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77,920,093
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Python 3.12: Correct typing for list[list[int,str,list[list[str]]]]?
<p>I have a list of users, that I would like to type correctly, but I'm not able to find an answer explaining how to do this.</p> <p>The list looks like this:</p> <pre><code>listofusers = [[167, 'john', 'John Fresno', [[538, 'Privileged'], [529, 'User']]]] </code></pre> <p>I tried doing like this:</p> <pre><code>def te...
<python><python-3.x><python-typing>
2024-02-01 12:13:02
2
3,060
Cow
77,919,954
9,247,345
FastAPI overwrite pydantic model during startup
<p>In my FastAPI application, I want to create a dynamic pydantic model which is used as an input argument. If a condition (that can only be checked during startup) is True, I want to overwrite the model.</p> <p>In the minimum working example, the model <code>Model</code> is initialized with the default value <code>lim...
<python><fastapi><pydantic>
2024-02-01 11:50:21
0
317
brnk
77,919,918
839,963
Missing center point in scatter plot on matplotlib PolarAxes
<p>I try to draw markers on a matplotlib <code>PolarAxes</code> using <code>plot</code> or <code>scatter</code> (tried both).</p> <p>Here is my code (not showing the part that creates the plot and colorbar):</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>figure = plt.figure(figsize=(6, 5)) axes: plt.Axes = figure...
<python><matplotlib>
2024-02-01 11:44:45
1
745
Glemi
77,919,397
1,711,271
Polars: create an integer column from another one by computing the difference with the largest smaller value from a list
<p>I have a <code>polars</code> dataframe like this one:</p> <pre><code>shape: (10, 2) ┌────────┬───────┐ │ foo ┆ bar │ │ --- ┆ --- │ │ i64 ┆ i64 │ ╞════════╪═══════╡ │ 86 ┆ 11592 │ │ 109 ┆ 2765 │ │ 109 ┆ 4228 │ │ 153 ┆ 4214 │ │ 153 ┆ 7217 │ │ 153 ┆ 11095 │ │ 160 ┆ 1134 │ │ 222...
<python><list><python-polars>
2024-02-01 10:28:09
1
5,726
DeltaIV
77,919,370
4,105,440
Unexpected behaviour when applying rolling operation on a dataframe with no data
<p>Consider the following code</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>import pandas as pd data = pd.DataFrame({'time': pd.date_range('2024-01-01 00:00', '2024-01-02 00:00', freq='1H'), 'data' : np.rand...
<python><pandas><dataframe><rolling-computation>
2024-02-01 10:23:53
0
673
Droid
77,918,877
5,938,276
Adding watch to Python project in Debug mode
<p>I am working in VSCode on Windows and have a created a debug configuration. I want to add a watch to inspect the contents of a data class as it is populated. My data class is setup like so:</p> <pre><code>class BSM: def __init__(self) self.ct = CTimer() def process(self, BP:float) -&gt; None|CTimer...
<python><visual-studio-code>
2024-02-01 09:12:38
1
2,456
Al Grant
77,918,750
3,727,079
How can I optimize a search over two sets of files to merge them?
<p>I've got a bunch of .txt files with alphabetically-sorted file names:</p> <pre><code>aaa.txt aab.txt aac.txt . . . zzz.txt </code></pre> <p>And another set of .txt files stored in a different location:</p> <pre><code>ant.txt bat.txt cat.txt lion.txt ... </code></pre> <p>I want to take the text of .txt files in the l...
<python><algorithm><optimization>
2024-02-01 08:47:48
2
399
Allure
77,918,600
7,295,599
Irreproducible crash/behaviour of pyinstaller executable on different PCs
<p>I'm writing a little Python (3.11.3) program using PyQt5 and a few more modules. Then I was packing this with pyInstaller (5.10.1) into an single file executable for Windows10.</p> <p>On my laptop, I did not experience any problems, neither with the Python script nor with the executable. However, when I copied the ....
<python><windows><pyqt5><crash><pyinstaller>
2024-02-01 08:19:28
0
27,030
theozh
77,918,540
10,232,932
Map the upper group to the column in pandas
<p>I have the following (ordered) dataframe <code>df</code>:</p> <pre><code>Level ID 5 A 8 DD 8 DA 8 AC 5 B 8 BA 8 BB 8 BC 8 BD </code></pre> <p>The logic is that the Level 5 , which stands above the level 8 has to get mapped to it, that means:</p> <pre>...
<python><pandas>
2024-02-01 08:06:52
1
6,338
PV8
77,918,537
1,936,853
Play Developer Api, edits.tracks.update not work
<p>I have an Android app released on PlayStore.</p> <p>In general, when I release a new version to the PlayStore, I set the 'user fraction' to 30%.</p> <p>Then, I will monitor it for a few days and if there are no major problems, I will gradually increase it and deploy it to 100%.</p> <p>I do this on the PlayConsole We...
<python><android><google-play-developer-api>
2024-02-01 08:06:22
1
2,861
dev.farmer
77,918,532
9,072,753
How to overload class member type depending on argument?
<p>I recently learned I can overload return type using <code>Literal[True]</code> and <code>Literal[False]</code> argument. I am implementing my own <code>subprocess.Popen</code>-ish interface and I am not able to overload <code>self.stdin</code> return type to be <code>IO[bytes]</code> or <code>IO[str]</code> dependin...
<python><python-typing><pyright>
2024-02-01 08:05:25
2
145,478
KamilCuk
77,918,290
3,099,733
How to test if an object is Annotated in Python?
<p>Consider the following code:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>from dataclasses import dataclass, fields from typing import Annotated @dataclass class Foo: x: Annotated[int, 'x'] print(fields(Foo)[0].type) # typing.Annotated[int, 'x'] print(isinstance(fields(Foo)[0].type, Annotated)) # False ...
<python><python-typing>
2024-02-01 07:17:22
1
1,959
link89
77,917,969
9,542,989
Persist Package Installations in Python-based Docker Container
<p>I have a Python app running in a Docker container. I want to have the flexibility of installing new packages while the container is running. Eventually, I want to do this via the GUI, but right now I am doing it using the following commands,</p> <pre><code>docker exec -it container-name sh pip install &lt;package-na...
