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News article:
Researchers reporting in Current Biology on November 19 have found that a vast array of regularly spaced, still-inhabited termite mounds in northeastern Brazil--covering an area the size of Great Britain--are up to about 4,000 years old.
The mounds, which are easily visible on Google Earth, are not nests. Rather, they are the result of the insects' slow and steady excavation of a network of interconnected underground tunnels. The termites' activities over thousands of years has resulted in huge quantities of soil deposited in approximately 200 million cone-shaped mounds, each about 2.5 meters tall and 9 meters across.
"These mounds were formed by a single termite species that excavated a massive network of tunnels to allow them to access dead leaves to eat safely and directly from the forest floor," says Stephen Martin of the University of Salford in the UK. "The amount of soil excavated is over 10 cubic kilometers, equivalent to 4,000 great pyramids of Giza, and represents one of the biggest structures built by a single insect species."
"This is apparently the world's most extensive bioengineering effort by a single insect species," adds Roy Funch of Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana in Brazil. "Perhaps most exciting of all--the mounds are extremely old--up to 4,000 years, similar to the ages of the pyramids."
The mounds are largely hidden from view in the fully deciduous, semiarid, thorny-scrub caatinga forests unique to northeastern Brazil. They'd only really come into view by "outsiders," including scientists, when some of the lands were cleared for pasture in recent decades.
Soil samples collected from the centers of 11 mounds and dated indicated that the mounds were filled 690 to 3,820 years ago. That makes them about as old as the world's oldest known termite mounds in Africa.
The researchers investigated whether the strangely regular spatial pattern of the mounds was driven by competition amongst termites in neighboring mounds. Their behavioral tests found little aggression at the mound level. That's compared to obvious aggression amongst termites collected at greater distances from one another.
The findings lead the researchers to suggest that the over-dispersed spatial mound pattern isn't generated by aggressive interactions. Instead, Martin and his colleagues propose that the mound pattern arose through self-organizational processes facilitated by the increased connectivity of the tunnel network and driven by episodic leaf-fall in the dry forest.
They say that a pheromone map might allow the termites to minimize their travel time from any location in the colony to the nearest waste mound. The vast tunnel network apparently allows safe access to a sporadic food supply, similar to what's been seen in naked mole-rats, which also live in arid regions and construct very extensive burrow networks to obtain food, the researchers report.
"It's incredible that, in this day and age, you can find an 'unknown' biological wonder of this sheer size and age still existing, with the occupants still present," Martin says.
The researchers say there are many questions still to pursue. For instance, no one knows how these termite colonies are physically structured because a queen chamber of the species has never been found.
###
This research was supported by RRF was supported by FAPESB and CNPq.
Current Biology, Martin et al.: "A vast 4000-year-old spatial pattern of termite mounds" https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31287-9 ||||| (CNN) — Researchers have discovered a gigantic complex of 200 million termite mounds in northeastern Brazil , which may be up to 4,000 years old and covers an area about the size of Great Britain.
Although visible on Google Earth, the conical mounds, some of which rise up to 10 feet high, are largely hidden from view at ground level in semiarid, thorny-scrub forests, according to research published this month in Current Biology.
"These mounds were formed by a single termite species that excavated a massive network of tunnels to allow them to access dead leaves to eat safely and directly from the forest floor," researcher and entomologist Stephen Martin of the UK's University of Salford said in a statement.
"The amount of soil excavated is ... equivalent to 4,000 Great Pyramids of Giza, and represents one of the biggest structures built by a single insect species."
The mounds are found in dense, low, dry forest caatinga vegetation and can be seen when the land is cleared for pasture. Roy Funch
The mounds, more of which are still being built, came to scientists' attention when some of the lands were cleared for pasture in recent decades.
Soil samples collected from the centers of 11 mounds and dated indicated that the mounds were created 690 to 3,820 years ago. That makes them about as old as the world's oldest known termite mounds in Africa, according to a statement posted online by Cell Press.
The mounds are not nests but rather the result of the insects' slow and steady excavation of a network of interconnected underground tunnels, which resulted in waste building up in cones on the surface.
The vast tunnel network apparently allows safe access to a sporadic food supply, similar to naked mole-rats, which also live in arid regions and construct very extensive burrow networks to obtain food, the researchers said.
"It's incredible that, in this day and age, you can find an 'unknown' biological wonder of this sheer size and age still existing, with the occupants still present," Martin said. ||||| Researchers have recently uncovered evidence of a 4,000-year-old construction site in northeastern Brazil. Stretching over an area the size of Britain is a cluster of 200 million mounds, some as high as 10 feet tall, that were painstakingly raised over the centuries by generations of extremely ambitious builders—termites.
The mounds are the work of a single species: Syntermes dirus, one of the largest termites in the world. The cone-shaped piles, each spaced about 60 feet apart, are what’s left behind when the insects burrow tunnels in the soil beneath the dry tropical forest. Some of the mounds are still in use. Radioactive dating found that the oldest piles were 3,820 years old, according to a new paper in Current Biology.
