id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56ddc9d49a695914005b95cf | Wayback_Machine | In an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No. 02 C 3293, 65 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 673 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 15, 2004), a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, perhaps for the first time. Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network. Prior to the trial proceedings, EchoStar indicated that it intended to offer Wayback Machine snapshots as proof of the past content of Telewizja Polska's web site. Telewizja Polska brought a motion in limine to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of hearsay and unauthenticated source, but Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys rejected Telewizja Polska's assertion of hearsay and denied TVP's motion in limine to exclude the evidence at trial. At the trial, however, district Court Judge Ronald Guzman, the trial judge, overruled Magistrate Keys' findings,[citation needed] and held that neither the affidavit of the Internet Archive employee nor the underlying pages (i.e., the Telewizja Polska website) were admissible as evidence. Judge Guzman reasoned that the employee's affidavit contained both hearsay and inconclusive supporting statements, and the purported web page printouts were not self-authenticating.[citation needed] | Which judge denied Telewizja Polska's attempt to block the use of Internet Archive contents as evidence? | {
"text": [
"Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys"
],
"answer_start": [
645
]
} |
56ddc9d49a695914005b95d0 | Wayback_Machine | In an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No. 02 C 3293, 65 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 673 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 15, 2004), a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, perhaps for the first time. Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network. Prior to the trial proceedings, EchoStar indicated that it intended to offer Wayback Machine snapshots as proof of the past content of Telewizja Polska's web site. Telewizja Polska brought a motion in limine to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of hearsay and unauthenticated source, but Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys rejected Telewizja Polska's assertion of hearsay and denied TVP's motion in limine to exclude the evidence at trial. At the trial, however, district Court Judge Ronald Guzman, the trial judge, overruled Magistrate Keys' findings,[citation needed] and held that neither the affidavit of the Internet Archive employee nor the underlying pages (i.e., the Telewizja Polska website) were admissible as evidence. Judge Guzman reasoned that the employee's affidavit contained both hearsay and inconclusive supporting statements, and the purported web page printouts were not self-authenticating.[citation needed] | Which judge overturned Keys' ruling? | {
"text": [
"district Court Judge Ronald Guzman"
],
"answer_start": [
816
]
} |
56ddca9d9a695914005b95d7 | Wayback_Machine | Provided some additional requirements are met (e.g. providing an authoritative statement of the archivist), the United States patent office and the European Patent Office will accept date stamps from the Internet Archive as evidence of when a given Web page was accessible to the public. These dates are used to determine if a Web page is available as prior art for instance in examining a patent application. | When are Internet Archive timestamps useful for patent offices? | {
"text": [
"in examining a patent application"
],
"answer_start": [
375
]
} |
56ddca9d9a695914005b95d8 | Wayback_Machine | Provided some additional requirements are met (e.g. providing an authoritative statement of the archivist), the United States patent office and the European Patent Office will accept date stamps from the Internet Archive as evidence of when a given Web page was accessible to the public. These dates are used to determine if a Web page is available as prior art for instance in examining a patent application. | What is an example of a condition that must be met for the Internet Archive data to be considered acceptable for submission to patent offices in the US and Europe? | {
"text": [
"authoritative statement of the archivist"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
56ddcf4166d3e219004dacf7 | Wayback_Machine | There are technical limitations to archiving a web site, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by web site archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports, when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore, can contain errors. For example, archives such as the Wayback Machine do not fill out forms and therefore, do not include the contents of non-RESTful e-commerce databases in their archives. | What kind of limitations exist in keeping copies of a website? | {
"text": [
"technical"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
56ddcf4166d3e219004dacf8 | Wayback_Machine | There are technical limitations to archiving a web site, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by web site archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports, when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore, can contain errors. For example, archives such as the Wayback Machine do not fill out forms and therefore, do not include the contents of non-RESTful e-commerce databases in their archives. | The omission of what element in screenshots can make them unreliable as evidence? | {
"text": [
"underlying links"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
56ddcf4166d3e219004dacf9 | Wayback_Machine | There are technical limitations to archiving a web site, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by web site archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports, when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore, can contain errors. For example, archives such as the Wayback Machine do not fill out forms and therefore, do not include the contents of non-RESTful e-commerce databases in their archives. | What elements of webpages are not used by Wayback Machine? | {
"text": [
"forms"
],
"answer_start": [
464
]
} |
