"text": [
"\"imperial estates\" and Manchu Bannerlands"
],
"answer_start": [
851
]
} |
57313e9a05b4da19006bcf33 | Qing_dynasty | Han Chinese farmers were resettled from north China by the Qing to the area along the Liao River in order to restore the land to cultivation. Wasteland was reclaimed by Han Chinese squatters in addition to other Han who rented land from Manchu landlords. Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese settlement on the Manc... | Who was the emperor in the later half of the 18th century? | {
"text": [
"Qianlong"
],
"answer_start": [
1077
]
} |
57313e9a05b4da19006bcf34 | Qing_dynasty | Han Chinese farmers were resettled from north China by the Qing to the area along the Liao River in order to restore the land to cultivation. Wasteland was reclaimed by Han Chinese squatters in addition to other Han who rented land from Manchu landlords. Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese settlement on the Manc... | What ethnicity was the majority in urban Manchuria? | {
"text": [
"Han Chinese"
],
"answer_start": [
1280
]
} |
57313f7b497a881900248cd7 | Qing_dynasty | However, the 18th century saw the European empires gradually expand across the world, as European states developed economies built on maritime trade. The dynasty was confronted with newly developing concepts of the international system and state to state relations. European trading posts expanded into territorial contr... | Which empires grew during the 18th century? | {
"text": [
"European states"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
57313f7b497a881900248cd8 | Qing_dynasty | However, the 18th century saw the European empires gradually expand across the world, as European states developed economies built on maritime trade. The dynasty was confronted with newly developing concepts of the international system and state to state relations. European trading posts expanded into territorial contr... | What were the economies of the European empires built on? | {
"text": [
"maritime trade"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
57313f7b497a881900248cd9 | Qing_dynasty | However, the 18th century saw the European empires gradually expand across the world, as European states developed economies built on maritime trade. The dynasty was confronted with newly developing concepts of the international system and state to state relations. European trading posts expanded into territorial contr... | What country near China did the Europeans first control? | {
"text": [
"India"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} |
57313f7b497a881900248cda | Qing_dynasty | However, the 18th century saw the European empires gradually expand across the world, as European states developed economies built on maritime trade. The dynasty was confronted with newly developing concepts of the international system and state to state relations. European trading posts expanded into territorial contr... | What was the only city the Chinese allowed the Europeans into to trade? | {
"text": [
"Canton"
],
"answer_start": [
453
]
} |
57313f7b497a881900248cdb | Qing_dynasty | However, the 18th century saw the European empires gradually expand across the world, as European states developed economies built on maritime trade. The dynasty was confronted with newly developing concepts of the international system and state to state relations. European trading posts expanded into territorial contr... | Which two European companies traded in Canton? | {
"text": [
"British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company"
],
"answer_start": [
580
]
} |
5731404f497a881900248ceb | Qing_dynasty | Demand in Europe for Chinese goods such as silk, tea, and ceramics could only be met if European companies funneled their limited supplies of silver into China. In the late 1700s, the governments of Britain and France were deeply concerned about the imbalance of trade and the drain of silver. To meet the growing Chines... | What products from China did Europeans want? | {
"text": [
"silk, tea, and ceramics"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
5731404f497a881900248cec | Qing_dynasty | Demand in Europe for Chinese goods such as silk, tea, and ceramics could only be met if European companies funneled their limited supplies of silver into China. In the late 1700s, the governments of Britain and France were deeply concerned about the imbalance of trade and the drain of silver. To meet the growing Chines... | What did the Chinese want in return? | {
"text": [
"silver"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
5731404f497a881900248ced | Qing_dynasty | Demand in Europe for Chinese goods such as silk, tea, and ceramics could only be met if European companies funneled their limited supplies of silver into China. In the late 1700s, the governments of Britain and France were deeply concerned about the imbalance of trade and the drain of silver. To meet the growing Chines... | What were the British and French concerned about? | {
"text": [
"imbalance of trade and the drain of silver"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
