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C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | The white crystalline solid was purified by repeated precipitation with acetone, washed with ether and dried in a vacuum desiccator. It proved to be mainly composed of phosphate, but considerable organic matter was also present as it charred on heating. It was found to contain no
nitrogen and proved infectious (first ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | E. Barton-Wright, Alan M. McBain: Scottish Society for Research in Plant Breeding, Corstorphine, Edinburgh, 12.
Reference:
Contrib. Boyce Thompson Instit
., 1
, 479 (1929). 3
, 131 (1931). See also Vinson, Phytopath
., 23
, 35 (1933).
烟草花叶病毒的可能化学本质
尤斯塔斯·巴顿-赖特,艾伦·麦克贝恩
编者按
病毒是不是活的呢?这是一个今天还在被争议着的问题,目前最好的回答可能是:我... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 英文
(韩玲俐 翻译;昌增益 审稿)
Appendix: Index by Subject
附录:学科分类目录
Physics
物理学
Evidence for a Stellar Origin of the Cosmic Ultra-penetrating Radiation
宇宙超穿透性辐射起源于恒星的证据
Present Status of Theory and Experiment as to Atomic Disintegration and Atomic Synthesis
原子衰变与原子合成的理论和实验现状
New Aspects of Radioactivity
放射性研究的新面貌
Obituary
讣告
The... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | Natural Colouring Matters and Their Analogues
天然染色物质及其类似物
Free Radicals
自由基
Heavy Hydrogen
重氢
Biology
生物学
Embryology and Evolution
胚胎学与进化
Embryology and Evolution
胚胎学与进化
Vitamin B: Assay and Vitamin B1
维生素B——检验与维生素B1
Vitamin B: Vitamins B2
and B3
: Bios
维生素B——维生素B2
和B3
:生长素
Vitamin B: Distribution and Physiology
... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | The End of the World: from the Standpoint of Mathematical Physics
以数学物理的视角看宇宙的终点
Stellar Structure
恒星的构造
Atomic Synthesis and Stellar Energy
原子合成与恒星能量
The Internal Temperature of White Dwarf Stars
白矮星的内部温度
The Expanding Universe
膨胀的宇宙
White Dwarf Stars
白矮星
Internal Temperature of Stars
恒星的内部温度
Atomic Transmutation and ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 目录
《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)
Planetary Photography
行星的照相分析
Experiments in the Stratosphere
平流层中的实验
Reaction Rates of the Hydrogen Isotopes
氢同位素的反应速率
Recent Discoveries at Choukoutien
周口店的最新发现
The Ether-Drift Experiment and the Determination of the Absolute Motion of the Earth
以太漂移实验和地球绝对运动的确定
Heavy Hydrogen and Hea... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 量子理论中的137/136因子
Exchange Forces between Neutrons and Protons, and Fermi's Theory
质子中子之间的交换力与费米理论
Interaction of Neutrons and Protons
中子和质子的相互作用
A “Nuclear Photo-effect”: Disintegration of the Diplon by γ-Rays
一种“核的光效应”:γ射线引发的氘核蜕变
Quantum Mechanics and Physical Reality
量子力学和物理实在
Isotopic Constitution of Uranium... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Cause, Purpose and Economy of Natural Laws: Minimum Principles in Physics
自然规律的起源、宗旨和经济性:物理学的极小原理
Origin of the Earth's Magnetic Field
地磁场的成因
The “Failure” of Quantum Theory at Short Ranges and High Energies
短程和高能中量子理论的“失败”
A Living Fish of Mesozoic Type
一种存活至今的中生代鱼类
Element 43
43号元素
Liberation of Neutrons in... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 蟹状星云可能是一颗超新星
The Relationship between Pithecanthropus and Sinanthropus
爪哇猿人与中国猿人的关系
Measurements of the Velocity of Light
光速的测定
The Evolution of the Stars
恒星的演化
Radioactive Gases Evolved in Uranium Fission
铀核裂变时放出的放射性气体
Scattering of Mesons and the Magnetic Moments of Proton and Neutron
介子散射与质子和中子的磁矩
Interpr... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Artificial Protein Fibres: Their Conception and Preparation
人造蛋白纤维:概念与制备
Appendix: Index by Subject 附录:学科分类目录
京权图字:01-2010-4998
Original English Text © Nature Publishing Group
Chinese Translation © Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
This edition is published under arrangement with Macmillan Publishers (Ch... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Vesto Slipher was director of the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, when he wrote this review of planetary imaging carried out there. The observatory was founded by American astronomer Percival Lowell in 1894, and in subsequent decades it offered some of the clearest direct views of the planets. Slipher's descr... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | During the first decade, the work at the Observatory was mainly visual observations of the planets, then it was extended to include their spectrographic study, and during the second decade direct photography of the planets was added and has been continued since, giving a permanent record of them to the present time. Du... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | face of the planet showing particularly the upper hemisphere, but made at Martian seasonal dates. With the contraction of the cap the shaded areas darken and enlarge, as may readily be seen in the photographs.
中文
Fig. 1. Photographs of Mars showing the shrinking of the polar cap and the growth of dark areas.