56ddcf4166d3e219004dacfa | Wayback_Machine | There are technical limitations to archiving a web site, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by web site archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports, when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore, can contain errors. For example, archives such as the Wayback Machine do not fill out forms and therefore, do not include the contents of non-RESTful e-commerce databases in their archives. | What kind of sites contain information that the Wayback Machine does not record? | {
"text": [
"e-commerce"
],
"answer_start": [
528
]
} |
56ddd0509a695914005b95ec | Wayback_Machine | In Europe the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator. The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FAQ section of the site. The Wayback Machine also retroactively respects robots.txt files, i.e., pages that currently are blocked to robots on the live web temporarily will be made unavailable from the archives as well. | What kinds of laws could the Wayback Machine be viewed as breaking in Europe? | {
"text": [
"copyright laws"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
56ddd0509a695914005b95ed | Wayback_Machine | In Europe the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator. The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FAQ section of the site. The Wayback Machine also retroactively respects robots.txt files, i.e., pages that currently are blocked to robots on the live web temporarily will be made unavailable from the archives as well. | What would the Internet Archive have to do if requested by someone whose content is available on Wayback Machine? | {
"text": [
"delete pages from its system"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
56ddd0509a695914005b95ee | Wayback_Machine | In Europe the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator. The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FAQ section of the site. The Wayback Machine also retroactively respects robots.txt files, i.e., pages that currently are blocked to robots on the live web temporarily will be made unavailable from the archives as well. | In what part of the website are Wayback Machine's rules regarding removing content? | {
"text": [
"FAQ"
],
"answer_start": [
318
]
} |
56ddd22366d3e219004dacff | Wayback_Machine | In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical of Scientology from the Wayback Machine. An error message stated that this was in response to a "request by the site owner." Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners did not want their material removed. | Web pages that contained content critical of what religous movement were taken off of the Internet Archive in 2002? | {
"text": [
"Scientology"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
56ddd22366d3e219004dad00 | Wayback_Machine | In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical of Scientology from the Wayback Machine. An error message stated that this was in response to a "request by the site owner." Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners did not want their material removed. | Who was mistakenly credited for having the sites with criticism of Scientology removed from the Internet Archive? | {
"text": [
"the site owner"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
56ddd22366d3e219004dad01 | Wayback_Machine | In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical of Scientology from the Wayback Machine. An error message stated that this was in response to a "request by the site owner." Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners did not want their material removed. | Who was the actual party that requested the critical sites be taken down? | {
"text": [
"Church of Scientology"
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
} |
56ddd58e66d3e219004dad0d | Wayback_Machine | In 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their web site from several years prior. The plaintiff, Healthcare Advocates, then amended their complaint to include the Internet Archive, accusing the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Healthcare Advocates claimed that, since they had installed a robots.txt file on their web site, even if after the initial lawsuit was filed, the Archive should have removed all previous copies of the plaintiff web site from the Wayback Machine. The lawsuit was settled out of court. | Which law firm leveraged Wayback Machine to protect their client in 2003? | {
"text": [
"Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
56ddd58e66d3e219004dad0e | Wayback_Machine | In 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their web site from several years prior. The plaintiff, Healthcare Advocates, then amended their complaint to include the Internet Archive, accusing the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Healthcare Advocates claimed that, since they had installed a robots.txt file on their web site, even if after the initial lawsuit was filed, the Archive should have removed all previous copies of the plaintiff web site from the Wayback Machine. The lawsuit was settled out of court. | Which company filed suit against Harding, Earley, Follmer & Frailey's client? | {
"text": [
"Healthcare Advocates"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
56ddd58e66d3e219004dad0f | Wayback_Machine | In 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their web site from several years prior. The plaintiff, Healthcare Advocates, then amended their complaint to include the Internet Archive, accusing the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Healthcare Advocates claimed that, since they had installed a robots.txt file on their web site, even if after the initial lawsuit was filed, the Archive should have removed all previous copies of the plaintiff web site from the Wayback Machine. The lawsuit was settled out of court. | Who did Healthcare advocates change their case to include as a defendant? | {
"text": [
"Internet Archive"
],
"answer_start": [
359
]
} |
56ddd58e66d3e219004dad10 | Wayback_Machine | In 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their web site from several years prior. The plaintiff, Healthcare Advocates, then amended their complaint to include the Internet Archive, accusing the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Healthcare Advocates claimed that, since they had installed a robots.txt file on their web site, even if after the initial lawsuit was filed, the Archive should have removed all previous copies of the plaintiff web site from the Wayback Machine. The lawsuit was settled out of court. | What laws did Healthcare Advocates accuse Internet Archive of having broken? | {
