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Batteries are pretty simple. They have three major components: an anode, a cathode and electrolyte between the two. In lithium batteries, lithium ions travel back and forth between the anode and cathode as the battery discharges and is charged up again. The anodes of lithium-ion batteries are usually made of graphite, ... |
"As soon as lithium moves into an electrode, it stresses the material, eventually resulting in failure," said Yassar. "That's why many of these materials may be able to hold lots of lithium, but they end up breaking down quickly. |
"If we were able to observe these changes in the host electrode, particularly at the very early stage of charging, we could come up with strategies to fix that problem." |
Ten years ago, observing light elements such as lithium or hydrogen at the atomic level would have been out of the question. Now, however, it's possible to see light atoms with an aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (AC-STEM). Yassar's team was able to use one at the University of Illinois at... |
To determine how the host electrode changes as lithium ions enter it, the team built a nano-battery within the AC-STEM microscope using a promising new electrode material, tin oxide, or SnO2. Then, they watched it charge. |
"We wanted to monitor the changes in the tin oxide at the very frontier of lithium-ion movement within the SnO2 electrode, and we did," Yassar said. "We were able to observe how the individual lithium ions enter the electrode." |
The lithium ions moved along specific channels as they flowed into the tin oxide crystals instead of randomly walking into the host atoms. Based on that data, the researchers were able to calculate the strain the ions were placing on the electrodes. |
The discovery has prompted inquiries from industries and national labs interested in using his atomic-resolution capability in their own battery-development work. |
"It's very exciting," Yassar said. "There are so many options for electrodes, and now we have this new tool that can tell us exactly what's happening with them. Before, we couldn't see what was going on; we were just guessing." |
An article on the research, "Atomic Scale Observation of Lithiation Reaction Front in Nanoscale SnO2 Materials," was published online June 3 in ACS Nano. In addition to Yassar, the coauthors are mechanical engineering graduate student Hasti Asayesh-Ardakani and research associate Anmin Nie of Michigan Tech; Li-Yong Gan... |
Story Source: |
The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Michigan Technological University. The original item was written by Marcia Goodrich. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. |
Journal Reference: |
1. Anmin Nie, Li-Yong Gan, Yingchun Cheng, Hasti Asayesh-Ardakani, Qianqian Li, Cezhou Dong, Runzhe Tao, Farzad Mashayek, Hong-Tao Wang, Udo Schwingenschlögl, Robert F. Klie, Reza S. Yassar. Atomic-Scale Observation of Lithiation Reaction Front in Nanoscale SnO2Materials. ACS Nano, 2013; 130610121350006 DOI: 10.1021/... |
Cite This Page: |
Michigan Technological University. "Nano-tool for designing the next big battery: Eavesdropping on lithium ions." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 8 July 2013. <>. |
Michigan Technological University. (2013, July 8). Nano-tool for designing the next big battery: Eavesdropping on lithium ions. ScienceDaily. Retrieved October 6, 2015 from |
Michigan Technological University. "Nano-tool for designing the next big battery: Eavesdropping on lithium ions." ScienceDaily. (accessed October 6, 2015). |
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Mussolini or hitler rise power |
Fascism was a direct consequence of the First World War. Discuss this statement with reference to either Mussolini's rise to power 1918-1925, or Hitler's rise to power, 1918-1933. |
Offering a definitive and comprehensive assessment which accounts for the rise of militant fascism in Europe during the inter war years is something which has plagued historians for many years. As such, a variety of issues and factors have been proffered in vehement fashion in an attempt to effectively comprehend the s... |
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The purpose of this work is to assess the extent to which fascism came about as a direct consequence of the First World War. Such analysis will utilise the rise of Hitler and the Nazi's in Germany as a source of reference and example. It will be shown in clear and determined fashion that the rise of Hitler can in numer... |
When historians refer to the First World War in relation to the later development of fascism, the primary issue of concern is invariably the Treaty of Versailles. Rather surprisingly given her dominant pre war position, in 1918 Germany was forced to seek an armistice with the western allies, which now included the Unit... |
Firstly, it is important to note that not all the territorial decisions relating to Germany at Versailles were overtly unreasonable and unjust. The return of Alsace Lorraine to France and Schleswig to Denmark were generally perceived to be justified (Henig, 1995). Given that Bismarck had seized both these territories t... |
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However, although the above conditions created significant resentment in Germany, it was the issue of war guilt and reparations which acted as the most serious issue of concern. Germany was to accept complete responsibility for the outbreak of the war and thus the consequences which followed. The war guilt clause there... |
Finally, the issue of reparations was also essentially formed on the basis of Germany's war guilt. Thus, given that Germany was deemed responsible for the outbreak of the war, the prevailing view was that she should now be made to pay the financial cost. No concrete figure was reached at Versailles; however the Reparat... |
Through an accumulation of the above factors, discontent and grievance towards the Versailles settlement within Germany was a consistent feature of German political and social discourse throughout the 1920s. There is no doubt that throughout the 1920s and early 1930s Hitler utilised the widespread discontent regarding ... |
The vast majority of historians agree that the Wall Street Crash and subsequent Great Depression had a direct impact upon the effective rise of Hitler and the Nazis in Germany (Lee, 2000). Indeed, the rapid meteoric rise in terms of electoral success enjoyed by the Nazi Party following the onset of the Great Depression... |
