id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
57315f42497a881900248e93 | Qing_dynasty | By the late 19th century, the most conservative elements within the Qing court could no longer ignore China's military weakness. In 1860, during the Second Opium War, the capital Beijing was captured and the Summer Palace sacked by a relatively small Anglo-French coalition force numbering 25,000. The advent of modern w... | How big was the French-British army? | {
"text": [
"25,000"
],
"answer_start": [
290
]
} |
57315f42497a881900248e94 | Qing_dynasty | By the late 19th century, the most conservative elements within the Qing court could no longer ignore China's military weakness. In 1860, during the Second Opium War, the capital Beijing was captured and the Summer Palace sacked by a relatively small Anglo-French coalition force numbering 25,000. The advent of modern w... | What was the Qing governments attempt to create a modern socity called? | {
"text": [
"Self-Strengthening Movement"
],
"answer_start": [
506
]
} |
5731600fe6313a140071cea8 | Qing_dynasty | Losing the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 was a watershed. Japan, a country long regarded by the Chinese as little more than an upstart nation of pirates, annihilated the Qing government's modernized Beiyang Fleet, then deemed to be the strongest naval force in Asia. The Japanese victory occurred a mere three dec... | Who beat the Chinese in the First Sino-Japanese War? | {
"text": [
"Japan"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
5731600fe6313a140071cea9 | Qing_dynasty | Losing the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 was a watershed. Japan, a country long regarded by the Chinese as little more than an upstart nation of pirates, annihilated the Qing government's modernized Beiyang Fleet, then deemed to be the strongest naval force in Asia. The Japanese victory occurred a mere three dec... | Which fleet did the Japanese destroy? | {
"text": [
"Beiyang Fleet"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
5731600fe6313a140071ceaa | Qing_dynasty | Losing the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 was a watershed. Japan, a country long regarded by the Chinese as little more than an upstart nation of pirates, annihilated the Qing government's modernized Beiyang Fleet, then deemed to be the strongest naval force in Asia. The Japanese victory occurred a mere three dec... | When did the Qing decide to modernize their military? | {
"text": [
"1894"
],
"answer_start": [
484
]
} |
5731600fe6313a140071ceab | Qing_dynasty | Losing the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 was a watershed. Japan, a country long regarded by the Chinese as little more than an upstart nation of pirates, annihilated the Qing government's modernized Beiyang Fleet, then deemed to be the strongest naval force in Asia. The Japanese victory occurred a mere three dec... | What was the new modern army called? | {
"text": [
"the New Army"
],
"answer_start": [
675
]
} |
5731600fe6313a140071ceac | Qing_dynasty | Losing the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 was a watershed. Japan, a country long regarded by the Chinese as little more than an upstart nation of pirates, annihilated the Qing government's modernized Beiyang Fleet, then deemed to be the strongest naval force in Asia. The Japanese victory occurred a mere three dec... | Who became the President of the Republic of China? | {
"text": [
"General Yuan Shikai"
],
"answer_start": [
814
]
} |
573160a1a5e9cc1400cdbf11 | Qing_dynasty | The most significant fact of early and mid-Qing social history was population growth. The population doubled during the 18th century. People in this period were also remarkably on the move. There is evidence suggesting that the empire's rapidly expanding population was geographically mobile on a scale, which, in term o... | What happened in early and middle Qing history? | {
"text": [
"population growth"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
573160a1a5e9cc1400cdbf12 | Qing_dynasty | The most significant fact of early and mid-Qing social history was population growth. The population doubled during the 18th century. People in this period were also remarkably on the move. There is evidence suggesting that the empire's rapidly expanding population was geographically mobile on a scale, which, in term o... | How much did the population grow during the 18th century? | {
"text": [
"doubled"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
5731613c05b4da19006bd110 | Qing_dynasty | According to statute, Qing society was divided into relatively closed estates, of which in most general terms there were five. Apart from the estates of the officials, the comparatively minuscule aristocracy, and the degree-holding literati, there also existed a major division among ordinary Chinese between commoners a... | How many estates were there in Qing society? | {
"text": [
"five"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
5731613c05b4da19006bd111 | Qing_dynasty | According to statute, Qing society was divided into relatively closed estates, of which in most general terms there were five. Apart from the estates of the officials, the comparatively minuscule aristocracy, and the degree-holding literati, there also existed a major division among ordinary Chinese between commoners a... | What 2 groups were normal Chinese broken into? | {
"text": [
"the good \"commoner\" people, the other \"mean\" people"
],
"answer_start": [
404
]
} |
5731613c05b4da19006bd112 | Qing_dynasty | According to statute, Qing society was divided into relatively closed estates, of which in most general terms there were five. Apart from the estates of the officials, the comparatively minuscule aristocracy, and the degree-holding literati, there also existed a major division among ordinary Chinese between commoners a... | What was the legal term for commoner? | {
