text string | predicted_class string | confidence float16 |
|---|---|---|
We developed contingency tables to compare the independent variables with the outcome. Three bivariate analyses of independent variables and outcomes were done: being screened versus not being screened, which included all patients enrolled; refusing screening versus not being screening for unknown reasons, which includ... | study | 100 |
The cohort study included 1295 patients and all were included in our analysis. Figure 1 describes the study population, those screened for HIV and the HIV screening results. Nine were aware of their HIV positive status before the TB diagnosis and fifteen were diagnosed with HIV during the TB episode. HIV prevalence was... | study | 100 |
Of all HIV screenings conducted among the study participants (76.1%, 979/1286): 81.2% (795/979) were done by the routine TB staff, 18.8% (184/979) were done by the study field workers. Therefore, if the study staff had not conducted additional efforts to those of the routine staff to screen TB patients for HIV, coverag... | study | 99.9375 |
Among those screened for HIV, the median time between TB treatment initiation and HIV screening was 4 days (interquartile range 0–18 days). In 69.9% (684/979) patients, HIV screening was done before or within 15 days after TB treatment initiation -as per NTP guidelines- and after 15 days of starting TB treatment in 30.... | study | 99.9375 |
Table 2 shows the determinants of not being screened for HIV of the 1197 patients included in the analysis (98 were excluded for missing data: 88 on socio economic status and 10 on a single other variable). Receiving TB care in one of the health care facilities of the higher areas of the district (odds ratio (OR) = 3.3... | study | 99.9375 |
Table 3 compares the characteristics of patients opting out of HIV screening to those of patients not screened for unknown reasons. Attending a health care facility in the highest area of the district was associated to opting out of screening. Patients reporting illegal drug consumption and those enrolled in the third ... | study | 99.9375 |
In a bivariate analysis of the characteristics of HIV positivity (including both those diagnosed before the TB episode and those diagnosed during the TB episode) among the 988 patients screened, more men than women were HIV positive (18 (3.0%) vs. 6 (1.5%)), more adults than young adults (9 (4.3%) vs. and 15 (2.0%)) an... | study | 100 |
Of the nine patients known to be HIV positive before the TB episode, eight were already on ART. Of the 15 patients diagnosed with HIV during the TB episode, we found evidence that 10 were affiliated to the Ministry of Health HIV program at a referral hospital and 9 were started on ART. We did not find evidence of HIV p... | study | 99.9375 |
We found an HIV screening coverage of 76.1% among patients recently diagnosed with smear positive pulmonary TB in an urban context of median TB incidence and low HIV prevalence. Factors associated to not being screened were illegal drug consumption and geographical location of the TB health facility within the study di... | study | 100 |
In the Americas region, in 2016, 80% persons notified for TB had a documented HIV positive test result, which is above the global proportion for 2016 (57%). In the same year, HIV screening in Peru covered 84% of TB patients . In 2010 (when our study was conducted) the National TB Program reported that 76% of TB patient... | study | 100 |
Only 9.2% TB patients opted out of screening, while 14.7% were not screened for unknown reasons. Patients not screened without explicitly opting out may have not wanted to be screened but did not say so, or the screening may have been delayed or postponed for diverse reasons (patient’s reasons such as not being sure, o... | study | 99.9375 |
Our finding that living in the higher areas of the district that lie by the hill as opposed to living in the middle and lower areas that are more urbanized, was associated to not being screened. Also, those living in the highest area were more likely to opt out of screening. This may be due to the fact that in higher a... | study | 100 |
The single patient related factor –among those measured by the study- associated to not being screened was illegal drug consumption. The screening strategy in this group (17% of the TB patients in our study reported use of illegal drugs) should be reinforced. The use of any illegal drug is associated with risk behavior... | study | 99.9375 |
Our findings suggest the need of strengthening the reference systems between TB and HIV programs. Despite having a small number of HIV positive patients, we detected a delay between HIV positive result and HIV program enrollment and ART initiation, and we did not find evidence of HIV program enrollment in five patients... | study | 99.9375 |