<python><docker>
2024-02-01 05:57:02
1
2,115
Minura Punchihewa
77,917,904
4,066,329
Pycharm debugger console not autocompleting variables created in the debugger console
<p>I have just upgraded to PyCharm 2023.3.3 community edition and am experiencing a weird issue that hasn't occurred before. System is Windows 10 64 bit, and this has worked fine on this machine before.</p> <p>When I debug a script and hit a breakpoint and the program is suspended and the debugger window is opened, aut...
<python><debugging><pycharm><console><code-completion>
2024-02-01 05:37:18
1
684
Sighonide
77,917,840
2,827,181
How to translate PySpark res = notesCollege.select(*[f.mean(c).alias(c) for c in notesCollege.columns]) into Java Spark?
<p>I would like to apply a PySpark statement suggested in <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/53855300/pyspark-calculate-mean-of-all-columns-in-one-line">pyspark calculate mean of all columns in one line</a> question, into my Java program but I don't know how.</p> <p>In the next codes, <code>notesCollege</code...
<python><java><apache-spark><pyspark><apache-spark-sql>
2024-02-01 05:13:33
1
3,561
Marc Le Bihan
77,917,829
8,516,987
Stripe Proration Webhook Interception on Downgrades
<p>I'm looking for a way to ensure on a plan downgrade, the user gets charged the plans price on the next payment period.</p> <p>If susan is going from $20/month to a $10/month plan, she continues to get the benefits of the $20/month until end of her subscription plan. However, on stripe UI it says she pays $0 for next...
<python><stripe-payments>
2024-02-01 05:08:02
1
642
itsPav
77,917,717
1,601,580
How does one create a HF tokenizer with only a fraction of the vocabulary but without changing the model?
<p>I tried to create a smaller tokenizer:</p> <pre><code>def get_tokenizer_with_subset_of_vocab(tokenizer: GPT2Tokenizer, percentage_to_keep: float) -&gt; GPT2Tokenizer: &quot;&quot;&quot; Create a tokenizer with a fraction of the vocabulary. &quot;&quot;&quot; from copy import deepcopy tok = ...
<python><huggingface-transformers>
2024-02-01 04:24:00
1
6,126
Charlie Parker
77,917,599
11,053,343
Zope 5 Log To Error Log From Python Script
<p>Normally when an exception occurs, Zope automatically logs it to the error_log via the Products.SiteErrorLog package, however I have a python script with a try/except block because I need to return json whether or not the script succeeds. Unfortunately, the exception block overrides Zope's default logging to the err...
<python><logging><zope>
2024-02-01 03:41:08
2
1,515
kittonian
77,917,567
11,277,108
Attribute Error for compare_metadata with multiple schemas
<p>I'm trying to use the <code>compare_metadata</code> function with the following setup:</p> <p><strong>base.py</strong></p> <pre><code>from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase class Base(DeclarativeBase): pass </code></pre> <p><strong>workspace.py</strong></p> <pre><code>from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer...
<python><sqlalchemy><alembic>
2024-02-01 03:29:16
1
1,121
Jossy
77,917,429
7,662,164
Indexing multiple elements in a muldimensional numpy array
<p>I would like to extract elements of a given multidimensional numpy array, using another array of indices. However it doesn't behave in the way I expected. Below is a simple example:</p> <pre><code>import numpy as np a = np.random.random((3, 3, 3)) idx = np.asarray([[0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 2]]) b = a[idx] print(b.shape) ...
<python><arrays><numpy><indexing><numpy-ndarray>
2024-02-01 02:34:12
1
335
Jingyang Wang
77,917,402
5,896,591
When does Python require parentheses around "not x"?
<p>I get the following result in both Python 2.7 and Python 3.5. Why do the parentheses make a difference?</p> <pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; True == (not False) True &gt;&gt;&gt; True == not False File &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;, line 1 True == not False ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax &gt;&gt;&gt; </code><...
<python>
2024-02-01 02:23:17
1
4,630
personal_cloud
77,917,342
2,175,052
How do I protect my FastAPI REST-ful services by making sure request are coming from only a certain domain (front-end application)?
<p>I have an application stack as follows.</p> <ul> <li>Backend: FastAPI, REST-ful service; eg r.domain.com</li> <li>Frontend: Angular 17 application; eg w.domain.com</li> </ul> <p>On the backend, I want to ensure that a response is generated only for requests coming from the frontend application (eg w.domain.com). My ...
<python><angular><rest><cors><fastapi>
2024-02-01 01:56:27
0
8,955
Jane Wayne
77,917,266
1,944,636
pyspark splitting words into rows
<p>I'm trying out pyspark and looking at this example: <a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/structured-streaming-programming-guide.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/structured-streaming-programming-guide.html</a></p> <p>I got the code working easy enough, so the guide is pret...
<python><pyspark>
2024-02-01 01:28:08
0
1,077
MikeKulls
77,917,257
1,497,385
Python SQLite database is locked in a single-thread interactive process despite closing all SQLAlchemy sessions/engines/connections
<p>There are many SO questions with same issues. However, all other answers focus on user errors that are not valid for me. In most other SO question, the situation involves 2+ process conflicting over the DB file. In my case, there is only a single process conflicting with itself. If you think about it, there is no re...
<python><sqlite><sqlalchemy>
2024-02-01 01:24:27
0
6,866
Ark-kun
77,917,202
7,662,164
Tensor power of 1D numpy array
<p>I would like to implement a function that takes what I call the &quot;tensor power&quot; of an one-dimensional numpy array:</p> <pre><code>def tensor_pow(x: np.ndarray, n: int) -&gt; np.ndarray: # code goes here return y </code></pre> <p>For any numpy array <code>x</code> of shape <code>(Nx)</code>, th...
