path stringclasses 189
values | ext stringclasses 1
value | size_bytes int64 569k 327M | mtime stringdate 2025-09-26 17:48:05 2025-09-26 19:10:03 | text stringlengths 40 2k | source stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 孤雌生殖的昆虫每年大概产150个卵,这些卵的发育需要大约3个月的时间:发育不经过变态过程,而且因为没有翅膀所以蛹虫与成虫在形态上很相似。
英文
采用的实验设计是:隔离刚孵化的幼虫,将其分别饲养在不同的盒子里。这些盒子是用金属制成的圆形盒子,并且有一个玻璃盖子。在每个盒子中放置一小片常春藤叶子。在第二天快结束时,约有10%的昆虫已经开始吃常春藤了,其他的昆虫一直没有碰过常春藤叶子。如果我们当时再将这些已经食用常春藤的昆虫单独喂养,那么可能就会有人指责我们引入了选择:不过,我们采用了另一种不同的方案(根据我的同事休尔先生的建议)。我们给90%的那些拒绝食用常春藤的昆虫提供少许女贞叶子以使它们不至于饿死。一天后将女贞叶子取出,再给它... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 结果这些家猪逃进了树林,到1840年时已经增加到至少40,000头,并且都呈现出了原始野猪的所有特征,包括凶猛的獠牙——尽管在新西兰并不存在需要它们使用这样的武器来驱赶的敌人。貌似比起种系习性来,突变是更加表面化的现象:事实上突变正是被“基因”一词的发明者约翰森称为“染色体的表面扰乱”,而种系习性则属于可遗传组成的最核心的部分。
英文
(刘皓芳 翻译;刘京国 审稿)
Commercial Production of Heavy Water
Editor's Note
A plant of Imperial Chemical Industries, Nature
here reports, has begun comme... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | exceptional resources of power and raw materials exist together. At Billingham, not only ordinary hydrogen in large quantities, but also residues in which “heavy water” has accumulated, are readily available. These resources, together with cheap power and convenient research facilities, make Billingham a logical centre... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | N. If the neutrino hypothesis were correct, its existence would be evident from the missing energy or momentum in individual decays. Although this was not how the neutrino's existence would ultimately be demonstrated, the suggestion showed that doing so was not considered hopeless.
中文
A
LTHOUGH it seems very unlike... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | In addition to the nuclear processes mentioned in our previous communication, it may also be expected that a nucleus catches one of its orbital electrons, decreases by one in atomic number, and emits a neutrino. (A corresponding process with increase in atomic number is not possible because of the absence of positive e... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 用天然β衰变实际上是不可能实现这一目的的,因为反冲能量太小了,但是人工β衰变中所涉及的核要轻得多。如果不存在中微子,13
N核发生蜕变时的反冲动能将是几百电子伏的量级。而如果确实存在中微子,则每个独立过程中都将出现与可观测到的能量亏损唯一相关的动量亏损。
英文
除了我们以前文章中提到的核转变过程外,我们还认为核可能会捕获核外的一个轨道电子,从而原子序数减小1并发射出一个中微子。(与之对应的原子序数增加的过程是不可能的,因为不存在正电子。)这个过程进一步限制了稳定的相邻同量异位素之间,特别是质子与中子之间可能的质量差。如果氢原子是稳定的,则必须满足(对其质量而言):
质子 + 电子 < 中子 + 中微子
英文
如果中微... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | calculates that to produce liquid helium, one hundred times more power is required than if the process could be done reversibly. The advantages to be gained by using adiabatic expansion for the cooling of liquefying gases have long been realised, but owing to technical difficulties this method has only been used up to ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | allowed to escape freely through the gap between the cylinder and the piston. The expansion engine is arranged in such a way that the piston moves very rapidly on the expanding stroke, and the expansion takes place in such a small fraction of a second that the amount of gas escaping through the gap is very small and do... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | ), the consumption is 6 litres of liquid air plus 5 litres of liquid hydrogen per litre of liquid helium. It is also evidently a considerable advantage to be able to dispense with liquid hydrogen as a preliminary cooling agent. Theoretically it would be possible in our case also to dispense with liquid air, but the siz... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 另一个困难是寻找在这样低的温度下具有必要力学性能的一些金属。现在所有这些难题均已成功得到解决,液化器如照片(图1)中所示。膨胀机置于抽空的圆筒形铜制壳体的中间,其尺寸为长75cm,直径25 cm。壳体内还包含热交换螺旋管,以及用于盛预冷氦的液空的容器。氦被压缩到25~30个大气压,并先被冷却到液空的温度,然后用膨胀机和再生式热交换螺旋管冷却到8K;最终的液化是利用焦耳–汤姆孙效应实现的。这种组合方式被证明是最有效的液化方法。液氦通过阀门从液化器的底部抽取出来。
英文
在预冷到液氮温度之后,液化器在45分钟后开始以每小时1升的速率液化氦,每升液氦约消耗3升液空。我们期望产量很快会得到提高,不过即使是现在这样的水平,与原有的生产液... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | can suffer two kinds of transmutation under the action of the α-particles of polonium, one with the emission of a proton, one with the emission of a neutron and a positive electron, according to the equations:
中文
Our latest experiments on the creation of new radio-elements have confirmed our interpretation of the t... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | e.v.). One gets for the mass of neutron three values: 1.0098, 1.0092, 1.0089. These values agree approximately. Yet the first, deduced from boron, is the most precise. The energies of the neutrons of aluminium and magnesium and the energy of the positrons of magnesium are not well known.