"text": [
"liangmin"
],
"answer_start": [
541
]
} |
573161e105b4da19006bd116 | Qing_dynasty | By the end of the 17th century, the Chinese economy had recovered from the devastation caused by the wars in which the Ming dynasty were overthrown, and the resulting breakdown of order. In the following century, markets continued to expand as in the late Ming period, but with more trade between regions, a greater depe... | What did China export? | {
"text": [
"tea, silk and manufactures"
],
"answer_start": [
626
]
} |
573161e105b4da19006bd117 | Qing_dynasty | By the end of the 17th century, the Chinese economy had recovered from the devastation caused by the wars in which the Ming dynasty were overthrown, and the resulting breakdown of order. In the following century, markets continued to expand as in the late Ming period, but with more trade between regions, a greater depe... | What did the Chinese get paid for their goods? | {
"text": [
"silver"
],
"answer_start": [
735
]
} |
573161e105b4da19006bd118 | Qing_dynasty | By the end of the 17th century, the Chinese economy had recovered from the devastation caused by the wars in which the Ming dynasty were overthrown, and the resulting breakdown of order. In the following century, markets continued to expand as in the late Ming period, but with more trade between regions, a greater depe... | When did the Chinese economy finally recover after the wars with the Mings? | {
"text": [
"end of the 17th century"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
57316283497a881900248ea3 | Qing_dynasty | The government broadened land ownership by returning land that had been sold to large landowners in the late Ming period by families unable to pay the land tax. To give people more incentives to participate in the market, they reduced the tax burden in comparison with the late Ming, and replaced the corvée system with ... | What did the Qing do to reform land ownership? | {
"text": [
"reduced the tax burden"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
57316283497a881900248ea4 | Qing_dynasty | The government broadened land ownership by returning land that had been sold to large landowners in the late Ming period by families unable to pay the land tax. To give people more incentives to participate in the market, they reduced the tax burden in comparison with the late Ming, and replaced the corvée system with ... | What happened to the price of rice during the 18th century? | {
"text": [
"rise slowly and smoothly"
],
"answer_start": [
558
]
} |
57316283497a881900248ea5 | Qing_dynasty | The government broadened land ownership by returning land that had been sold to large landowners in the late Ming period by families unable to pay the land tax. To give people more incentives to participate in the market, they reduced the tax burden in comparison with the late Ming, and replaced the corvée system with ... | What was the Great Divergence? | {
"text": [
"Western world overtook China economically"
],
"answer_start": [
926
]
} |
573162fbe6313a140071ceba | Qing_dynasty | By the end of the 18th century the population had risen to 300 million from approximately 150 million during the late Ming dynasty. The dramatic rise in population was due to several reasons, including the long period of peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops China received from the America... | What was China's population at the end of the 18th century? | {
"text": [
"300 million"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
573162fbe6313a140071cebc | Qing_dynasty | By the end of the 18th century the population had risen to 300 million from approximately 150 million during the late Ming dynasty. The dramatic rise in population was due to several reasons, including the long period of peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops China received from the America... | What crops were imported? | {
"text": [
"peanuts, sweet potatoes and maize. New species of rice"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} |
5731639f497a881900248eb1 | Qing_dynasty | The Qing emperors were generally adept at poetry and often skilled in painting, and offered their patronage to Confucian culture. The Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors, for instance, embraced Chinese traditions both to control them and to proclaim their own legitimacy. The Kangxi Emperor sponsored the Peiwen Yunfu, a rhyme ... | What arts were the Qing emperors good at? | {
"text": [
"poetry and often skilled in painting"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
5731639f497a881900248eb2 | Qing_dynasty | The Qing emperors were generally adept at poetry and often skilled in painting, and offered their patronage to Confucian culture. The Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors, for instance, embraced Chinese traditions both to control them and to proclaim their own legitimacy. The Kangxi Emperor sponsored the Peiwen Yunfu, a rhyme ... | What was the rhyme dictionary called that was published by Kangxi? | {
"text": [
"Peiwen Yunfu"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
5731639f497a881900248eb3 | Qing_dynasty | The Qing emperors were generally adept at poetry and often skilled in painting, and offered their patronage to Confucian culture. The Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors, for instance, embraced Chinese traditions both to control them and to proclaim their own legitimacy. The Kangxi Emperor sponsored the Peiwen Yunfu, a rhyme ... | When was the Kangxi Dictionary published? | {
"text": [
"1716"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
