context stringlengths 155 6.27k | question stringlengths 13 168 | id stringlengths 28 28 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|
Universal, class-specific and drug-specific reversal agents for the new oral anticoagulants. Although there is controversy about the absolute need for a reversal agent for the new direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), the absence of such an agent is a barrier to more widespread use of these agents. For the management of ... | Andexanet Alfa is an antidote of which clotting factor inhibitors? | 5880b073c872c95565000003_001 | {
"answer_start": [
815
],
"text": [
"factor Xa"
]
} |
Inhibition of sPLA2 and endothelial function: a substudy of the SPIDER-PCI trial. BACKGROUND: Inflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction, and occurs after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We evaluated whether endothelial function is attenuated aft... | Which enzyme is inhibited by Varespladib? | 56c1f00def6e39474100003f_002 | {
"answer_start": [
348
],
"text": [
"secretory phospholipase A2"
]
} |
Eliglustat compared with imiglucerase in patients with Gaucher's disease type 1 stabilised on enzyme replacement therapy: a phase 3, randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial. BACKGROUND: The mainstay of treatment for Gaucher's disease type 1 is alternate-week infusion of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). We invest... | Which disease is treated with Eliglustat? | 56c1f009ef6e39474100003c_001 | {
"answer_start": [
55
],
"text": [
"Gaucher's disease type 1"
]
} |
In vivo anti-tumor activity of the PARP inhibitor niraparib in homologous recombination deficient and proficient ovarian carcinoma. OBJECTIVE: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have yielded encouraging responses in high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSOCs), but the optimal treatment setting remains unkn... | Which enzyme is inhibited by niraparib? | 5880be1dc872c95565000007_001 | {
"answer_start": [
143
],
"text": [
"Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase"
]
} |
Nerve growth factor inhibition with tanezumab influences weight-bearing and subsequent cartilage damage in the rat medial meniscal tear model. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) inhibition with tanezumab on rats with medial meniscal tear (MMT) effectively model rapidly progressiv... | What is the target of tanezumab? | 5890e163621ea6ff7e000004_002 | {
"answer_start": [
192
],
"text": [
"nerve growth factor"
]
} |
Post-surgical outcome for epilepsy associated with type I focal cortical dysplasia subtypes. Focal cortical dysplasias are a well-recognized cause of medically intractable seizures. The clinical relevance of certain subgroups of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification scheme remains to be determ... | Which disorder is rated by Palmini classification? | 56c1f020ef6e394741000047_011 | {
"answer_start": [
651
],
"text": [
"focal cortical dysplasia"
]
} |
Hungarian Isradipine Study (HIS): long-term (3-year) effects on blood pressure and plasma lipids. These are the preliminary data of an open multicenter trial of antihypertensive treatment with isradipine as monotherapy (dose, 4.55 +/- 0.56 mg twice daily; n = 11) or isradipine (7.5 +/- 0.63 mg twice daily) in combinati... | What is the indication for isradipine? | 56c3184050c68dd416000003_003 | {
"answer_start": [
429
],
"text": [
"hypertension"
]
} |
Nonsense mutations of the ZFHX1B gene in two Japanese girls with Mowat-Wilson syndrome. Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS) is a multiple congenital anomaly-mental retardation complex caused by mutations in the Zinc Finger Homeobox 1 B gene (ZFHX1B). MWS has been reported in association with Hirschsprung disease (HSCR). MWS is... | Which gene is responsible for the development of the Mowat-Wilson syndrome? | 5519113b622b19434500000f_014 | {
"answer_start": [
1049
],
"text": [
"ZFHX1B"
]
} |
Clinical assessment of bortezomib for multiple myeloma in comparison with thalidomide. PURPOSE: We studied the efficacy and safety of bortezomib (BOR) for treatment of multiple myeloma in comparison with thalidomide (THAL) by reference to adverse events, and searched for laboratory markers that could be used for progno... | What disease is Velcade (bortezomib) mainly used for? | 51631154298dcd4e5100004e_012 | {
"answer_start": [
1374
],
"text": [
"multiple myeloma"
]
} |
SERCA in genesis of arrhythmias: what we already know and what is new? This review mainly focuses on the structure, function of the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum calcium pump (SERCA) and its role in genesis of arrhythmias. SERCA is a membrane protein that belongs to the family of P-type ion translocating ATPases and pum... | Which is the main calcium pump of the sarcoplasmic reticulum? | 54db62a3034aea571d000001_012 | {
"answer_start": [
222
],
"text": [
"SERCA"
]
} |
[Puffy hand syndrome]. Puffy hand syndrome is an unrecognized complication of intravenous drug abuse. This painless syndrome appears during or after a long period of drug addiction. It involves the hands and sometimes the forearms, and may cause functional, aesthetic and social disturbances when the hand volume is impo... | What causes "Puffy hand syndrome"? | 5a7346662dc08e987e00001a_004 | {
"answer_start": [
78
],
"text": [
"intravenous drug abuse"
]
} |
Management of cutaneous erythrasma. Corynebacterium minutissimum is the bacteria that leads to cutaneous eruptions of erythrasma and is the most common cause of interdigital foot infections. It is found mostly in occluded intertriginous areas such as the axillae, inframammary areas, interspaces of the toes, interglutea... | Which bacteria causes erythrasma? | 5a68f448b750ff4455000018_007 | {
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"Corynebacterium minutissimum"
]
} |
Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias: from basic mechanisms to molecular therapeutics. The Philadelphia chromosome translocation (t(9;22)) results in the molecular juxtaposition of two genes, BCR and ABL, to form an aberrant BCR-ABL gene on chromosome 22. BCR-ABL is critical to the pathogenesis of chronic myeloge... | What tyrosine kinase, involved in a Philadelphia- chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia, is the target of Imatinib (Gleevec)? | 5324a8ac9b2d7acc7e000018_080 | {
"answer_start": [
231
],
"text": [
"BCR-ABL"
]
} |
Expression of DeltaNp73 is a molecular marker for adverse outcome in neuroblastoma patients. The p73 gene is a p53 homologue which induces apoptosis and inhibits cell proliferation. Although p73 maps at 1p36.3 and is frequently deleted in neuroblastoma (NB), it does not act as a classic oncosuppressor gene. In developi... | How many TAp73 isoforms have been identified in humans? | 5173bdb38ed59a060a000020_085 | {
"answer_start": [
429
],
"text": [
"7"
]
} |
Reversal of direct oral anticoagulants: a practical approach. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have at least noninferior efficacy compared with other oral anticoagulants and have ancillary benefits, including overall better safety profiles, lack of the need for routine monitoring, rapid onset of action, and ease of a... | Andexanet Alfa is an antidote of which clotting factor inhibitors? | 5880b073c872c95565000003_092 | {
"answer_start": [
1590
],
"text": [
"xa"
]
} |
Nucleosomes are preferentially positioned at exons in somatic and sperm cells. Nucleosome positioning is constrained at eukaryotic transcription start sites and implicated in transcriptional regulation. Moreover, recent observations indicate that chromatin structure, transcription and splicing are functionally intertwi... | What histone trimethylation has been associated to RNA splicing? | 532ff917d6d3ac6a34000038_004 | {
"answer_start": [
410
],
"text": [
"H3K36me3"
]
} |
Differential control of TAp73 and DeltaNp73 protein stability by the ring finger ubiquitin ligase PIR2. p73 is a p53-related transcription factor with fundamental roles in development and tumor suppression. Transcription from two different promoters on the p73 gene results in generation of transcriptionally active TAp7... | How many TAp73 isoforms have been identified in humans? | 5173bdb38ed59a060a000020_007 | {
"answer_start": [
360
],
"text": [
"7"
]
} |
Osteomyelitis of the accessory and body of the navicular bone: a case report. A 16-year-old boy developed left foot pain of unknown cause that was unresponsive to conservative treatment, associated with fever and difficulty walking. He was admitted to our hospital with osteomyelitis of the accessory and body of the nav... | Where in the body would the navicular bone be found? | 5abd13e1fcf4565872000029_002 | {
"answer_start": [
111
],
"text": [
"foot"
]
} |
Discovery of betrixaban (PRT054021), N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-(4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzamido)-5-methoxybenzamide, a highly potent, selective, and orally efficacious factor Xa inhibitor. Systematic SAR studies of in vitro factor Xa inhibitory activity around compound 1 were performed by modifying each of the ... | Which clotting factor is inhibited by betrixaban? | 55200c606b348bb82c000013_123 | {
"answer_start": [
18
],
"text": [
"xa"
]
} |
Pharmaceutical approval update. Duavee, an oral contraceptive; riociguat (Adempas) for two types of pulmonary hypertension; and macitentan (Opsumit) for pulmonary arterial hypertension. | What is generic name of drug Adempas? | 54e1bdacae9738404b000009_005 | {
"answer_start": [
63
],
"text": [
"riociguat"
]
} |
Current research on pharmacologic and regenerative therapies for osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disorder commonly encountered in clinical practice, and is the leading cause of disability in elderly people. Due to the poor self-healing capacity of articular cartilage and lack of specific dia... | What is the target of tanezumab? | 5890e163621ea6ff7e000004_004 | {
"answer_start": [
808
],
"text": [
"nerve growth factor"
]
} |
Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding a bovine selenoprotein P-like protein containing 12 selenocysteines and a (His-Pro) rich domain insertion, and its regional expression. When cDNA containing proteins enriched in the bovine cerebellar cortex were cloned, a clone which seemed to encode a selenoprotein P-like protein was... | Which is the human selenoprotein that contains several Se-Cys residues? | 5343caffaeec6fbd07000002_007 | {
"answer_start": [
422
],
"text": [
"selenoprotein P"
]
} |
[Difficult therapeutic decision making in treatment of children with oesophageal atresia and trisomy of chromosome 18 - comments by geneticist, surgeon, neonatologist, paediatrician and anaesthesiologist]. Oesophageal atresia is a congenital defect of alimentary tract concerning the interruption of oesophagus with or w... | What is the incidence of Edwards syndrom in the european population? | 52f350042059c6d71c000010_001 | {
"answer_start": [
583
],
"text": [
"1:5000"
]
} |
Digenic inheritance of an SMCHD1 mutation and an FSHD-permissive D4Z4 allele causes facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy type 2. Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) is characterized by chromatin relaxation of the D4Z4 macrosatellite array on chromosome 4 and expression of the D4Z4-encoded DUX4 gene in skeletal muscl... | What is the mode of inheritance of Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD)? | 52bf19c503868f1b06000001_001 | {
"answer_start": [
345
],
"text": [
"autosomal dominant"
]
} |
[New therapeutical options for heavy gastrointestinal bleeding]. The number of patients taking new oral anticoagulants is rising, so is the number of serious bleeding events. In severe bleeding, the decision to start a procoagulant therapy is difficult to take. With Idarucizumab and Andexanet Alfa, specific antidotes h... | Andexanet Alfa is an antidote of which clotting factor inhibitors? | 5880b073c872c95565000003_053 | {
"answer_start": [
405
],
"text": [
"Xa"
]
} |