中文
* The maximum energy poss... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | I. Curie and F. Joliot, C.R.
, 197
, 237; 1933.
中子的质量
居里,约里奥
编者按
詹姆斯·查德威克通过分析α粒子引发的硼转变为氮并放出一个中子的反应,估算出了中子的质量。他的计算用到了几种原子核质量的实验值。在这篇文章中,物理学家弗雷德里克·约里奥和伊伦·居里夫妇通过对其他反应的研究给出了一个数值更为精确并且较大的中子质量值,并且他们的计算仅使用了质子的质量而没有用到其他任何原子核的质量。根据这一较大的中子质量数值,我们可以推测原子核的β衰变是由原子核中一个中子衰变为一个质子所引发的,同时放射出一个电子和一个中微子,这一观点一直沿用至今。
英文
查德威克计算了中子的质... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 英文
(王静 翻译;王乃彦 审稿)
The Explanation of Supraconductivity
J. Frenkel
Editor's Note
Superconductivity involves a transformation to a state of zero electrical resistance, apparently equivalent to an infinite conductivity. But here Russian physicist Yakov Frenkel suggests instead considering that the dielectric constant—... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | , the conduction current being constituted by a drift motion due to the action of an external electric field and superposed on the unperturbed random motion of the individual electrons. In the second case the electrons called “bound” are displaced by the electric field simultaneously in the same direction, the polarisa... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | . This means that an isolated atom assumes under the action of an external field E
an electric moment p=αE
. If the field E
is acting in the direction of the chain, then in computing the polarisation of a certain atom we must add to it the field E′
produced by all the other atoms in virtue of their induced electric... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | jumping of an electron from a negative ion to one of the neutral atoms surrounding it (which is thus converted into a negative ion), or from a neutral atom to a positive ion, which thus becomes a neutral atom, its rôle being switched over to the “donor”. We meet with the same type of electric conduction in electronic s... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | , and that the polarisation coefficient α
of the resulting normal
atoms with their full complement of bound electrons satisfies the inequality (2)
*
. The very fact that the substance loses its conductivity (σ falling to zero along with s
) thus transforms it from a metal into a dielectric with ε = ∞, that is, it ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | as determined by the equality of the free energies of the two states is given by
Taking
(which is probably an exaggeration) and calculating ∆η with the help of (3), we get ∆η = 1.7k
n
. If T
= 4° (say) the transition energy ∆ε should be of the order of 14 small calories per gram atom. This value is greatly reduced... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | with respect to the corresponding chain of atoms, provided the condition (2), which is much more restrictive, is fulfilled also. In fact, the latter condition seems to be the mathematical formulation of the possibility of treating the (bound) electrons as a kind of lattice. I do not believe in the reality of the three-... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | A more complete account of the present theory will be published elsewhere.
中文
(133
, 730-731; 1934)
References:
The effects of heat motion of the crystal lattice on the individual electrons are mutually cancelled. Cf. R. Kronig, Z. Phys.
, 80
, 203; 1933.
Phys. Rev.
, 35
, 509; 1930.
In the press.