5731639f497a881900248eb4 | Qing_dynasty | The Qing emperors were generally adept at poetry and often skilled in painting, and offered their patronage to Confucian culture. The Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors, for instance, embraced Chinese traditions both to control them and to proclaim their own legitimacy. The Kangxi Emperor sponsored the Peiwen Yunfu, a rhyme ... | When was the Siku Quanshu finished? | {
"text": [
"1782"
],
"answer_start": [
566
]
} |
57316448e6313a140071cecb | Qing_dynasty | Yet the most impressive aesthetic works were done among the scholars and urban elite. Calligraphy and painting remained a central interest to both court painters and scholar-gentry who considered the Four Arts part of their cultural identity and social standing. The painting of the early years of the dynasty included s... | What two schools of art were created in the 19th century? | {
"text": [
"Shanghai School and the Lingnan School"
],
"answer_start": [
483
]
} |
57316448e6313a140071cecc | Qing_dynasty | Yet the most impressive aesthetic works were done among the scholars and urban elite. Calligraphy and painting remained a central interest to both court painters and scholar-gentry who considered the Four Arts part of their cultural identity and social standing. The painting of the early years of the dynasty included s... | Name two arts of the Four Arts? | {
"text": [
"Calligraphy and painting"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
57316532a5e9cc1400cdbf17 | Qing_dynasty | Literature grew to new heights in the Qing period. Poetry continued as a mark of the cultivated gentleman, but women wrote in larger and larger numbers and poets came from all walks of life. The poetry of the Qing dynasty is a lively field of research, being studied (along with the poetry of the Ming dynasty) for its a... | What was the sign of a gentleman? | {
"text": [
"Poetry"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
57316532a5e9cc1400cdbf18 | Qing_dynasty | Literature grew to new heights in the Qing period. Poetry continued as a mark of the cultivated gentleman, but women wrote in larger and larger numbers and poets came from all walks of life. The poetry of the Qing dynasty is a lively field of research, being studied (along with the poetry of the Ming dynasty) for its a... | Who started writing poety during the Qing dynasty? | {
"text": [
"women"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
57316532a5e9cc1400cdbf19 | Qing_dynasty | Literature grew to new heights in the Qing period. Poetry continued as a mark of the cultivated gentleman, but women wrote in larger and larger numbers and poets came from all walks of life. The poetry of the Qing dynasty is a lively field of research, being studied (along with the poetry of the Ming dynasty) for its a... | What was the name of Pu Songling's collection of short stories? | {
"text": [
"Strange Stories"
],
"answer_start": [
815
]
} |
57316532a5e9cc1400cdbf1a | Qing_dynasty | Literature grew to new heights in the Qing period. Poetry continued as a mark of the cultivated gentleman, but women wrote in larger and larger numbers and poets came from all walks of life. The poetry of the Qing dynasty is a lively field of research, being studied (along with the poetry of the Ming dynasty) for its a... | What was the name of Shen Fu's memoir? | {
"text": [
"Six Chapters of a Floating Life"
],
"answer_start": [
950
]
} |
57316532a5e9cc1400cdbf1b | Qing_dynasty | Literature grew to new heights in the Qing period. Poetry continued as a mark of the cultivated gentleman, but women wrote in larger and larger numbers and poets came from all walks of life. The poetry of the Qing dynasty is a lively field of research, being studied (along with the poetry of the Ming dynasty) for its a... | Who wrote the novel Dream of the Red Chamber? | {
"text": [
"Cao Xueqin"
],
"answer_start": [
1088
]
} |
573165efe6313a140071cee4 | Qing_dynasty | Cuisine aroused a cultural pride in the accumulated richness of a long and varied past. The gentleman gourmet, such as Yuan Mei, applied aesthetic standards to the art of cooking, eating, and appreciation of tea at a time when New World crops and products entered everyday life. The Suiyuan Shidan written by him, detail... | Who wrote the Suiyuan Shidan? | {
"text": [
"Yuan Mei"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
} |
573165efe6313a140071cee5 | Qing_dynasty | Cuisine aroused a cultural pride in the accumulated richness of a long and varied past. The gentleman gourmet, such as Yuan Mei, applied aesthetic standards to the art of cooking, eating, and appreciation of tea at a time when New World crops and products entered everyday life. The Suiyuan Shidan written by him, detail... | What was the Suiyaun Shidan about? | {
"text": [
"recipes"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
} |
573165efe6313a140071cee6 | Qing_dynasty | Cuisine aroused a cultural pride in the accumulated richness of a long and varied past. The gentleman gourmet, such as Yuan Mei, applied aesthetic standards to the art of cooking, eating, and appreciation of tea at a time when New World crops and products entered everyday life. The Suiyuan Shidan written by him, detail... | What was the Manchu Han Imperial Feast? | {
"text": [
"appreciation by Han Chinese for Manchu culinary customs"
],
"answer_start": [
569
]
} |
573120b505b4da19006bcdd6 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the descendants of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas. Pueblos indígenas (indigenous peoples) is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries. Aborigen (aboriginal/native) is used in Argentina, whereas "Amerindian" is used in Quebec, The Guianas, and the English-spea... | Who are the indigenous people of the Americas descended from? | {
"text": [
"pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