Effect of partial blockade of the Na(+)/Ca(2+)-exchanger on Ca(2+) handling in isolated rat ventricular myocytes. SEA0400 is a selective inhibitor of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger having equal potencies to suppress both the forward and reverse mode operation of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger. Present experiments were designed... | The small molecule SEA0400 is an inhibitor of which ion antiporter/exchanger? | 5506c3e38e1671127b00000a_036 | {
"answer_start": [
263
],
"text": [
"Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger"
]
} |
Emerging chemical therapies targeting 5-hydroxytryptamine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major neuropsychiatric disorder affecting more than 5 million Americans over age 65. By the year 2050, AD is expected to affect over 30 million. Characterized by neuronal cell death accompani... | What does intepirdine target? | 5a9ac7ba1d1251d03b000013_001 | {
"answer_start": [
847
],
"text": [
"5-HT6"
]
} |
Expression and function of Noxo1gamma, an alternative splicing form of the NADPH oxidase organizer 1. Activation of the superoxide-producing NADPH oxidase Nox1 requires both the organizer protein Noxo1 and the activator protein Noxa1. Here we describe an alternative splicing form of Noxo1, Noxo1gamma, which is expresse... | Which NADPH oxidase family member requires interaction with NOXO1 for function? | 58a5a51060087bc10a000021_022 | {
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"Nox1"
]
} |
Transgenic expression of BACH1 transcription factor results in megakaryocytic impairment. Both nuclear factor erythroid 2 45 kDa subunit (p45) and BTB and CNC homolog 1 (Bach) transcription factors can form dimers with one of the small Maf proteins, and these heterodimers bind to the musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma onc... | Is the transcriptional regulator BACH1 an activator or a repressor? | 52fa6ac72059c6d71c000055_015 | {
"answer_start": [
1497
],
"text": [
"repressor"
]
} |
The atxA gene product activates transcription of the anthrax toxin genes and is essential for virulence. Bacillus anthracis plasmid pXO1 carries the structural genes for the three anthrax toxin proteins, cya (edema factor), lef (lethal factor), and pag (protective antigen). Expression of the toxin genes by B. anthracis... | Which metabolite activates AtxA? | 5710a592cf1c32585100002a_026 | {
"answer_start": [
372
],
"text": [
"CO2"
]
} |
Elotuzumab enhances natural killer cell activation and myeloma cell killing through interleukin-2 and TNF-α pathways. Elotuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody specific for signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-F7 (SLAMF7, also known as CS1, CD319, or CRACC) that enhances natural killer (NK) cell-mediated antib... | Name monoclonal antibody against SLAMF7. | 56c077e9ef6e394741000021_002 | {
"answer_start": [
177
],
"text": [
"signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-F7"
]
} |
[Molecular-genetic aspects of neurofibromatosis]. Two forms of neurofibromatosis, type 1 (NF1) and type 2 (NF2) are connected with genes localized on chromosomes 17 and 22, respectively. The genes that are inactivated in neurofibromatosis code for the proteins neurofibromine and merline, respectively. Since inactivatio... | Which is the gene mutated in type 1 neurofibromatosis? | 5343fc1aaeec6fbd07000003_036 | {
"answer_start": [
90
],
"text": [
"NF1"
]
} |
PLA2G6, encoding a phospholipase A2, is mutated in neurodegenerative disorders with high brain iron. Neurodegenerative disorders with high brain iron include Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease and several childhood genetic disorders categorized as neuroaxonal dystrophies. We mapped a locus for infantile neuroaxonal d... | Which gene is mutated in the Karak syndrome? | 588f9950ed9bbee70d000002_015 | {
"answer_start": [
446
],
"text": [
"PLA2G6"
]
} |
Selexipag for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. INTRODUCTION: Selexipag is a first-in-class orally available selective non-prostanoid IP receptor agonist. This review was based on a PubMed search and focuses on the potential role of selexipag in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). AR... | Selexipag is used for which disease? | 56c1f045ef6e394741000058_008 | {
"answer_start": [
31
],
"text": [
"pulmonary arterial hypertension"
]
} |
Endoplasmic reticulum calcium pumps and cancer. Endoplasmic reticulum calcium homeostasis is involved in a multitude of signaling, as well as "house-keeping" functions that control cell growth, differentiation or apoptosis in every human/eukaryotic cell. Calcium is actively accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum by S... | Which is the main calcium pump of the sarcoplasmic reticulum? | 54db62a3034aea571d000001_010 | {
"answer_start": [
374
],
"text": [
"SERCA"
]
} |
New Agents for Acute Treatment of Migraine: CGRP Receptor Antagonists, iNOS Inhibitors. The treatment of migraine was advanced dramatically with the introduction of triptans in the early 1990s. Despite the substantial improvement in the quality of life that triptans have brought to many migraineurs, a substantial cohor... | Which receptor is targeted by telcagepant? | 55032efde9bde69634000035_005 | {
"answer_start": [
566
],
"text": [
"calcitonin gene-related peptide"
]
} |
Finkelstein's test: a biomechanical analysis. PURPOSE: Finkelstein's test is the classic diagnostic test for de Quervain's disease. Finkelstein hypothesized that the entry of the muscle bellies of the extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) and abductor pollicis longus (APL) tendons into the first extensor compartment was respo... | Which disease is diagnosed using the Finkelstein's test? | 5a6900ebb750ff445500001d_005 | {
"answer_start": [
109
],
"text": [
"de Quervain's disease"
]
} |
Specific mutations in the HEXA gene among Iraqi Jewish Tay-Sachs disease carriers: dating of founder ancestor. The incidence of Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) carriers, as defined by enzyme assay, is 1:29 among Ashkenazi Jews and 1:110 among Moroccan Jews. An elevated carrier frequency of 1:140 was also observed in the Iraqi ... | Which is the gene most commonly mutated in Tay-Sachs disease? | 536e46f27d100faa09000012_009 | {
"answer_start": [