This operational study has some limitations. We did not obtain the exact reasons for why patients refused screening or why it was not done among those not opting out, which impedes a more precise explanation to our findings. Furthermore, we do not know which would have been the coverage if the study were not conducted.... | study | 100 |
We found that 76.1% patients recently diagnosed with TB, were screened for HIV. Patients that reported illegal drug use were less likely to be screened. Patients with a recent HIV diagnosis took long to be enrolled in a program for the initiation of antiretroviral treatment. This suggests a suboptimal integration of TB... | study | 99.9375 |
Heterogeneity of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) bacterial virulence factors is a major challenge for vaccine development. ETEC bacteria that produce adhesins to attach to different host receptors and enterotoxins to disrupt fluid homeostasis in small intestinal epithelial cells, are a leading cause of diarrhea... | review | 99.8125 |
Developing vaccines to prevent ETEC bacteria adherence and colonization, however, is hampered by the heterogeneity of ETEC bacterial adhesins. Different ETEC strains produce immunologically heterogeneous adhesins [8–10]. Antibodies derived from one type of adhesin may not block attachment of ETEC bacteria expressing di... | review | 99.6875 |
The MEFA technology intends to design structure-defined and epitope-based immunogens to induce broadly protective antibodies against heterogeneous ETEC adhesins , facilitating the development of broad-spectrum ETEC vaccines. We recently constructed 6xHis-tagged adhesin MEFA CFA/I/II/IV, by integrating epitopes (in sili... | study | 100 |
Immunogen structure and antigenicity can be characterized empirically and also computationally. Recent advance in computational modeling and structural biology allows to assess structure properties of immunogens and to accelerate vaccine development . In the current study, we cloned the CFA/I/II/IV MEFA gene without th... | study | 100 |
The tag-less CFA/I/II/IV MEFA chimeric gene was PCR amplified from 6xHis-tagged CFA/I/II/IV MEFA plasmid DNA with primers CFANcoI-F (5′-catgccatggaaatggctagcgcagtagaggat-‘3; NcoI site underlined) and T7-R (5′-tgctagttattggtcaggggt-‘3). PCR products were purified, digested with NcoI and EagI restriction enzymes (New En... | study | 99.9375 |
Program Rosetta [20–22] was used to generate an initial structure for the tag-less CFA/I/II/IV MEFA protein based on amino acid sequence, with the structure of CFA/I major subunit CfaB (PDB ID 3F85) as the template. The fragment-based library was used to model segments of the tag-less MEFA that did not align with the ... | study | 100 |
Atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed in CHARMM , using CHARMM 36 force field to further relax homology models and to investigate secondary structure and dynamics of the tag-less MEFA protein. Protein model was first solved in a cubic box of TIP3P water , and the total protein charge was neutral... | study | 100 |
Refolded tag-less CFA/I/II/IV MEFA protein was examined in 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immune blot assays as previously described . Protein purity and integrity were assessed in SDS-PAGE Coomassie blue staining and mass spectrophotometer under conditions of sinapinic aci... | study | 100 |
A group of 15 eight-week-old female BALB/c mice (Charles River Laboratories International, Inc., Wilmington, MA) was each intraperitoneally (IP) injected with 200 μg tag-less CFA/I/II/IV MEFA protein and 2 μg dmLT adjuvant (double mutant LT, LTR192G/L211A; provided by Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spri... | study | 99.9375 |
To assess if removal of the 6xHis-tag affected immunogenicity of the MEFA protein, serum samples of the mice immunized with the newly constructed tag-less CFA/I/II/IV MEFA and of those previously immunized with the 6x His-tagged CFA/I/II/IV MEFA were comparatively examined. | study | 100 |
Serum samples from each immunized mouse and each control mouse were titrated for IgG antibodies specific to CFA/I, CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4 and CS5 in ELISAs as we previously described . Antibodies specific to CS6 were not examined due to a lack of CS6 coating antigens. Mouse serum samples were two-fold diluted and examined ... | study | 100 |
Serum samples from the immunized mice or the control mice were examined for in vitro antibody activities against bacterial adherence as previously described . Briefly, ETEC bacteria expressing each CFA adhesin (3.5 × 106 CFUs; MOI of five bacteria per cell) pre-treated with 10% mannose were mixed with 20 μl serum from ... | study | 100 |