573120b505b4da19006bcdd7 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the descendants of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas. Pueblos indígenas (indigenous peoples) is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries. Aborigen (aboriginal/native) is used in Argentina, whereas "Amerindian" is used in Quebec, The Guianas, and the English-spea... | What is a common term in Spanish speaking countries for the indigenous peoples? | {
"text": [
"Pueblos indígenas"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
573120b505b4da19006bcdd8 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the descendants of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas. Pueblos indígenas (indigenous peoples) is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries. Aborigen (aboriginal/native) is used in Argentina, whereas "Amerindian" is used in Quebec, The Guianas, and the English-spea... | What term is used in Argentina to refer to the original peoples of a continent? | {
"text": [
"Aborigen"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
573120b505b4da19006bcdd9 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the descendants of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas. Pueblos indígenas (indigenous peoples) is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries. Aborigen (aboriginal/native) is used in Argentina, whereas "Amerindian" is used in Quebec, The Guianas, and the English-spea... | In Quebec, The Guianas and places in the Caribbean where English is spoken, what is the preferred term for the indigenous people of the Americas? | {
"text": [
"Amerindian"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
573120b505b4da19006bcdda | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the descendants of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas. Pueblos indígenas (indigenous peoples) is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries. Aborigen (aboriginal/native) is used in Argentina, whereas "Amerindian" is used in Quebec, The Guianas, and the English-spea... | How are the indigenous people most commonly referred to by citizens of the U.S.? | {
"text": [
"Native Americans"
],
"answer_start": [
524
]
} |
5731225ca5e9cc1400cdbc75 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to the prevailing theories of the settlement of the Americas, migrations of humans from Asia (in particular North Asia) to the Americas took place via Beringia, a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait. The majority of experts agree that the earliest pre-modern hum... | Where do most theories today attribute the settlement of the Americas as originating from? | {
"text": [
"Asia"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} |
5731225ca5e9cc1400cdbc76 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to the prevailing theories of the settlement of the Americas, migrations of humans from Asia (in particular North Asia) to the Americas took place via Beringia, a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait. The majority of experts agree that the earliest pre-modern hum... | How did humans cross over to the Americas from Asia? | {
"text": [
"Beringia"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
5731225ca5e9cc1400cdbc77 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to the prevailing theories of the settlement of the Americas, migrations of humans from Asia (in particular North Asia) to the Americas took place via Beringia, a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait. The majority of experts agree that the earliest pre-modern hum... | What was Beringia? | {
"text": [
"a land bridge which connected the two continents"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
5731225ca5e9cc1400cdbc78 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to the prevailing theories of the settlement of the Americas, migrations of humans from Asia (in particular North Asia) to the Americas took place via Beringia, a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait. The majority of experts agree that the earliest pre-modern hum... | Most experts can at least agree that the earliest pre-modern human migration took place when? | {
"text": [
"13,500 years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
5731225ca5e9cc1400cdbc79 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to the prevailing theories of the settlement of the Americas, migrations of humans from Asia (in particular North Asia) to the Americas took place via Beringia, a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait. The majority of experts agree that the earliest pre-modern hum... | How do the indigenous peoples explain how they came to live in the Americas? | {
"text": [
"a wide range of creation myths"
],
"answer_start": [
766
]
} |
57312489497a881900248bab | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Application of the term "Indian" originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, thought that he had arrived in the East Indies. The Americas came to be known as the "West Indies", a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the names "Indies" and "Indian", which impli... | What incorrect term for the indigenous population originated with Christopher Columbus? | {
"text": [
"Indian"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
57312489497a881900248bac | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Application of the term "Indian" originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, thought that he had arrived in the East Indies. The Americas came to be known as the "West Indies", a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the names "Indies" and "Indian", which impli... | Where did Columbus believe he had arrived? | {
"text": [
"East Indies"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
57312489497a881900248bad | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Application of the term "Indian" originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, thought that he had arrived in the East Indies. The Americas came to be known as the "West Indies", a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the names "Indies" and "Indian", which impli... | Because of Columbus' mistake, the Americas came to be known as what? | {
