text string | predicted_class string | confidence float16 |
|---|---|---|
The German version of the Sociocultural Attitudes toward Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ-G, Knauss et al., 2009) is an instrument used to assess the influence of sociocultural body ideals on body image. For this study, the only subscale administered was the boys’ version of the internalization of media body ideals subs... | study | 100 |
To assess participants’ history of stressful peer experiences (e.g., teasing), the German questionnaire for experience of peer victimization in childhood and adolescence (FBS, Sansen et al., 2013) was used. The FBS has been shown to have good validity and test-retest reliability (r = 0.83; Sansen et al., 2013). This 22... | study | 100 |
The desire to obtain a bigger and more muscular physique was assessed with the German translation of the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS, Waldorf et al., 2014). The self-rating questionnaire contains 15 items. It can be divided into two subscales, muscularity-related attitudes (DMS attitudes, eight items) and muscular... | study | 100 |
Participants were recruited through advertisement in online panels for the German-speaking weight-training and bodybuilding community. German, Austrian, and Swiss panels were provided with a web link to the survey, which took approximately 30 min to complete. Before starting the online survey, participants were informe... | study | 99.9375 |
Prior to analyses, scores on the predictor variables and the DMS were examined for outliers. We z-transformed and checked all outcome variables for values out of an absolute variation of three standard deviations. No unacceptable values were being found1. All assumptions for regression analysis have been met, specifica... | study | 99.9375 |
Using a hierarchical forced entry method, three multiple linear regression analyses were conducted. All variables were investigated regarding their relation with (1) drive for muscularity, in addition to each of the (2) muscularity-related attitudes, and (3) muscularity-related behavior subscales. Since there is only m... | study | 100 |
As shown in Table 1, respondents stated exercising a mean of 3.96 times per week (SD = 7.37) for 79.87 min per session (SD = 23.93). The mean of years of exercise was 5.05 (SD = 5.45). Average BMI indicated slight overweight status (M = 25.57, SD = 2.93); however, body fat percentage (M = 13.36, SD = 3.49) was in the l... | study | 100 |
The mean value for the FFMI was 22.09 (SD = 2.54). Based on the classification of Pope et al. (2001), 6.4% of the men described their musculature as below average, 30.6% as average, and 62.8% as above average. 8.9% of the sample disclosed former or current use of illegal, physically enhancing supplements (e.g., AAS) to... | study | 99.9375 |
As presented in Table 2, along with the semi-partial correlations (the factors unique contribution to the outcome), age was the strongest negative predictor (i.e., the predictor greatest in magnitude if the regression coefficients) for aspects of drive for muscularity, while FFMI revealed the second-strongest positive ... | study | 100 |
Regarding the psychological factors both body-related self-esteem facets, physical attractiveness and fitness significantly predicted overall drive for muscularity. They also predicted muscularity-related attitudes and muscularity-related behavior. In all cases they were negative predictors, in that lower self-esteem f... | study | 100 |
Global and performance-related self-esteem failed to predict drive for muscularity, although on a correlational level, significant relations have been found (global self-esteem: r = -0.26 to -0.52, p < 0.001; performance related self-esteem: r = -0.16 to -0.31, p < 0.01). | study | 100 |
Dissatisfaction with muscularity significantly predicted muscularity-related attitudes but not muscularity-related behavior in that higher levels of dissatisfaction with muscularity predicted higher values of muscularity-related attitudes. Dissatisfaction with body fat on the other hand, was no significant predictor fo... | study | 100 |
The strongest positive predictor for overall drive for muscularity, muscularity-related attitudes, and behavior was internalization of the media body ideal. Stressful social experiences were not significantly predicting drive for muscularity, nor one of its subscales. It showed only small significant correlations to dr... | study | 100 |
In conclusion, psychological and sociocultural variables accounted for 60% of variance in drive for muscularity, 64% of the variance in attitudinal, and 41% of the variance in behavioral aspects of drive for muscularity. Therefore, dissatisfaction with muscularity, body-related self-esteem and internalization of media ... | study | 100 |