That’s about as old as the Great Pyramids at Giza, though the pyramids weren’t quite as ambitious: The mounds represent 2.4 cubic miles of unearthed dirt, a volume that would fill roughly 4,000 Great Pyramids. Like the Egyptian landmarks, they can also be seen from space.
The mounds are the result of a highly efficient food-distribution system. The termites feed on the dead leaves of the dry, thorny caatinga forests unique to the region. The leaves fall once a year, prompting a termite feeding frenzy. The tunnels allow the insects to cover a greater expanse of forest floor.
“Just think if all the supermarkets were open for only one day in the year, those people that can move rapidly along vast distances will get most food and a better chance to survive,” entomologist and lead author Stephen Martin told Gizmodo.
It’s a fascinating find, though the reasons for its discovery are distressing. This UK-sized area used to be covered by trees, which were recently cleared for pasture. ||||| Image: Roy Funch
Scientists have discovered an immense grouping of freakishly large termite mounds in northeastern Brazil. Obscured by trees, the previously undetected array occupies a space equal to the size of Great Britain.
As described in a new paper published today in Current Biology, the regularly spaced termite mounds date back nearly 4,000 years and cover an astounding 230,000 square kilometers (88,800 square miles) of dry tropical forest in a relatively undisturbed region of northeastern Brazil. The mounds, measuring around 2.5 meters (8.2 feet) tall and 9 meters (30 feet) wide, took thousands of years to build by an untold number of termites, all of which belong to the same species, Syntermes dirus.
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Image: S. J. Martin et al., 2018/Current Biology
The soldiers of this species are one of the largest termites in world, and are often used as food by the local tribes in the Amazon. These termites live underground and feed on dead leaves from the forest floor at night. Like most termites, these insects are blind, but the soldiers are very aggressive and can draw blood when they bite humans.
And as the new research reveals, these termites are also exceptionally good at generating soil mounds. Stephen Martin, the lead author of the new study and an entomologist at the University of Salford, said the mounds are not nests, but rather the result of excavations done by the termites while building a vast interconnected network of tunnels.
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In other words, they’re piles of industrial waste.
“These tunnels are constructed so that very small and temporary branch tubes can be built vertically to reach the forest floor, allowing them to forage close to the temporary tube, as many predators—namely ants—exist on the forest floor,” Martin told Gizmodo.
These termites feed exclusively on the dead leaves that fall from the caatinga vegetation—a dry shrubland and thorn forest. The caatinga leaves fall only once per year, so the termites rely on these tunnels to quickly access large areas of the forest floor to collect the food.
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“Just think if all the supermarkets were open for only one day in the year, those people that can move rapidly along vast distances will get most food and a better chance to survive,” explained Martin.
Image: Roy Funch
This excavating and tunnel-building behavior has been repeated for thousands of years in the forest, resulting in the formation of 200 million conical mounds. The researchers estimate that approximately 10 cubic kilometers (2.4 cubic miles) of soil has been processed by the termites during this time—a volume roughly equal to 4,000 Great Pyramids of Giza. It’s now considered one of the largest structures ever built by a single insect species.
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Hard to believe something as large as this went undetected for so long, but the local geography played a part.
“For the people that live among them, the mounds are just part of the landscape, so they’re nothing unusual,” Martin told Gizmodo. The mounds are “in areas that are not easy for researchers to reach,” he said, and the region is “very hot, dry, and [economically] poor.” The “forest is very thorny, and the scale of the mounds so massive it is almost impossible to imagine that they are built by an animal,” but they are “just remains of the past,” said Martin.
The mounds came to the attention of scientists after some of the lands were recently cleared for use as pasture. Using Google Earth, some researchers were able to identify these structures as being termite mounds, but the size of the superstructure was largely unknown. Martin and his colleagues visited the area to see the mounds for themselves, at which time the full extent of the array became clear.
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Analysis of soil samples taken from 11 of the mounds suggests they were generated between 690 and 3,820 years ago. Termite mounds in Africa have been found to be around this old as well.
A striking feature of the array, aside from its vast size, is how regularly spaced the mounds are. This “over-dispersed spatial mound pattern,” in the words of the researchers, was thought to be the result of intra-termite conflict and competition.
“The idea goes that if each mound is occupied by a colony and if they are aggressive towards their neighbors then colonies/mounds will space themselves out over the landscape in a regular pattern,” explained Martin. “However, due to the high density of mounds and small amount of leaf-fall (food) it was very unlikely that a colony lived in or under each mound in our study.”
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What’s more, behavioral tests with Syntermes dirus revealed very little aggression at the mound level; the researchers have no reason to believe that the spatial patterns are a function of warring mounds. Rather than being the result aggressive interactions, the mounds “arose through self-organizational processes facilitated by the increased connectivity of the tunnel network, which is driven by the episodic leaf-fall in the caatinga,” write the researchers in the study. To which they add: “This vast permanent tunnel network allows safe access to a sporadic food supply, similar to Heterocephalus naked-mole rats that also live in arid regions and construct very extensive burrow networks to obtain food.”