Cf. J. Fre... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 我相信这并不是金属态的特征,而是超导态的特征,超导体是一种具有可自由运动电子链(即ε=∞)的电介质,而非金属本身。
英文
按照由斯莱特[2]
发展出的定性的金属态理论,以及最近由舒宾[3]
对该理论的改进和推广,金属的正常导电性是由于原子的部分电离
引起的,某一部分原子s
变成正离子,而相等的另一部分(携带相应电子的部分)变成负离子。如果这些电子受到的束缚很微弱,通常可以称其是“自由的”。金属的电导率等于由这些自由电子或负离子产生的电导率加上正离子或“空穴”产生的电导率之和。电传导的机制主要是一个电子从一个负离子单个地
跳到附近的一个中性原子上(于是这个中性原子就转换成一个负离子),或从一个中性原子跳到一个正离子上,... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 令b
= τe
/α
3/2
,其中τ是一个量级为1的系数,克罗尼格发现,如果α
的量级小于几埃,则条件(5)式是满足的。这似乎表明,当限制性更强的条件(2)式也满足时,“线性晶格”即电子链相对于相应的原子链实际上总是可运动的
。实际上,后一条件似乎是能否将(束缚)电子当作一种晶格来处理的可能性的数学描述。我并不认为,克罗尼格在他的第一篇文章中假设的三维晶格是真实存在的。他自己也表明,这类晶格即使存在也不能穿过离子晶格。事实上,一维晶格或可运动的束缚电子链
完全可以解释超导电性。这类链并不需要在所有方向上都能运动。它们只要做如下的假设就足够了,即它们在一个特殊的晶体学方向上应该是可运动的,这个特殊方向对应于原子间的距离最... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | HEN the complexity of atomic nuclei was proved by the existence of spontaneous and artificial nuclear transformations, a very important question arose: From which of the elementary particles are the different nuclei built up? It seemed that this question could be simply answered as there were only two particles with pr... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | About two years ago, it was shown by Chadwick that the experimental evidence forces us to recognise the existence of a new kind of particle, the so-called neutron, also with claims to be held to play an important rôle in nuclear structure. The discovery of neutrons considerably simplified the difficulties about electro... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | protons and neutrons are saturated. The presence of the Coulomb repulsion between protons will, however, shift the optimum in the direction of a smaller number of protons and the position of lowest potential energy of our system will correspond to the larger proportion of neutrons. As the importance of the Coulomb forc... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Very interesting consequences can also be obtained from Heisenberg's theory concerning the question of nuclear stability. It is easily understood that nuclei with a high positive electric charge must tend to emit positive particles. From the point of view of the energy balance, the most favourable case for such emissio... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | is never fulfilled, which can easily be understood if we remember that neutrons, having no charge, are not at all repelled by nuclei.
中文
We must now turn our attention to the question of the emission of light particles. From the point of view of the neutron-proton model of the nucleus, we must accept the view that t... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | The stability region can, however, be made much broader if we consider more closely the energy conditions connected with electronic emission from nuclei. The point is that for a given total number of neutrons plus protons (that is, for given atomic weight) the nuclei are considerably more stable if the number of proton... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | In Fig. 1, the points corresponding to unstable nuclei are shown by small circles. One notices that in the region of the heavy elements, where α- and β-stability curves run rather close to one another (and possibly cross), the sequences of α-disintegrations followed by two β-disintegrations are possible. For the lighte... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | which is extremely small and decreases very rapidly with the decrease of the energy liberated in the disintegration. Theory leads us to the following formula for the decay-constant λ as a function of the α-particle velocity v
:
where Z
is the atomic number of the disintegrating element and r0
the nuclear radius. A... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | long-range α-groups corresponding to the disintegration of excited nuclei.
中文
In contrast with the theory of α-decay, the understanding of the process of β-disintegration presents serious difficulties. First of all, the electrons emitted in β-decay possess a continuous distribution of energy, which seems to be in co... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | erg), Fermi obtains reasonable values for the decay constants of β-disintegrating elements and a good fit with the correlation curve between the decay constant and the maximum energy of the β-particles as found by Sargent.
中文
An interesting consequence of this theory, which, however, is much more general and will ho... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 虽然这个理论给出了一些有趣的结果,如原子核质量亏损曲线的一般形状和原子核发射α粒子的条件,但同时也遇到了严重的困难。根据电子的量子理论,我们难以理解电子如何能存在于原子核半径所限制的微小空间内。我们也不清楚原子核中电子的行为为何如此奇怪,且难以理解原子核的电子为何不会影响重核的粒子(质子和α粒子)的发射过程。
英文
约两年前,查德威克指出,实验证据使我们不得不承认存在一类新的粒子,即所谓的中子,它们在原子核结构中扮演了重要角色。中子的发现大大简化了原子核内有关电子的困难。现在我们可以假设原子核完全是由质子和中子组成的(例如,铋元素的原子核是由83个质子和209–83=126个中子组成),而质子和中子有时也可能结合成一个α粒子(... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 根据核的中子–质子模型,我们必须采纳以下观点,即通常的β发射过程是由于核的中子以电子的形式释放出负电荷而转变为质子所引起的:
另一方面,约里奥夫妇最近发现了发射正电子的元素从而揭示了以上逆过程出现的可能性:
英文
只要我们认为核电子的发射相当于从原子核内拿走一个中子同时加入一个质子,则我们很容易估计出这个过程的稳定性极限。这种转变的正能量守恒条件显然将是:
式中,∆M
n
是一个质子和一个电子构成一个中子的质量亏损。通过严格类比,我们得到可能发射正电子的条件为:
式中,∆M
p
是一个中子和一个正电子构成一个质子的质量亏损。根据(3)式和(4)式,我们可以断定,仅在以下条件下,即
核相对电子发射可能是稳定的,这个... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 英文
在α衰变过程中,衰变的产物的原子核通常总是处于激发态的,它对应于具有较小能量的α粒子群的发射(α射线的精细结构)。这个公式有助于我们理解这类α粒子群的相对强度,也允许我们确认核的不同激发能级的量子数。另一方面,这个公式也解释了少量的所谓长程α粒子群对应于激发态核的衰变。
英文
与α衰变理论相比较,理解β衰变过程存在严重的困难。首先,β衰变发射的电子具有连续的能量分布,这似乎与能量守恒定律相矛盾。玻尔曾指出,由于现代量子理论不适用于涉及核电子的过程,因此,能量守恒定律并不适用于该过程。但正如朗道所指出的,在广义引力理论中,某个闭合曲面中的质量完全是用该曲面上的重力场来定义的,违反能量守恒定律在广义引力理论中将会遇到非常严... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | XPERIMENTS have been carried out to ascertain whether neutron bombardment can produce an induced radioactivity, giving rise to unstable products which disintegrate with emission of β-particles. Preliminary results have been communicated in a letter to La Ricerca Scientifica
, 5
, 282; 1934.