Using a biopsychosocial model as a framework, the aim of this study was to investigate the associations of biological, psychological, and sociocultural variables with drive for muscularity in weight-training men. As predicted, these variables explained a significant amount of the variance in drive for muscularity and i... | study | 100 |
Consistent with previous research on school and college samples (Daniel and Bridges, 2010; Stratton et al., 2015; Edwards et al., 2016), internalization of media body ideals was the strongest predictor of drive for muscularity and its related attitudes and behavior in weight-training men. Mass media play a key role in ... | study | 99.9375 |
As a scarcely investigated factor, age showed to be a strong negative predictor for drive for muscularity. Increased age was related to lower global, attitudinal, and behavioral facets of drive for muscularity. It is possible that, over time, other aspects of life, such as career, financial resources, or family become ... | study | 99.9375 |
In line with other findings (McCreary and Sasse, 2000; Chittester and Hausenblas, 2009) we found relations between certain facets of low self-esteem and drive for muscularity. While fitness-related self-esteem represents to what extent individuals are content with their athletic and coordination skills, physical attrac... | study | 99.9375 |
To our knowledge, this is one of the few existing examinations of dissatisfaction with muscularity as well as with body fat in relation to drive for muscularity in weight-training men. According to the literature (Blouin and Goldfield, 1995; Hildebrandt et al., 2004; Olivardia et al., 2004), it was assumed that both as... | study | 99.9375 |
Dissatisfaction with body fat failed to predict drive for muscularity. According to Tylka (2011), dissatisfaction with musculature is related to muscularity-related behavior, while dissatisfaction with body fat is associated with disordered eating behavior. Since body dissatisfaction in general and drive for muscularit... | study | 99.9375 |
Even though some researchers have presented the advantages of the FFMI over the BMI (Cafri et al., 2005), to our knowledge, only two studies (using college samples) have systematically analyzed the FFMI in relation to drive for muscularity (McCreary et al., 2006; Chittester and Hausenblas, 2009). In contrast to Chittes... | study | 99.9375 |
Future research needs to focus on a standardized operationalization and interpretation of the FFMI, since no clear instructions have been published and existing interpretations of the FFMI are inconsistent. Clearly, replication with the use of skin calipers or hydrostatic weighing (Cafri et al., 2005) instead of self-r... | other | 99 |
Contrary to the hypotheses, stressful social experiences in childhood and adolescence were not associated with drive for muscularity, although a significant small positive correlation was found. These results are inconsistent with other findings (Nowell and Ricciardelli, 2008; Schaefer and Salafia, 2014). Thus, the ass... | study | 100 |
Yet, it is possible that stressful social experience serve as a moderator or mediator. Lamanna et al. (2010) argued that regular critique and emotional victimization through parents leads to higher degrees of body dissatisfaction, which again, is associated with drive for muscularity. Also, exercise as a coping strateg... | study | 99.6875 |
A number of strengths can be named for the current study. Since the majority of research in this field uses school or college samples, the recruitment of a sufficiently large sample of weight-training men can be considered to be more meaningful for those persons at high risk for body image problems. Also, the investiga... | study | 99.9375 |
The current study also has a number of limitations. As described regarding the influence of age, a longitudinal approach could lead to more valid findings. A cross-sectional design, as used in this study, limits inference with regard to the temporal order in which the factors may operate. Also, online studies rely on s... | study | 99.9375 |
Another limitation concerns the homogeneity of the sample. First, since we used a weight-training sample, no generalization on the general population can be drawn. Since it is usually weight-training and bodybuilding men who are at risk of pathological outcomes of extreme drive for muscularity, the results might still ... | study | 99.9375 |
This study aimed at further investigating factors associated with drive for muscularity in weight-training men, using a biopsychosocial model as a frame. Our current findings confirmed most of the hypothesized factors as being associated with global drive for muscularity and muscularity-related attitudes and behaviors.... | study | 99.9375 |