中文
... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | conditions of pressure and temperature required to solidify this gas; conditions which we are sure cannot prevail on Mars.
中文
Lowell, some years ago, deduced the temperature of Mars from a full evaluation of the factors involved, such as albedo, the behaviour of the caps, etc., and arrived at a value of 48 °F. This ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | of their rapid and sometimes extensive changes, which give some hint of the very great activity present on the planet.
中文
Fig. 2. Photographs of Jupiter.
中文
Spectrum analysis of the light of Jupiter has revealed a great number of dark bands in the red and infra-red, due to the selective absorption of its atmosph... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | While Uranus and Neptune are each more than sixty times the volume of the Earth, their great distances, nineteen and thirty times our distance from the Sun, give them only tiny discs even in the largest telescopes, and markings on them are very difficult of observation. Hence to get the rotation of Uranus the spectrogr... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Jupiter to 1/900 for Neptune. But these studies indicate that these planets may be much more effectively utilising this small energy gift from the Sun than does the nearer group of planets, for their atmospheres, as their spectra show, are as blankets retaining energy of the longer heat-waves, and may let little or non... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 尽管人们曾认为金星是最接近地球的行星,但在金星的光谱研究中,我们并没有发现其大气与地球大气类似的证据,它的大气光谱中并不含有氧或水的谱带。
英文
让我们把目光从这个不合作且隐藏起来的星球上移开,下面看一下目前为止获得了最好的观测的行星——火星,天文学家一直对火星观测有着浓厚的兴趣。火星的季节性变化可以清楚地反映在极冠的交替消长变化中;也会反映在蓝绿斑的变化中,当生长季节到来时,火星上的蓝绿斑会变深,而当冬季到来时其又会变淡;而火星上赭红色的宽阔区域除非受到光线和云层的影响,否则从冬季到夏季几乎没有什么变化。夏季来临时极冠收缩的情况如图1所示,图中五幅照片显示的是火星的同一个面,以上半球为主,其中标出的时间为火星日期。随着极冠的... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 1921年,观测发现当地球和太阳非常靠近土星环平面时,仍然可以看到这些土星环,这与先前的观点是相反的;这时,这些土星环在土星的球体上呈现为两道黑线,其中一道是环的阴影,另一道是环自身,这是因为环的颜色比土星深(图3)。
英文
图3.土星的照片
英文
对来自土星的光进行的光谱分析表明,它的吸收带几乎与木星完全相同(只不过土星中的氨气吸收带比较弱),由此可见这两颗行星的大气非常相似。土星环没有大气而仅仅是流星体。土星的云带比木星的云带弱得多,这肯定是由于前者高度倾斜的自转轴会导致非常大的季节性扰动。对木星而言这个影响因素是不存在的,这就允许了木星中云的形成,并且持续的呈带状平行分布于赤道附近。在土星上,季节性的扰动往往会破... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | T has recently been reported in the daily Press that an attempt is shortly to be made by balloon ascent to reach higher altitudes than 61,000 ft. (pressure 50 mm.) claimed to have been reached by Prokofiev and his companions in the U.S.S.R. balloon. It is to be recalled that observations were made by Regener in 1932 us... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | It is true that from the point of view of record breaking, this saving in weight is an important feature, for it was made clear by Dr. M. Cosyns, when lecturing in England a short time ago, that the only practical limits imposed turned on the very awkward elongated cigar shape of an extremely large envelope when filled... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | work on the Belgian flight due to the deposition of body moisture on the insulations, but the advantages of exposing the battery, insulators, electrometers, etc., to the rigorous conditions of the stratosphere are doubtful. Spectrometers for recording the Sun and sky light, pyrheliometer for determining the solar const... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | the Wilson chamber set for photographing β-rays and cosmic rays is most delicately poised. Small variations in temperature conditions and expansion ratio with water or alcohol vapour as indicator upset the observations. Such an instrument, if it is ever constructed for the purpose, must be used in a closed gondola, on ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 英文
从打破记录的角度看,减少重量确实是一种重要的方式,因为不久前科桑博士在英国的演讲中说得很清楚:在飞行中唯一的限制就是那个当在地面上充入占其容量一小部分(1/5或1/10)的氢气时就已经很狭长笨重的雪茄形大封袋。全部风险就在于本应平行的吊篮绳可能会相互缠绕在一起。一旦脱离地面,任何事故都将不可挽回。由于有这么大的风险,所以之前比利时的气球升空时,特意给气球充了两倍于所需量的氢气以保证绳子处于分开状态,多余的氢气则在途中放掉。
英文
现在来看一下仪器的观测结果,首先需要说明的是,比利时观测者所获得的J