<python><arrays><numpy><tensor><broadcast>
2024-02-01 01:00:31
1
335
Jingyang Wang
77,917,146
9,670,371
Failure in converting the SparkDF to Pandas DF
<p>I have a Spark code running on a Dataproc cluster that reads a table from BigQuery into a Spark dataframe. In this code, there is a step where I need to perform some data processing using pandas dataframe logic. However, when I try to convert the Spark dataframe to a pandas dataframe, I encounter an error that I am ...
<python><pandas><dataframe><apache-spark><google-cloud-dataproc>
2024-02-01 00:36:12
1
415
trougc
77,917,091
5,942,100
unique melt and pivot crosstab format with a groupby using pandas
<p>I have a dataset where I would like for some values to become column headers, as well as a crosstab format.</p> <p>data</p> <pre><code>year qtr ID type growth re nondd_re se_re or 2024 2024Q1 NY aa 3.18 1.14 0 0 0 2024 2024Q2 NY aa 2.1 1.14 0 0 ...
<python><pandas><numpy>
2024-02-01 00:15:42
2
4,428
Lynn
77,916,993
3,433,802
Why won't a custom font work with ezdxf on Ubuntu?
<p>I am running this test program.</p> <pre><code>import ezdxf doc = ezdxf.new(&quot;AC1032&quot;) doc.styles.add(&quot;IAmOnlineWithU&quot;, font=&quot;IAmOnlineWithU-o96q.ttf&quot;) msp = doc.modelspace() t = msp.add_text(&quot;TEST TEXT&quot;, height=1, dxfattribs = {&quot;style&quot;: &quot;IAmOnlineWithU&quot;}) ...
<python><ezdxf>
2024-01-31 23:43:48
0
1,982
mmachenry
77,916,633
4,590,499
Understanding Gunicorn Worker and Thread Configuration for Flask-SocketIO with Eventlet
<p>I'm developing a Flask web application that uses SocketIO and am facing issues with configuring Gunicorn, particularly with the number of workers and threads. My server runs on Ubuntu with 32GB DDR4 memory and an i7 7700k CPU. I've tried several configurations, but I'm puzzled by the performance results and SocketIO...
<python><flask><socket.io><gunicorn><eventlet>
2024-01-31 21:56:24
1
964
Daqs
77,916,345
23,260,297
Write multiple dataframes to multiple sheets in excel file
<p>I have 4 different programs that read 4 different types of csv files to get the data in the same format. My goal is to export dataframes from each program into a single excel workbook onto 4 seperate sheets. Each time I write a dataframe to excel it overwrites the data that was just exported there.</p> <p>this is th...
<python><pandas><excel>
2024-01-31 20:51:55
1
2,185
iBeMeltin
77,916,261
5,728,714
How to create a grid containing all possible parameters for a function?
<p>I have the following parameters:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>trend_types = ['add', 'mul'] seasonal_types = ['add', 'mul'] boxcox_options = [True, False, 'log'] </code></pre> <p>To be used in the following function:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>model = sm.tsa.Exponential...
<python>
2024-01-31 20:34:06
1
1,877
Mathias Hillmann
77,916,213
1,214,800
Python 3.11 + Mypy generic type hinting that can accept both types and type definitions
<p>I'm trying to write an arg getter with generics that casts the result to the correct type based on a generic type input:</p> <pre><code>T = TypeVar(&quot;T&quot;) R = TypeVar(&quot;R&quot;) P = ParamSpec(&quot;P&quot;) GenericCallable = Callable[P, R] def get_arg( name_or_pos: str | int, # 0-based index ty...
<python><mypy><python-typing><python-3.11>
2024-01-31 20:22:23
2
73,674
brandonscript
77,916,199
535,782
Python logger does not print debug messages, even if logger.getEffectiveLevel() is DEBUG
<p>The following code changes the log level from INFO to DEBUG, and even though logger.getEffectiveLevel() returns DEBUG, the debug message doesn't get logged, as the output shows.</p> <p>version of python: 3.10.12</p> <p>---out.log---</p> <pre><code>log level 1: INFO log level 2: DEBUG </code></pre> <p>Code</p> <pre><...
<python><python-logging>
2024-01-31 20:20:39
1
10,224
Boutran
77,916,018
1,294,072
How efficiently share complex and expensive objects between python files
<p>In my case, I initialize and use these (complex and expensive) object in file1, import them in file2 and use. It doesn't waste time create multiple obj in multiple functions accross two files, and works for me.</p> <pre><code># utils.py from fancy_module import Fancy_class expensive_obj = Fancy_class() def func1(): ...
<python><performance><object><initialization><python-lru-cache>
2024-01-31 19:41:45
1
746
xyliu00
77,915,989
4,500,083
how make a class with async aiohttp tread safe?
<p>I have this Python class and want your opinion on whether this <code>cls._instance._cache = {}</code> is thread safe for <code>tornado</code>? if not how can I handle this cache to be thread safe?</p> <pre><code>import logging import aiohttp import time # Constants DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = 20 MAX_ERRORS = 3 HTTP_READ_TIME...
<python><tornado><aiohttp>
2024-01-31 19:32:51
1
1,170
Mini
77,915,929
608,294
How do I define the constraints of a multiple assignment problem with Pulp?
<p>I am trying to solve an assignment problem: A supervisor can be assigned to multiple consultants according to the number of languages a supervisor and a consultant speak (the more languages they have in common the better). The constraints are:</p> <ul> <li>each supervisor has a fixed number of hours that it can use ...
<python><optimization><constraints><linear-programming><pulp>
2024-01-31 19:20:41
1
1,741
Andrea
77,915,868
12,092,252
"module 'os' has no attribute 'add_dll_directory'" in aws lambda function
<p>I'm facing an issue that <code>os</code> does not have an <code>add_dll_directory</code> attribute in the AWS lambda function on the trigger.</p> <p>I have written code for creating a thumbnail of a video and I have tried it locally that's working fine but when I upload this function with the required libraries then...