The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and with institutional guidelines of the School of Psychology, University of Vienna. Furthermore, it followed the Guidelines of the ethical conduct proposed by the American Psychological Association. According to the institutional ... | other | 73.8125 |
CS and LR designed and conducted the study in consultation with KH-F. CS and LR analyzed the data with assistance and contributions from MV and KH-F. CS drafted the manuscript with contributions from LR, MV, and KH-F. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. | other | 99.9375 |
Recently, size switchable materials have attracted much attention, as size is the fundamental and crucial factor that determined the properties of materials, for example as the noble metal nanoparticles1, polymeric microparticles2 or colloidal superparticles3. The stimuli-responsive molecules might be very useful to bu... | review | 99.8125 |
As a new class of macromolecules, pillar[n]arenes (5–15) have been extensively studied from their synthesis, functionalization and supramolecular chemistry since 2008313233343536. The first photo-responsive host-guest complexation based on pillararene and azobenzene-guest was reported by Huang in 201237. Thereafter, th... | review | 64.375 |
Herein, we present a feasible strategy for fabricating photo/thermal-responsive size switchable supramolecular nanoparticles assembly based on the unprecedented host-guest inclusion complex between anionic pillararene 2C-WP5A and azobenzene derivation G in aqueous solution (Fig. 1). The design proposed here combines th... | study | 100 |
The host-guest complexation of 2C-WP5A and trans-G was first investigated by 1H NMR experiment in D2O at 25 °C (Fig. 2b). Signals for the protons on trans-G were significantly shifted upfield in the presence of 1 equiv. 2C-WP5A. This result suggested that the formation of the threaded structure 2C-WP5Atrans-G, in which... | study | 100 |
Interestingly, comparing to the chemical shift of the protons on the pyridinium unit, the signals of the protons on the azobenzene unit changed more obviously. The complexation-induced chemical shifts (Δδ) followed the order (see Supplementary Fig. S13): Hh > Hg > Hi > Hd > He = Hc > Hf > Hb > Ha. These shifts of methy... | study | 100 |
To further investigation of the photo-responsive properties of the host-guest complex and supramolecular assembly of 2C-WP5A and G, we firstly examined the photoisomerization behavior of G by UV/vis (see Supplementary Fig. S17) and 1H NMR (Fig. 2d). The UV/vis spectrum of trans-G has a strong absorption maximum at 351 ... | study | 100 |
After irradiation the solution of 1:1 2C-WP5Atrans-G with UV light at 365 nm for 10 min, some new signals appeared as shown in Fig. 2c. In comparison to the signals of individual G at the same experimental condition (Fig. 2d), we observed that the chemical shift of proton Hi* shifted upfield from 3.75 ppm to 1.71 ppm, ... | study | 100 |
To further understand the interaction between 2C-WP5A and trans/cis- G, we used isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to explore the thermodynamics of the host-guest inclusion complex (Fig. 3). The Ka values and thermodynamic parameters are listed in Table 1, and we are surprised to find that there was no obvious diff... | study | 100 |
Recently, we have developed a novel strategy for the construction of supramolecular assemblies by means of host induced aggregating (HIA: a small amount of macrocyclic host could promote the aggregation of guest molecules by lowering the critical aggregating concentration (CAC) and even regulating the morphology of the... | study | 100 |
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used to characterize the size and morphology of 2C-WP5A+G assembly. As shown in Fig. 5a, DLS data showed that 2C-WP5A+trans-G formed well-defined aggregates with a narrow size distribution, giving an average diameter about 848 nm at a scatter... | study | 100 |
Zeta potential measurement was further performed to identify the supramolecular assembly surface charged distribution (see Supplementary Figs S20 and S21), both of the 2C-WP5A+trans/cis G assembly giving an average negative zeta potential to maintain the stability of the assembly. Based on the above experimental result... | study | 100 |
It is also required to make a thorough inquiry about the repetitiveness of the photo/thermal driven size switching of the supramolecular assembly. Size switching process was determined by monitoring the optical transmittance of 2C-WP5A+G solution at 600 nm (Fig. 6) and DLS experiment (see Supplementary Fig. S22). The p... | study | 100 |
In conclusion, a novel recognition motif between anionic pillararene (2C-WP5A) and azobenzene derivative G has been developed, and both of the trans- and cis- G have the similar affinity with 2C-WP5A. The complexation process was well studied and confirmed by 1H NMR, 2D ROESY, and ITC experiment. The recognition motif ... | study | 99.9375 |