值,即每立方厘米体积中由宇宙射线诱发的离子的产生速率,均在雷格纳所得结果的范围之内,并与雷格纳的结果吻合得很好。据说苏联... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | first being the quantum leakage of particles across energy barriers, and the second being the minimal zero-point energy permitted by quantum theory. The former should indeed always favour hydrogen, but not the latter. Polanyi was among the pioneers who were then using the new quantum theory to build up the theoretical ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 具有影响力的物理化学家迈克尔·波拉尼在这篇文章中承认他早期的工作可能在某种程度上促成了这种想法,但是现在他希望对此进行纠正。有两种效应可能会导致反应速率的差别,一种是粒子穿过能量势垒的量子隧穿效应,另一种是量子理论所允许的最小的零点能。实际上前者总是氢原子占优,但对后者却并非如此。波拉尼是当时使用新的量子理论构建化学理论基础的先驱者之一。
英文
人们似乎普遍认为氘总会比氢反应得更慢。由于我可能要为这一观点承担一部分责任[1]
,所以我愿意指出这种观点并不是完全正确的。氘相对于氢而言较低的反应性主要来自于两个原因:(1)零点能的存在;(2)粒子穿过能量势垒的量子力学隧穿。氢原子对势垒的隧穿总是比氘原子强,而零点能的效应则偶尔会... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | . The “Upper Cave” was a true cave but became completely filled with a mixture of grey cave loam and angular flat limestone fragments, the latter being derived from the collapsed portion of its roof. The roof is preserved over a quite large recess of the cave which extends to a smaller lower chamber not yet completely ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | There are three stone implements in a beautiful black chert, a well-made scratcher in vein quartz and several flakes and nuclei in vein quartz, and also a needle (eye broken), a deer canon bone worked at both ends, some thirty or more fox canine teeth perforated for necklace, an ornamental cylindrical piece made from a... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | In a cylindrical solution cavity about a metre in diameter in the limestone to the south of Locality 1, Mr. M. N. Pien discovered this season a considerable number of fossil bones imbedded in a peculiar red deposit containing a large proportion of small well-rounded pebbles. These bones are remarkably fossilised and he... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 这份报告指出了在中国猿人沉积物之上,靠近山顶的位置出现了一个明显具有现代特征的灰色堆积,这个地点被描述为“山顶洞”。在过去的一段时间内,裴文中先生在卞美年先生的得力帮助下,对后一遗址的堆积物进行了系统的研究。他们的努力换来了大量具有考古价值的意外发现。
英文
(1)山顶洞堆积物的沉积特点和岩石学特征。
山顶洞是一个真正的山洞,但是已完全被灰色垆姆土和扁状石灰岩碎片填满,后者来自洞顶塌落部分。洞内有一处洞壁向内形成一个较大的凹陷,其上方的洞顶保存了下来,而这个凹陷一直延伸至一个较小较低的尚未完全被挖掘的小室。露出的洞壁上覆盖着钟乳石和石笋。灰色的山顶洞堆积物大部分没有胶结,只有几平方米的面积与胶结坚硬的红色基底和石笋层接触,而... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | The Ether-Drift Experiment and the Determination of the Absolute Motion of the Earth
*
D. C. Miller
Editor's Note
The ether-drift experiment was that in which Michelson and Morley in 1892, using an optical interferometer they had constructed in Ohio in the United States, demonstrated that the supposed ether filling ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | purpose1
.
中文
The studies of the proper motions and of the motions in the line of sight of the stars in our galaxy have shown that the solar system is moving, with respect to our own cluster
, in the general direction of a northern apex in the constellation Hercules. This apex is near that indicated by the ether-d... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | kilometre per second in the latitude of observation and is negligible so far as the velocity of absolute motion is concerned; but this rotation has an important effect upon the apparent direction of the motion and is an essential factor in the solution of the problem. Since the orbital component is continually changing... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Continuing the astronomical description, having found the elements of the “aberration orbit”, these are used to compute the apparent places of the resultant apexes for the four epochs of observation. On the accompanying chart of the south circumpolar region of the celestial sphere (Fig. 1), the large star indicates the... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | The location of the apex of the solar motion is in the southern constellation Dorado, the Sword-Fish, and is about 20° south of the star Canopus, the second brightest star in the heavens. It is in the midst of the famous Great Magellanic Cloud of stars. The apex is about 7° from the pole of the ecliptic and only 6° fro... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | The last column gives the velocity to be expected in the stagnant ether theory on the presumption that the cosmic component and the orbital component are both reduced in the same proportion in the interferometer. The mean factor of reduction is