"text": [
"West Indies"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
} |
57312489497a881900248bae | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Application of the term "Indian" originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, thought that he had arrived in the East Indies. The Americas came to be known as the "West Indies", a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the names "Indies" and "Indian", which impli... | What is implied by the global term of "Indian"? | {
"text": [
"some kind of racial or cultural unity"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} |
57312489497a881900248baf | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Application of the term "Indian" originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, thought that he had arrived in the East Indies. The Americas came to be known as the "West Indies", a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the names "Indies" and "Indian", which impli... | Despite fitting under the umbrella label of "Indian", Aleuts, Inuit and Yupik peoples are still considered to be what to the Americas? | {
"text": [
"indigenous"
],
"answer_start": [
709
]
} |
57312612497a881900248bd3 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in Amazonia, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigen... | What were many of the indigenous people of the Americas traditionally? | {
"text": [
"hunter-gatherers"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
57312612497a881900248bd4 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in Amazonia, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigen... | What did many segments of the indigenous population also practice? | {
"text": [
"aquaculture and agriculture"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
57312612497a881900248bd5 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in Amazonia, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigen... | What remains as a testament to the time and work the indigenous people spent cultivating the flora of the Americas? | {
"text": [
"agricultural endowment"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
57312612497a881900248bd6 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in Amazonia, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigen... | What did many of the societies practice a mix of? | {
"text": [
"farming, hunting, and gathering"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} |
57312612497a881900248bd7 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in Amazonia, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigen... | Large cities, chiefdoms, monuments and empires were just some of the things created by which peoples? | {
"text": [
"indigenous"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
573127b2a5e9cc1400cdbcad | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, ... | Where are there still populations of indigenous peoples? | {
"text": [
"Many parts of the Americas"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
573127b2a5e9cc1400cdbcae | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, ... | Belize, Chile and Greenland are just some countries with sizable populations of what peoples? | {
"text": [
"indigenous"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
573127b2a5e9cc1400cdbcaf | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, ... | How many different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas? | {
"text": [
"At least a thousand"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
573127b2a5e9cc1400cdbcb0 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, ... | What do many indigenous cultures still practice to different extends to this day? | {
"text": [
"religion, social organization, and subsistence practices"
],
"answer_start": [
483
]
} |
573127b2a5e9cc1400cdbcb1 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, ... | What have some indigenous peoples managed to remain in relative isolation from? | {
"text": [
"Western culture"
],
"answer_start": [
760
]
} |
573128b3497a881900248be5 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, provide the subject of ongoing research and discussion. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the... | How Paleo-Indians migrated to the Americas is still a matter for what type of research? | {
"text": [
"ongoing"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
573128b3497a881900248be6 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, provide the subject of ongoing research and discussion. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the... | When did humans inhabit North and South America's continents? | {
"text": [
"last"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
} |
573128b3497a881900248be7 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, provide the subject of ongoing research and discussion. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the... | What allowed people to move across Beringia to North America? | {
"text": [
"falling sea levels"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
} |
573128b3497a881900248be8 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, provide the subject of ongoing research and discussion. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the... | A small population could exist in Alaska because of it's lack of any significant what? | {
"text": [
"snowfall"
],
"answer_start": [
547
]
} |
573128b3497a881900248be9 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, provide the subject of ongoing research and discussion. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the... | What confined the nomadic inhabitants to East Beringia for thousands of years? | {