2C-WP5A was prepared according to the published procedures58. All reagents were commercially available and used without further purification, unless otherwise noted. Solvent were dried according to procedures described in the literature. Column chromatography was performed on silica gel (200–300 mesh). | other | 99.75 |
1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AVANCE AV400 (400 and 100 MHz). Signal positions were reported in part per million (ppm) relative to the residual solvent peaks or to the peak of Si(CH3)4 used as an internal standard with the abbreviations s, d, t, q, and m, denoting singlet, doublet, triplet, quart... | study | 99.9375 |
The sample for TEM measurement was prepared by dropping the solution onto a copper grid. The grid was then air-dried. The samples were examined by a high-resolution TEM (Tecnai G2 F20 microscope, FEI) equipped with a CCD camera (Orius 832, Gatan) operating at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. | study | 99.5 |
The ITC experiment was carried out at 25 °C in aqueous solution. In a typical experiment, the solution of 2C-WP5A in a 0.250 mL syringe was sequentially injected with stirring at 300 rpm into a solution of G in the sample cell (1.4227 mL). A control experiment to determine the heat of dilution was carried out by perfor... | study | 100 |
Epidemics of meningococcal meningitis have been described in Africa since 1840 , and large-scale, cyclic epidemics have been described throughout what is called the African meningitis belt during the last century [2, 3]. Historically, the largest epidemics of meningococcal meningitis in the meningitis belt were caused ... | review | 99.8125 |
In the relative calm after the introduction of MenAfriVac, small-scale epidemics caused by a novel strain of N. meningitidis serogroup C (NmC) were seen in northwest Nigeria in 2013 and 2014 . These two outbreaks were followed by a much larger epidemic in 2015 in both Nigeria (>6000 cases reported) and Niger (>9000 cas... | other | 99.875 |
Two main strategies exist for meningitis prevention: mass vaccination (either in a preventive manner such as the roll-out of MenAfriVac, or in reactive campaigns during epidemics) and antibiotic prophylaxis. Recommendations for the use of these two strategies vary greatly depending on context. | other | 99.6875 |
In the African meningitis belt, the emphasis has historically been on reactive mass vaccination campaigns. Unfortunately, because these campaigns can be difficult to organize, and because epidemics due to NmA were often explosive and short-lived, the impact of such campaigns has been called into question [10, 11]. Shor... | other | 99.875 |
On the other hand, antibiotic chemoprophylaxis was implemented in the pre-vaccine era in sub-Saharan Africa and is commonly used among household contacts of cases during outbreaks in western countries [10, 13], but it is not recommended as part of the usual response to meningitis outbreaks in sub-Saharan Africa . This... | review | 99.875 |
Because of the threat from NmC and the relative scarcity of NmC-containing vaccine for the foreseeable future, an expert group convened by the World Health Organization (WHO) called for a clinical trial to document the effectiveness of the use of ciprofloxacin chemoprophylaxis as an epidemic response in sub-Saharan Afr... | other | 62.84375 |
We have designed a cluster-randomized trial in response to this call. The proposed trial surpasses the original recommendation of household-level chemoprophylaxis by adding an additional evaluation of village-level chemoprophylaxis, which may be easier to implement and more effective in an epidemic context. Cluster-ran... | other | 92.125 |
The study is designed as a cluster-randomized trial with three parallel arms in the setting of a future meningitis epidemic. The primary objective is to compare the incidence of meningitis among villages receiving standard care, household single-dose ciprofloxacin prophylaxis, and village-wide single-dose ciprofloxacin... | other | 99.25 |
The study will be implemented in a Health District (HD) experiencing a meningitis outbreak. In order to launch the study protocol, at least two Health Zones (HZs) of the HD will have met the weekly meningitis epidemic threshold . All villages in HZs included in the study will be eligible for inclusion. A village will b... | study | 99.3125 |
Because it is impossible to predict which villages will notify cases in advance of an epidemic, the randomization list will not be prepared in advance, so as to ensure a balanced randomization. Villages will be randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive standard care, household prophylaxis or community-wide prophylaxis. | other | 99.875 |