Protein dynamics simulation data analyses and structural visualization were performed using CHARMM , VMD and R (http://www.R-project.org) programs. Protein secondary structure was calculated with STRIDE . The solvent accessible surface area (ASA) was calculated by CHARMM with a water probe size of 1.4 Å. Relative ASA ... | study | 99.9375 |
Mouse serum antibody titers expressed in log10 were analyzed using SAS for Windows, version 8 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC), with Student’s t-test for the significance of differences. Mouse serum antibody adherence inhibition activities were examined with non-parametric Mood’s Median Test at 95% confidence. Numeric results... | study | 99.9375 |
Transformation of E. coli BL21 with plasmids carrying the tag-less CFA/I/II/IV MEFA gene yielded recombinant strain 9472. Strain 9472 expressed tag-less CFA/I/II/IV MEFA protein as effectively as strain 9175 expressed 6xHis-tagged MEFA. Tag-less CFA/I/II/IV MEFA protein was extracted at an average yield of 150 mg per l... | study | 100 |
Extracted protein was recognized by anti-CFA/I mouse antiserum (Figure 1). Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) showed a predominant peak at a mass of 15,525 daltons for the tag-less CFA/I/II/IV protein (Figure 1), and 17,307 daltons for the 6xHis-tagged MEFA protein, the expected mole... | study | 100 |
A total of 50 models were generated for the tag-less CFA/I/II/IV MEFA proteins. The one with the top conformer score showed a structure similar to backbone CFA/I CfaB subunit (Figure 2). Epitopes of the CFA/I, CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4, CS5 and CS6 in the tag-less MEFA protein were surface-exposed (Figure 2). | study | 100 |
Molecular dynamics simulation of protein secondary structural and dynamic properties showed the tag-less CFA/I/II/IVMEFA proteins maintained stable secondary structure during the entire simulation, indicated by peptide segments maintained same structure (the same color) as simulation time evolved (Figure 3). The root m... | study | 100 |
Accessible surface area (ASA) analyses showed that all representing epitopes in the tag-less MEFA protein were surface exposed (Figure 5). ASA comparative studies indicated that the CS1 (5.5%), CS2 (5.3%), CS3 (4.9%), CS5 (9.7%) and CS6 (4.6%) epitopes were relatively more exposed. | study | 100 |
Mice IP immunized with the tag-less CFA/I/II/IV MEFA protein developed antigen-specific antibodies (Figure 7). Anti-CFA/I, -CS1, -CS2, -CS3, -CS4/CS6 and anti-CS5/CS6 IgG antibody titers in serum samples of the immunized mice were 3.5 ± 0.15, 3.4 ± 0.25, 3.4 ± 0.27, 3.5 ± 0.20, 3.3 ± 0.23 and 3.1 ± 0.20 (log10). No ant... | study | 100 |
The serum samples pooled from the mice immunized with the tagless MEFA significantly inhibited adherence of ETEC or E. coli bacteria expressing CFA/I, CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4/CS6, CS5/CS6, or CS6 to Caco-2 cells, compared to the control mouse serum samples (Table 1). | study | 100 |
Structure-based vaccine design or structural vaccinology aided by computational modeling and atomistic simulation provides a new tool to overcome antigen heterogeneity challenge in vaccine development [18,34–40]. For ETEC vaccine development, heterogeneity of ETEC bacterial virulence factors remains the key challenge. ... | study | 99.9375 |
This tag-less CFA/I/II/IV MEFA was constructed by: 1) in silico predicting B-cell epitopes of the major structural subunits of the seven most important ETEC adhesins (CFA/I, CS1–CS6), 2) selecting one subunit (CFA/I subunit CfaB in this study) as the backbone at the criteria that this backbone subunit is very stable an... | study | 100 |
Current data revealed removal of 6xHis-tag appeared not to affect the CFA/I/II/IV MEFA at protein expression, protein structure and stability, and immunogenicity. Data showed the tag-less and 6xHis-tagged CFA/I/II/IV MEFA proteins were expressed and extracted at the same yield (about 150 mg per liter culture medium) an... | study | 100 |
Despite computational antigenicity prediction and empirical immunogenicity data from mouse immunization exhibited congruence, some variations were observed between in silico predicted accessible surface area (ASA) and in vitro antibody protection against bacterial adherence. CS5 epitope was calculated with a significan... | study | 100 |
Congruence at overall immunogenicity of this tag-less CFA/I/II/IV MEFA between computational data and empirical mouse immunization data suggest the potential application of structural vaccinology in ETEC vaccine development. Whether antigen immunogenicity congruence also occurs from data in human immunization studies w... | study | 100 |
A new generation of local drug release platforms with sustained and complex release profiles for reduced therapeutic doses has emerged to overcome the disadvantages of conventional treatments—generally oral or intravenous administrations—with considerable adverse effects . | other | 82.0625 |