<python><amazon-web-services><amazon-s3><aws-lambda><video-thumbnails>
2024-01-31 19:09:33
2
1,053
Muhammad AbuBaker
77,915,826
5,838,180
Defining a variable as a copy of another one with a condition
<p>I have a variable <code>a</code>, that's an array, and I want to define another variable <code>b</code>, which is the copy of <code>a</code>, except for a condition (let's say, every non-zero element should be set to 1). I can write this in the following way:</p> <pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; import numpy as np &gt;&gt;&g...
<python><numpy><variables>
2024-01-31 19:01:36
2
2,072
NeStack
77,915,759
312,444
Creating a pydatinc Enum from a string
<pre><code>from pydantic import BaseModel from uuid import UUID from enum import Enum from datetime import datetime class NoteTemplate(str, Enum): general_practitioner = &quot;general_practitioner&quot; cardiologist = &quot;cardiologist&quot; soap = &quot;soap&quot; consultation_report = &quot;consult...
<python><pydantic>
2024-01-31 18:45:59
0
8,446
p.magalhaes
77,915,725
1,401,560
Pass/fail result for Paramiko SFTPClient get() and put() functions?
<p>I'm writing an Ansible module using Paramiko's <a href="https://docs.paramiko.org/en/3.4/api/sftp.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><code>SFTPClient</code> class</a>. I have the following code snippets</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>import paramiko from ansible.module_utils.basic import * def get...
<python><ansible><sftp><paramiko>
2024-01-31 18:38:48
1
17,176
Chris F
77,915,597
4,531,757
Need help in turn off docker in 'Autogen AutoBuilder"
<p>I am new and struggling to turn off Docker. I like to either set 'use_docker': false or set up environment variable. Either option will work. Thanks for your help. The screenshot has been enclosed. <a href="https://i.sstatic.net/5Vhqt.gif" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/5Vhqt.gif" alt="ent...
<python><docker><artificial-intelligence><ms-autogen>
2024-01-31 18:14:23
1
601
Murali
77,915,540
639,676
How to implement the next function (the use of Dynamic Shapes) in JAX?
<p>I have a simple function that takes an jax Array as input, searches for the first occurrence of 1, and replaces it with another jax Array (specified as a second input):</p> <pre><code>rules_int = [ jnp.array([0,0]), jnp.array([1,1,1]), ] # Even with the same size of inputs, the sizes of outputs can be differ...
<python><jax>
2024-01-31 18:03:04
1
4,143
Oleg Dats
77,915,195
2,610,522
Why dask shows smaller size than the actual size of the data (numpy array)?
<p><code>Dask</code> shows slightly smaller size than the actual size of a numpy array. Here is an example of a <code>numpy</code> array that is exactly 32 Mb:</p> <pre><code>import dask as da import dask.array import numpy as np shape = (1000,4000) ones_np = np.ones(shape) print(f&quot;Size:{ones_np.nbytes / 1e6} Mb&...
<python><numpy><dask><dask-distributed>
2024-01-31 17:10:55
1
810
Ress
77,915,134
10,719,369
opencv-python installation issue using pip
<p>I am trying to install <code>opencv-python</code> inside a python venv using pip in one server env (ubuntu 22.04, python version 3.10.6). When i try to import like <code>import cv2</code> I am facing the below error</p> <pre><code>ImportError: libGL.so.1: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory </c...
<python><opencv><ocr><importerror><python-venv>
2024-01-31 17:01:20
0
708
Mari
77,915,106
6,010,142
How to insert into oracle database with custom object type using sqlalchemy
<p>Given the following code:</p> <p>Custom oracle object type:</p> <pre class="lang-sql prettyprint-override"><code>CREATE TYPE address_type AS OBJECT ( street VARCHAR2(30), city VARCHAR2(20), state CHAR(2), postal_code VARCHAR2(6) ) </code></pre> <pre class="lang-py prett...
<python><oracle-database><sqlalchemy>
2024-01-31 16:57:36
0
831
Ali
77,914,954
3,112,672
Best practice for isolating dependencies during unit tests
<p>I have a Python module which contains utility methods for use in Databricks. The module essentially looks like this (<code>utils.py</code>):</p> <pre><code>from databricks.sdk.runtime import spark, dbutil def someUsefulFunction(): pass </code></pre> <p>etc.</p> <p>I have a unit test module built in Python unittes...
<python><apache-spark><python-unittest>
2024-01-31 16:34:00
0
1,174
absmiths
77,914,854
6,705,902
Threading is replaceable in Python?
<p>I have done some reading on the topic and <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/27435284/multiprocessing-vs-multithreading-vs-asyncio">found that</a> we can use <code>threading</code> if some problem is <strong>io-bounded</strong> but <strong>io is not very slow</strong>. But I couldn't understand why we stil...
<python><multithreading><python-asyncio><python-multithreading><gil>
2024-01-31 16:18:06
1
1,120
Wenuka
77,914,786
1,028,270
Can sphinx.ext.viewcode allow me to include the _content_ of the source code in my doc in addition to linking to it?
<p>I'm trying to avoid having to do literal includes with specific line numbers to embed snippets of my code in my docs.</p> <p>I'm asking almost this same question: <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/58277247/sphinx-how-to-include-a-python-function-as-source-code">sphinx - How to include a Python function as...
<python><python-sphinx><restructuredtext>
2024-01-31 16:08:09
0
32,280
red888
77,914,732
5,269,749
How to get the layer details in tensorflow?
<p>I have a layer which is defined as following</p> <pre><code>import tensorflow.keras.layers as layers avg_pool = layers.AveragePooling1D(pool_size=2) </code></pre> <p>Is there a way to print the details of this layer? (in this case it would be printing the <code>pool_size</code>)? I cannot use summary on this layer a...
<python><tensorflow><keras><tf.keras>
2024-01-31 15:59:47
2
1,264
Alex
77,914,684
302,102
How do you write a statically typed Python function that converts a string to a parameterized type?
<p>I would like to write a statically typed Python function that accepts a general type and a string and that returns a value of the given type, derived from the given string. For example:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; parse(int | None, &quot;5&quot;) 5 &gt;&gt;&gt; parse(int | None,...