中文
The source of neutro... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | —Intense effect. Period about 30 minutes.
Chromium
—Intense effect. Period about 6 minutes. Electrons photographed in the Wilson chamber.
Barium
—Small effect. Period about 2 minutes.
Fluorine
—Period about 10 seconds.
中文
The following elements have also given indication of an effect: sodium, magnesium, titani... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 铝
——强效应。半衰期约12分钟。经辐照后产生的电子可在威尔逊云室中被拍摄到。
氯
——产生效应的周期比目前研究过的任何元素产生效应的周期都要长得多。
钒
——半衰期约5分钟。
铜
——效应很小。半衰期约6分钟。
砷
——半衰期约2天。
银
——强效应。半衰期约2分钟。
碲
——半衰期约1小时。
碘
——超强效应。半衰期约30分钟。
铬
——超强效应。半衰期约6分钟。产生的电子可在威尔逊云室中被拍摄到。
钡
——效应小。半衰期约2分钟。
氟
——半衰期约10秒钟。
英文
下列元素也显示出存在效应的迹象:钠、镁、钛、锆、锌、锶、锑、硒和溴。其中有些元素显示出两个或多个半衰期,这可能是由于... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | =2.3±0.1. When examined in their mother liquor, they appear moderately birefringent and positively uniaxial, showing a good interference figure. On exposure to air, however, the birefringence rapidly diminishes. X-ray photographs taken of the crystals in the usual way showed nothing but a vague blackening. This indicat... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Not only do these measurements confirm such large molecular weights but they also give considerable information as to the nature of the protein molecules and will certainly give much more when the analysis is pushed further. From the intensity of the spots near the centre, we can infer that the protein molecules are re... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | It is now some time since we first took X-ray powder photographs of crystalline pepsin kindly sent by Prof. J. H. Northrop, but no really satisfactory interpretation of these photographs presented itself because they show features which we have learnt recently to associate with the fibrous proteins3
: even single crys... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | , a study of which will be published shortly; for if, as Bernal thinks, the pepsin molecules are piled, perhaps in a screw, along the hexad axis, their length in this direction is 140/6, that is, about
, which is almost exactly the strongest period along the fibre-axis of feather keratin, a period which is again repe... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 蛋白质可以划分为两种结构类型——紧实型(或者说球形)和伸展型(或者说纤维状),这种划分来源于剑桥大学的德斯蒙德·贝尔纳和多萝西·克劳福特以及利兹大学的威廉·阿斯特伯里和洛马克斯的这些文章。一般来说,球形的蛋白质是酶,而纤维状的蛋白质是结构性的,用来构成生物组织。与阿斯特伯里(威廉·布拉格的学生)和克劳福特(由于在生物大分子晶体学方面的工作她后来获得了诺贝尔奖)一样,贝尔纳在这里对胃蛋白酶的球状分子是否包含连续多肽链表示了怀疑,阿斯特伯里和洛马克斯则认为链是“以某种巧妙的形式折叠的”。蛋白质折叠的这种原理是当前对球蛋白结构和功能之间关系研究的核心。
英文
四个星期以前,米利肯博士带给我们一些由乌普萨拉的斯韦德贝里教授实验室的菲尔... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 英文
现在留给我们的是一个悖论,即胃蛋白酶分子既是球形的[5]
,又是一个真正的或者潜在的多肽链体系,并且随之而来的问题是,链是否是由球状分子通过变性以及连接而形成的,或者是否最初单位就是链本身,随后链以某种巧妙的方式进行折叠,其方式不过是对我们在角蛋白的转变中所观测到的分子内折叠的精致化[3]
。羽毛角蛋白的纤维照片中的发现,可能是一条非常有价值的线索,也可能只是某种奇异的一致性[6]
,关于这一点的研究不久将会发表;按照贝尔纳的想法,如果胃蛋白酶分子沿着六次轴堆叠(也许是以螺旋形式),那么它们在这个方向上的长度是140/6,也就是大约
,这几乎恰好就是沿羽毛角蛋白纤维轴的最强周期,该周期可能会重复6次(或者6的倍数),... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | . It may also be of interest to report in this connexion, that various concentrates of the new water are now produced on a large scale in Norway by Norsk Hydro-Elektrisk Kvaelstofaktieselskab, Oslo. Large quantities of “1:300-water” can be obtained from the above company, and richer concentrates will be available at a ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 英文
根据皇家学会近期举办的有关重氢的讨论会[1]
以及在《自然》上发表的几篇关于重氢的通讯,我们可以明显地感觉到,目前在物理学、化学和生物学若干分支的科学研究中对重水有很大的需求。为了满足这种需求,帝国化学工业有限公司在比林罕进行了商业化生产[2]
。目前挪威奥斯陆的挪威水电氮气有限公司(即现在的挪威海德鲁公司)大规模生产各种新水的浓缩物,对此进行报道也有可能引起人们的兴趣。从上述公司可以得到大量的“1:300的水”,今后将可以获得浓度更高的浓缩物。
英文
这家公司在留坎的制造厂拥有一个全球最大的电解氢工厂,其产量约为每小时20,000立方米。假定通过电解分离的效率只有10%[3]