These local drug release platforms face important challenges to ensure efficient therapy: (i) efficient loading of drugs, (ii) sustained delivery, (iii) avoiding the ‘burst effect’ (high dose release within the first minutes), (iv) material stability (avoiding degradation), and (v) the possibility to chemically modify ... | review | 99.875 |
Porous materials have attracted great interest for the development of controlled drug delivery platforms because of their high effective surface area and tunable pore size . The pore geometry is one of the main determining factors of the total drug load entering the pores and the release profile. Three-dimensional (3D)... | review | 99.4375 |
Nanoporous anodic alumina (NAA), readily and cost-effectively fabricated by electrochemical anodization, permits obtaining elaborate and reproducible 3D pore geometries. The many physical and chemical properties of NAA make this material a versatile and interesting platform for controlled drug release. NAA has a highly... | review | 69.3125 |
Its high effective surface area makes NAA an ideal material for drug delivery applications providing pores as nanocontainers with regular and controlled structural features for loading active agents like drugs or molecules . Moreover, the surface of NAA can be functionalized to be selective for specific molecules and c... | other | 99.8125 |
In this work the drug release kinetics for simple and complex NAA pore structures is investigated. Pores with straight walls and 3D pore structures with multilayered funnel and inverted funnel geometries are fabricated by electrochemical anodization, resulting in complex NAA platforms for drug delivery. Using the chemo... | study | 100 |
All NAA porous structures were prepared by electrochemical anodization of high purity (99.999%) aluminum plates (Goodfellow, Huntingdon, UK) in phosphoric acid electrolyte. The aluminum plates were initially degreased with acetone and ethanol to eliminate organic impurities and electropolished in a mixture of perchlori... | study | 100 |
A single hard anodization step was performed to obtain straight pores (SP) with a uniform pore diameter from top to bottom (Figure 1a). The length of the pores of all SP is 30 µm. To widen the pores, wet chemical etching with aqueous solution of 5% H3PO4 was performed for 0 (SP1), 45 (SP2), 90 (SP3), and 120 min (SP4). | study | 99.9375 |
Normal Funnels (NF) were produced by a sequential combination of hard anodization and pore widening steps, and labeled according to the final number of layers. NF2 consist of a 15 µm thick top layer, widened in 5% H3PO4 for 90 min, and a 15 µm thick bottom layer. Similarly, NF3 consist of a 10 µm thick top layer widene... | other | 79.9375 |
The fabrication of Inverted Funnels (IF) required a thermal treatment at 250 °C and 500 °C to change the crystallographic phase of the alumina. The inverted funnels were labeled IF2 and IF3 according to their respective total number of layers (Figure 1c). IF2 consisted of a top layer of 15 µm, followed by a thermal tre... | study | 99.875 |
All NAA structures were characterized by Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM, FEI Quanta 600, FEI Co., Hillsboro, OR, USA). The wet chemical etch rate during the pore widening steps was estimated for samples with and without a 500 °C thermal treatment. For the calibration of the pore widening process, ESEM... | study | 100 |
Doxorubicin (DOX), a self-fluorescent chemotherapeutic agent, was selected as a model drug. Drug loading into NAA pores was performed through capillary action by immersing NAA into a DOX solution of 1 mg/mL. The suspension was stirred overnight in the dark with the NAA structures immersed. Subsequently, samples were wa... | study | 99.9375 |
The release studies were performed in vitro using phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), which is commonly employed to simulate in vivo conditions for drug release. DOX release was estimated by directly measuring the photoluminescence of the release medium. This in situ measurement process is ideal to understand the release ... | study | 100 |
Normal Funnels (NF) with two and three layers of different pore diameters were successfully fabricated. ESEM cross-section images of NF show straight pore growth with no discontinuities (i.e., occluded pores) despite the interruption of the anodization process between layers (Figure 2). The transition between adjacent ... | study | 100 |
Inverted Funnels (IF) were also successfully fabricated, and their ESEM cross-section images are shown in Figure 3 (IF2) and Figure 4 (IF3). For both IF, parallel and perpendicular growth of the pores as well as conic and clear transitions between adjacent layers of different pore diameters can be observed. High magnif... | study | 100 |