<python><pyright><python-3.12>
2024-01-31 15:52:17
2
1,935
aparkerlue
77,914,585
9,869,260
Pandas / Openpyxl : Write Dataframe with left corner on a specific cell
<p>I would like to write a table in an excel sheet using openpyxl.</p> <p>My Pandas Dataframe looklikes this :</p> <pre><code>df = pd.DataFrame({ &quot;A&quot;: [1, 3, 5], &quot;B&quot;: [2, 4, 6], }) </code></pre> <p>I want to create a xlsx file that looklike this (Right corner of my dataframe in cell D9):</p> <...
<python><pandas>
2024-01-31 15:37:53
2
437
Chjul
77,914,578
10,145,953
Detect if a checkbox is checked OpenCV
<p>I am using OpenCV to process an image of a form which contains main checkboxes. I have used the pixel coordinates to crop around the checkbox so all I am left with is just the single checkbox. From there, I need to detect if there is anything inside of that checkbox (x, checkmark, slash, etc.) or not.</p> <p>I used ...
<python><opencv><checkbox><computer-vision><omr>
2024-01-31 15:37:29
2
883
carousallie
77,914,497
10,232,932
Keep all rows before first occurrence of a value
<p>I have a pandas dataframe and the opposite question to <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/38707165/drop-all-rows-before-first-occurrence-of-a-value">Drop all rows before first occurrence of a value</a></p> <p>Instead of drop all rows before the first occurence of a value, I want to keep the rows before the...
<python><pandas>
2024-01-31 15:25:55
2
6,338
PV8
77,914,370
10,415,970
Pydantic/SQLAlchemy: How to Avoid cyclic reference error on bidirectional models?
<p>I can't run <code>model_validate</code> on my SQLAlchemy ORM because it contains a foreignkey relationship (error at bottom):</p> <p>Example:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code># models.py from __future__ import annotations from pydantic import BaseModel BaseModel.model_config = {'from_attributes'...
<python><sqlalchemy><pydantic>
2024-01-31 15:06:47
0
4,320
Zack Plauché
77,914,336
4,696,802
Where to find the pyconfig.h when building Python for Windows?
<p>To use the C API of the Python interpreter you include the Python.h header. And you can <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython" rel="nofollow noreferrer">see</a> that the Python.h header includes a file called pyconfig.h. There is no pyconfig.h in that include folder. Which is why when I include Python.h I get a...
<python><windows>
2024-01-31 15:02:11
1
16,228
Zebrafish
77,914,222
880,874
read_sql_query() using stored procedure and parameters
<p>How can I pass a parameter to a SQL Stored Procedure?</p> <p>I've tried so many ways, but they all fail.</p> <p>Here is my latest attempt.</p> <p>The parameter is <code>BookId</code>.</p> <p>Here is my code:</p> <pre><code>bookId = 653 connection_string = &quot;DRIVER={ODBC Driver 17 for SQL Server};SERVER=dev;DATA...
<python><sql-server><pandas><sqlalchemy>
2024-01-31 14:45:34
1
7,206
SkyeBoniwell
77,914,135
19,125,840
Weird Behavior of __new__
<p>I have encountered a peculiar behavior with the <code>__new__</code> method in Python and would like some clarification on its functionality in different scenarios. Let me illustrate with two unrelated classes, <code>A</code> and <code>B</code>, and provide the initial code:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-overr...
<python><python-3.x><magic-methods>
2024-01-31 14:30:09
1
460
demetere._
77,913,802
10,721,627
How to mock a database connection in FastAPI using polars?
<p>I want to mock <code>pyodbc.Connection</code> in a FastAPI application that uses the <code>polars</code> package to read the database. This is the initial <code>main.py</code> file:</p> <pre><code>from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI import polars as pl import pyodbc import os app = FastAPI() def init_db() -&gt; ...
<python><pytest><fastapi><python-polars>
2024-01-31 13:41:13
1
2,482
Péter Szilvási
77,913,773
8,703,313
pandas: select value from column name given as a value of another column
<p>I have following dfs:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>df = pd.DataFrame({'a': [94, 170, 5], 'b': [31, 115, 8]}, index=[11, 12, 13]) df1 = pd.DataFrame({'idx': [&quot;a&quot;, &quot;b&quot;, &quot;a&quot;]}, index=[11, 12, 13]) </code></pre> <p><strong>I need to select value fr...
<python><pandas><select>
2024-01-31 13:37:25
1
310
Honza S.
77,913,743
6,281,366
fastapi - how to use middleware to change the request body?
<p>I know i can create a middleware function using the <code>@app.middleware(&quot;http&quot;)</code> annotation.</p> <p>I would like to create such function, that before every POST request, will modify the request body in a way.</p> <p>I know the generic structure is of this form:</p> <pre><code>@app.middleware(&quot;...
<python><fastapi><starlette>
2024-01-31 13:33:39
1
827
tamirg
77,913,720
16,383,578
How to parse MFT File Record bytes using ctypes and struct?
<p>Don't know if this is a duplicate, anyway my Google-fu is weak and Google almost never finds anything relevant if I type more than five words.</p> <p>I am trying to parse Master File Table as located by <code>&quot;//?/X:/$MFT&quot;</code>, I know trying to open it directly will raise <code>PermissionDenied</code>. ...
<python><struct><ctypes><ntfs-mft>
2024-01-31 13:31:06
1
3,930
Ξένη Γήινος
77,913,561
1,445,531
v2 python programming model and Azure Functions: dynamic amount of blob_output bindings
<p>I'm creating an Azure Function that will receive an array of images URLs and should download them all on Blob storage. I'm using the new v2 programming model with decorators. Here is the dummy code to illustrate:</p> <pre><code>import azure.functions as func import datetime import json import logging from pathlib im...
<python><azure-functions>
2024-01-31 13:06:25
1
678
jerorx
77,913,473
15,461,255
Why pandas value_counts() generates tuples as index?