5731404f497a881900248cee | Qing_dynasty | Demand in Europe for Chinese goods such as silk, tea, and ceramics could only be met if European companies funneled their limited supplies of silver into China. In the late 1700s, the governments of Britain and France were deeply concerned about the imbalance of trade and the drain of silver. To meet the growing Chines... | What else did the Chinese want from the British? | {
"text": [
"opium"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} |
5731404f497a881900248cef | Qing_dynasty | Demand in Europe for Chinese goods such as silk, tea, and ceramics could only be met if European companies funneled their limited supplies of silver into China. In the late 1700s, the governments of Britain and France were deeply concerned about the imbalance of trade and the drain of silver. To meet the growing Chines... | Where was opium made? | {
"text": [
"Bengal"
],
"answer_start": [
406
]
} |
57314110e6313a140071cd84 | Qing_dynasty | The First Opium War revealed the outdated state of the Chinese military. The Qing navy, composed entirely of wooden sailing junks, was severely outclassed by the modern tactics and firepower of the British Royal Navy. British soldiers, using advanced muskets and artillery, easily outmaneuvered and outgunned Qing forces... | Who fought the Qing in the First Opium War? | {
"text": [
"British"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
57314110e6313a140071cd85 | Qing_dynasty | The First Opium War revealed the outdated state of the Chinese military. The Qing navy, composed entirely of wooden sailing junks, was severely outclassed by the modern tactics and firepower of the British Royal Navy. British soldiers, using advanced muskets and artillery, easily outmaneuvered and outgunned Qing forces... | When did the Qing surrender to the British? | {
"text": [
"1842"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} |
57314110e6313a140071cd86 | Qing_dynasty | The First Opium War revealed the outdated state of the Chinese military. The Qing navy, composed entirely of wooden sailing junks, was severely outclassed by the modern tactics and firepower of the British Royal Navy. British soldiers, using advanced muskets and artillery, easily outmaneuvered and outgunned Qing forces... | What treaty marked the end of the First Opium War? | {
"text": [
"Treaty of Nanjing,"
],
"answer_start": [
417
]
} |
57314110e6313a140071cd87 | Qing_dynasty | The First Opium War revealed the outdated state of the Chinese military. The Qing navy, composed entirely of wooden sailing junks, was severely outclassed by the modern tactics and firepower of the British Royal Navy. British soldiers, using advanced muskets and artillery, easily outmaneuvered and outgunned Qing forces... | What 5 ports did the treaty force open? | {
"text": [
"Canton, Amoy, Fuchow, Ningpo and Shanghai"
],
"answer_start": [
539
]
} |
57314110e6313a140071cd88 | Qing_dynasty | The First Opium War revealed the outdated state of the Chinese military. The Qing navy, composed entirely of wooden sailing junks, was severely outclassed by the modern tactics and firepower of the British Royal Navy. British soldiers, using advanced muskets and artillery, easily outmaneuvered and outgunned Qing forces... | What island was given to the British? | {
"text": [
"Hong Kong Island"
],
"answer_start": [
628
]
} |
573141b105b4da19006bcf66 | Qing_dynasty | The Taiping Rebellion in the mid-19th century was the first major instance of anti-Manchu sentiment threatening the stability of the dynasty. Hong Xiuquan, a failed civil service candidate, led the Taiping Rebellion, amid widespread social unrest and worsening famine. In 1851 Hong Xiuquan and others launched an uprisin... | What marked the first occurence of anti-Manchu feeling? | {
"text": [
"The Taiping Rebellion"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
573141b105b4da19006bcf67 | Qing_dynasty | The Taiping Rebellion in the mid-19th century was the first major instance of anti-Manchu sentiment threatening the stability of the dynasty. Hong Xiuquan, a failed civil service candidate, led the Taiping Rebellion, amid widespread social unrest and worsening famine. In 1851 Hong Xiuquan and others launched an uprisin... | Who led the Rebellion? | {
"text": [
"Hong Xiuquan"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
573141b105b4da19006bcf68 | Qing_dynasty | The Taiping Rebellion in the mid-19th century was the first major instance of anti-Manchu sentiment threatening the stability of the dynasty. Hong Xiuquan, a failed civil service candidate, led the Taiping Rebellion, amid widespread social unrest and worsening famine. In 1851 Hong Xiuquan and others launched an uprisin... | When did the Rebellion start? | {
"text": [
"1851"
],
"answer_start": [
272
]
} |
573141b105b4da19006bcf69 | Qing_dynasty | The Taiping Rebellion in the mid-19th century was the first major instance of anti-Manchu sentiment threatening the stability of the dynasty. Hong Xiuquan, a failed civil service candidate, led the Taiping Rebellion, amid widespread social unrest and worsening famine. In 1851 Hong Xiuquan and others launched an uprisin... | What entity was established in Guizhou province? | {
"text": [
"Taiping Heavenly Kingdom"
],
"answer_start": [
359
]
} |