"text": [
"Laurentide Ice Sheet"
],
"answer_start": [
599
]
} |
5731295f05b4da19006bce06 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population, one that developed in isolation, conjectured to be Beringia. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years. Around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing peop... | What do studies on the genetics of the first American inhabitants conclude about their ancestral population? | {
"text": [
"single"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
5731295f05b4da19006bce07 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population, one that developed in isolation, conjectured to be Beringia. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years. Around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing peop... | Where did the single ancestral population of all the indigenous peoples of the Americas likely develop? | {
"text": [
"in isolation"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
5731295f05b4da19006bce08 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population, one that developed in isolation, conjectured to be Beringia. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years. Around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing peop... | How many years may the isolation of the peoples in Beringia lasted? | {
"text": [
"10–20,000 years"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
5731295f05b4da19006bce09 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population, one that developed in isolation, conjectured to be Beringia. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years. Around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing peop... | When did the glaciers begin to melt? | {
"text": [
"16,500 years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
5731295f05b4da19006bce0a | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population, one that developed in isolation, conjectured to be Beringia. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years. Around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing peop... | What did the people follow in the corridors between the ice sheets? | {
"text": [
"Pleistocene megafauna"
],
"answer_start": [
434
]
} |
57312a93e6313a140071ccae | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The data indicate that the individual was from a population directly ancestral to present South American and Central American Native American populations, and closely related to present North American Native American populations. The implication is that there was an early divergence between North American and Central A... | What does the data indicate about the population the individual was from? | {
"text": [
"directly ancestral"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
57312a93e6313a140071ccaf | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The data indicate that the individual was from a population directly ancestral to present South American and Central American Native American populations, and closely related to present North American Native American populations. The implication is that there was an early divergence between North American and Central A... | What populations is the individual closely related to? | {
"text": [
"present North American Native American"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
57312a93e6313a140071ccb0 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The data indicate that the individual was from a population directly ancestral to present South American and Central American Native American populations, and closely related to present North American Native American populations. The implication is that there was an early divergence between North American and Central A... | What type of divergence is implicated to have occurred between North American and South American populations? | {
"text": [
"early"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
57312a93e6313a140071ccb1 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The data indicate that the individual was from a population directly ancestral to present South American and Central American Native American populations, and closely related to present North American Native American populations. The implication is that there was an early divergence between North American and Central A... | Theories that there were invasions which overwhelmed or assimilated previous migrants into the Americas have been what? | {
"text": [
"ruled out"
],
"answer_start": [
500
]
} |
57312b61e6313a140071ccb6 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until Europeans either conquered or significantly influenced them, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus' initial landin... | The term Pre-Columbian technically refers to which era? | {
"text": [
"before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
57312b61e6313a140071ccb7 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until Europeans either conquered or significantly influenced them, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus' initial landin... | When was Columbus' first voyage? | {
"text": [
"1492"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
57312b61e6313a140071ccb8 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until Europeans either conquered or significantly influenced them, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus' initial landin... | In practice, Pre-Columbian refers to the history of the indigenous cultures of America prior to Europeans doing what to them? | {
"text": [
"conquered or significantly influenced"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