26
],
"text": [
"HEXA"
]
} |
Fam118B, a newly identified component of Cajal bodies, is required for Cajal body formation, snRNP biogenesis and cell viability. Cajal bodies are specialized and dynamic compartments in the nucleus that are involved in the biogenesis of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs). Because of the dynamic and varied roles... | Which protein is the main marker of Cajal bodies? | 58eb9542eda5a57672000007_018 | {
"answer_start": [
519
],
"text": [
"coilin"
]
} |
Phospholamban phosphorylation by CaMKII under pathophysiological conditions. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA2a) transports Ca2+ into the SR, decreasing the cytosolic Ca2+ during relaxation and increasing the SR Ca2+ available for contraction. SERCA2a activity is regulated by phosphorylation of another SR... | Which is the main regulatory molecule of SERCA2A function in the cardiac muscle? | 54cb9c94f693c3b16b000005_018 | {
"answer_start": [
345
],
"text": [
"PLN"
]
} |
Cellular or Exosomal microRNAs Associated with CCN Gene Expression in Liver Fibrosis. Liver fibrosis occurs during chronic injury and represents, in large part, an exaggerated matrigenic output by hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) which become activated as a result of injury-induced signaling pathways in parenchymal and in... | What is a miR? | 58f0b1d670f9fc6f0f000007_001 | {
"answer_start": [
553
],
"text": [
"MiRs are small (~23 nt) noncoding RNAs"
]
} |
Prospective validation of Wells Criteria in the evaluation of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. STUDY OBJECTIVE: The literature suggests that the d -dimer is useful in patients suspected of having pulmonary embolism and who have a low pretest probability of disease. A previously defined clinical decision rule... | What can be predicted with the Wells criteria? | 5a7428090384be9551000001_009 | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"pulmonary embolism"
]
} |
Investigational anticoagulants for hematological conditions: a new generation of therapies. INTRODUCTION: The introduction of novel anticoagulants has had contrasting effects on the agents in the pipeline, fueling the development of some and sinking the others. The complexity of the coagulation cascade offers interesti... | Which clotting factor is inhibited by betrixaban? | 55200c606b348bb82c000013_010 | {
"answer_start": [
637
],
"text": [
"xa"
]
} |
Phosphorylation of Noxo1 at threonine 341 regulates its interaction with Noxa1 and the superoxide-producing activity of Nox1. UNLABELLED: Superoxide production by Nox1, a member of the Nox family NAPDH oxidases, requires expression of its regulatory soluble proteins Noxo1 (Nox organizer 1) and Noxa1 (Nox activator 1) a... | Which NADPH oxidase family member requires interaction with NOXO1 for function? | 58a5a51060087bc10a000021_003 | {
"answer_start": [
163
],
"text": [
"Nox1"
]
} |
Characterization of radioactive metabolites of 5-HT2A receptor PET ligand [18F]altanserin in human and rodent. This study was performed to identify and characterize the radiometabolites of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor ligand [18F]altanserin in supporting quantification of the target receptors by positron emission tomo... | Which receptors can be evaluated with the [18F]altanserin? | 55242d512c8b63434a000006_035 | {
"answer_start": [
203
],
"text": [
"5-HT2A"
]
} |
Genetic variations associated with red hair color and fear of dental pain, anxiety regarding dental care and avoidance of dental care. BACKGROUND: Red hair color is caused by variants of the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene. People with naturally red hair are resistant to subcutaneous local anesthetics and, therefor... | Which gene is responsible for red hair? | 5ace19420340b9f05800000a_055 | {
"answer_start": [
216
],
"text": [
"MC1R"
]
} |
MethPed: an R package for the identification of pediatric brain tumor subtypes. BACKGROUND: DNA methylation profiling of pediatric brain tumors offers a new way of diagnosing and subgrouping these tumors which improves current clinical diagnostics based on histopathology. We have therefore developed the MethPed classif... | Which R package could be used for the identification of pediatric brain tumors? | 587e2300fc7e8dd84f000004_014 | {
"answer_start": [
817
],
"text": [
"MethPed"
]
} |
Inter-subunit interactions in erythroid and non-erythroid spectrins. Spectrins comprise α- and β-subunits made up predominantly of a series of homologous repeating units of about 106 amino acids; the α- and β-chains form antiparallel dimers by lateral association, and tetramers through head-to-head contacts between the... | Alpha-spectrin and beta-spectrin subunits form parallel or antiparallel heterodimers? | 5540b9800083d1bf0e000002_004 | {
"answer_start": [
221
],
"text": [
"antiparallel"
]
} |
Initiation of spectrin dimerization involves complementary electrostatic interactions between paired triple-helical bundles. The spectrin heterodimer is formed by the antiparallel lateral association of an alpha and a beta subunit, each of which comprises largely a series of homologous triple-helical motifs. Initiation... | Alpha-spectrin and beta-spectrin subunits form parallel or antiparallel heterodimers? | 5540b9800083d1bf0e000002_009 | {
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"antiparallel"
]
} |
Sarcoplasmic reticulum: the dynamic calcium governor of muscle. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) provides feedback control required to balance the processes of calcium storage, release, and reuptake in skeletal muscle. This balance is achieved through the concerted action of three major classes of SR calcium-regulatory ... | Which is the main calcium binding protein of the sarcoplasmic reticulum? | 54cf45e7f693c3b16b00000a_008 | {
"answer_start": [
368
],
"text": [
"calsequestrin"
]
} |
Towards effective immunotherapy of myeloma: enhanced elimination of myeloma cells by combination of lenalidomide with the human CD38 monoclonal antibody daratumumab. BACKGROUND: In our efforts to develop novel effective treatment regimens for multiple myeloma we evaluated the potential benefits of combining the immunom... | What is the target of daratumumab? | 5880aef4c872c95565000001_044 | {