Image: Roy Funch
Martin said there’s still plenty to learn about these termites and their waste piles. For example, the actual nest where the king and queen live, called the royal chamber, has never been found. Also, the researchers aren’t sure how big each colony can get, or how the termites are able to survive for months without access to food.
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“We hope that, by bringing this amazing array of mounds to the attention of the scientific community, teams of people, including ourselves, may start to answer some of these questions,” said Martin.
[Current Biology] |||||
What is a shorter version of the above article? | – Around the time Egypt's pyramids were built, another massive project got underway in a different part of the world. And like the pyramids, the resulting site in northeastern Brazil is visible from space today. But there was no ramp or pulley, or even manpower. Rather, as entomologist Stephen Martin explains in a post at Phys.org, the complex of 200 million large mounds of dirt covering an area the size of Great Britain "represents one of the biggest structures built by a single insect species." He's referring to termites. The cone-shaped mounds are up to 10 feet high and 30 feet wide, and spaced about 60 feet apart, per Quartz. Scientists date the oldest of them to 3,820 years ago, making them about the same age as the world's oldest known termite mounds in Africa, reports CNN. As a point of reference, they say the excavated dirt would fill 4,000 Great Pyramids of Giza. The mounds were formed as one of the world's largest termite species, Syntermes dirus, "excavated a massive network of tunnels" to reach meals of dead leaves when they fell to the forest floor once a year, Martin says. The tunnels allow termites to cover a lot of ground quickly while providing protection. Note the present tense, as researchers say some mounds remain in use over 88,800 square miles. "It's incredible that, in this day and age, you can find an 'unknown' biological wonder of this sheer size and age still existing, with the occupants still present," says Martin, whose study was published Monday in Current Biology. Interestingly, though Gizmodo notes the termites can be aggressive, researchers found little evidence of aggression in the mounds, suggesting a cohesive colony. (So-called fairy circles are also linked to termites.) | 5 | Flan2021 | multi_news:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
lmms compose and produce music with your computer composing, mixing, editing and playing with music. tuxguitar is a software for music notation free, multitrack tablature editor and player.
Repeat this setence, but with the correct capitalization. | LMMS Compose and produce music with your computer composing, mixing, editing and playing with music. TuxGuitar is a software for music notation free, multitrack tablature editor and player. | 4 | Flan2021 | true_case | zs_opt |
In addition, there is ample case-law stating that the acts are what they are and not what any interpretation may make of them. This also applies to the effects such acts may have, no matter how sensibly they may be interpreted.
Translate to German
German: | Darüber sind nach der bestehenden, außerordentlich umfassenden Rechtsprechung Rechtsakte das, was sie sind, und bieten keinen Spielraum für Interpretationen, auch was ihre Folgen betrifft, so einleuchtend die betreffende Interpretation auch sein mag. | 0 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/de-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
What is the sentiment of the following movie (choose your answer from the options) review sentence?
this is n't even a movie we can enjoy as mild escapism ;
Choices:
i. negative.
ii. positive.
The answer is: | i. | 5 | Flan2021 | glue/sst2:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Translate to Romanian:
That was not true, however, as we now know.
Romanian: | Totuși, așa cum am aflat între timp, acest lucru nu era adevărat. | 4 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/ro-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Choose your answer from options. Premise: ", that his sexual relationship with Hillary is not all it's supposed to be, let's assume that some of the allegations that Hillary--sometimes not necessarily being into regular sex with men--might be true." If this premise is true, what does that tell us about whether it entails the hypothesis "Let's assume that some of the allegation that Hiallry isn't alway into regular sex with men."?
Pick from:
(1). yes;
(2). it is not possible to tell;
(3). no; | (1). | 6 | Flan2021 | glue/mnli:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
If "Fred covered his eyes with his hands, because the wind was blowing sand around. He lowered them when the wind stopped.", can we conclude that "He lowered his hands when the wind stopped."
Pick from:
(A). no;
(B). yes;
I think the answer is | (B). | 0 | Flan2021 | glue/wnli:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Write a subject line for this message:
Are you tired of letting your debt run your life? Are you working harder to make ends meet only to have less money and less time. We have the solution for your future. With Debt Consolidation you can take your life back. We will take all your current debt and merge it into one monthly payment at a super low monthly interest rate. Your debt will be re-payed faster and you will have more money, more time and less stress. Simply reply to this E-mail with the following Information Name: Address: City: State: Zip Code: Home Phone: Work Phone: Best Time to Call:
Subject Line: | Let us pay your debt for you! [dibu5] | 1 | Flan2021 | aeslc:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Germans:
After Christianization, the Roman Catholic Church and local rulers led German expansion and settlement in areas inhabited by Slavs and Balts, known as Ostsiedlung. During the wars waged in the Baltic by the Catholic German Teutonic Knights; the lands inhabited by the ethnic group of the Old Prussians (the current reference to the people known then simply as the "Prussians"), were conquered by the Germans. The Old Prussians were an ethnic group related to the Latvian and Lithuanian Baltic peoples. The former German state of Prussia took its name from the Baltic Prussians, although it was led by Germans who had assimilated the Old Prussians; the old Prussian language was extinct by the 17th or early 18th century. The Slavic people of the Teutonic-controlled Baltic were assimilated into German culture and eventually there were many intermarriages of Slavic and German families, including amongst the Prussia's aristocracy known as the Junkers. Prussian military strategist Karl von Clausewitz is a famous German whose surname is of Slavic origin. Massive German settlement led to the assimilation of Baltic (Old Prussians) and Slavic (Wends) populations, who were exhausted by previous warfare.