57312b61e6313a140071ccb9 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until Europeans either conquered or significantly influenced them, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus' initial landin... | What term is used most often when discussing the great civilizations of the Americas? | {
"text": [
"\"Pre-Columbian\""
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} |
57312b61e6313a140071ccba | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until Europeans either conquered or significantly influenced them, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus' initial landin... | What area of the Americas did the Inca Empire, Moche culture and Muisca confederation hail from? | {
"text": [
"Andes"
],
"answer_start": [
597
]
} |
57312c7b05b4da19006bce40 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Many pre-Columbian civilizations established characteristics and hallmarks which included permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies. Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first significant European and African arrivals (ca. l... | Urban settlements and complex societal hierarchies are just some of the hallmarks established by which civilizations? | {
"text": [
"pre-Columbian"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} |
57312c7b05b4da19006bce41 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Many pre-Columbian civilizations established characteristics and hallmarks which included permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies. Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first significant European and African arrivals (ca. l... | What had long faded prior to the first European and African arrivals? | {
"text": [
"Some of these civilizations"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
57312c7b05b4da19006bce42 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Many pre-Columbian civilizations established characteristics and hallmarks which included permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies. Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first significant European and African arrivals (ca. l... | How do we know about some of the civilizations that were gone by the time of European arrival? | {
"text": [
"oral history and through archaeological investigations"
],
"answer_start": [
379
]
} |
57312c7b05b4da19006bce43 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Many pre-Columbian civilizations established characteristics and hallmarks which included permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies. Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first significant European and African arrivals (ca. l... | What did European colonists destroy on their pyres? | {
"text": [
"written records"
],
"answer_start": [
762
]
} |
57312c7b05b4da19006bce44 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Many pre-Columbian civilizations established characteristics and hallmarks which included permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies. Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first significant European and African arrivals (ca. l... | What gave today's historians a glimpse of the culture and knowledge of the indigenous civilizations? | {
"text": [
"a few documents"
],
"answer_start": [
784
]
} |
57312cffa5e9cc1400cdbcc1 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter had achieved many accomplishments. For instance, the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world, Tenochtitlan, the ancient site of Mexico City, with an estimated population of 200... | What had the civilizations in the Americas achieved by the time the Europeans encountered them? | {
"text": [
"many accomplishments"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
57312cffa5e9cc1400cdbcc2 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter had achieved many accomplishments. For instance, the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world, Tenochtitlan, the ancient site of Mexico City, with an estimated population of 200... | What had the Aztec civilization constructed? | {
"text": [
"one of the largest cities in the world"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
57312cffa5e9cc1400cdbcc3 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter had achieved many accomplishments. For instance, the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world, Tenochtitlan, the ancient site of Mexico City, with an estimated population of 200... | How big was the population of the Aztec cit of Tenochtitlan? | {
"text": [
"200,000"
],
"answer_start": [
317
]
} |
57312cffa5e9cc1400cdbcc4 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter had achieved many accomplishments. For instance, the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world, Tenochtitlan, the ancient site of Mexico City, with an estimated population of 200... | Astronomy and mathematics were also accomplishments of which civilizations? | {
"text": [
"American"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
57312cffa5e9cc1400cdbcc5 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter had achieved many accomplishments. For instance, the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world, Tenochtitlan, the ancient site of Mexico City, with an estimated population of 200... | How many years of selective breeding did it take to domesticate maize? | {
"text": [
"thousands"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
} |
57313386e6313a140071cd02 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents. Although the exact pre-contact population of the Americas is unknown, scholars estimate that Native American populations diminished by between 80 and 90% within the first centuries of contact with European... | What did the European colonization forever change? | {
"text": [
"lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