,如果有消费需求,每天大约可以生产... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | The number of elements which can be activated either by the impact of an α-particle (Joliot) or a proton (Cockcroft, Gilbert, Walton) or a deuton (Crane, Lauritsen, Henderson, Livingston, Lawrence) is necessarily limited by the fact that only light elements can be disintegrated, owing to the Coulomb repulsion.
中文
Th... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | In three cases (aluminium, chlorine, cobalt) the active element formed by bombarding the element of atomic number Z has atomic number Z–2. In four cases (phosphorus, sulphur, iron, zinc) the atomic number of the active product is Z–1. In two cases (bromine, iodine) the active element is an isotope of the bombarded elem... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Better investigated is the case of uranium; the existence of periods of about 10 sec., 40 sec., 13 min., plus at least two more periods from 40 minutes to one day is well established. The large uncertainty in the decay curves due to the statistical fluctuations makes it very difficult to establish whether these periods... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | , although the operation had been performed in less than two minutes from the precipitation of the manganese dioxide, so that several hundreds of impulses of uranium X2
(period 75 sec.) would have been easily recognisable.
中文
Similar evidence was obtained for excluding atomic numbers 88 (radium) and 89 (actinium). ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | The possibility of an atomic number 94 or 95 is not easy to distinguish from the former, as the chemical properties are probably rather similar. Valuable information on the processes involved could be gathered by an investigation of the possible emission of heavy particles. A careful search for such heavy particles has... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 英文
对于放射性重元素钍和铀给予特别的关注似乎是必要的,因为在这个原子量的范围内,原子核普遍的不稳定性会引发一系列的元素间的变换。基于这个原因,笔者与拉塞蒂和达戈斯蒂诺合作对这些元素进行了相关研究。
英文
实验表明,在除去常见的放射性杂质之后,这两种元素都可以在中子轰击下被强烈活化。在我们实验中,使用盖革计数器对初始阶段感生放射性的强度的测量结果为每分钟约1,000个脉冲,这个计数器用0.2毫米厚的铝箔制得。这种放射性的衰减曲线表明这种现象是相当复杂的。对钍元素放射性的粗略观测表明,在这个元素的感生放射性的衰减过程中至少有两个周期。
英文
铀得到了更好的研究;已经确定存在的周期包括10秒、40秒和13分钟,还包括介于4... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 英文
(沈乃澂 翻译;朱永生 审稿)
The Factor
in Quantum Theory
A. S. Eddington
Editor's Note
Arthur Eddington developed speculative theories to account for the values of the fine structure constant (which determines the strength of electrical forces) and the mass ratio of the proton to electron. In his theory these values were ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | of an electron has also obtained an energy
times too large. If so, the cause is presumably the same, namely, neglect to take into account the degree of freedom due to indistinguishability.
中文
There is nothing mystical in the effect of indistinguishability. It occasions, not an objective difference of behaviour, bu... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | (neglected in current quantum theory) will be introduced by the change of metric when we equate the space occupied by the indistinguishable particles of quantum theory to the space occupied by the distinguishable parts of our measuring apparatus.
中文
It may be asked: Why does this factor affect the mass of the electr... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 邦德的假设表明,我并不是这个错误的唯一受害者;目前的量子理论从观测数据得到电子的固有能量或质量m
的结果表明,观测得到的结果也远大于真实值,是真实值的
倍。如果事实确实如此,则原因估计是相同的,即都没有考虑到与粒子的不可分辨性相对应的自由度。
英文
粒子的不可分辨性本身并没有什么神秘之处。它不会使粒子的行为出现客观本质上的变化,而是引起了我们对粒子行为的主观推断的变化,进而使我们的处理方式有所不同。处理两个粒子的动力学行为时,我们必须给出这两个粒子的位置、动量和自旋分量随时间变化的情况(或者这些量的几率分布),我们把这两个粒子命名为1号粒子和2号粒子;另外,我们还必须考虑t
时刻的1号粒子是否仍为原来的1号粒子这种不确定... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | has recently developed a successful theory of β-radioactivity, based on the assumption that transmutations of a neutron into a proton and vice versa are possible and are accompanied by the birth or disappearance of an electron and a neutrino.