"answer_start": [
432
],
"text": [
"CD38"
]
} |
Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome. Allan-Herndon-Dudley Syndrome (AHDS) is a rare X-linked disorder caused by mutation in the gene encoding the monocarboxylate transporter-8. Abnormal transport function is reflected by elevated free T3 and decreased free T4 levels along with clinical features characterized by neurological ... | Which hormone concentrations are altered in patients with the Allan–Herndon–Dudley syndrome? | 530f900ee3eabad021000003_014 | {
"answer_start": [
552
],
"text": [
"thyroid"
]
} |
Mitochondrial dynamics regulates migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. Mitochondria are highly dynamic and undergo constant fusion and fission that are essential for maintaining physiological functions of cells. Although dysfunction of mitochondria has been implicated in tumorigenesis, little is known about th... | What is the functional role of the protein Drp1? | 5717dbfe7de986d80d000001_009 | {
"answer_start": [
458
],
"text": [
"mitochondrial fission"
]
} |
Identification of an FBN1 mutation in bovine Marfan syndrome-like disease. Mutations in the gene encoding fibrillin-1 (FBN1), a component of the extracellular microfibril, cause Marfan syndrome (MFS). Frequent observation of cattle with a normal withers height, but lower body weight than age-matched normal cattle, was ... | Which gene mutations cause the Marfan syndrome? | 58d8e6818acda3452900000a_026 | {
"answer_start": [
119
],
"text": [
"FBN1"
]
} |
Perturbation of m6A writers reveals two distinct classes of mRNA methylation at internal and 5' sites. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a common modification of mRNA with potential roles in fine-tuning the RNA life cycle. Here, we identify a dense network of proteins interacting with METTL3, a component of the methyltransfe... | Which properties of the mRNA does N6-methyladenosine (m6A) affect? | 56df03c751531f7e3300000a_002 | {
"answer_start": [
786
],
"text": [
"mRNA stability"
]
} |
Inactivation of a histone methyltransferase by mutations in human cancers. Histone methyltransferase (HMT)(1) class enzymes that methylate lysine residues of histones or proteins contain a conserved catalytic core termed the SET domain, which shares sequence homology with an independently described sequence motif, the ... | What is the characteristic domain of histone methyltransferases? | 532dcfc9d6d3ac6a34000021_018 | {
"answer_start": [
225
],
"text": [
"SET domain"
]
} |
Zebrafish as a model for monocarboxyl transporter 8-deficiency. Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS) is a severe psychomotor retardation characterized by neurological impairment and abnormal thyroid hormone (TH) levels. Mutations in the TH transporter, monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), are associated with AHDS. MCT... | Which hormone concentrations are altered in patients with the Allan–Herndon–Dudley syndrome? | 530f900ee3eabad021000003_006 | {
"answer_start": [
191
],
"text": [
"thyroid"
]
} |
Familial pediatric rapidly progressive extrapyramidal syndrome: is it Hallervorden-Spatz disease? The clinical features of two children of a family with rapidly progressive extrapyramidal-pyramidal-dementia complex have been described. Inheritance seems most likely to be autosomal recessive. Magnetic resonance imaging ... | What is the mode of inheritance of Wilson's disease? | 52bf1b0a03868f1b06000009_004 | {
"answer_start": [
272
],
"text": [
"autosomal recessive"
]
} |
Emerging anticoagulants. Warfarin, heparin and their derivatives have been the traditional anticoagulants used for prophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism. While the modern clinician is familiar with the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of these agents, their adverse effects have provided the impetus for the d... | Which clotting factor is inhibited by betrixaban? | 55200c606b348bb82c000013_100 | {
"answer_start": [
910
],
"text": [
"xa"
]
} |
One target-two different binding modes: structural insights into gevokizumab and canakinumab interactions to interleukin-1β. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a key orchestrator in inflammatory and several immune responses. IL-1β exerts its effects through interleukin-1 receptor type I (IL-1RI) and interleukin-1 receptor acces... | Which molecule is targeted by the drug Gevokizumab? | 550e828c71445a662f000002_022 | {
"answer_start": [
459
],
"text": [
"IL-1β"
]
} |
RADAR: a rigorously annotated database of A-to-I RNA editing. We present RADAR--a rigorously annotated database of A-to-I RNA editing (available at http://RNAedit.com). The identification of A-to-I RNA editing sites has been dramatically accelerated in the past few years by high-throughput RNA sequencing studies. RADAR... | Which annotated database of A-to-I RNA editing is available? | 587e1a01fc7e8dd84f000001_008 | {
"answer_start": [
315
],
"text": [
"RADAR"
]
} |
Targeting EGF receptor variant III: tumor-specific peptide vaccination for malignant gliomas. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and deadly of the human brain cancers. The EGF receptor is often amplified in GBM and provides a potential therapeutic target. However, targeting the normal receptor is complica... | Rindopepimut is an analog of which growth factor? | 54d8fd334b1fd0d33c000005_005 | {
"answer_start": [
752
],
"text": [
"EGFRvIII"
]
} |
Dimerization of DNA methyltransferase 1 is mediated by its regulatory domain. DNA methylation is a major epigenetic modification and plays a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression. Within the family of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts), Dnmt3a and 3b establish methylation marks during early development, while D... | Which enzyme is involved in the maintenance of DNA (cytosine-5-)-methylation? | 51585b28d24251bc0500008d_029 | {
"answer_start": [
407
],
"text": [
"Dnmt1"
]
} |