The two distinct pore diameters of the IF2 top and bottom layers suggest that the crystallographic structure of the top layer was successfully modified by the temperature treatment (500 °C). The same clear transitions between layers are observed in IF3 samples, demonstrating that the intermediate annealing temperature ... | study | 100 |
The effect of the temperature treatment on the pore widening process during IF fabrication was further assessed, and a calibration of the pore widening rates was determined. The pore diameters were estimated from ESEM images taken after consecutive 15 min pore widening steps for samples thermally treated at 500 °C, and... | study | 100 |
Figure S2 shows the estimated pore diameter as a function of pore widening time, revealing higher etch rates for the untreated samples (2.5 nm/min) than for the thermally treated samples (1.2 nm/min). These are brought about by the thermal annealing, which increases the crystallinity, and consequently, the stability of... | study | 100 |
Figure 5a shows the pore diameter of the top layers of all the fabricated NAA structures. Increasing pore diameters of samples SP1–SP4 are directly related to the increasing widening time intervals (Table S1). NF2 and NF3 show top pore diameters similar to SP3 (around 300 nm), and IF2 and IF3 top diameters are similar ... | study | 100 |
The relationship between the total amount of drug load and volume is shown in Figure 6. The total drug load of straight pores is linearly proportional to the pore volume, as indicated by the linear regression for SP1–SP4 (dotted line). Similarly, the total drug load of NF follows the trend of SP samples, though, with a... | study | 100 |
The influence of the pore geometry on short and long-term drug release has been studied for all fabricated NAA structures. Figure 7 and Figure S3 show the drug release response for the first 8 h, and for the complete release time of 1512 h (63 days). All of the NAA structures presented in this work can be considered as... | study | 99.9375 |
The drug release profile of all the pore geometries can be described by distinguishing two phases: (i) a short-term release with a higher release rate within the first 8 h, and (ii) a slow and sustained release where almost the entire drug load is delivered from the NAA after 63 days. | study | 99.9375 |
Most of the NAA structures presented here release only around 25–30% of the total drug load during the short-term release, which is very low compared to the 80% and above of most conventional structures in the literature . Generally, the initial release is attributed to the fast diffusion of drug molecules residing on ... | study | 100 |
The pore geometries were found to influence the short-term release rates. The 200 nm pore diameter of the top layer of IF2 and IF3 is similar to SP2, however, their release rates are considerably lower than SP2. The pore opening of IF acts like a bottleneck for the infiltrating medium and the eluting drug, hindering th... | study | 100 |
The experimental data for short- and long-term release were modeled to measure the kinetics and establish the mechanism of DOX release. For short-term release, the experimental data was modeled using a variation of the Higuchi equation :(1)Mt=M0+Kt where Mt is the cumulative release at time t, M0 is the intercept value... | study | 100 |
The fitting of the experimental data for all pore geometries with Equation (1) is presented in Figure 8, where the cumulative DOX release is plotted against the square root of time during the short-term release. The fitting is in very good agreement with the experimental data for all pore geometries, demonstrating that... | study | 100 |
During the short-term release, the release constant K for straight pore structures (SP1–SP4) is linearly proportional to the pore diameter, following the equation:K = 0.168 + 6.46 × 10−4·Dp(2) where K is the release constant in (µg/mL)/min1/2 and Dp is the pore diameter in nanometers. | study | 99.9375 |
IF are the structures with the highest load efficiency, as they retain a higher quantity of drug inside of the pores than SP and NF, with the same volume or top pore diameter. During short-term release, IF structures show a lower release constant K than SP structures with the same top pore diameter. However, if the spe... | study | 99.9375 |
For the long-term release the experimental data was modeled with the Korsmeyer–Peppas equation :(3)Mt=Mt0(tt0)n where Mt is the quantity of drug released at time t, Mt0 is the amount of drug released at the reference time t0 (day 1), t is time in days, and n is the release parameter related to the release rate. | study | 99.9375 |
Table 2 shows the values of these parameters fitted for the release of all the pore structures. The release rate was calculated with the first derivative of Equation (3) . Figure 10 shows a good agreement between the experimental data and the fitting modeled with Equation (3). | study | 100 |