573141b105b4da19006bcf6a | Qing_dynasty | The Taiping Rebellion in the mid-19th century was the first major instance of anti-Manchu sentiment threatening the stability of the dynasty. Hong Xiuquan, a failed civil service candidate, led the Taiping Rebellion, amid widespread social unrest and worsening famine. In 1851 Hong Xiuquan and others launched an uprisin... | Who was king of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom? | {
"text": [
"Hong"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
573145e5497a881900248d35 | Qing_dynasty | The Western powers, largely unsatisfied with the Treaty of Nanjing, gave grudging support to the Qing government during the Taiping and Nian Rebellions. China's income fell sharply during the wars as vast areas of farmland were destroyed, millions of lives were lost, and countless armies were raised and equipped to fig... | Were the European empires satisfied or unsatisfied by the Treaty of Nanjing? | {
"text": [
"unsatisfied"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
573145e5497a881900248d36 | Qing_dynasty | The Western powers, largely unsatisfied with the Treaty of Nanjing, gave grudging support to the Qing government during the Taiping and Nian Rebellions. China's income fell sharply during the wars as vast areas of farmland were destroyed, millions of lives were lost, and countless armies were raised and equipped to fig... | Who did the Europeans support during the Rebellions? | {
"text": [
"Qing government"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
573145e5497a881900248d37 | Qing_dynasty | The Western powers, largely unsatisfied with the Treaty of Nanjing, gave grudging support to the Qing government during the Taiping and Nian Rebellions. China's income fell sharply during the wars as vast areas of farmland were destroyed, millions of lives were lost, and countless armies were raised and equipped to fig... | When did the British try to redo the Treaty of Nanjing? | {
"text": [
"1854"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
573146e605b4da19006bcfaa | Qing_dynasty | Ratification of the treaty the following year led to resumption of hostilities and in 1860, with Anglo-French forces marching on Beijing, the emperor and his court fled the capital for the imperial hunting lodge at Rehe. Once in Beijing, the Anglo-French forces looted the Old Summer Palace, and in an act of revenge for... | Whed did the British and French invade Beijing? | {
"text": [
"1860"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
573146e605b4da19006bcfab | Qing_dynasty | Ratification of the treaty the following year led to resumption of hostilities and in 1860, with Anglo-French forces marching on Beijing, the emperor and his court fled the capital for the imperial hunting lodge at Rehe. Once in Beijing, the Anglo-French forces looted the Old Summer Palace, and in an act of revenge for... | Where did the emperor go? | {
"text": [
"Rehe"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
573146e605b4da19006bcfac | Qing_dynasty | Ratification of the treaty the following year led to resumption of hostilities and in 1860, with Anglo-French forces marching on Beijing, the emperor and his court fled the capital for the imperial hunting lodge at Rehe. Once in Beijing, the Anglo-French forces looted the Old Summer Palace, and in an act of revenge for... | What happened to the Old Summer Palace? | {
"text": [
"burnt it to the ground"
],
"answer_start": [
355
]
} |
573146e605b4da19006bcfad | Qing_dynasty | Ratification of the treaty the following year led to resumption of hostilities and in 1860, with Anglo-French forces marching on Beijing, the emperor and his court fled the capital for the imperial hunting lodge at Rehe. Once in Beijing, the Anglo-French forces looted the Old Summer Palace, and in an act of revenge for... | What did Prince Gong sign? | {
"text": [
"Convention of Beijing"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
} |
5731486605b4da19006bcfbc | Qing_dynasty | Chinese generals and officials such as Zuo Zongtang led the suppression of rebellions and stood behind the Manchus. When the Tongzhi Emperor came to the throne at the age of five in 1861, these officials rallied around him in what was called the Tongzhi Restoration. Their aim was to adopt western military technology in... | Who put down the rebellions? | {
"text": [
"Zuo Zongtang"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
5731486605b4da19006bcfbd | Qing_dynasty | Chinese generals and officials such as Zuo Zongtang led the suppression of rebellions and stood behind the Manchus. When the Tongzhi Emperor came to the throne at the age of five in 1861, these officials rallied around him in what was called the Tongzhi Restoration. Their aim was to adopt western military technology in... | How old was Tongzhi when he came to power? | {
"text": [
"five"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} |
5731486605b4da19006bcfbe | Qing_dynasty | Chinese generals and officials such as Zuo Zongtang led the suppression of rebellions and stood behind the Manchus. When the Tongzhi Emperor came to the throne at the age of five in 1861, these officials rallied around him in what was called the Tongzhi Restoration. Their aim was to adopt western military technology in... | What year did Tongzhi take power? | {
"text": [
"1861"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