CLAST: CUDA implemented large-scale alignment search tool. BACKGROUND: Metagenomics is a powerful methodology to study microbial communities, but it is highly dependent on nucleotide sequence similarity searching against sequence databases. Metagenomic analyses with next-generation sequencing technologies produce enorm... | How many times is CLAST faster than BLAST? | 58f6295a70f9fc6f0f000019_001 | {
"answer_start": [
1036
],
"text": [
"80.8 times"
]
} |
MR and CT imaging in the Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome. Report of three cases and contribution to pathogenesis and differential diagnosis. Cerebral hemiatrophy or Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome is a condition characterized by seizures, facial asymmetry, contralateral hemiplegia or hemiparesis, and mental retardation. Th... | What is the characteristic feature of the Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome. | 55032e65e9bde69634000034_013 | {
"answer_start": [
139
],
"text": [
"Cerebral hemiatrophy"
]
} |
Characteristics of Women Enrolled into a Randomized Clinical Trial of Dapivirine Vaginal Ring for HIV-1 Prevention. INTRODUCTION: Women in sub-Saharan Africa are a priority population for evaluation of new biomedical HIV-1 prevention strategies. Antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis is a promising prevention approach... | Which infection can be prevented with Dapivirine? | 5880b812c872c95565000006_022 | {
"answer_start": [
864
],
"text": [
"HIV"
]
} |
Down-regulation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphatase M3/6 and activation of JNK by hydrogen peroxide and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate. Oxidative stress activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. However, the exact mechanisms by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) activate JNK are unclear. We found ... | Which protein is affected by dusp8 activation? | 5148691bd24251bc0500002d_004 | {
"answer_start": [
1466
],
"text": [
"JNK"
]
} |
Tietz/Waardenburg type 2A syndrome associated with posterior microphthalmos in two unrelated patients with novel MITF gene mutations. Tietz syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome type 2A are allelic conditions caused by MITF mutations. Tietz syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern and is characterized by cong... | Which mutated gene is associated with Waardenburg and Tietz syndromes? | 58a57f9460087bc10a00001f_040 | {
"answer_start": [
113
],
"text": [
"MITF"
]
} |
Daratumumab, a novel therapeutic human CD38 monoclonal antibody, induces killing of multiple myeloma and other hematological tumors. CD38, a type II transmembrane glycoprotein highly expressed in hematological malignancies including multiple myeloma (MM), represents a promising target for mAb-based immunotherapy. In th... | What is the target of daratumumab? | 5880aef4c872c95565000001_039 | {
"answer_start": [
456
],
"text": [
"CD38"
]
} |
CancerSubtypes: an R/Bioconductor package for molecular cancer subtype identification, validation and visualization. Summary: Identifying molecular cancer subtypes from multi-omics data is an important step in the personalized medicine. We introduce CancerSubtypes, an R package for identifying cancer subtypes using mul... | Which R/Bioconductor package has been developed for cancer subtype identification? | 5a6e3155b750ff445500003f_009 | {
"answer_start": [
405
],
"text": [
"CancerSubtypes"
]
} |
FullSSR: Microsatellite Finder and Primer Designer. Microsatellites are genomic sequences comprised of tandem repeats of short nucleotide motifs widely used as molecular markers in population genetics. FullSSR is a new bioinformatic tool for microsatellite (SSR) loci detection and primer design using genomic data from ... | Which tool exists for microsatellite (SSR) loci detection and primer design? | 5a6fa61ab750ff4455000060_002 | {
"answer_start": [
202
],
"text": [
"FullSSR"
]
} |
Lack of association of variants previously associated with anti-TNF medication response in rheumatoid arthritis patients: results from a homogeneous Greek population. Treatment strategies blocking tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) have proven very successful in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), showing beneficial... | What percentage of rheumatoid arthritis patients are responsive to anti-TNF therapy? | 58e79e703e8b6dc87c00000a_001 | {
"answer_start": [
346
],
"text": [
"50-60%"
]
} |
Oral factor Xa inhibitors for the prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Prevention of stroke and systemic emboli is paramount in the management of atrial fibrillation. Although warfarin is the predominant anticoagulant used in patients with atrial fibrillation, it has significant limitations t... | Which clotting factor is inhibited by betrixaban? | 55200c606b348bb82c000013_072 | {
"answer_start": [
1183
],
"text": [
"Xa"
]
} |
Targeting chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) arises as a consequence of a chromosomal translocation giving rise to the Philadelphia chromosome and Bcr-Abl oncogene. CML is a clonal disease of stem cell origin and an excellent example of a malignancy in which tumor-initiating cells may h... | What tyrosine kinase, involved in a Philadelphia- chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia, is the target of Imatinib (Gleevec)? | 5324a8ac9b2d7acc7e000018_053 | {
"answer_start": [
180
],
"text": [
"Bcr-Abl"
]
} |
An oral Syk kinase inhibitor in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a three-month randomized, placebo-controlled, phase II study in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis that did not respond to biologic agents. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of R788 (fostamatinib disodium), an inhibitor of spleen t... | Which enzyme is inhibited by a drug fostamatinib? | 53357ca0d6d3ac6a3400004b_001 | {
"answer_start": [
312
],
"text": [
"spleen tyrosine kinase"
]
} |
Ackee (Blighia sapida) hypoglycin A toxicity: dose response assessment in laboratory rats. Hypoglycin A, the toxin found in the ackee fruit, has been reported in the literature as the causative agent in incidences of acute toxicity termed Jamaican vomiting sickness or toxic hypoglycemic syndrome. Hypoglycin A toxicity ... | What fruit causes Jamaican vomiting sickness? | 5895f7e978275d0c4a000001_010 | {