NF and SP3 have a similar top pore diameter and release rates. IF have slightly higher release rates than SP2, which is explained by the quantity of drug remaining inside the pores. During the short-term release, NF and SP delivered a higher part of their load than IF as their release rates were higher. Due to this, an... | study | 100 |
The release profiles for the studied pore geometries revealed two interesting and promising properties: (i) very long drug release times determining the presented NAA as sustained drug delivery platforms, and (ii) a constant drug delivery free of an initial release burst to prevent undesired high initial drug delivery ... | study | 99.9375 |
The obtained results reveal that the pore geometry influences the total drug load within the pores. IF retain a higher quantity of drug inside the pores than SP and NF with the same volume or top pore diameter. The pore geometry also influences the release kinetics. During the short-term release, IF showed lower releas... | study | 100 |
Moreover, the dynamics of the release of all the pore structures were successfully modeled, and two different release regimes were differentiated: a short-term and a long-term release. The short-term release (first 8 h) was modeled by the Higuchi model, whereas for the long-term release the Korsmeyer–Peppas equations w... | study | 100 |
Violence against women (VAW) is a major human rights and public health concern, with significant impacts on women’s health [1, 2], including increased vulnerability to HIV [3, 4]. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is the most common form of violence against women, with 30% of women globally experiencing it during their l... | review | 99.875 |
There has also been wide recognition that a range of public health issues centred within intimate relationships, such as HIV and partner violence, are influenced by broader community and societal factors [10–12]. In response a growing number of complex interventions combine mass media with community mobilisation effort... | review | 99.8125 |
Research evaluating such interventions tends to focus on measuring their impact on intended outcomes and, in some cases, on establishing whether exposure to the intervention follows a typical dose response curve. While this is important, there is a paucity of research into the more nuanced roles intervention and social... | review | 99.75 |
Diffusion of innovations theory provides a useful framework for exploring how attributes of the individual, intervention, and social system, converge to allow the spread of new ideas/behaviours from a source (e.g. implementing organisation) to an individual (e.g. community members) via different communication channels ... | study | 99.9375 |
Diffusion of innovations theory focuses on the role different communication channels play in facilitating individuals’ ‘exposure’ (both ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’) to new ideas and their movement through a ‘innovation-decision process’ (knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, confirmation) . The term ‘diffusion’ ... | review | 99.625 |
SASA! is designed to diffuse new ideas and behaviours to community members directly through, 1) mass media channels: TV, radio and posters displayed in shops, on gates, at local authority offices, health centres and in the market; 2) mid media channels: videos or dramas performed in public spaces in the community; and,... | other | 99.875 |
Diffusion theorists have also identified key attributes of interventions or innovations that influence how quickly new ideas or behaviours are adopted and account for most of the variation between innovations that are adopted quickly and those that are not . For example, individuals need a sense that there is a ‘relat... | review | 99 |
Change agents are also evidenced to play an influential role in adoption. Rogers outlines seven roles a change agent ideally plays in introducing new ideas and behaviours within communities and facilitating adoption: develop a need for change; establish an information exchange relationship; diagnose problems; create an... | other | 99.9375 |
Together the communication channels, intervention attributes and change agent roles can serve as a guide or starting point when evaluating interventions, and help illuminate what facilitated or prevented the intervention’s intended outcomes. In this paper we investigate three research questions using quantitative and q... | study | 99.875 |
The SASA! approach was developed by Raising Voices and implemented by the Center for Domestic Violence Prevention (CEDOVIP). The SASA! study was conducted in eight high-density, impoverished communities in Kampala, Uganda. Rates of HIV and IPV are high in Kampala, with 9.5% of women and 4.1% of men aged 15-49 estimated... | study | 99.9375 |