<p>I have the following pandas dataframe:</p> <pre><code>import pandas as pd df = pd.DataFrame({'a': [&quot;Q1&quot;, &quot;Q2&quot;, &quot;Q1&quot;, &quot;P1&quot;]}) </code></pre> <p>That is:</p> <pre><code> a 0 Q1 1 Q2 2 Q1 3 P1 </code></pre> <p>When I count the values with <code>counts = df.value_counts...
<python><pandas>
2024-01-31 12:53:27
1
350
Palinuro
77,913,463
9,208,758
How to resolve the stride assert error produced by the PyTorch compile?
<p>I am currently trying to run the code from the section 3.2 of the &quot;A QuickPyTorch 2.0 Tutorial&quot; (<a href="https://www.learnpytorch.io/pytorch_2_intro/#27-create-training-and-testing-loops" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.learnpytorch.io/pytorch_2_intro/#27-create-training-and-testing-loops</a>). When...
<python><machine-learning><deep-learning><pytorch><resnet>
2024-01-31 12:52:11
0
589
Isaac A
77,913,408
7,123,933
How to keep original indentations in YML file after section deletion
<p>I am using Python script to remove specific sections in YML file, which is schema of source tables for DBT in format like:</p> <pre class="lang-yaml prettyprint-override"><code>models: - name: model1 columns: - name: ID description: user_id data_type: INT64 - name: ATTR desc...
<python><yaml>
2024-01-31 12:42:05
1
359
Lukasz
77,913,385
9,138,097
Find duplicates in environment variables defined in YAML file
<p>I have a kubernetes deployment YAML file, with defined environment variables including duplicated environment variables. My goal is detect them and print them, as I have hundreds of files which needs to parsed.</p> <p>Example YAML:</p> <pre><code>kind: ReplicationController apiVersion: v1 spec: template: ...
<python><python-3.x><parsing><yaml><pyyaml>
2024-01-31 12:37:28
0
811
Aziz Zoaib
77,913,227
9,758,017
Remove the boxes but keep the labels for a YOLOv8 prediction
<p>I am working on a project where I have trained a model using YOLO (from the Ultralytics library - version: 8.0.132) to detect specific objects in images. My classification categories are <strong>[A, B, C, D]</strong>.</p> <p>In my Jupyter Notebook, I have the following code:</p> <pre><code>from ultralytics import YO...
<python><yolo><yolov8><ultralytics>
2024-01-31 12:14:37
1
1,778
41 72 6c
77,913,154
7,662,164
Vectorizing power of `jax.grad`
<p>I'm trying to vectorize the following &quot;power-of-grad&quot; function so that it accepts multiple <code>order</code>s: (<a href="https://github.com/google/jax/discussions/18834" rel="nofollow noreferrer">see here</a>)</p> <pre><code>def grad_pow(f, order, argnum): for i in jnp.arange(order): f = grad...
<python><loops><vectorization><jax>
2024-01-31 12:01:31
1
335
Jingyang Wang
77,913,003
275,088
How does autocommit work with multiple queries?
<p>I have a psycopg connection with autocommit turned on. Say, I run a query that is a combination of multiple queries, e.g.:</p> <pre><code>query = &quot;;&quot;.join([create_table, insert_data, analyze_table]) conn.execute(query) </code></pre> <p>Is this batch executed in a single transaction or multiple transactions...
<python><psycopg2>
2024-01-31 11:34:03
1
16,548
planetp
77,912,987
6,231,251
Error with setup.py egg_info while pip-installing my own package
<p>I am building a python package via <code>pip</code>and <code>setuptools</code>. I am testing it on <code>test.pypi</code> and I am building it following <a href="https://betterscientificsoftware.github.io/python-for-hpc/tutorials/python-pypi-packaging/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this guide</a>.</p> <p>Prior to build...
<python><pip><setuptools><pypi><python-packaging>
2024-01-31 11:31:48
0
882
sato
77,912,835
4,965,381
groupby on pandas dataframe created with pandas.read_csv
<p>How do you create a dataframe from a csv file and be able to execute the same <code>groupby</code> command that simply works when creating the dataframe by hand?</p> <p>Step-by-step i tried to do:</p> <p>I create a pandas dataframe with multiindexed columns:</p> <pre><code>df = pd.DataFrame({ ('A', 'x'): [1, 2, ...
<python><pandas><group-by>
2024-01-31 11:08:34
2
1,067
voiDnyx
77,912,770
2,233,500
How to extract data from a wikilinks?
<p>I want to extract data from the wikilinks returned by the <a href="https://github.com/earwig/mwparserfromhell" rel="nofollow noreferrer">mwparserfromhell</a> lib. I want for instance to parse the following string:</p> <pre><code>[[File:Warszawa, ul. Freta 16 20170516 002.jpg|thumb|upright=1.18|[[Maria Skłodowska-Cur...
<python><wikipedia>
2024-01-31 10:57:24
1
867
Vincent Garcia
77,912,637
5,769,814
What is `\*` in Python function definition?
<p>I know what a single asterisk (<code>*</code>) means in a function definition. See, for example, <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14301967/what-does-a-bare-asterisk-do-in-a-parameter-list-what-are-keyword-only-parame">this question</a>.</p> <p>However, the <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/warni...
<python><python-3.x>
2024-01-31 10:39:53
1
1,324
Mate de Vita
77,912,612
13,392,257
MySQLdb/_mysql.c:521:9: error: call to undeclared function 'mysql_ssl_set'
<p>My system -- Python version -- 3.8.18 and OS version -- macOS ventura 13.6.4</p> <p>I have an error when I want to install mysqlclient</p> <pre><code> pip install mysqlclient==2.2.0 </code></pre> <p>Error: (full log below)</p> <pre><code>MySQLdb/_mysql.c:521:9: error: call to undeclared function 'mysql_ssl_set' </c...
<python><mysql><pip><feast>
2024-01-31 10:36:32
0
1,708
mascai
77,912,467
7,347,925
How to clip tile imagery by patch?