"text": [
"the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
56ddd60966d3e219004dad15 | Wayback_Machine | Robots.txt is used as part of the Robots Exclusion Standard, a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off-limits. As a result, the Internet Archive has rendered unavailable a number of web sites that now are inaccessible through the Wayback Machine. Currently, the Internet Archive applies robots.txt rules retroactively; if a site blocks the Internet Archive, such as Healthcare Advocates, any previously archived pages from the domain are rendered unavailable as well. In cases of blocked sites, only the robots.txt file is archived. | What kind of protocol is the Robots Exclusion Standard? | {
"text": [
"voluntary"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
56ddd60966d3e219004dad16 | Wayback_Machine | Robots.txt is used as part of the Robots Exclusion Standard, a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off-limits. As a result, the Internet Archive has rendered unavailable a number of web sites that now are inaccessible through the Wayback Machine. Currently, the Internet Archive applies robots.txt rules retroactively; if a site blocks the Internet Archive, such as Healthcare Advocates, any previously archived pages from the domain are rendered unavailable as well. In cases of blocked sites, only the robots.txt file is archived. | What file is utilized to exercise the rights promoted by the Robots Exclusion Standard? | {
"text": [
"Robots.txt"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56ddd60966d3e219004dad17 | Wayback_Machine | Robots.txt is used as part of the Robots Exclusion Standard, a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off-limits. As a result, the Internet Archive has rendered unavailable a number of web sites that now are inaccessible through the Wayback Machine. Currently, the Internet Archive applies robots.txt rules retroactively; if a site blocks the Internet Archive, such as Healthcare Advocates, any previously archived pages from the domain are rendered unavailable as well. In cases of blocked sites, only the robots.txt file is archived. | If a site prevents Internet Archive from recording it, what file is still saved? | {
"text": [
"Robots.txt"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56ddd65866d3e219004dad1b | Wayback_Machine | The Internet Archive states, however, "Sometimes a website owner will contact us directly and ask us to stop crawling or archiving a site. We comply with these requests." In addition, the web site says: "The Internet Archive is not interested in preserving or offering access to Web sites or other Internet documents of persons who do not want their materials in the collection." | Who asserts that they will respond to direct contacts requesting material be removed from the archive? | {
"text": [
"Internet Archive"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56ddd8849a695914005b960c | Wayback_Machine | In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which would also go forward. | Who sued Internet Archive in 2005? | {
"text": [
"Suzanne Shell"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
56ddd8849a695914005b960d | Wayback_Machine | In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which would also go forward. | What was the URL owned by Suzanne Shell? | {
"text": [
"profane-justice.org"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
56ddd8849a695914005b960f | Wayback_Machine | In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which would also go forward. | In what jurisdiction were Internet Archive's counterclaims filed? | {
"text": [
"Northern District of California"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
56ddd8849a695914005b9610 | Wayback_Machine | In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which would also go forward. | In what jurisdiction where counterclaims nullified by the court? | {
"text": [
"District of Colorado"
],
"answer_start": [
634
]
} |
56ddd98d9a695914005b961a | Wayback_Machine | On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it "...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation." Shell said, "I respect the historical value of Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm." | When did Suzanne Shell's suit against Internet Archive come to an end? | {
"text": [
"April 25, 2007"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56ddd98d9a695914005b961b | Wayback_Machine | On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it "...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation." Shell said, "I respect the historical value of Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm." | Who stated that they had no wish to violate individuals' copyrights? | {
"text": [
"Internet Archive"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
56ddd98d9a695914005b961c | Wayback_Machine | On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it "...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation." Shell said, "I respect the historical value of Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm." | Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Internet Archive? | {
"text": [
"Suzanne Shell"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
56ddd9ea66d3e219004dad24 | Wayback_Machine | In 2013–14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada. | What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get his images taken down? | {
"text": [
"DMCA requests"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
56ddd9ea66d3e219004dad25 | Wayback_Machine | In 2013–14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada. | What legal system did the actor use after filing DMCA petitions? | {
"text": [
"Federal Court of Canada"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
56ddd84066d3e219004dad1f | Dutch_Republic | Until the 16th century, the Low Countries – corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg – consisted of a number of duchies, counties, and Prince-bishoprics, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the county of Flanders, which was under the Kingdom of France. | The Low Countries were made up of which present day countries? | {
"text": [
"Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