5731486605b4da19006bcfbf | Qing_dynasty | Chinese generals and officials such as Zuo Zongtang led the suppression of rebellions and stood behind the Manchus. When the Tongzhi Emperor came to the throne at the age of five in 1861, these officials rallied around him in what was called the Tongzhi Restoration. Their aim was to adopt western military technology in... | What would the Chinese use to continue Confucian values? | {
"text": [
"western military technology"
],
"answer_start": [
290
]
} |
5731486605b4da19006bcfc0 | Qing_dynasty | Chinese generals and officials such as Zuo Zongtang led the suppression of rebellions and stood behind the Manchus. When the Tongzhi Emperor came to the throne at the age of five in 1861, these officials rallied around him in what was called the Tongzhi Restoration. Their aim was to adopt western military technology in... | What was the name of a modern Chinese Army? | {
"text": [
"Beiyang Army"
],
"answer_start": [
852
]
} |
57314900a5e9cc1400cdbe0d | Qing_dynasty | The dynasty lost control of peripheral territories bit by bit. In return for promises of support against the British and the French, the Russian Empire took large chunks of territory in the Northeast in 1860. The period of cooperation between the reformers and the European powers ended with the Tientsin Massacre of 187... | Who did the Chinese lose territory to in exchange for help? | {
"text": [
"Russian"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
57314900a5e9cc1400cdbe0e | Qing_dynasty | The dynasty lost control of peripheral territories bit by bit. In return for promises of support against the British and the French, the Russian Empire took large chunks of territory in the Northeast in 1860. The period of cooperation between the reformers and the European powers ended with the Tientsin Massacre of 187... | When was the Tientsin Massacre? | {
"text": [
"1870"
],
"answer_start": [
317
]
} |
57314900a5e9cc1400cdbe0f | Qing_dynasty | The dynasty lost control of peripheral territories bit by bit. In return for promises of support against the British and the French, the Russian Empire took large chunks of territory in the Northeast in 1860. The period of cooperation between the reformers and the European powers ended with the Tientsin Massacre of 187... | What triggered the Tientsin Massacre? | {
"text": [
"murder of French nuns"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
} |
57314900a5e9cc1400cdbe10 | Qing_dynasty | The dynasty lost control of peripheral territories bit by bit. In return for promises of support against the British and the French, the Russian Empire took large chunks of territory in the Northeast in 1860. The period of cooperation between the reformers and the European powers ended with the Tientsin Massacre of 187... | When was the Cochinchina Campaign? | {
"text": [
"1858"
],
"answer_start": [
467
]
} |
57314900a5e9cc1400cdbe11 | Qing_dynasty | The dynasty lost control of peripheral territories bit by bit. In return for promises of support against the British and the French, the Russian Empire took large chunks of territory in the Northeast in 1860. The period of cooperation between the reformers and the European powers ended with the Tientsin Massacre of 187... | Which territory did France control? | {
"text": [
"Indochina"
],
"answer_start": [
500
]
} |
573149cf05b4da19006bcfc6 | Qing_dynasty | Historians have judged the Qing dynasty's vulnerability and weakness to foreign imperialism in the 19th century to be based mainly on its maritime naval weakness while it achieved military success against westerners on land, the historian Edward L. Dreyer said that "China’s nineteenth-century humiliations were strongly... | What was the main problem the Qing had in preventing invasion from Europe? | {
"text": [
"naval weakness"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
573149cf05b4da19006bcfc7 | Qing_dynasty | Historians have judged the Qing dynasty's vulnerability and weakness to foreign imperialism in the 19th century to be based mainly on its maritime naval weakness while it achieved military success against westerners on land, the historian Edward L. Dreyer said that "China’s nineteenth-century humiliations were strongly... | Which historian blamed naval weakness for European imperialism in China? | {
"text": [
"Edward L. Dreyer"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
573149cf05b4da19006bcfc8 | Qing_dynasty | Historians have judged the Qing dynasty's vulnerability and weakness to foreign imperialism in the 19th century to be based mainly on its maritime naval weakness while it achieved military success against westerners on land, the historian Edward L. Dreyer said that "China’s nineteenth-century humiliations were strongly... | When was the Arrow War? | {
"text": [
"(1856–60)"
],
"answer_start": [
568
]
} |
573149cf05b4da19006bcfc9 | Qing_dynasty | Historians have judged the Qing dynasty's vulnerability and weakness to foreign imperialism in the 19th century to be based mainly on its maritime naval weakness while it achieved military success against westerners on land, the historian Edward L. Dreyer said that "China’s nineteenth-century humiliations were strongly... | Where did the French and English land in 1860? | {
"text": [
"Gulf of Zhili"
],
"answer_start": [
671
]
} |
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