Please answer a question about this article. If the question is unanswerable, say "unanswerable". When was the Prussian language extinct? | 17th or early 18th century | 0 | Flan2021 | squad/v2.0:3.0.0 | zs_opt |
What is a random fact? | wood is an electrical energy insulator | 8 | Flan2021 | openbookqa:0.1.0 | zs_opt |
Why do scientists perform multiple trials of the same experiment?
-
Available choices: (a). to include additional variables in the experiment; (b). to complete the steps of the experiment in less time; (c). to find a less expensive way to conduct the experiment; (d). to increase the likelihood of accurate experiment results; | (d). | 4 | Flan2021 | unified_qa_science_inst | zs_opt |
Math Problem
Solve 77*d + 150 = 52*d for d. | -6 | 3 | Flan2021 | math_dataset/algebra__linear_1d:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Use evidence from the fact that national parks limit hunting to answer the following question. Choose from options. "Where is the best place to shoot animals?"
Available choices:
[I] national park;
[II] sky;
[III] forest;
[IV] sea; | [III] | 4 | Flan2021 | openbookqa:0.1.0 | zs_opt |
What happens next in this paragraph?
How to prepare homemade mayonnaise
Prepare the ingredients.
Gather 1 large egg or 2 small eggs , 8 oz. ( 2.5 dl) of cooking oil, and 1 tbsp.
pick from the following.
1). ( 15 ml) of salt and mix them with the two eggs. Pour the two eggs and salt into a large bowl.
2). ( 15 ml) of crème de cacao into a small, fine bowl. Whisk in the same amount of water and pepper and Wash the egg and crème de cacao together.
3). ( 15 g) lemon juice or vinegar. Leave all of the ingredients out at room temperature for approximately 30 minutes prior to preparing the mayonnaise.
4). ( 15 ml) of non-fat, unsalted butter. You can substitute whole or whole egg yolks for the butter if you prefer. | 3). | 0 | Flan2021 | hellaswag:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Translate to Czech:
Now leave me alone.
Czech: | Už to nedělám. Dej mi pokoj. | 4 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/cs-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Translate ""Albania has achieved progress on the visa issue," Frattini said." to Turkish? | Frattini, "Arnavutluk vize konusunda ilerleme kaydetmiştir." dedi. | 7 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/tr-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Write an article based on this summary:
Manchester City's title hopes suffered a major blow as Liverpool gained some revenge for Sunday's League Cup final defeat with a deserved win at Anfield.
Article: | City edged the game at Wembley on penalties but were distinctly second best against a fired-up home side.
Adam Lallana's low drive gave Liverpool the lead before James Milner poked in a second against his former club.
Ex-Red Raheem Sterling was taken off at half-time before Roberto Firmino fired in a third to compound City's woes.
Man City are somewhat fortunate that leaders Leicester are the only one of their major title rivals to pick up a point in these midweek fixtures, but the defeat - their third in succession in the Premier League - means they are now 10 points behind Claudio Ranieri's side.
City now also need to be mindful of the teams behind them.
Manchester United are level with them on points after their win over Watford on Wednesday, while West Ham, Stoke and Klopp's side are among a group who will not have given up on a top-four spot.
Relive Liverpool's emphatic victory over City
Reaction from this game and the rest of Wednesday's Premier League matches
5 live In Short: I'm not sure Pellegrini is best leader - Danny Mills
In the aftermath of Sunday's shootout defeat at Wembley, Reds boss Klopp declared that "only silly idiots stay on the floor and wait for the next defeat" and promised his side would "strike back".
They did just that with a performance more in keeping with the high-tempo, high-pressing display they produced in their 4-1 victory at Etihad Stadium in November.
From the kick-off they harried City, snapped into tackles and sought to push forward at every opportunity, with Lallana and Milner particularly energetic driving forces.
It was apt that the two midfielders were responsible for putting their side in control before the break, with Lallana getting the ball rolling courtesy of an opportunistic, perfectly placed long strike before Milner drove into the box to collect Firmino's pass and finish.
The Brazilian then turned goalscorer, finishing from inside the box to give the Reds their first league win at Anfield this year and move them up to eighth, six points behind fourth.
City's hopes of adding the Premier League title to the League Cup are dwindling fast.
They have dropped 13 points from eight games this year and have won just two of their past 10 away games in the league.
More worrying is the tame way some of their players surrendered at Anfield - in the face of opponents who, by their own manager's admission, are not challenging for the title but who still showed greater desire.
Sergio Aguero was a willing runner in attack and David Silva tried to get involved, but Jesus Navas was anonymous and Fernando and Fernandinho were bypassed time and again by a more energetic home midfield.