中文
This theory implies the possibility of deducing the exchange forces bet... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | and b
and I
(r
) is a decreasing function of r
, which is equal to 1 when
(m
is the mass of the electron). Neglecting K
, one would obtain the same result if one introduced directly in the wave equation of the heavy particles an exchange energy A
(r
):
the sign of A
(r
) depending on the symmetry of ψ in r... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 这样,系统的这两个简并态就可以通过以下两个步骤联系起来:首先,中子a
放出一个电子和一个中微子,变成一个质子;其次,质子b
再吸收这些轻粒子,变成一个中子。整个系统的能量在中间态(与色散理论相比)并不守恒。正电子和中微子的发射和再吸收同样也有可能发生[2]
,因此以这种方法所考虑的系统的两个简并态就劈裂成交换能符号不同的两个能态。
英文
由于轻粒子(ψ场)在重粒子相互作用中所扮演的角色与光子(电磁场)在电子相互作用中所扮演的角色非常类似,所以,我们可以采取量子电动力学中推导库仑力表达式的方法来研究我们的问题。
英文
设ψ = ψ0
+ g
ψ1
+ g
2
ψ2
+ . . .,其中g
为费米常数(~ ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | light particles described by the equations of a ψ-field in the same manner as electromagnetic, for example, Coulomb, interaction takes place through an electromagnetic field, or photons.
中文
The first
order effects are the expulsion (or absorption) of an electron, which case was treated recently by Fermi, or of a po... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | ) between proton and neutron, quite in the same way as Coulomb interaction can be conceived as arising from the birth and absorption of a photon in the case of two electrons. Instead of e
2
/r
one gets here an interaction of the order g
/chr
5
, which is easily verified dimensionally. The exact calculations were fi... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | K和Rb的特殊地位从某种程度上说可谓非常直观
。我们注意到对照盖革–努塔耳定律,萨金特–费米规则反而很少依赖于电荷数,因此在做定性分析时,甚至可以用自由粒子的波函数。
英文
二阶
效应特别给出了产生粒子对的可能性。由于电荷e
要远远大于费米系数g
(对应ψ场的“电荷”),所以相对于在电磁场中,在ψ场中产生粒子对的可能性要小。最重要的二阶效应是:在质子和中子场中,电子和正电子的产生和湮灭,导致了中子和质子之间相互作用的交换
能(海森堡交换
)的出现。这正如库仑相互作用可以看做是由两个电子之间光子的产生和吸收所导致的。不同于库仑作用中的比值e
2
/r
,重粒子的交换能与g
/chr
5
成正比,这个值可以很容... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | electron volts are the most energetic which are available in sufficient intensity, and therefore one might expect to produce disintegration with emission of a heavy particle, such as a neutron, proton, etc., only of those nuclei which have a small or negative mass defect; for example, D2
, Be9
, and the radioactive n... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | If the nuclear process assumed in (1) is correct, a very reliable estimate of the mass of the neutron can be obtained, for the masses of the atoms of hydrogen and heavy hydrogen are known accurately. They are 1.0078 and 2.01361
respectively. Since the diplon is stable and can be disintegrated by a γ-ray of energy 2.62... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Experiments are in preparation to observe the disintegration of the diplon in the expansion chamber. These experiments should confirm the nuclear process which has been assumed, and therewith the assumption that the diplon consists of a proton and a neutron. Both the energy of the protons and their angular distribution... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 中文
One further point may be mentioned. Some experiments of Lea6
have shown that paraffin wax bombarded by neutrons emits a hard γ-radiation greater in intensity and in quantum energy than when carbon alone is bombarded. The explanation suggested was that, in the collisions of neutrons and protons, the particles somet... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 1934年,仍有一些物理学家对于中子是真正的亚原子粒子亦或是电子和质子的结合体而感到疑惑。这篇文章中,詹姆斯·查德威克和莫里斯·戈德哈伯描述了他们对于中子质量更为精确的实验测定。他们用光子引发“氘核”(重氢的原子核)蜕变为一个质子和一个中子。由于氢原子和重氢原子的质量已经有了非常精确的数值,所以据此可以很容易推算出中子的质量。这一实验表明氘核由一个中子和一个质子构成,该实验也更加牢固地确立了中子是一种基本粒子的理念。
英文
根据原子在光的照射下可以发生激发和电离,人们可以以此类推出,任何具有复杂结构的原子核都会被具有适当能量的γ射线激发或者“电离”(即蜕变)。蜕变要比激发容易探测得多。蜕变发生的必要条件是γ射线的能量大于所放... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 他们使用通常的量子力学方法计算了蜕变的几率,其理论计算给出的碰撞截面数值与实验值具有相同的数量级,但如果我们取中子质量为1.0080,计算值就会相当大了。然而,如果我们设碰撞截面为实验值,那么计算得到的中子质量就是1.0085,这个值似乎太大了。因此,我们只能说理论和实验基本相符,而并非完全一致。
英文
另外还有一点需要提及。利[6]
的一些实验表明,用中子轰击固体石蜡发射出一种硬γ射线,这种射线比单独轰击碳原子产生的射线的强度更强且量子能量更高。对此的解释是,中子和质子发生碰撞有时会结合成氘核,并释放出γ射线。这一过程是我们这里所研究的反应的逆过程。现在,如果我们假定氘核、中子、质子三者各自与射线之间的热力学平衡所涉及的所... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | of June 22, the question of the completeness of quantum mechanical description has been discussed on the basis of a “criterion of physical reality”, which the authors formulate as follows: “If, without in any way disturbing a system, we can predict with certainty the value of a physical quantity, then there exists an e... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 他们描述了这样一个理想实验,其中有些物理变量的值在测量前就是已知的,这意味着这些物理量对应于某些物理实在,但量子力学无法描述这些物理量。本文中尼尔斯·玻尔认为他们的理论有缺陷,因为在量子力学中有一个重要的地方未阐述清楚,即需要说清楚的是,不可能独立于实验所处的环境来考虑物理实在。由此引发了关于量子理论完备性和量子理论明显“非局域”特征(超距作用的可能性)的讨论,直到今天,这方面的讨论仍在继续。
英文
最近,爱因斯坦、波多尔斯基和罗森在5月15日的《物理学评论》上发表了一篇文章,6月22日的《自然》杂志对该文章进行了评论。基于“物理实在的判据”,他们在文章中讨论了量子力学描述的完备性问题并对该问题作了如下阐述:“假如系统没有受到... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | has shown a single line at atomic weight 238. The element appeared to be simple to at least two or three percent, but its properties were not favourable for study in the gas discharge. As uranium is of great importance for the subject of radioactivity, the spark source described in Nature
of April 6 (135