56ddd84066d3e219004dad20 | Dutch_Republic | Until the 16th century, the Low Countries – corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg – consisted of a number of duchies, counties, and Prince-bishoprics, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the county of Flanders, which was under the Kingdom of France. | Which counties in the Low Countries were not ruled by the Holy Roman Empire? | {
"text": [
"Flanders"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
56dddab666d3e219004dad2f | Dutch_Republic | Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Netherlands, led by William I of Orange, revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces. This was the start of the Eighty Years' War. | The majority of the Low Countries were ruled by which houses? | {
"text": [
"the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
56dddab666d3e219004dad30 | Dutch_Republic | Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Netherlands, led by William I of Orange, revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces. This was the start of the Eighty Years' War. | Who issued the Pragmatic Sanction? | {
"text": [
"Holy Roman Emperor Charles V"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
56dddab666d3e219004dad31 | Dutch_Republic | Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Netherlands, led by William I of Orange, revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces. This was the start of the Eighty Years' War. | In what year did the Netherlands rise up against Philip II? | {
"text": [
"1568"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
} |
56dddb4466d3e219004dad37 | Dutch_Republic | In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II. | In what year was the Union of Utrecht signed? | {
"text": [
"1579"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56dddb4466d3e219004dad38 | Dutch_Republic | In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II. | Who signed the Union of Utrecht? | {
"text": [
"a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
56dddb4466d3e219004dad39 | Dutch_Republic | In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II. | What was the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II called? | {
"text": [
"the Act of Abjuration"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
56dddb4466d3e219004dad3a | Dutch_Republic | In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II. | In what year was the Act of Abjuration signed? | {
"text": [
"1581"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
56dddd6766d3e219004dad41 | Dutch_Republic | In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England (Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585), and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy. The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by the Spanish Empire until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. | In what year did the United Provinces invite Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them? | {
"text": [
"1582"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56dddd6766d3e219004dad42 | Dutch_Republic | In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England (Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585), and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy. The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by the Spanish Empire until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. | In what year did Francis, Duke of Anjou leave the Netherlands? | {
"text": [
"1583"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
56dddd6766d3e219004dad43 | Dutch_Republic | In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England (Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585), and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy. The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by the Spanish Empire until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. | When was William of Orange assassinated? | {
"text": [
"10 July 1584"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
56dddd6766d3e219004dad44 | Dutch_Republic | In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England (Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585), and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy. The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by the Spanish Empire until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. | Who agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England? | {
"text": [
"Elizabeth I"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
56dddd6766d3e219004dad45 | Dutch_Republic | In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England (Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585), and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy. The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by the Spanish Empire until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. | In what year did the United Provinces become a confederacy? | {
"text": [
"1588"
],
"answer_start": [
506
]
} |
56ddde4d66d3e219004dad53 | Dutch_Republic | The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland. | What events created the Batavian Republic? | {
"text": [
"a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
56ddde4d66d3e219004dad54 | Dutch_Republic | The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland. | The republican forces fled to which country? | {
"text": [
"France"
],
"answer_start": [
372
]
} |
56ddde4d66d3e219004dad55 | Dutch_Republic | The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland. | The Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland replaced which republic? | {
"text": [
"the Batavian Republic"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
56dddf3066d3e219004dad59 | Dutch_Republic | The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today. | In what year did the Netherlands gain independence from France? | {
"text": [
"1813"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
56dddf3066d3e219004dad5a | Dutch_Republic | The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today. | What names were used in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814? | {
"text": [
"\"United Provinces of the Netherlands\" and \"United Netherlands\""
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