They managed only four shots during the entire game but the closest they came to a goal was an Aguero header that Milner blocked on the goal-line.
Pellegrini was emphatic in his backing for Sterling in the build-up to this game, stating he had no doubt that the winger would cope with the pressure of his first Anfield appearance since leaving to join City last summer.
The Chilean was equally decisive with his response to the winger's woeful first-half display, withdrawing him at half-time and replacing him with the equally ineffective Wilfried Bony.
The home fans booed Sterling's every touch, but as he only made 33 of them - none of which was in the box - during the 45 minutes he was on the pitch, he quickly faded from the main narrative to become a minor sub-plot.
Liverpool manager Jurgen Klopp, speaking to BBC Sport: "It was the best reaction I can imagine. It was how it should be. I said to the boys that we have to show that we want it more and from the first second on that was exactly the attitude.
"I think this was the best pressing performance we have done. City had no time to play football.
"For all Liverpool lovers, it was a great night. We have to take this moment, stay angry and strike back. We have lost a few points in games we should nto have so now we have to take them back.
"Roberto [Firmino] deserved his goal. The way he is working for the team in the last few weeks is unbelievable."
Media playback is not supported on this device
Manchester City manager Manuel Pellegrini, speaking to BBC Sport: "It is difficult to have an excuse but I saw the team was not recovered from the last week. We played Champions League and then the League Cup final and I saw the team was not fresh and Liverpool played better.
"The last two days we work very light, just try to recover the players but from beginning they won all the balls and had a high pace - more pace than our team.
"We didn't attack well and create chances and didn't have fresh legs to play like we can.
"It seems like the Premier League continues being the same from the start and very close. We will continue fighting."
Media playback is not supported on this device
Liverpool are away at Crystal Palace in the Premier League on Sunday (13:30 GMT), while Manchester City host bottom club Aston Villa the day before (15:00 GMT).
Match ends, Liverpool 3, Manchester City 0.
Second Half ends, Liverpool 3, Manchester City 0.
Attempt saved. Nathaniel Clyne (Liverpool) right footed shot from long range on the left is saved in the bottom left corner. Assisted by Emre Can.
Nicolás Otamendi (Manchester City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Joe Allen (Liverpool).
Attempt missed. Joe Allen (Liverpool) right footed shot from outside the box is just a bit too high. Assisted by Christian Benteke with a headed pass.
Attempt saved. Wilfried Bony (Manchester City) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom left corner. Assisted by Vincent Kompany.
Corner, Manchester City. Conceded by Jordan Henderson.
Substitution, Liverpool. Jordon Ibe replaces James Milner.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Delay in match Jon Flanagan (Liverpool) because of an injury.
Attempt missed. Jordan Henderson (Liverpool) right footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the left from a direct free kick.
Christian Benteke (Liverpool) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Vincent Kompany (Manchester City).
James Milner (Liverpool) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Aleksandar Kolarov (Manchester City).
Christian Benteke (Liverpool) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Vincent Kompany (Manchester City).
Nathaniel Clyne (Liverpool) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Sergio Agüero (Manchester City).
Foul by Christian Benteke (Liverpool).
Nicolás Otamendi (Manchester City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
James Milner (Liverpool) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Wilfried Bony (Manchester City).
Emre Can (Liverpool) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Wilfried Bony (Manchester City).
Substitution, Liverpool. Joe Allen replaces Roberto Firmino.
Substitution, Manchester City. Aleksandar Kolarov replaces Gaël Clichy.
Foul by Adam Lallana (Liverpool).
Wilfried Bony (Manchester City) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by James Milner (Liverpool).
Pablo Zabaleta (Manchester City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, Liverpool. Christian Benteke replaces Divock Origi.
Adam Lallana (Liverpool) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Fernando (Manchester City).
Jesús Navas (Manchester City) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Jesús Navas (Manchester City).
Adam Lallana (Liverpool) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Emre Can (Liverpool) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by David Silva (Manchester City). | 8 | Flan2021 | huggingface:xsum | zs_opt |
Summarize the argument implied by these sentences?
1. It should therefore apply equally to soldiers and terrorists .
2. The fact that we may not view these causes as worthy or legitimate is irrelevant : we do not assess the merits or legitimacy of a conflict between states before deciding whether to apply the Geneva Convention .
3. The fact that they do not represent one individual nation and that they are not at war with a specific list of states does not undermine this : Al Qaeda , for example , has clear goals including eliminating American influence within Muslim nations , destroying Israel and re-establishing the Caliphate -LRB- Blanchard , 2007 -RRB- .
4. Terrorists are engaged in a war like any other : they unite as a political actor to undertake military action in favour of a specific cause .
5. If we dont treat terrorists as prisoners of war therefore , we risk a return to the barbarity of warfare in the first half of the 20 century .
6. The Geneva Conventions were formed to ensure that future wars would not result in the barbarity and wanton violence that mired World War II ; to deny it to terrorists would risk the undermining of norms that have developed to restrain warfare . | Terrorists are engaged in war, which much remain subject to the Geneva Conventions lest it become unrestrained | 5 | Flan2021 | opinion_abstracts_idebate | zs_opt |
Do the following two sentences have the same meaning?