Once an HZ has met inclusion criteria, a set of sequentially numbered, sealed envelopes will be prepared, each containing the name of an intervention arm. When the first case presents from a village, study staff in the Health Center (HC) will telephone a central randomizer, who will be otherwise independent of the stud... | other | 98.5 |
The central randomizer will keep a master list of names of villages in each HZ and their study assignments. A reference list of village names and study assignments will be updated in each HC as villages are included. When a case presents, study staff based in the HC will verify whether the case-patient’s village of ori... | other | 99.625 |
In the standard care arm, after the notification of the first case from a village, a study nurse will visit the village and lead an informational session focusing on the signs and symptoms of meningitis, as well as the urgency of presenting to the nearest HC if any of those symptoms occur. | other | 99.1875 |
In the household-level prophylaxis arm, each time a case is notified, a study nurse will visit the case’s household within 24 hours. A household is defined as a group of people living in the same building or group of adjacent buildings and under the authority of a single head of household. In the case of polygamy, all ... | other | 99.8125 |
In the community-wide prophylaxis arm, after notification of the first case, a study nurse will visit the village within 24 hours and meet with community leaders. During this visit, a community-wide distribution of ciprofloxacin will be arranged within 72 hours of the initial case presentation at the HC. These distribu... | other | 99.5 |
A single dose of oral ciprofloxacin will be administered using age-based dosing (see Table 1). All doses will be directly observed. Tablets will be administered with water. Children unable to swallow pills will have the tablet crushed and dissolved in sweetened water.Table 1Age-based dosing of ciprofloxacinAgeDose (mg)... | other | 99.875 |
Throughout the study period, the diagnosis and treatment of meningitis (including referral) will be provided free of cost throughout the study area. Diagnosis and treatment will follow national protocols. Participation in the study will not affect the eligibility of a village or an HZ for reactive vaccination. | other | 99.6875 |
The following case definitions will be used:Suspected case: Abrupt fever (>38.5 °C rectal or >38.0 °C axillary) and at least one of the following signs: neck stiffness, floppy neck, bulging fontanelle, convulsions, or other meningeal signsConfirmed case: Isolation or identification of a causative organism (Neisseria me... | other | 99.875 |
Confirmed case: Isolation or identification of a causative organism (Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae serotype B) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a suspect case by culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or agglutination test | other | 99.875 |
Demographic and clinical information will be collected for each suspected case, and a unique identifier will be assigned following national protocols. The village of residence will be directly confirmed with the patient or their caregivers. Information about receipt of ciprofloxacin will also be collected. | other | 99.875 |
Lumbar puncture and CSF analysis will occur following standard protocols and procedures. Any information collected as a result of this procedure will enter into the national surveillance system and will be crossed with local databases. In addition, in order to obtain accurate denominators for the calculation of attack ... | study | 51.65625 |
Meningitis incidence over the course of the epidemic will be expressed as an attack rate (proportion of the population developing meningitis over the defined time period). The sample size needed to show a difference in the reduction of the meningitis attack rate depends on multiple factors, some of which can be reliabl... | study | 99.875 |
Additional file 2 presents simulations of the number of clusters necessary given specified attack rates and impact of the ciprofloxacin intervention, assuming an alpha (α) error of 5%, 90% power, and an inter-cluster correlation coefficient of 0.025 [22, 23]. The most likely parameters would need less than 75 villages ... | study | 99.9375 |
A provisional target sample size will be set, but because of these multiple uncertainties, the final target sample size will be set after four weeks of accumulated study data. This period would be sufficiently long to allow for a description of the demographic co-factors in the study area. Additional file 2 shows high ... | study | 99.9375 |
A total of 200 participants in the standard care arm and 200 participants in the community-level prophylaxis arm will be enrolled in the resistance sub-study. Three stool samples will be collected from each participant, at days 0, 7, and 28 using standard operating procedures (SOPs) developed for stool sample collectio... | study | 99.6875 |