, 542) was t... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | . The present observations thus support this theory, with the atomic weight of 235 for the isotope actino-uranium. A third isotope, uranium II, of atomic weight 234 amounts theoretically to only 0.008 percent of the uranium, and would be too faint for observation by the mass-spectrograph.
中文
(136
, 180; 1935)
A. J.... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | 英文
(王耀杨 翻译;汪长征 审稿)
Form, Drift, and Rhythm of the Continents
*
W. W. Watts
Editor's Note
Here W. Watts surveys what was known about changes through geological time in the disposition of continents and oceans. Features such as submerged fossil forests and raised fossil beaches showed that what was once sea is now l... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | It should be remembered that Hooker was one of the three scientific men, representing botany, zoology and geology, whom Darwin had selected as judges with whose opinion on the soundness of his theory of the origin of species he would be content. The others were Huxley and Lyell; and of the three Lyell was the hardest t... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | But in the organic world, Lyell, like Hutton, had failed to detect any analogous principle, and, as he rejected all the theories of transmutation of species then in vogue, he had to accept their absolute fixity; and to suppose that, as species became extinct one after another, replacement by special creations followed.... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | than before.”
中文
Although infinitely richer than when Darwin wrote, the geological record still is, and must from its very nature remain, imperfect. Every major group of animal life but the vertebrates is represented in the Cambrian fauna, and the scant relics that have been recovered from earlier rocks give very li... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Indeed, when we realise the delicate adjustment of all life to the four elements of the ancients which environ it, air, water, earth and fire; to their composition, interrelationships and circulation; it is perhaps one of the most remarkable facts established by geology that, in spite of the physical changes which we k... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | It was not until 1885, however, that the accumulation of data of this type was sufficient to enable the great geologist, Suess, an Austrian, but born in Great Britain, to assemble and correlate them, and to deduce from them further principles which have been the mainstay and inspiration of his successors. We owe to Her... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | The evidence collected by Suess proved that these last great land and sea changes had occurred simultaneously over whole continents or even wider regions. Such great submergences as those to which the Cambrian Rocks, the Oxford Clay, and the Chalk are due were of this character; while, in between, there came times of b... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | of the sea could be to some extent explained if Suess's main postulate, that the great ocean basins had been slowly sinking throughout geological time, were granted. But this explanation only rendered more impotent the raising of ocean levels by deposits of sediment, and this was almost the only valid cause for transgr... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Then there is the periodicity of mountain growth. The great epochs of mountain building, such as the Caledonian, to which the chief Scottish and Welsh mountains are due, the Hercynian, responsible for the Pennine and South Wales, and the Alpine, which gave us “the wooded, dim, blue goodness of the Weald”, were associat... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | million years. The slow growth and slow decay of mountain range after mountain range, each built out of, and in some cases upon, the ruins of its predecessor; the chain of slowly evolving organisms, vast in numbers and infinite in variety; told plainly of long aeons of time. The duration of these aeons can be dimly rea... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | The far-sighted genius of Lord Rutherford and Lord Rayleigh first saw the bearing of the rate of disintegration of radioactive substances in the minerals of rocks on the age of the parts of the earth-crust built of them. The extension and supplementing of this work, by Joly, Holmes and others, has now enabled us to loo... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | The visible parts of mountains and continents, as well as their lower and hidden portions, or “roots”, are made of comparatively light rocks. In order to stand up as they do, their roots must be embedded in denser matter, in which they “float” like icebergs in water. A far larger mass must exist below than is visible a... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | The resulting expansion of the liquefied stratum will have at least two effects of great importance to us. In the first place, the unexpanded superficial layers will be too small to fit the swelling interior. They will, therefore, suffer tension, greater on the ocean floor than on land, and cracking and rifting will oc... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | of a withering apple. The wrinkles will be mountain ranges, formed along lines of weakness such as those at continental margins; and they will be piled up and elevated, to suffer from the intense erosion due to water action upon their exposed and upraised rocks.