State Rep. Ron Wilson , D-Houston , joined committee Republicans in voting for the map .
State Rep. Ron Wilson , a Houston Democrat , joined nine Republicans in approving the bill Saturday .
Options are:
1). no;
2). yes;
The answer is: | 2). | 7 | Flan2021 | glue/mrpc:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Generate a short summary this sentence:
it will be hot and sticky tonight on the floor of veterans stadium , but the dodgers better get used to it .
Summary: | dodgers hope for wild finish | 2 | Flan2021 | gigaword:1.2.0 | zs_opt |
Please add spaces between words: Funforthewholefamily
| Fun for the whole family | 4 | Flan2021 | word_segment | zs_opt |
Generate a context and a hypothesis. | Context: Nil Fyodorovich Filatov (Russian: Нил Фёдорович Филатов , 2 June [O.S. 21 May] 1847 , or 16 April [O.S. 4 April] 1847 , – 8 February [O.S. 26 January] 1902 ) was a physician who is considered the founder of Russian paediatrics. His nephew Vladimir Filatov was a prominent ophthalmologist.
Hypothesis: Nil Fyodorovich Filatov was most popular in Japan | 9 | Flan2021 | anli/r3:0.1.0 | zs_opt |
Select your answer from the options. How would one describe the sentiment of this tweet?
@madgestar No need to apologize at all IT was a very hectic day in deed. In future I will DM details. And will help in anyway I can.
Possible answers: A). negative. B). positive. | B). | 5 | Flan2021 | sentiment140:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
We congratulated him on his performance at the rehearsal.
The play ran for 100 performances.
Choose your answer: Does the word "performance" mean the same thing in the above two sentences?
OPT: a. different meanings. b. the same meaning. | a. | 0 | Flan2021 | super_glue/wic:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
– At least three women were hired by Ashley Madison parent company Avid Life Media to pose as the presidents and CEOs of sister sites and were paid per interview. So reports the Financial Post in an exclusive investigation into the "trove of Avid Life’s corporate emails" that were leaked, along with the personal info of some 37 million members, over the summer. (Avid Life was also fingered in September for secretly running an escort site, reports the Daily Dot.) Claudia Opdenkelder, who spoke as the founder of Cougar Life; Simone Dadoun-Cohen, who posed as the head of Established Men; and Whitney Thompson, who presented herself as the founder of The Big and the Beautiful, all managed to dupe reporters for publications such as the New York Times and NBC. "In reality they were spokesmodels—invariably very good-looking spokesmodels—with most reporters taking them at their word about their executive roles," Claire Brownwell writes in the Financial Post. What's more, she asserts, Avid Life established a pay grid for various media appearances, and the women's relationships with the parent company did not always end amicably. In fact, Opdenkelder sued the company in March for $750,000 for lost income and mental distress. Freelance journalist Julie Beun, who profiled Opdenkelder in the Ottawa Citizen in 2010, admits her editor would have been less interested in a story about a dating site had it not involved a strong, beautiful female leader who herself has a much younger partner. "Is it sucky of her to have done it?" Beun asks. "Yeah. Am I surprised? No. It’s called marketing." (Avid Life, meanwhile, says all this publicity just means more users.)
Expand this summary. | The company behind Ashley Madison secretly operated an online escort service and actively recruited escorts for a separate “dating” website aimed at “sugar daddies,” leaked documents uncovered by the Daily Dot show.
The first site, escorts.ca, bears a resemblance to other online directories for escort services that have triggered anti-prostitution raids by law-enforcement authorities in the United States, potentially putting the company in legal jeopardy.
After the details of roughly 33 million Ashley Madison accounts were posted online, the hackers responsible, known as Impact Team, leaked more than 197,000 private emails from the inbox of Noel Biderman, the former CEO of Avid Life Media (ALM), a Toronto, Canada–based company that operates the Ashley Madison site. Documents and emails contained in the trove and reviewed by the Daily Dot detail the company’s escort-related businesses.
“Perhaps we should start targeting cities with the largest human traffic organizations.”
Escorts.ca was leased in 2013 through a shell company called Pernimus Limited, which is listed among ALM’s “legal entities” on an internal company memo. According to a leaked contract, ALM leased the escort-service property from an Ontario-based company called Steeltown Marketing Inc., on Feb. 20, 2013.
The escorts.ca website was still active until roughly 6pm ET on Tuesday, when it was abruptly suspended. A version of the site from Aug. 1, 2015, can still be viewed, however, via the Wayback Machine.
A screenshot of escorts.ca before it was suspended Tuesday.
Prior to the site’s removal, the Daily Dot spoke with five individuals listed at escorts.ca who confirmed that they were still offering services as escorts.
According to a leaked Word document dated March 14, 2013, the website was acquired under a “10-year lease for use by Ashley Madison.” ALM was to receive 65 percent of the profits and the website’s “landlord” would receive 35 percent, it says. ALM was also required to make a minimum payout of $800 per month to its partner starting two years from the contract date.