Assuming baseline prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant enterobacteriaceae of 20%, a sample size of 131 persons in each of the two arms would have 90% power to detect a change in the prevalence to 30% over the three repeated measures. Assuming an attrition rate of 25% and 20% of improperly collected samples, a sample s... | study | 99.8125 |
Once the resistance sub-study has begun, the first odd-numbered village which notifies a case each day in each of the two arms will be included in the sub-study. An exhaustive list of households will be prepared in these villages, and 20 households will be randomly selected from this list. One member of each household ... | study | 99.6875 |
A stool sample container will be distributed to each participant the day before sample collection, together with instructions for collecting the sample the following morning. Study staff will then return to the village to collect the fresh stool samples. The same procedures will be followed on days 7 and 28. In village... | study | 99.9375 |
The processing of stool samples will depend on the location of the study and will be detailed in the study SOPs. In brief, stool samples will be collected by study staff and either stored at 4 °C or inoculated in a transport medium until reception in the central laboratory. Stool samples will then be plated on a MacCon... | study | 99.9375 |
The primary analysis, pairwise comparisons of attack rates, will be made between each intervention group using the Student’s t test, weighted to account for varying cluster size, and following an intention-to-treat basis. If the assumption of normality does not hold, we will consider a transformation of the data or a n... | study | 99.9375 |
The study will take place during an epidemic, and events beyond the control of the study sponsor could affect the propagation of the meningitis epidemic. If major events that could affect the course of the epidemic occur (early rains, a vaccination campaign, etc.), a binary variable (before/after the event) will be add... | study | 99.9375 |
The analysis of the resistance sub-study will be done on the basis of the per-protocol population for whom all three stool samples are available. The primary sub-study outcome (change in community-wide prevalence of carriers of ciprofloxacin-resistant enterobacteriaceae) will be compared using the method described by L... | study | 100 |
An SAE is defined as any untoward medical occurrence that, at any dose of ciprofloxacin received, results in death, is life threatening, requires inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, or results in persistent or significant disability or incapacity, or any medically important event/reac... | other | 99.9375 |
Procedures for obtaining informed consent have been developed in accordance with the Ottawa Statement on the Ethical Design and Conduct of Cluster Randomized Trials . Gatekeepers have been defined as the health care professional in charge of the HC and village chiefs and their deputies. Village chiefs will be asked to ... | other | 99.75 |
The trial was developed by Epicentre with the support of Médecins Sans Frontières. The primary trial sponsor is Epicentre, who will hold the data and conduct all analyses. The primary sponsor will independently monitor study execution at field sites. A scientific committee has been convened to review drafts of the prot... | other | 99.9375 |
When the trial report is completed, the investigators will share the summary results with local, regional, and national health authorities. The findings from this study will also be published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal and disseminated at appropriate conferences. The ultimate decision to submit a manuscript ... | other | 99.9375 |
The research data will be the property of the sponsors, but data will be made as widely and freely available as possible, while safeguarding the privacy of participants and protecting confidential data. A de-identified dataset can be made available under a data-sharing agreement that provides for a commitment to using ... | other | 99.9375 |
Despite the undeniable success of MenAfriVac, the emergence of NmC as a potential cause of major epidemics in the African meningitis belt has brought new problems. Limited supplies of vaccine against NmC, combined with limitations inherent to organizing mass vaccinations (particularly regarding their timing), have led ... | other | 99.875 |
The proposed trial responds to this call, and goes one step further by adding a third arm in which chemoprophylaxis would happen at a village level following the notification of the village’s first case. This addition responds to on-the-field realities in many parts of the meningitis belt, where it may be politically d... | other | 99.875 |