k
=0.0514
. The azimuth of the observed effect is subject to a diurnal v... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 英文
众所周知,干涉仪中可观察到的以太漂移是一个二阶效应;通过观测可以准确地确定绝对运动的路线,但无法确定沿该路线运动的方向。
英文
1925年12月,即威尔逊山的观测完成之前,美国科学促进会在堪萨斯城召开了一个会议,会议上的一个报告指出,实验证明,太阳系在宇宙中是朝着一个北向点运动的;尽管这个实验似乎应当足以观测到轨道运动的效应[1]
,但是这一目的并未达到。
英文
对银河系中恒星的自行和视向运动的研究表明,相对于我们本星系团
,太阳系是大致朝着武仙座北向点的方向运动的。这个向点和前述报告中的以太漂移观测所示出的方向接近,这似乎是证明其正确性的有力证据。也许,这正是导致接下来的研究都假设绝对运动是沿着所示路线向北... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 观测到的效应的大小和方向均和假设以太静止时,即以太不被运动的地球所扰动时所预期的变化方式和比例相符。但是,观测到的效应的值
总比预期的小,这表明相对运动速度的减小,这似乎表明载着干涉仪的地球所穿过的以太并不是绝对静止的。已知地球的轨道速度为30千米/秒,而根据观测到的效应成比例变化而确定的太阳系的宇宙速度为208千米/秒。
英文
表2给出了干涉仪绕其轴旋转时观测到的条纹系统的周期性位移,以及相应的地球和以太的相对运动速度。
表2.位移和速度
英文
假设干涉仪所测得的宇宙分量和轨道分量都以相同的比例减小,最后一列给出的是在静止以太理论下的预期速度。平均减缩因子k
=0.0514。观测到的效应的方位角由于地球的绕轴自... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Attempts had been made to separate the hydrogen by fractional distillation of the liquid, calculation showing that the vapour pressures should be different, but the method was not successful because the low surface tension of liquid hydrogen makes it difficult to prevent its escape as mist in the fractionating column. ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Experiments by Rittenberg and Urey on the electrolytic separation of hydrogen isotopes pointed to a kinetic explanation of the phenomenon; unless the differences in electrode potentials are much greater than those indicated by calculations, it does not seem possible that the separation is due to this cause3
. The phys... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | : 1.000 gm. of ordinary water dissolves 0.359 gm. of sodium chloride at 25o and 1 gm. of water containing 92 percent of hydrogen as H2
dissolves 0.305 gm., a difference of 15 percent, whilst the corresponding figures for barium chloride show a difference of 19 percent.
中文
The densities, refractive indices (n
d
20
... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | By the interaction of heavy water with magnesium nitride, ammonias in which the hydrogen atoms are predominatingly H2
(deutero-ammonias) are produced, which have higher melting points, boiling points and latent heats than ordinary ammonia12
.
中文
Further experiments on the physiological effects of heavy water13
sh... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 英文
12月8日,尤里教授在美国化学学会纽约分会作了一次报告,报告中他对于质量为2.01356的氢的重同位素的性质给出了进一步的资料,而氢的轻同位素质量为1.00778(都是以O16
=16为质量标准)。
英文
由于计算结果显示两种液态氢应该有不同的蒸气压,所以人们尝试了用液体分馏法来分离它们,但是这个方法没有成功,因为液态氢的表面张力较低,这就很难阻止它以雾态形式从分馏柱中逃逸。另一种扩散到流动的汞蒸气中的方法也没有取得很好的效果。使用水冷式镍电极在电解池中(含有300立方厘米来自商业电解池的苛性钾水溶液)进行电解,即可使水溶液中的“氧化氘”富集到0.5%~1%,据此,人们已获得了实际分离方法的某些具体条件。将30个电解... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | α–d–
葡萄糖在重水中的变旋现象表明,糖分子中可替代的氢原子能够快速地被水中的H2
置换,而变旋过程是由于一个羰基=C=O中的双键被一个由氢原子迁移所形成的环替代[11]
。
英文
通过重水与氮化镁的相互作用可以产生所含氢原子主要为H2
的氨(氘氨),它具有比普通氨更高的熔点、沸点和潜热[12]
。
英文
关于重水的生理学效应的进一步实验[13]
表明,水绵的丝状体在比重为1.000061的水中具有下列特征:很少运动,不发生脱落或细胞分离,寿命更长。冰和水蒸气的普通效应也得到了证实[14]
。结果表明含H2
的水具有稳定的作用,这种作用可能是对生物体内的胶体的影响,我们都知道在这些胶体中结合水比自由水更... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Haeckel's life bears a strong resemblance to that of Huxley, for like Huxley his life's task was propaganda in favour of the theory of evolution against the then prevalent theory of the origin of species by a series of supernatural interpositions of the Divine Being. Like Huxley too, he was an ardent advocate of the an... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | , giving the characters of no less than 3,600 new species. This work occupied him for ten years. He also monographed the calcareous sponges, but the greatest task which he attempted was to sketch, assuming the truth of the evolution theory, the actual course which evolution had pursued in producing modern plants and an... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | inheritance and adaptation”. Haeckel pointed out that if this principle be admitted, there is some hope of tracing, in outline at least, the actual course of evolution; whereas if we were to confine ourselves to palaeontological evidence, we should only see glimpses of evolution in special cases. The past history of th... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | (this is pure Lamarckian doctrine), and (2) great adaptations which appeared suddenly and the causes of which were unknown to us, though in some cases they appeared to have originated with intra-uterine influences. These latter are now, of course, called mutations, and it was the first category alone which Haeckel beli... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | The real originator of the theory that evolution proceeded by jumps and that “Discontinuity in variation was the cause of discontinuity in species” was the late Dr. Bateson. In his first and best work on the development of Balanoglossus
he found himself driven to the conclusion that Echinoderms and Vertebrates had rad... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | At one period of the controversy, Haeckel felt that his presence at Jena was jeopardising the good name of his beloved university, so he offered to resign his chair; but the head of the governing body replied: “My dear Haeckel, you are still young, and you will yet come to have more mature views of life. After all, you... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 海克尔的观点中最重要和最基本的部分已经经受住了时间的考验。例如他将生物划分成动物、植物和原生生物三大类,原生生物包括简单的单细胞生物,他认为动物与植物皆起源于这一类群。后来发现了绿色纤毛虫(如喇叭虫和钟形虫)、以幼牡蛎为食的无色肉食性沟鞭藻类、像褐海藻一样生存的普通棕色沟鞭藻类,这些发现已经证明了海克尔的分类方法是合理的。
英文
然而,海克尔的假说中意义最深远的是著名的“生物发生律”。他发明了系统发育和个体发育这两个术语——根据他的说明,系统发育是指种系的古生物学历史,个体发育则指个体从卵子到成年的发育史。联系二者的法则就是“生物发生的基本原理”,用他自己的话说就是“系统发育由遗传定律和适应性法则共同决定,而个体发育是系统发育... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 正如他所指出的,海克尔生活的年代正好处于进化理论创建历史上的英雄时期,的确很少有人因为发表了某一学说而招致比海克尔所受到的更多的责难。他的《普通形态学》问世时遭遇了“冰冷的沉默”——这是冲动好胜的海克尔最不能容忍的。他宁可受到怀有敌意的批评,而不愿别人对他毫不在意。其同行的科学家们对他的这种漠视一直持续到他出版了一系列关于进化方面的科普作品,与之前受到的“冰冷的沉默”相反,这些作品发表之初,就引发了来自科学家和外行们的猛烈抨击。
英文
在争议四起的一段时间里,海克尔觉得自己的存在已经使他所深爱的耶拿大学的声誉受损,所以他提出辞去教授一职,但是管理机构的负责人回复道:“亲爱的海克尔,你还年轻,你终会获得更加成熟的关于生命的观点。... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | . The half life period of the activity is 14 min. for boron, 2 min. 30 sec. for magnesium, 3 min. 15 sec. for aluminium.
中文
We have observed no similar effect with hydrogen, lithium, beryllium, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, sodium, silicon, or phosphorus. Perhaps in some cases the life period is too short for ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | We have irradiated the compound boron nitride (BN). By heating boron nitride with caustic soda, gaseous ammonia is produced. The activity separates from the boron and is carried away with the ammonia. This agrees very well with the hypothesis that the radioactive nucleus is in this case an isotope of nitrogen.
中文
Wh... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 铝箔仍然保持着放射性,辐射就像普通的放射性元素一样以指数形式衰减。对于硼和镁,我们也观察到了同样的现象[2]
。放射性活度的半衰期分别是:硼14分钟、镁2分30秒、铝3分15秒。
英文
我们在氢、锂、铍、碳、氮、氧、氟、钠、硅和磷等元素中都没有观测到类似的效应。也许在某些情况下由于这一效应寿命过短,所以通过简易的观测无法观测到。
英文
在α粒子作用下,铍、镁和铝元素嬗变产生了新的发射正电子的放射性元素。这些放射性元素可以视为是处于特定的激发态上的一个已知的核,不过它们是未知同位素的可能性更大,而通常这些同位素都是不稳定的。
英文
例如,我们认为硼发生了下面的核反应:
其中
是一个放射性核,蜕变时放出正电子,最... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | UCH attention has been recently focused on Bihar and Orissa Province as a result of the disastrous earthquake of January 15, and some facts about the condition of the Earth's crust in that region have an enhanced interest. It is, of course, no consolation to those who have suffered by the earthquake to be told that the... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Fig. 1. Sketch map showing main region of underload in Bengal, Bihar, etc. and secular changes of level in Bengal.
— — — —, contours of underload in feet of equivalent thickness of rock, density 2.67.
- - - - - - - , generalised contours of secular change of crustal level in feet per century.