The document shows that ALM’s intention for the site, which did not charge users to browse its pages, was to funnel traffic to Ashley Madison and other ALM properties. The company intended to create landing pages for multiple sites—Ashley Madison, CougarLife, Established Men—with messages promoting “an alternative to paying an escort.”
The company noted in the document that “[u]ltimately building escorts.ca up with real content as an escort listing service would best leverage the quality of the domain.” It’s unclear, however, what steps, if any, the company took to ensure that the site remained populated with active sex workers.
ALM has not responded to repeated inquiries about the contents of its leaked emails.
In late August, the U.S. government raided the New York offices of Rentboy.com, a popular directory for male escorts and masseurs, which catered primarily to gay, bisexual, and transgender men seeking consensual sex for cash. The raid was conducted jointly by the Department of Homeland Security, the Drug Enforcement Administration, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, the U.S. Attorney’s office, and the New York City Police Department.
The U.S. government maintains that RentBoy engaged in the “facilitation and promotion of prostitution offenses across state lines and international borders,” according to a statement by DHS Special Agent Glenn Sorge. And acting U.S. Attorney Kelly Currie called RentBoy an “Internet brothel.”
Rentboy CEO Jeffrey Hurant and six employees were charged in a criminal complaint for promoting illegal prostitution.
“I wonder what we would have to do to satisfy the regulator that this is a dating product as opposed to escorting.”
It is unclear from the leaked ALM documents whether escorts.ca shared a similar revenue model to RentBoy or otherwise engaged in activity that would qualify as illegal facilitation or promotion of prostitution.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation declined to comment on ALM’s escort-related activities, citing an ongoing investigation into related matters. A spokesperson at the U.S. Justice Department told the Daily Dot that, as a matter of policy, it would not speculate on the legality of a specific business. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police declined to comment, due to an ongoing criminal investigation into the hacked Ashley Madison website.
According to Lawrence Walters, an attorney who represents the owners of RentBoy, the ownership or operation of a website advertising escort services is legal and protected by the First Amendment as commercial speech. Further, the Communications Decency Act protects online services, he says, from facing criminal charges or liability for content posted by a third party.
“Just like Facebook isn’t responsible if somebody posts a statement saying they would engage in illegal activity, an advertising network would not be responsible for illegal activities or statements by third parties who post advertisements on the site,” Walters told the Daily Dot during a phone interview.
Walters formerly represented the website MyRedBook.com, another online escort directory. The site’s owner, Eric Omuro, was the first to be convicted by the U.S. government for operating a website facilitating prostitution. As Walters notes, however, the court never ruled on the legality of the site or the merits of the government’s prosecution.
As part of a plea agreement, Omuro forfeited $1.28 million in cash and property and was sentenced to 13 months in prison.
A year before ALM leased escorts.ca, a man named Sanjesh Singh, who claims to have once operated “Auckland’s largest private escort agency,” reached out to Biderman, explaining in a March 2012 email how to best profit off sex workers without violating the law.
“At the end of the day, I am simply an advertising platform,” wrote Singh.
“I do not solicit sexual contact (pimp) or receive any earnings from any transaction that takes place between consenting parties,” he went on, referencing his website, www.findagirl.co.nz, a New Zealand–based escort directory. “I only receive revenue from advertisers and from site paying members who wish to view additional uncensored content,” he said.
Other leaked emails show that ALM executives actively recruited escorts for another of its websites, Arrangement Finders, which operates under the ALM umbrella, and advertises under the slogan “Intimacy with a Twi$t.”
On June 18, 2012, John Santoro, an ALM employee who apparently manages the Arrangement Finders website, contacted Biderman about his escort-recruitment efforts. Santoro wrote: “Tested out sending emails to 20 escorts. Along the lines of ‘you look amazing. I’m traveling on business. Are you on AF [Arrangement Finders]? I use that service when I travel for similar encounters.’”
“I got back 5 replies,” Santoro said. “I’m getting Eros.com scraped for escorts (India),” he added, referring to another online escort directory. “Now, we have a list [of] real indy escorts that could hear about AF on a constant basis. … We might be able to do this semi-legit.”
“Escorts are def joining AF. Is there a way to let these slide through the profile approval process?”
“Smart,” replied Biderman.
Santoro is featured prominently in the Ashley Madison leak, exchanging over 2,250 emails with Biderman. He communicates with ALM executives from both an @arrangementfinders.com email address and a private Gmail account. A cursory Google search reveals that Santoro owns numerous escort-related domain names, including wheelingescorts.com, tacomaescorts.com, and philadelphia-escorts.com.
On its website, ALM describes Arrangement Finders as a service that connects “men and women looking for beneficial arrangements.” While the company does promote the idea that its female users can exchange sex for money (“Maybe you’re behind on your car payment”), it argues that this is vastly different than the exchange between an escort and her customer, primarily because the “sugar daddy” arrangement is intended to continue for an extended period of time, and the men are “more mature” and “wealthier.”