中文
In this, again, we have a mechanism which supplies ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | intensely consolidated, or already closely packed, on the other.
中文
More recently, Holmes has developed the possibility that the loss of heat is mainly due to convection in the liquid substrata, and that convection is the leading cause of the drifting and other movements of the crust, and the disturbances that have ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | The contrast in outline and structure between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans had long been noted when Suess formulated and used the differences as the basis of his classification.
中文
The Pacific is bounded everywhere by steep slopes, rising abruptly from profound ocean depths to lofty lands crowned with mountain ra... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Continental Drift
Another feature of the Atlantic is the parallelism of much of its eastern and western coasts, the meaning of which has often attracted the speculations of geologists and geographers. With a little stretch of the imagination, and some ingenuity and elasticity of adjustment, plans or maps of the opposit... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | . Associated with them are peculiar groups of fossil shells and fossil amphibia and reptiles. Similar rocks, with similar associations and contents, in Peninsular India have been named the Gondwana Formation. Comparable formations also occupy large regions in Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand, in Madagascar, in the F... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Du Toit's work on these glacial deposits brings out two remarkable facts; first, that the movement of the ice was southerly, pole-ward and away from the equator, the opposite to what would be expected and to the direction of the Pleistocene ice-movement; secondly, that the ice in Natal invaded the land from what is now... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | the problems of the rocks, fossils and structures involved.
中文
In its application to the geology of Gondwanaland the modified hypothesis of Wegener cuts a Gordian knot; but it still leaves a great climatal difficulty, unless we take his further step and conceive that at this date the terrestrial south pole was situa... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | The hypothesis of continental drift gave rich promise of solving so many difficult problems that it was hailed by many classes of investigators almost as a panacea. Geographers have seen in it an explanation of the forms of continents and the position of peninsulas, islands and mountains; meteorologists have found it t... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | not by any means what the hypothesis demands.
中文
If the idea of drift be accepted, it cannot be regarded as a royal road out of all our difficulties, nor can it be the only form of earth-movement to be reckoned with. The late J. W. Gregory, whose life was sacrificed to geological discovery, studied exhaustively the ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | As the question of drift must in the last appeal be one of fact, it is not unnaturally expected that the real answer will come from measurements of longitude and latitude with greater exactness and over periods longer than has yet been possible. None of the measurements hitherto made has indicated variations greater th... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | words “e pur si muove”.
中文
Rock Folding and Mountain Birth
Ever since it was realised that the inclination and folding of rocks must be attributed to lateral or tangential stress and not solely to uplift, shrinkage of the interior of the Earth from its crust has been accepted as the prime mover, and whichever of the... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Such a course of events would be brought about by lateral pressure developed during the consolidation phase of each of the thermal or magmatic cycles. At each period of their building, mountains have arisen along lines of weakness in the crust, especially coast lines and the steep slopes marking the limits between cont... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | Is there no other force, comparable in its method of action to gravitation, but capable of producing movement of the earth-crust in a direction other than downhill? Is it not possible, for example, that the tidal influence of the Moon and Sun, which is producing so much distortion of the solid Earth that the ocean tide... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0302. 《自然》百年科学经典（第三卷）(英汉对照版)(1934-1945).epub | .epub | 24,505,760 | 2025-09-26T19:07:02.019948 | geology, a Library, a Record of Mines, for which he secured support from a strong committee of the British Association in 1838, and a School of Mines for the scientific and technical education of those to be employed in the survey or exploitation of mineral resources. In these objects, and especially the last, he was w... | 400套付费套装书 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.