中文
These regions of gr... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | It will be seen that this rising of the land is occurring in the south-east quadrant of this area of excessive underloading in the Earth's crust. It is not necessarily confined to that quadrant. Evidence of change of level from spirit levelling results elsewhere has not yet been so carefully analysed, being not suffici... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | doubt that spirit levelling will show that there has been some sudden rising of the land. Were this of the order of tens of feet, it would immediately be made apparent by a wholesale change in the courses of the local rivers; and indeed, a recent report in the Press states that one of the most impressive features of th... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 英文
该区域大致上北起喜马拉雅山麓,南至恒河,东起密拉特,向西延伸到大吉岭以外,位于东经78°到89°之间,是地壳欠载过度的地区之一(图1)。该地区面积约为10万平方英里,平均欠载量相当于3,000多英尺厚的岩石。换句话说,每平方英尺的地壳缺失200吨以上的应力载荷。这种欠载是由于地壳密度的异常低值造成的。其中部分原因是恒河流域冲积层的密度较低;但是除非这些冲积层的深度远超出大多数地质学家们所相信的值,否则这种解释不能完全成立。
英文
印度测量局在上个世纪连续进行的地形测量中,发现了这个地壳欠载区域。该区域南北两侧与地壳过载区域相连接,并且这两侧过载区域的总过载量与恒河流域的欠载量大致相等。这里的欠载和过载都是根据地壳均衡补... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 因此到目前为止,我们还不了解那里存在何种地壳负载异常,也不知道地面高程的长期变化。
英文
(张效良 翻译;吴庆举 审稿)
Recent Developments of Sterol Chemistry in Relation to Biological Problems
J. Pryde
Editor's Note
Organic chemistry became an important economic activity in the nineteenth century with the development of the dyestuffs industry in Germany and later in Br... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Thus, on drastic dehydrogenation with palladium-charcoal or zinc, cholesterol and cholic acid yield the fully aromatic hydrocarbon chrysene (III)2
, whilst less drastic dehydrogenation of these compounds and of ergosterol using selenium yields an interesting hydrocarbon of the composition C18
H16
, first obtained by... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Thirdly, it has been known for many years that the tars and pitches resulting from the pyrogenic decomposition of coal and other organic products frequently possess carcinogenic properties. Much patient work in Great Britain, with which the names of Kennaway and Cook and their collaborators are associated, has culminat... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | of the oestrogenic action of certain synthetic hydrocarbons and their derivatives—either themselves carcinogenic or closely related to carcinogenic compounds—and of the similar activity of some of the sterols and calciferol. Amongst the former are 1-keto-1:2:3:4-tetrahydrophenan-threne (XI) and 1:2:5:6-dibenz-9:10-di-n... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 到了20世纪,有机化学家将他们的注意力转向生命体产生的化学物质(其中一些也是染料)。这篇短文总结了20世纪30年代之前人们对甾体化合物和致癌物(其中一些也属于甾体化合物)研究所取得的成果。
英文
有机化学可以从生物学获得发展的动力再次得到了证实:由于与生物学问题发生新的联系,之前仅具有纯粹学术意义的有机化学领域进入了崭新的发展阶段。本文要讨论的这个领域是有关甾醇和多环芳香烃的。
英文
众所周知,由维兰德、温道斯、莫特纳、博尔舍、迪尔斯以及其他一些学者对甾醇和胆汁酸所作的基础研究,已引起了人们从麦角固醇C28
H44
O(维生素D的同分异构体)的辐照产物中分离钙化醇(即维生素D)的兴趣。此外,基于罗森海姆和金提出的分子... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 按照活性大小排序,依次是新麦角固醇、5, 6–环戊烯并–1, 2–苯并蒽、1, 2–苯并芘、钙化醇和麦角固醇。一种特定激素的特征性功能也会被其他具有相关结构的化合物所共有,某些化合物还具有自身特有的生理活性。这极大地拓展了我们对生物学特异性的认识。这也预示着未来关于甾醇和多环烃类物质的化学和生物学将有非常引人注目的发展。
英文
英文
(王耀杨 翻译;田伟生 审稿)
Evolution of the Mind
*
G. Elliot Smith
Editor's Note
In this transcript of a discourse at London's Royal Institution, Austral... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | hastily touched. To the question of the relation between brain and mind the answer given by a physiologist sixty years ago was ‘ignorabimus’. But today less than yesterday do we think the definite limits of exploration yet attained. The problem I have so grossly touched has one virtue at least, it will long offer to th... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | their hands to acquire skill, by the practice of which fresh knowledge and understanding were obtained.
中文
Significance of Visual Guidance
We know enough of the comparative anatomy and palaeontology of the Primates to select a series of animals that can be taken to represent approximately the stages through which ma... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Fig. 1. A series of diagrams to suggest the origin of the neopallium in the ancestor of mammals; the rapid development of this cortical area in mammals, as touch, vision, hearing, as well as control of skilled movements, attain an increasing significance, the growing cultivation of vision which leads to the emergence o... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | control of the amphibian's four legs led to the emergence of reptiles, from which in course of time birds and mammals were evolved; the former by high specialisation of the forelimbs by flight, and the latter by the acquisition of a cerebral instrument, the neopallium, which conferred the ability to attain unlimited po... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | in 1932, Mr. George G. Campion discussed the psychological implications of Head's clinical results. Emphasising the impossibility of separating from perception the affective factor, which is continually at work in our thought-processes, Mr. Campion gave expression to the view that the biological purpose of giving a mea... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | may be assumed to have a counterpart also in the thalami, it will be for neurologists to say whether these hypothetical association areas lie in and constitute a chief part of what Head has called the essential thalamic organs.”
中文
Since this prediction was made, Prof. Le Gros Clark, in the course of studies (Brain
... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | complicated system—hypothalamus, thalamus and the sensory and association areas of the cortex—we have the complex mechanism for giving expression to their combined activities in actions which represent the biological purpose of the whole process. The powerful instrument of thought represented by speech affords an admir... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | of concepts. They are due not merely to the interaction of the affective and cognitive dispositions, but also to the dynamic factor which is conferred upon these processes by attempting to express in action the result of the discriminative activities of the cortex.
中文
The Neopallium as the Essential Mental Instrumen... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | It is often supposed that there are in the cerebral cortex long association bundles to establish connexions between distant parts of the cerebral cortex. There has recently been published an important memoir by Dr. Stephan Poljak, a Jugoslav neurologist who began the research in question in my laboratory eight years ag... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | of the cortex.