<p>I'm trying to clip the satellite background image by circle:</p> <pre><code>import io from PIL import Image import cartopy.crs as ccrs import matplotlib.patches as patches import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import cartopy.io.img_tiles as cimgt from urllib.request import urlopen, Request def image_spoof(self, tile): ...
<python><matplotlib><patch><cartopy><clip>
2024-01-31 10:13:25
1
1,039
zxdawn
77,912,307
11,963,167
Managing pd.Series and pd.DatetimeIndex in a function simultaneously
<p>I have a function meant to examine time-series data, usually obtained from a pandas dataframe. However, there are usually two ways to store this kind of data: the time-series can be stored in a column (in that case, it is a <code>pd.Series</code>, kind of), or serves as the dataframe's index. In that latter case, it...
<python><pandas><dataframe><time-series>
2024-01-31 09:50:53
0
496
Clej
77,912,302
4,609,258
PyCloudinary "Invalid value for parameter kind" while trying to upload to Cloudinary
<p>I'm trying to use <a href="https://cloudinary.com/documentation/python_quickstart" rel="nofollow noreferrer">the quickstart guide</a> with our test system.</p> <pre><code> cloudinary.uploader.upload(&quot;https://cloudinary-devs.github.io/cld-docs-assets/assets/images/butterfly.jpeg&quot;, public_id=&quot;quickstart...
<python><cloudinary>
2024-01-31 09:50:14
1
866
Florian Straub
77,912,077
10,721,627
How to connect to Azure SQL Database in Python using pyodbc?
<p>I would like to connect to an Azure SQL database via <code>pyodbc</code> Python package. I obtained the connection string by navigating to the Azure SQL database resource and going to the <strong>Connection strings</strong> menu under the <strong>Settings</strong> group. After, I selected the <strong>ODBC</strong> t...
<python><sql-server><azure><pyodbc>
2024-01-31 09:15:36
1
2,482
Péter Szilvási
77,912,040
2,688,929
Using local library in Ansible filter_plugin
<p>I am creating a bunch of filter plugins for Ansible (2.9/2.13) and I would like to have a tools library that can be used by these filter plugins.</p> <p>I have the directory <code>filter_plugins</code> under my playbook directory and in there, I have a bunch of python scripts that provide Ansible with various filter...
<python><ansible>
2024-01-31 09:07:45
2
427
Johan G
77,912,012
265,521
"Collection if" in Python
<p>Dart has a neat feature called <a href="https://dart.dev/language/collections#control-flow-operators" rel="nofollow noreferrer">collection if</a>. It lets you conditionally include an element in a list literal. For example:</p> <pre><code>var nav = ['Home', 'Furniture', 'Plants', if (promoActive) 'Outlet']; </code><...
<python>
2024-01-31 09:02:25
2
98,971
Timmmm
77,911,884
987,074
Python Azure Function works in local emulator but no HTTP triggers found when deploying
<p>I have 5 Azure Functions I'm developing, and 4 of them deploy and work fine, just having this trouble with one of them.</p> <p>I have the Azure Functions Core Tools installed and Azurite running as a VSCode plugin, and am able to run my function with no errors by calling <code>func start --python --verbose</code> fr...
<python><azure-functions>
2024-01-31 08:40:46
1
3,544
bdx
77,911,883
1,860,805
How get local IANA zone name in python 3
<p>In python 3 how to get local zone name (e.g Australia/Sydney)</p> <p>I tried like this</p> <pre><code>import datetime local_tzname = datetime.datetime.now().astimezone().tzinfo print(local_tzname) </code></pre> <p>this outputs like this</p> <blockquote> <p>AEDT</p> </blockquote> <p>But I want to output like this wh...
<python><python-3.x><linux><timezone>
2024-01-31 08:40:43
1
523
Ramanan T
77,911,745
2,784,032
Install Python on Self Hosted Windows runner for Github Action
<p>I am using Windows Server 2019 as a self hosted runner for my Github Actions. I need to install Python. Shall install this python as one time activity or through github action workflow every time that workflow is executed?</p> <p>I came across <a href="https://github.com/actions/setup-python/blob/main/docs/advanced-...
<python><github-actions-self-hosted-runners>
2024-01-31 08:13:58
1
856
Maxx
77,911,732
3,099,733
Final is not working with type alias in Python
<p>Given the following code</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>from typing import Final ImmutableStr = Final[str] class Test: s1: ImmutableStr = 'abc' s2: Final[str] = 'abc' t = Test() t.s1 = 'def' # pass type check t.s2 = 'def' # error detected </code></pre> <p>In VsCode only report erro...
<python><python-typing><pyright>
2024-01-31 08:12:11
0
1,959
link89
77,911,535
10,053,485
SQLAlchemy running on Kubernetes Pod, broken behaviour compared to localhost: Async issue / Missing Greenlet
<p>When running an API (using FastAPI) I'm building on my Localhost it works as intended, when deploying it to a kubernetes pod it does not. It is unclear to me as to why, though the error appears to suggest an async issue. This seems unusual to me, as I would also expect this to then also be an issue on the localhost....
<python><kubernetes><sqlalchemy>
2024-01-31 07:36:30
0
408
Floriancitt
77,911,530
1,153,768
Identifying what triggers a join timeout multiprocessing
<p>I am trying to work out why my multiprocessing hangs, it is not regular, sometimes it will hang after 10 minutes sometimes after hours</p> <p>This is a reduced version of the code. I start the job and then join the jobs</p> <pre><code>jobs = [] for item in items_to_do: p = multiprocessing.Process(target=index_a...
<python><multiprocessing><timeout>
2024-01-31 07:35:37
1
929
mozman2
77,911,424
17,580,381
Interesting behaviour of contextlib.redirect_stdout
<p>Let's start with a contrived piece of code. Explanation will follow:</p> <pre><code>from timeit import timeit from os import devnull from contextlib import redirect_stdout def process(): for i in range(1_000): print(f&quot;Message {i}&quot;) N = 10_000 if __name__ == &quot;__main__&quot;: with red...