On the other hand, given the growing problem of antibiotic resistance, even if this trial were to show overwhelmingly positive results, it would be impossible to recommend chemoprophylaxis as a routine epidemic response without having evidence on the possible effect of mass distributions of ciprofloxacin on the prevale... | other | 99.875 |
All resources, materials, and authorizations necessary for the trial are in place in Niger, and surveillance is ongoing to detect eligible districts during upcoming meningitis epidemics. We are currently considering submitting the protocol in other meningitis belt countries. | other | 99.9375 |
Additional file 1:Populated SPIRIT checklist. These are our responses to the standard SPIRIT checklist. (DOC 121 kb) Additional file 2:Sample sizes necessary for the trial given different conditions. This table presents a range of different possibilities for sample size necessary for the trial, depending on various con... | other | 99.9375 |
Sample sizes necessary for the trial given different conditions. This table presents a range of different possibilities for sample size necessary for the trial, depending on various conditions, some of which will not be known until after the trial’s start. (XLSX 22 kb) | other | 99.875 |
In 2016, 1.3 million people died from tuberculosis (TB) and 1 million people died from HIV. Of the 10.4 million people that develop TB each year, one out of ten is HIV positive . HIV is one of the most important challenges to TB control globally . By severely affecting the immune system, HIV facilitates TB disseminatio... | review | 99.875 |
The optimal HIV screening strategy has been debated since the availability of HIV screening tests in 1985. Initially, HIV screening was mainly done in blood banks. In 1987, counseling and screening was recommended to persons at risk of HIV infection such as those with risk behaviors and those seeking care for sexually ... | review | 99.875 |
In Peru, HIV is concentrated among high-risk groups and 0.4% of the general population is infected, on the other hand, TB burden is among the highest in the region: in 2016 the incidence for all TB cases was 117 per 100,000 population . As the burden of TB is higher, case detection and treatment is conducted in the fir... | study | 99.9375 |
We conducted a secondary data analysis of cross sectional data obtained within a cohort study in 34 health care facilities (one district hospital and 33 primary care health centers) managed by the Ministry of Health in the San Juan de Lurigancho district in Lima, Peru. This was a cohort study to determine the proportio... | study | 100 |
The NTP guidelines recommend that all TB patients should offered HIV screening with an ELISA or a rapid test after a pre test counseling session conducted by a TB nurse trained by the HIV program. A post test counseling session is given in referral health facilities where HIV multidisciplinary teams provide HIV care . | other | 99.875 |
The cohort study included consenting adult patients with a first episode of smear positive pulmonary TB diagnosed between March 2010 and December 2011 in one of the study sites. Patients that had received more than two doses of TB treatment were excluded. This secondary data analysis included all cohort participants. | study | 100 |
Trained field workers enrolled participants and applied a structured questionnaire to collect demographic, epidemiological and clinical data. The variables sex, age, weight loss, education, social economical status, marital status, illegal drug consumption, alcohol abuse, history of deprivation of liberty, history of d... | study | 100 |
Study participants that were not yet screened for HIV by the TB routine staff at the moment of the interview, were invited for screening. Those agreeing to be screened received counseling by the Ministry of Health designated staff and the study field workers drew a sample of blood. An ELISA or a rapid test was done. If... | study | 100 |
For the cohort study logistics, the district was divided in four geographical areas depending on the altitude related to the hill of the study district and balancing the number and size of facilities in each area: highest, high, middle and lower. A field worker was assigned to each area. The two higher areas lie by the... | study | 99.875 |
Data were entered in a specially designed database in Access for Microsoft Office (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, US) and analyzed using Epi Info ™ version 7.1. The outcome was HIV screening (done or not done). Patients not screened were further categorized in “opted out” which included participants that explicitl... | study | 100 |
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