"answer_start": [
128
],
"text": [
"ackee fruit"
]
} |
A Tyrosinase missense mutation causes albinism in the Wistar rat. Tyrosinase serves as a key enzyme in the synthesis of melanin. In humans mutations in the TYR gene are associated with type 1 oculocutaneous albinism (OCA1) that leads to reduced or absent pigmentation of skin, hair and eye. Various mutations causing OCA... | Which mutated enzyme is responsible for oculocutaneous 1 (OCA1)-type albinism? | 58cbb98c02b8c60953000034_090 | {
"answer_start": [
156
],
"text": [
"TYR"
]
} |
Marfan's syndrome: an overview. Marfan's syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition with an estimated prevalence of one in 10,000 to 20,000 individuals. This rare hereditary connective tissue disorder affects many parts of the body. The diagnosis of Marfan's syndrome is established in accordance with a review of the d... | What tissue is commonly affected in Marfan's syndrome | 58dd0dde8acda34529000027_013 | {
"answer_start": [
892
],
"text": [
"connective tissue"
]
} |
Reversal agents for use with direct and indirect anticoagulants. PURPOSE: The properties of three oral anticoagulant-specific reversal agents are reviewed, and guidance is presented to assist pharmacists in planning for the agents' introduction to the market. SUMMARY: Idarucizumab, which received Food and Drug Administ... | Andexanet Alfa is an antidote of which clotting factor inhibitors? | 5880b073c872c95565000003_022 | {
"answer_start": [
832
],
"text": [
"factor Xa"
]
} |
Distinctive neuropathology revealed by alpha-synuclein antibodies in hereditary parkinsonism and dementia linked to chromosome 4p. The identification of the alpha-synuclein gene on chromosome 4q as a locus for familial Lewy-body parkinsonism and of alpha-synuclein as a component of Lewy bodies has heralded a new era in... | Against which protein is the antibody used for immonostaining of Lewy bodies raised? | 53189656b166e2b80600001c_010 | {
"answer_start": [
249
],
"text": [
"alpha-synuclein"
]
} |
Peripheral neuropathy and parkinsonism: a large clinical and pathogenic spectrum. Peripheral neuropathy (PN) has been reported in idiopathic and hereditary forms of parkinsonism, but the pathogenic mechanisms are unclear and likely heterogeneous. Levodopa-induced vitamin B12 deficiency has been discussed as a causal fa... | Which syndrome is associated with mutations in the LYST gene? | 56f564f909dd18d46b000009_013 | {
"answer_start": [
1335
],
"text": [
"Chediak-Higashi syndrome"
]
} |
Clinical scores for the identification of stroke and transient ischaemic attack in the emergency department: a cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVE: To compare the sensitivity and specificity of bedside diagnostic stroke scales in patients with suspected stroke. DESIGN: A cross-sectional observational study of patients wit... | ROSIER scale is used for which disorder? | 551fd9c06b348bb82c000012_011 | {
"answer_start": [
1570
],
"text": [
"stroke"
]
} |
SEA0400, a specific inhibitor of the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger, attenuates sodium nitroprusside-induced apoptosis in cultured rat microglia. 1. Using SEA0400, a potent and selective inhibitor of the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (NCX), we examined whether NCX is involved in nitric oxide (NO)-induced disturbance of endoplasmic reticulum ... | The small molecule SEA0400 is an inhibitor of which ion antiporter/exchanger? | 5506c3e38e1671127b00000a_045 | {
"answer_start": [
212
],
"text": [
"NCX"
]
} |
Towards effective immunotherapy of myeloma: enhanced elimination of myeloma cells by combination of lenalidomide with the human CD38 monoclonal antibody daratumumab. BACKGROUND: In our efforts to develop novel effective treatment regimens for multiple myeloma we evaluated the potential benefits of combining the immunom... | What is the target of daratumumab? | 5880aef4c872c95565000001_021 | {
"answer_start": [
432
],
"text": [
"CD38"
]
} |
Relation of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group rating scale with the Clinical Global Impression severity scale, the restless legs syndrome 6-item questionnaire, and the restless legs syndrome-quality of life questionnaire. BACKGROUND: The SP790 study (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00136045) showed benefits o... | Willis-Ekbom disease is also known as? | 5891f9e549702f2e01000002_032 | {
"answer_start": [
466
],
"text": [
"Restless Legs Syndrome"
]
} |
Appropriateness of diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis among Thai community pharmacists according to the Centor criteria. Background Inappropriate use of antibiotic treatment for pharyngitis by community pharmacists is prevalent in developing countries. Little is known about how the pharmacists identify patients wit... | Centor criteria are used for which disease? | 5a6f960fb750ff445500005c_004 | {
"answer_start": [
404
],
"text": [
"streptococcal pharyngitis"
]
} |
Tripolin A, a novel small-molecule inhibitor of aurora A kinase, reveals new regulation of HURP's distribution on microtubules. Mitotic regulators exhibiting gain of function in tumor cells are considered useful cancer therapeutic targets for the development of small-molecule inhibitors. The human Aurora kinases are a ... | Which kinase is inhibited by Tripolin A? | 56cb9b065795f9a73e000032_006 | {
"answer_start": [
554
],
"text": [
"Aurora A"
]
} |
Proliferation of neural and neuronal progenitors after global brain ischemia in young adult macaque monkeys. To investigate the effect of global cerebral ischemia on brain cell proliferation in young adult macaques, we infused 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), a DNA replication indicator, into monkeys subjected to ischem... | Which intermediate filament (IF) protein can be used as a non-specific marker of the neuronal precursor cells of the subventricular zone? | 5540ca8a0083d1bf0e000003_012 | {
"answer_start": [
756
],