<python>
2024-01-31 07:13:15
1
28,997
Ramrab
77,911,210
12,789,602
In odoo 16, ValueError: message_post does not support subtype parameter anymore. Please give a valid subtype_id or subtype_xmlid value instead
<p>I have call <code>message_post</code> function from a wizard TransientModel. and use subtype of <code>hr_recruitment.mt_job_applicant_hired</code> and also add depended module in manifest.json but its showing error</p> <pre><code>ValueError: message_post does not support subtype parameter anymore. Please give a vali...
<python><odoo><odoo-16>
2024-01-31 06:30:02
1
552
Bappi Saha
77,911,173
4,238,408
Discrepancy between OpenCV Python and C++ implementations of `imreconstruct`
<p>I'm implementing MATLAB's <code>imreconstruct</code> in both Python and C++. However, for my test case, the Python implementation matches the MATLAB's output, the C++ one doesn't.</p> <p>This is the Python implementation:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>def imReconstruct(marker: np.array, mask: n...
<python><c++><opencv>
2024-01-31 06:20:07
1
151,120
Quang Hoang
77,911,172
18,730,707
If you specify a background color in pandas in python, number formatting is disabled
<p>After sorting the data in pandas, I am saving it in Excel. At this time, we are trying to improve readability by changing the format. I specified the number format and background color at the same time, but there is an error where only one of the two is specified. I'm pretty sure this isn't an error, it's just 'I'm ...
<python><pandas><xlsxwriter>
2024-01-31 06:20:00
2
878
na_sacc
77,911,091
5,751,473
Not more than one special symbol in a range from a long text
<p>Simplify the problem:</p> <p>There is an article (long text)</p> <p>Extract the content between <code>start</code> (included) and <code>end</code> (included)</p> <p>Requirement: There cannot be more than one <code>\n</code> between <code>start</code> and <code>end</code></p> <p>Find all matches</p> <p>Use <code>pyth...
<python><regex><python-re>
2024-01-31 06:01:20
1
430
Se ven
77,910,877
3,795,219
Why is VSCode Ctrl+Space suggesting all words, vice methods/attributes?
<p>Using <code>Ctrl+Space</code> while editing a python file triggers a suggestions popup. However, rather than linting the object and suggesting its methods/attributes, my popup shows me all words in the file (sorted alphabetically).</p> <p>For instance, <code>10_000</code> and <code>10k</code> are just words listed i...
<python><visual-studio-code><intellisense><lint>
2024-01-31 04:51:52
0
8,645
Austin
77,910,876
3,123,290
"relation x does not exist" in Sqlalchemy 2.0 Async when it very clearly does
<p>I have tried to boil this down to the most basic of test cases. This is part of our test mocking; the db_session is mapped to a test-specific schema, I confirm that the setup works and the test-specific schema has the the required table, and then add a record to that table.</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-overri...
<python><sqlalchemy><python-asyncio>
2024-01-31 04:51:32
1
778
EthanK
77,910,795
11,753,262
How the __name__ of a Python module be defined with different import method?
<p>I'm struggling to understand how <code>__name__</code> of a module be defined, especially in different import methods. Suppose a directory tree:</p> <pre><code>├ main.py └ test/ ├── __init__.py ├── a │ ├── a1.py │ ├── base.py &lt;- a1.py and b1.py will import it │ └── __init__.py └── b ├──...
<python><python-3.x><python-import>
2024-01-31 04:20:55
1
385
Chun-Ye Lu
77,910,640
1,070,833
python OCIO colour space conversions - colour issue
<p>I have a test 16bit tiff file that is using ACEScc colour space: <a href="https://i.sstatic.net/7NzcT.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/7NzcT.png" alt="acess_cc" /></a></p> <p>I want to process it using OCIO to, for instance, linear sRGB. OCIO provides examples of how to do it: <a href="...
<python><image-processing><colors><openimageio>
2024-01-31 03:24:41
2
1,109
pawel
77,910,394
2,805,482
How to get text in white color from image in grey background and paste it on another image
<p>Hi I am using opencv to extract text in white from one image and paste it on another. I am using below approach for black image background and it works fine. Check the below code</p> <pre><code>import cv2 import numpy as np image_msg = (30, 209, 187, 31) base_path=&quot;/Users/images/&quot; mask_image1 = &quot;{}sh...
<python><numpy><opencv><image-processing>
2024-01-31 01:51:50
2
1,677
Explorer
77,910,368
1,412,564
Django - is there a way to shuffle and run only a subset of tests?
<p>We are using Django with tests. We have in total about 6,000 tests which take about 40 minutes to run. Is there a way to shuffle the tests and run only 200 (randomly chosen) tests? This should be done with a command line parameter with the number 200 (which may change), since usually we run all the tests.</p> <p>Thi...
<python><django><django-tests><django-unittest><manage.py>
2024-01-31 01:40:35
2
3,361
Uri
77,910,348
13,379,052
D5RF - Display something in HTML format before processing API requests
<p><strong>Django 5 - Rest Framework</strong></p> <p>I am building a Django REST API project. I am currently dealing with a request that takes so long to process. I want to know if I could display something like an HTML Response before the request is processed, or just like a text saying: <code>Loading... Please wait.<...
<python><django><django-rest-framework>
2024-01-31 01:33:27
1
442
Coderio
77,910,224
8,540,947
How to check if a node in Maya is read only using Python
<p>I was trying to find a Maya command or flag to use to check if a node is read only in Maya using Python. There does not seem to be a direct way to query this, but it must be needed fairly often?</p>
<python><maya>
2024-01-31 00:49:24
2
519
winteralfs
77,910,172
22,212,435
Why do Entries have different text using the same Variable?
<p>Basically, I was just experimenting with tkinter and decided to write this useless code:</p> <pre><code>import tkinter as tk root = tk.Tk() var = tk.IntVar(value=1) class SmallClass(tk.Frame): def __init__(self, special_var: tk.IntVar, *args, **kwargs): super().__init__(*args, **kwargs) self.la...
<python><tkinter>
2024-01-31 00:29:02
0
610
Danya K