56dddf3066d3e219004dad5b | Dutch_Republic | The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today. | The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed by which countries? | {
"text": [
"Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
56dddfe89a695914005b9632 | Dutch_Republic | During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world. | The Dutch Republic dominated world trade during what time? | {
"text": [
"the Dutch Golden Age"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
56dddfe89a695914005b9633 | Dutch_Republic | During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world. | What was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world during the 17th century? | {
"text": [
"The County of Holland"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
56dde17c66d3e219004dad85 | Dutch_Republic | The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output. | When was the stock exchange founded in the Netherlands? | {
"text": [
"1602"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
56dde17c66d3e219004dad86 | Dutch_Republic | The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output. | Which city in the Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange? | {
"text": [
"Rotterdam"
],
"answer_start": [
262
]
} |
56dde17c66d3e219004dad87 | Dutch_Republic | The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output. | The Dutch East-India Company inhabited how many cities? | {
"text": [
"six"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
56dde17c66d3e219004dad88 | Dutch_Republic | The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output. | Which city did the Dutch East-India Company decide to reside in after a court decided they could legally only operate in one city? | {
"text": [
"Amsterdam"
],
"answer_start": [
506
]
} |
56dde2609a695914005b964a | Dutch_Republic | Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific. | The Dutch had one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world during what time? | {
"text": [
"1590–1712"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
56dde2609a695914005b964b | Dutch_Republic | Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific. | The Dutch operated a slave trade from which locations? | {
"text": [
"Africa and the Pacific"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
56dde4699a695914005b9666 | Dutch_Republic | The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order: | The Dutch Republic consisted of how many provinces? | {
"text": [
"seven"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
56dde4699a695914005b9667 | Dutch_Republic | The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order: | Who were the Generality Lands governed by? | {
"text": [
"the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
56dde4699a695914005b9668 | Dutch_Republic | The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order: | The States General was made up of what? | {
"text": [
"representatives of each of the seven provinces"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} |
56dde54066d3e219004dadb3 | Dutch_Republic | In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris. | What was the 8th province of the Dutch Republic? | {
"text": [
"the County of Drenthe"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
56dde54066d3e219004dadb5 | Dutch_Republic | In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris. | The main executive official of the Provincial States was called what? | {
"text": [
"raadspensionaris"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} |
56dde54066d3e219004dadb6 | Dutch_Republic | In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris. | Who had more power during times of war than the raadspensionaris? | {
"text": [
"the stadtholder"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
56dde54066d3e219004dadb7 | Dutch_Republic | In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris. | Who commanded the army? | {
"text": [
"the stadtholder"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
56dde72f66d3e219004dadbd | Dutch_Republic | In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland. | Who appointed the stadtholders? | {
"text": [
"the states of each province"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
56dde72f66d3e219004dadbf | Dutch_Republic | In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland. | Which states had the same stadtholder as Holland? | {
"text": [
"Zeeland and usually Utrecht"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
56dde7cc66d3e219004dadcd | Dutch_Republic | There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure. | What group of people supported the stadtholders, particularly the princes of Orange? | {
"text": [
"Orangists"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
56dde7cc66d3e219004dadce | Dutch_Republic | There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure. | Who wanted to replace the stadtholders with a republican structure? | {
"text": [
"Republicans"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
56dde8ce66d3e219004dadd9 | Dutch_Republic | After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715). | Several border territories were designated to the United Provinces after what? | {
"text": [
"the Peace of Westphalia"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} |
56dde8ce66d3e219004dadda | Dutch_Republic | After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715). | The border territories assigned to the United Provinces were known as what? | {
"text": [
"federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden)"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
56dde98866d3e219004daded | Dutch_Republic | The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland. | Who was in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC)? | {
"text": [
"The States General of the United Provinces"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56dde98866d3e219004dadee | Dutch_Republic | The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland. | Some shipping expeditions were mostly initiated by which provinces? | {
"text": [
"Holland and/or Zeeland"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
56ddecfe66d3e219004dae17 | Dutch_Republic | The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent. | Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces? | {
"text": [