"text": [
"Nestin"
]
} |
Plants contain a high number of proteins showing sequence similarity to the animal SUV39H family of histone methyltransferases. The SET domain, first identified within and named after proteins encoded by three Drosophila genes [Su(var)3-9, E(z), and Trithorax], is recognized as a signature motif for histone methyltrans... | What is the characteristic domain of histone methyltransferases? | 532dcfc9d6d3ac6a34000021_017 | {
"answer_start": [
132
],
"text": [
"SET domain"
]
} |
Oral health in prevalent types of Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. BACKGROUND: The Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) comprise a heterogenous group of heritable disorders of connective tissue, characterized by joint hypermobility, skin hyperextensibility and tissue fragility. Most EDS types are caused by mutations in genes encoding... | What tissue is most affected in Ehlers-Danlos syndromes? | 58cdb41302b8c60953000042_010 | {
"answer_start": [
161
],
"text": [
"connective tissue"
]
} |
Telomerase inhibitor Imetelstat (GRN163L) limits the lifespan of human pancreatic cancer cells. Telomerase is required for the unlimited lifespan of cancer cells. The vast majority of pancreatic adenocarcinomas overexpress telomerase activity and blocking telomerase could limit their lifespan. GRN163L (Imetelstat) is a... | Which enzyme is inhibited by Imetelstat? | 56c048acef6e39474100001c_005 | {
"answer_start": [
418
],
"text": [
"telomerase"
]
} |
Control of Panama disease of banana by rotating and intercropping with Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum Rottler): role of plant volatiles. Intercropping and rotating banana (Musa spp.) with Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum Rottler) has been used as an effective method to control Panama disease (Fusarium wilt) of banana i... | What is the causative agent of the "Panama disease" affecting bananas? | 56b7083376d8bf8d13000001_003 | {
"answer_start": [
499
],
"text": [
"Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense"
]
} |
DUX4 and DUX4 downstream target genes are expressed in fetal FSHD muscles. Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is one of the most prevalent adult muscular dystrophies. The common clinical signs usually appear during the second decade of life but when the first molecular dysregulations occur is still unknown. ... | Which disease is associated with the ectopic expression of the protein encoded by the gene DUX4? | 550f0e4c6a8cde6b72000003_024 | {
"answer_start": [
694
],
"text": [
"FSHD"
]
} |
Crystal clear: visualizing the intervention mechanism of the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction by two cancer therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Antibody-based PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapies have taken center stage in immunotherapies for cancer, with multiple clinical successes. PD-1 signaling plays pivotal roles in tumor-driven T-... | What molecule is targeted by Avelumab? | 5884c72fe56acf517600000f_003 | {
"answer_start": [
1009
],
"text": [
"PD-L1"
]
} |
Fostamatinib, a Syk inhibitor prodrug for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Rigel Pharmaceuticals Inc is developing fostamatinib, a prodrug of the spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor R-406, for the potential treatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura... | Which enzyme is inhibited by a drug fostamatinib? | 53357ca0d6d3ac6a3400004b_003 | {
"answer_start": [
153
],
"text": [
"spleen tyrosine kinase"
]
} |
Mutation spectrum of the fibrillin-1 (FBN1) gene in Taiwanese patients with Marfan syndrome. The aim of this study was to establish a national database of mutations in the fibrillin-1 (FBN1) gene that cause Marfan syndrome (MFS) in the Taiwanese population. In this study, we screened 294 patients from 157 families for ... | Which gene mutations cause the Marfan syndrome? | 58d8e6818acda3452900000a_052 | {
"answer_start": [
185
],
"text": [
"FBN1"
]
} |
Occurrence of the Cys611Tyr mutation and a novel Arg886Trp substitution in the RET proto-oncogene in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 families and sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma cases originating from the central region of Portugal. OBJECTIVE: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) occurs both sporadically and in t... | What is the gene frequently mutated in Multiple endocrine neoplasia 2 (MEN2) and Hisrchsprung disease? | 5171438a8ed59a060a000007_013 | {
"answer_start": [
539
],
"text": [
"RET"
]
} |
Stimulation of RNA polymerase II transcript cleavage activity contributes to maintain transcriptional fidelity in yeast. The transcription elongation factor S-II, also designated TFIIS, stimulates the nascent transcript cleavage activity intrinsic to RNA polymerase II. Rpb9, a small subunit of RNA polymerase II, enhanc... | Which RNA polymerase II subunit carries RNA cleavage activity? | 5a4df811966455904c00000e_011 | {
"answer_start": [
179
],
"text": [
"TFIIS"
]
} |
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors in acute and chronic leukemias. INTRODUCTION: Since the initial approval of imatinib much has been learned about its resistance mechanisms, and efforts have continued to improve upon BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Targeted therapy with TKIs has continued to be an area of active re... | What tyrosine kinase, involved in a Philadelphia- chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia, is the target of Imatinib (Gleevec)? | 5324a8ac9b2d7acc7e000018_011 | {
"answer_start": [
210
],
"text": [
"BCR-ABL"
]
} |
Daratumumab depletes CD38+ immune regulatory cells, promotes T-cell expansion, and skews T-cell repertoire in multiple myeloma. Daratumumab targets CD38-expressing myeloma cells through a variety of immune-mediated mechanisms (complement-dependent cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and antibod... | What is the target of daratumumab? | 5880aef4c872c95565000001_025 | {
"answer_start": [
517
],
"text": [
"CD38"
]
} |
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