中文
For some years I have been attempting to demonstrate how vast a part the cultivation of visual discrimination has played, not simply in making it possible for human beings to see the world in which they live and appreciate some of the activities which are revealed to them by their eyes, but even mo... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | striatum, are to alter the animal's reactions to smell.
中文
Fig. 2. Diagram of the primitive vertebrate brain to suggest the hypothalamic,
thalamic, striatal and cortical connexions.
中文
Emotional Factor in Mind
The activities of the striatum, when stimulated by the cerebral hemispheres and the thalamus, are expre... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | The higher type of brain distinctive of mammals, which opens up the possibility of the attainment of real conceptual knowledge and its biological application in increasingly complex acts of skill and thought, is distinguished by the growth of the thalamus and the transmission from it to the cerebral cortex of fibres in... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | In the brain of the most primitive vertebrate, the structural pattern is determined by the fact that smell is the dominant sense. The cerebral cortex is essentially a receptive instrument for impressions of smell, and the mechanism whereby consciousness of smell can influence the behaviour of the animal. When a primiti... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | The part of the cerebral hemisphere which translates these stimuli into action is the corpus striatum, and the striatum is connected with the thalamus, which receives from the body, that is through the skin, the eyes and the ears as well as the muscles and joints, impulses which modify and direct movements which result... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | into action by playing a dominant part in determining the animal's behaviour.
中文
It is perhaps not without significance in this connexion that the efferent fibres from the hippocampal formation, after passing out of the cerebral hemisphere, terminate in the hypothalamus, that part of the brain which controls the vis... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | , Fig. 1), and presumably confers upon this area the ability to provide sensory experience with spatial and discriminative qualities. All three categories of thalamic elements are intimately joined together by numerous fibre tracts so as to form a closely integrated functional whole the proper working of which is essen... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | The most significant factor in the evolution of the mind was effected when the direction of movements was transferred from the midbrain to the neopallium (see Nature
, 125
, p. 820; 1930) and from being an unconscious automatism became a consciously directed process. For the neopallium not only established a direct c... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | character. Mr. Campion's hypothesis of a widespread circulation of nervous impulses provides an explanation of how these various dispositions of the mind and character may be integrated into the living human personality.
中文
Before I close this discourse, I must express my gratitude to Mr. George Campion for his stim... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 英文
在这组图中,我们首先会观察到负责触觉、视觉和听觉的区域相互之间逐渐接触,但是最终一块标记为P
的区域(顶部联系区)在它们之间发展起来,为来自上述三种感觉的冲动的混合提供了更为高效的场所。与此同时,在大脑的前端出现了一个前额区(F
),它在本质上是运动区域的扩张,也是一种工具,整个皮层的活动能借此而以某种方式集中于学习过程,从而对大脑半球的全部活动给出运动表达。某些能对皮层此部分的上颗粒层施加破坏性作用的有毒物质能导致非常严重的精神后果,例如,精神全面麻痹所表现出来的症状,其特征最初为夸大妄想症,随后精神过程完全紊乱而发展为严重痴呆。肖·博尔顿博士对这一证据的讨论(《健康的大脑和患病的大脑》,1914年)给思维对于大脑特定... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 他这种神经脉冲的丘脑–皮质循环(借助于各种丘脑–皮质和皮质–丘脑纤维束)假说的必然推论,就是丘脑各个部分彼此之间借助互相连接的纤维实现功能性联系。他预言,由于“可以假定丘脑中存在皮质联系区的一种匹配物,神经学家会疑问:这种假说性的联系区是否确实存在,这些联系区是否构成了黑德所称的丘脑核心结构的主要部分。”
英文
上述预言出现之后,勒格罗·克拉克教授在对丘脑进行比较解剖学研究和生理学研究时(《脑》,第55卷)将注意力转向以下事实:在高等哺乳动物的丘脑中确实发现了上述要素。细胞团块(外侧核,图3)从丘脑的主要感觉部位(腹侧核)获得脉冲,这些部位将不同类型的感觉脉冲综合起来并与连接皮层感觉区的各皮层联系区之间建立直接联系。这一引人关... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 英文
不仅新皮层,脑作为一个整体也对该过程作出了自己的贡献——尤其是位于脑半球开端处的大量神经物质,通常称之为丘脑。它促成情感要素——这是关键所在,是整个复杂过程的刺激因素——它在这里提供了一致性。皮层不仅保留了先前体验的记录,从而为将当前体验与过去经历相比较提供了途径,它还给感觉增加了空间属性,增加了判断刺激强度的方式,增加了从关节、肌肉以及皮肤区域传入大脑的输入性脉冲,以记录特定肌肉活动的成功或失败。经验是通过做事建立起来的。因此,认识到这种意动活动在概念建立过程中所起的极大作用是很重要的。它们不仅仅归因于情感和认知倾向的相互作用,还源于通过试图有效地表达皮质识别活动的结果而赋予这些过程的动力学因素。
英文
若干年来,我... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 这与导致追逐开始并主导其过程的初始嗅觉体验十分类似,因而追逐过程中的所有事件逐渐整合成一次体验,进而给出了一致性和意义。从此开始有了预见给定行为过程之结果的能力,以及在记忆中回想各事件之间的联系的能力。
英文