SASA! is a community mobilisation approach for preventing VAW and HIV. It is designed for catalysing community-led change of norms and behaviours that perpetuate gender inequality, violence and increased HIV vulnerability for women. SASA! means ‘Now’ in Kiswahili and is an acronym for the four phases of the approach - ... | other | 99.875 |
With the support of staff, the activists then take the lead as the approach moves forward into the Awareness, Support and Action phases. In these phases, the activists lead informal, benefits-based activities within their existing social networks—fostering open discussions, critical thinking and supportive person-to-pe... | other | 99.875 |
This paper used both qualitative and quantitative data to extend the breadth and depth of understanding of diffusion within the context of the SASA! intervention. The quantitative and qualitative analyses were integrated to achieve complementarity through answering related questions using the type of data most suited t... | study | 100 |
The data for this analysis was collected during the follow-up survey of the SASA! RCT, described elsewhere in detail . Briefly, the survey was conducted in 2012 with 2532 community members in eight sites (four intervention, four control) following 2.8 years of programming. A person was eligible for inclusion in the sur... | study | 100 |
This analysis explored how exposure to SASA! through different communication channels (e.g. mid media, interpersonal communication) were associated with reporting positive change in the relationship since exposure to SASA!. This outcome was chosen as a proxy for movement on the continuum of change towards improved rela... | study | 100 |
The exposure variables were chosen as indicators of the communication channels through which SASA! messaging may diffuse either directly from intervention exposure or indirectly via discussion about SASA! with different social network members. During the RCT the main forms of mass media in the SASA! Activist Kit (radio... | study | 100 |
The statistical analysis was conducted using STATA version 13.1. All analyses were conducted separately for men and women given that gendered variation in response patterns are frequently observed in IPV research . Clustering of the outcomes within the study sites was ‘small’ (< 0.1 intraclass correlation), hence the a... | study | 100 |
Multivariate logistic regression was used to further explore associations between the exposures and outcome. We first modelled the association between multi-channel exposure and the outcome, adjusted for potential confounders (age, marital status, socioeconomic status (SES) and education level). Separate models were th... | study | 100 |
Using data from the SASA! couples study, detailed elsewhere , the qualitative analysis examined participants’ engagement with the intervention and how different communication channel exposures to SASA! influenced relationship changes. Participants in the couples’ study were sampled purposively from the RCT follow up su... | study | 100 |
The World Health Organisation protocol for interviewing women on IPV was observed and each participant gave individual written informed consent to be interviewed and, in the qualitative study, to be audio recorded. The SASA! Study received ethical clearance from Institutional and National Review Boards. Couples were n... | study | 85.9375 |
Detailed characteristics of the quantitative sample including intervention exposure are presented in Table 2. The majority of men and women lived in rented homes with access to electricity; water was from a public tap and sanitation facilities were mainly pit latrine toilets. The mean age was 28 for women and 29 for me... | study | 100 |
In the quantitative sample, among partnered community members who reported at least some exposure to SASA!, nearly all had seen SASA! materials (e.g. posters) and 69% of women and 89% of men had been to a discussion activity at least once (Table 2). Drama exposure was also high (83% of men and 66% of women) and the maj... | study | 100 |
In the qualitative sample, 18 of the 20 participants had been exposed through at least one communication route, with two women reporting no exposure at all (5F, 8F). The intensity and type of exposure to SASA! varied among participants. There were examples of couples and individuals that primarily had direct relationsh... | other | 59.96875 |
In that area [attending activities] I have been lazy, maybe it is because I was relying on [CA]...but still I cannot say that I am so informed about their activities...I get to hear about these things from [our CA]...he usually tells me that they have gone for training, things like that...but we have not been active in... | other | 99.9375 |
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