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Moreover, as suggested above, the imposition of hugely excessive reparations on Germany created the conditions which required massive foreign investment into the German economy during the latter 1920s. The removal of such investment following the Wall Street Crash therefore resulted in economic decline being more protr... |
The various discussions above therefore highlight the degree to which the growth and development of fascism in Germany in many respects came about as a direct consequence of the historical impact felt from the First World War. Above all, not only was Hitler able to utilise widespread public discontent towards Versaille... |
However, although in numerous respects the development of fascism in Germany was a direct consequence of the First World War, to entirely attribute the development of German fascism to the war is sometimes problematic. Above all, as suggested at the outset of this work, in order for effective examination of this issue ... |
Firstly, as hinted earlier, the Nazis did not begin to enjoy noted electoral success until the post 1929 period. Moreover, it has been shown that there was a clear link between German economic difficulty and Nazi electoral success. However, the meteoric rise of the Nazis in the post 1929 period can be attributed to oth... |
In addition, there is another factor which accounts for the failure of the BUF to gain an electoral foothold in Britain. Although it is certainly the case that fascist support in Britain was far less than in Germany, the BUF was essentially excluded from the possibility of electoral success was because of the British e... |
In addition, it must be noted that the development of fascism was not something unique to Germany. Indeed, during the inter war years there was a dramatic increase support for extremist politics throughout Europe. With regards to Italian fascism, it is certainly possible to outline similar links with the First World Wa... |
In conclusion, the issue of whether fascism in Germany came about as a direct consequence of the First World War has been discussed in depth. Above all, what is clear is that is it both possible and historically credible to suggest that the development of the Nazis in Germany came about as a result of the deep seated r... |
Brooman, J (1996) Germany 1918-45 Harlow: Edinburgh Gate. |
Eatwell, R (1996) Fascism: a history New York: Allen Lane. |
Elliot, B.J (1980) Hitler and Germany London: Longman. |
Henig, R (1995) Versailles and After, 1919-1933, 2nd Ed London: Routledge. |
Hite, J (2000) Weimar & Nazi Germany London: Hodder. |
Layton, G (2002) From Bismarck to Hitler: Germany 1890-1933 London: Hodder & Stoughton. |
Lee, S.J (2000) Hitler and Nazi Germany London: Routledge. |
Lee, S.J (2003) European Dictatorships: 1918-1945 London: Routledge. |
Morris, W.B (1982) The Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany New York: Nelson Hall. |
Payne, S.G (1996) A History of Fascism: 1914-1945 London: Routledge. |
Pearce, M & Stewart, G (2001) British Political History, 1867-2001: democracy and decline London: Routledge. |
Remak, J (1971) The First World War: causes, conduct and consequences New York: Wiley. |
Sharp, A (1994) The Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking in Paris, 1919 London: Macmillan. |
Taylor, A.J.P (1961) The Origins of the Second World War Hermondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd. |
Watt, R.M (2003) The Kings Depart London: Phoenix Press. |
Yale Law School (2010) ‘The Treaty of Versailles' The Avalon Project [online], date accessed, 31/01/10, available at (http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/partviii.htm. |
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Set in New York City in 2032 where the citizens have adjusted to living in a 'police state' after 30 years of terrorism, foreign war, and oppressive mandates, QUANDARY is a revolution told in nine 10-page parts. |
If Quandary were a mixed drink, this would be the recipe: |
* 2 parts 'Orwell's 1984? |
* 2 parts 'real life' |
* 1 part 'Occupy movement' |
Shake vigorously. |
Wednesday, June 30, 2004 |
I love it. I really love the new Bush Cheney ad ([with editorial comments]) |
Since 1980, the key secret of negative campaigning has been to throw the stone and hide your hand, to preserve deniability. It's getting harder. In this add Bush-Cheney 04 is trying to hold Kerry responsible for an add posted on which was promptly removed and denounced by However, Someone has placed an absolutley deadl... |
Bush-Cheney '04 |
Kerry's Coalition of the Wild-eyed |
The Faces of John Kerry's Democratic Party |
The Coalition of the Wild-eyed |
Video Clip of Gore: |
"How dare they drag the good name of the United States of America through the mud of Saddam Hussein's torture prison?" (Al Gore, Remarks At New York University, 5/26/04) |
([absolutely right and irrefutable. Hell Bush said the same thing. Note Gore is not quoted as saying that "they" are Bush and Cheney. Bush-Cheney 04 assumes that is obvious]) |
Video Clip of Ad: |
[Inaudible chanting, clip from ad] |
([The illustration is meant to make it clear that the heading is an example of the "big lie" technique since MoveOn did not make the add, purged it from the site and denounced it]) |
Video Clip of Dean: |
"I want my country back!" (Gov. Howard Dean, Remarks To California Democratic Convention, 3/15/03) |
Video Clip of Michael Moore: |
"We live in a time where we have a man sending us to war for fictitious reasons." (Academy Awards, 3/23/03) |
([yes of course, but does Moore really need more free publicity given how "Farenheit 9/11" took all of 2 days to break the documentary gross sales record set by "Bowling for Columbine" ?]) |
Video Clip of Gephardt: |
"This president is a miserable failure." (Rep. Gephardt, Democrat Presidential Candidates Debate, Albuquerque, NM, 9/4/03) |
([great stuff. I have never agreed with Gephart before]). |
Video Clip of Ad: |
[Inaudible chanting, clip from ad] |
([see above. Guess just one Hitler is a Democrat clip was too subtle. By the way, in case anyone tries to claim that the add was saying that is one of the "Faces of John Kerry's Democratic Party" do I have to point out that .org's don't have faces ? The difficulty with grammer proves the authenticity of the add]) |
Video Clip of Gore: |
Subsets and Splits
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