因此我们必须假定,原始皮层不仅仅与嗅觉意识和分辨不同类型气味的能力有关,而且还与嗅觉体验的情感方面有关,包括任何气味的令人喜欢或厌恶之处,以及这些情感体验对于决定某一具体气味所能引起的反应本质的影响。考虑到嗅觉完全不具备任何空间属性,因此原始动物的大脑皮层是不能指导运动的。当动物闻到诱人食物的气味时,它从嗅觉中得不到任何关于提供刺激的物体在空间中所处位置的信息。它仅仅是激发行动,由其他神经机制负责控制和指导因此产生的活动... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 英文
当对运动的指导从中脑转移到新皮层(参见《自然》,第125卷,第820页;1930年)并且从一种无意识的自动作用转变为一种有意识的指导过程时,思维进化过程中最重要的因素就形成了。因为新皮层不仅建立了对于整个中枢神经系统的运动核的直接控制,而且还和脑中其他与肌肉活动有关的部位的全部复杂系统建立了连接。
英文
新皮层中的这种集中控制意味着有一个遍布脑中的神经脉冲循环,它可以实现意动倾向的作用结构与思维中情感倾向(丘脑)和认知倾向(新皮层)的作用结构之间的联系。就像坎皮恩先生所提出的那样的循环对于思维的运行来说至关重要。
英文
这个循环自然涉及下丘脑,据推测它负责感情属性,这种属性在所有的精神和肌肉活动中,尤其是在艺术表... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | accordance with the light and dark portions of the picture. The ordinary type of cathode ray tube, however, gives only a small range of intensity control without the accompaniment of loss of focus of the spot on the fluorescent screen, and special electrode systems have to be arranged to obtain good intensity modulatio... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Consideration of the basic principles outlined above shows that it is impossible to realise a velocity-modulated picture from a uniformly scanned object; the scanning at the transmitter must also be of the variable-speed or velocity-modulated type, and must therefore be carried out by a cathode ray. It follows that a c... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | From this description it will be realised that an image of the picture being transmitted is built up on the fluorescent screen of the cathode ray oscillograph, and this is found to be a useful feature of the system for monitoring purposes. Furthermore, for the reproduction of the image on the screen of another oscillog... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | typical pictures received in a laboratory test of the whole system. Among the features brought out in this demonstration was the fact that, when required to obtain a better contrast ratio in the received picture, intensity modulation may be superimposed with advantage upon the velocity-modulation signals, and means of ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 如果这两路电压通过不同的通道传输,那么接收的图片就会自动地与发射端的图片进行同步。
英文
但是,文章的作者们在谈及上面的问题时,对这种设置进行了某种程度的修改,使所有的信息都通过一个信道进行传输。如果使用的图片频率为每秒25张,每幅图120或160条扫描线,那么传输信号需要的频带的数量级就为每秒240千周;并且他们发展出了一些专用的放大器以保证在这个范围内对信号进行均匀放大。接收图片的大小取决于施加在示波器电极上的偏转电压的大小,而且可以预见到,未来的设计和制造技术将会生产出具有9英寸屏幕的接收管。上述方法相对于强度调节的优点包括:对于给定的接收示波管而言,接收到的图片的亮度会提高,图片亮区的清晰度也会提高。
英文
虽然... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | As a part of Prof. R. A. Millikan's programme of cosmic ray research, in particular to make energy measurements of the cosmic ray particles by the use of a vertical cloud chamber in a very powerful horizontal magnetic field, photographs were first taken in August 1931 in such an apparatus involving the maintenance of a... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | These considerations were the basis of the report announcing the existence of the free positive electron or positron published in September 1932. Within the next five months a large number of confirmatory photographs revealing unambiguously the existence of positrons was taken, and a second report was published in Marc... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | In March 1933 confirmatory evidence for the existence of positrons was presented by Blackett and Occhialini5
, based on similar experiments with a vertical cloud chamber operating in a magnetic field of 3,000 gauss and actuated by the responses of Geiger-Müller counters. In April 1933 Chadwick, Blackett and Occhialini... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | . Rather do these experiments indicate that an elementary positive charge is actually removed from the disintegrating nucleus and appears as a positron.
中文
The foregoing furnishes in brief a historical survey of the early experimental work on positrons and their production.
中文
A detailed study of the energy distr... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | positrons, and their energy distribution for absorbing materials of different atomic numbers. The ejection of the particles was observed from lead plates of 0.25 mm. thickness, aluminum plates of 0.5 mm. thickness and a graphite plate of 1.4 cm. thickness (used also for cosmic ray studies). The magnetic field was here ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Of equal importance with the distribution in energy is the distribution in number of single positive electrons and pairs as compared with the single negative electrons. Out of a total of 1,542 electrons ejected from the 0.25 mm. lead plate by γ-rays from radiothorium filtered through 2.5 cm. of lead, there were 1,387 s... | 400套付费套装书 |
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