"The framers of the US Constitution"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56ddecfe66d3e219004dae18 | Dutch_Republic | The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent. | Who described the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." | {
"text": [
"James Madison"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
56ddee0866d3e219004dae1d | Dutch_Republic | In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic. | What granted Holland and Zeeland the right to accept only one religion? | {
"text": [
"the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56ddee0866d3e219004dae1e | Dutch_Republic | In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic. | What did the Union state that every person should be free to choose? | {
"text": [
"personal religion"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
56ddee0866d3e219004dae1f | Dutch_Republic | In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic. | Who was a strong supporter of freedom of religion and wanted to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union? | {
"text": [
"William of Orange"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
56ddee0866d3e219004dae20 | Dutch_Republic | In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic. | What was forbidden in all provinces? | {
"text": [
"Catholic services"
],
"answer_start": [
586
]
} |
56ddef259a695914005b96e2 | Dutch_Republic | During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe. | What did any person who wanted to hold public office need to conform to during the Republic? | {
"text": [
"the Reformed Church"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
56ddef259a695914005b96e3 | Dutch_Republic | During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe. | The degree to which different religions were persecuted depended on what? | {
"text": [
"the time period and regional or city leaders"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
56ddef259a695914005b96e5 | Dutch_Republic | During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe. | What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe? | {
"text": [
"personal freedom of religion"
],
"answer_start": [
568
]
} |
56ddf1189a695914005b96fc | Dutch_Republic | In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith. | What was the main subject of controversy that arose within the Reformed Church during the beginning of the Republic? | {
"text": [
"predestination"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
56ddf1189a695914005b96fe | Dutch_Republic | In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith. | What led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith in 1618? | {
"text": [
"the Synod of Dort"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
56ddf23e66d3e219004dae4b | Dutch_Republic | Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches. | When did the active persecution of religious services become more of a restricted tolerance? | {
"text": [
"in the 18th century"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
56ddd7499a695914005b9606 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms." | What language does the word "symbiosis" come from? | {
"text": [
"Greek"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
56ddd7499a695914005b9607 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms." | What type of organism did Frank apply the term "symbiosis" to? | {
"text": [
"lichens"
],
"answer_start": [
318
]
} |
56ddd7499a695914005b9608 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms." | What nationality was Heinrich Anton de Bary? | {
"text": [
"German"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
} |
56ddd9109a695914005b9617 | Symbiosis | The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter "de Bary" definition or an even broader definition (where symbiosis means all species interactions), with the restrictive definition no longer used (in other words, symbiosis means mutualism). | How long did it take for scientists to stop using the narrow definition of symbiosis? | {
"text": [
"130 years"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
56ddda2d66d3e219004dad29 | Symbiosis | Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism. | What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can't survive without each other? | {
"text": [
"obligate"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
56ddda2d66d3e219004dad2a | Symbiosis | Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism. | What is the type of symbiotic relationship where the symbionts can live together but can also survive alone? | {
"text": [
"facultative"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
56ddda2d66d3e219004dad2b | Symbiosis | Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism. | What is an example of an obligate relationship? | {
"text": [
"lichens"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4d | Symbiosis | Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis. | What is an example of ectosymbiosis? | {
"text": [
"mistletoe"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4e | Symbiosis | Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis. | What is it called when the organisms are not physically joined? | {
"text": [
"disjunctive symbiosis"
],
"answer_start": [
473
]
} |
56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4f | Symbiosis | Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis. | What is it called when one symbiont lives within its partner? | {
"text": [
"endosymbiosis"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a0 | Symbiosis | Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects. | What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to? | {
"text": [
"insects"
],
"answer_start": [
488
]
} |
56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a1 | Symbiosis | Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects. | What is the name of a bacteria inside of tree roots? | {
"text": [
"Frankia"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a2 | Symbiosis | Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects. | What endosymbionts live in coral? | {
"text": [
"algae"
],
"answer_start": [
372
]
} |
56de1024cffd8e1900b4b5a6 | Symbiosis | Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales, and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish. | What organisms are described as living on the surface of whales? | {
"text": [
"barnacles"
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
} |
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