57313386e6313a140071cd03 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents. Although the exact pre-contact population of the Americas is unknown, scholars estimate that Native American populations diminished by between 80 and 90% within the first centuries of contact with European... | How much did the population of the Americas decrease after first contact with the Europeans? | {
"text": [
"between 80 and 90%"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
57313386e6313a140071cd04 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents. Although the exact pre-contact population of the Americas is unknown, scholars estimate that Native American populations diminished by between 80 and 90% within the first centuries of contact with European... | What was the leading cause of death for the native population after European contact? | {
"text": [
"disease"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} |
57313386e6313a140071cd05 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents. Although the exact pre-contact population of the Americas is unknown, scholars estimate that Native American populations diminished by between 80 and 90% within the first centuries of contact with European... | What triad of disease epidemics ravaged the American continent? | {
"text": [
"smallpox, measles, and cholera"
],
"answer_start": [
413
]
} |
57313386e6313a140071cd06 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents. Although the exact pre-contact population of the Americas is unknown, scholars estimate that Native American populations diminished by between 80 and 90% within the first centuries of contact with European... | Why did Native Americans suffer such high mortality rates to the diseases? | {
"text": [
"lack of prior exposure"
],
"answer_start": [
649
]
} |
57313428e6313a140071cd14 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The first indigenous group encountered by Columbus were the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola who represented the dominant culture in the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. Within thirty years about 70% of the Taínos had died. They had no immunity to European diseases, so outbreaks of measles and smallpox ravaged their popul... | Who was the first group of indigenous people Columbus encountered? | {
"text": [
"the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
57313428e6313a140071cd15 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The first indigenous group encountered by Columbus were the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola who represented the dominant culture in the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. Within thirty years about 70% of the Taínos had died. They had no immunity to European diseases, so outbreaks of measles and smallpox ravaged their popul... | What did the Taínos represent in the Greater Antilles and Bahamas? | {
"text": [
"dominant culture"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
57313428e6313a140071cd16 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The first indigenous group encountered by Columbus were the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola who represented the dominant culture in the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. Within thirty years about 70% of the Taínos had died. They had no immunity to European diseases, so outbreaks of measles and smallpox ravaged their popul... | What percentage of the Taínos were dead thirty years after contact with Columbus? | {
"text": [
"70%"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
57313428e6313a140071cd17 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The first indigenous group encountered by Columbus were the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola who represented the dominant culture in the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. Within thirty years about 70% of the Taínos had died. They had no immunity to European diseases, so outbreaks of measles and smallpox ravaged their popul... | Why were outbreaks of measles and smallpox able to so easily decimate the Taínos' population? | {
"text": [
"no immunity to European diseases"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
57313428e6313a140071cd18 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The first indigenous group encountered by Columbus were the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola who represented the dominant culture in the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. Within thirty years about 70% of the Taínos had died. They had no immunity to European diseases, so outbreaks of measles and smallpox ravaged their popul... | What led to the last great Taínos rebellion? | {
"text": [
"Increasing punishment"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
5731350505b4da19006bcec2 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Following years of mistreatment, the Taínos began to adopt suicidal behaviors, with women aborting or killing their infants and men jumping from the cliffs or ingesting untreated cassava, a violent poison. Eventually, a Taíno Cacique named Enriquillo managed to hold out in the Baoruco Mountain Range for thirteen years,... | What behaviors did the Taínos begin to adopt after years of mistreatment? | {
"text": [
"suicidal"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
5731350505b4da19006bcec3 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Following years of mistreatment, the Taínos began to adopt suicidal behaviors, with women aborting or killing their infants and men jumping from the cliffs or ingesting untreated cassava, a violent poison. Eventually, a Taíno Cacique named Enriquillo managed to hold out in the Baoruco Mountain Range for thirteen years,... | What did Taínos women start doing to their infants? | {
"text": [
"aborting or killing"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
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