In its terms of service agreement, however, Arrangement Finders expressly forbids the solicitation of sex for money. With regards to “allowances”—money given to a “sugar baby” by her “sugar daddy”—the company advises taking the “negotiation” offline.
Regardless of its no-solicitation policy, the emails to Biderman, who resigned last week after his own affairs with escorts were disclosed, show that escorts were a key demographic for the Arrangement Finders site.
“2500 escort send is getting us some real escort signups,” Santoro tells Biderman in a separate June 2012 email. “Getting another list of 7k, can get it up to 45k in total. I still think these girls don’t mark us as spam, which is why this is working…”
“Escorts are def joining AF,” he continues, asking Biderman: “Is there a way to let these slide through the profile approval process?”
Biderman’s emails further show that the restriction on prostitution appears to be a semantic issue, as revealed by a January 2014 email between Santoro and a British pay-per-view service.
“As discussed we can look at running some ads for you guys across our adult TV channels here in the UK,” a Primetime TV employee told Santoro. There was one obstacle, however: Advertising prostitution on television is illegal in the United Kingdom.
“I wonder what we would have to do to satisfy the regulator that this is a dating product as opposed to escorting,” Primetime TV’s employee asked. In response, Santoro reached out to Biderman for advice. The conversation was then apparently diverted to a phone conference by ALM’s marketing manager, Binu Koshy.
The emails also show how ALM’s staff revelled in the negative attention they received for operating a so-called “sugar daddy” website.
In an August 2013 email thread between Biderman, Santoro, and four other ALM employees, Koshy notes how Arrangement Finders is prominently featured on the website NeverForSale.com; the site’s name following a dozen or so statistics about human trafficking, including some regarding the prostitution of minors.
“Who are these guys and why would they spend so much time and resources going after us...haha,” Koshy wrote, to which Santoro replied: “Perhaps we should start targeting cities with the largest human traffic organizations.”
Jamie Woodruff contributed reporting to this article.
Correction: Eric Omuro, owner of MyRedBook, was sentenced to 13 months in prison.
Photo via pinti1/Flickr (CC BY SA 2.0) | Remix by Fernando Alfonso III
||||| In May of 2010, Canadians turned on their televisions to see Amanda Lang interview Claudia Opdenkelder on CBC’s The National about an issue of grave importance: Discrimination against cougars.
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In an interview at a bar, the evening newscast’s guest anchor introduced Opdenkelder as “the founder of an online dating site,” CougarLife.com, that helps older women and younger men (ahem, “cubs”) pair up. But as Lang reported — and what would soon become an international news story — there was a powerful killjoy standing in the way of cougars and cubs and their quest for intimacy. Google Inc. was banning Cougar Life’s advertisements, explaining to Lang in a statement that it does not allow “adult” dating sites (while it doesn’t ban less hookup-focused sites, like Match.com).
It was a compelling story — one undeniably made even better by the fact that the founder, Opdenkelder, was blonde, curvy, media savvy, and more than willing to go on television in a tight-fitting pencil skirt and explain why cougars like her deserve love too. Over time, Opdenkelder would give voice to that struggle in The New York Times, The Globe and Mail and this newspaper. There were many more magazine profiles of her, occasionally featuring cheesecake photos of Opdenkelder herself, and TV reports. Usually she was described as the founder or president of Cougar Life.
Too bad it wasn’t true.
A Financial Post investigation has found that Opdenkelder is one of at least three women who were hired to pose as founders, executives or board members of niche dating websites owned by Avid Life Media Inc., the parent company of the adultery website Ashley Madison.
That site was recently the target of an attack by hackers — a massive data breach that included publicizing 37-million members’ personal information. The hackers also leaked a trove of Avid Life’s corporate emails online, specifically those linked to the account of former chief executive Noel Biderman, who stepped down in August in the aftermath.
Biderman’s emails indicate that the women who promoted themselves in national media as top executives at the websites Cougar Life, The Big and the Beautiful, and Established Men were hired to attract publicity and new members by spinning a compelling backstory for the sites. In reality they were spokesmodels — invariably very good-looking spokesmodels — with most reporters taking them at their word about their executive roles. Avid Life had a pay grid that offered compensation for various media appearances. The relationship with Avid Media did not always end amicably.
I don’t want this turning in to a witch hunt… We don’t want the site and Claudia to look like ‘frauds’
Opdenkelder’s relationship with Avid Life deteriorated into a legal dispute. She would not comment on her role with Cougar Life, her lawyer citing a clause in the eventual settlement agreement that now bars her from discussing her time with Avid Life.
Simone Dadoun-Cohen, who presented herself as the founder and CEO of Established Men, a site aimed at connecting wealthy men with young women who appreciate the benefits of dating wealthy men, declined to comment when contacted by telephone.
Whitney Thompson, the first plus-sized winner of the reality show America’s Next Top Model, presented herself as the president and founder of The Big and the Beautiful, a site that connects men with larger-sized women. The Financial Post could not reach her directly (she did not respond to attempts to contact her at a newer venture, a Southern-food restaurant in Springfield, Tennessee). But the agent who worked for her during her time with Avid Life said he would not provide any information about the arrangement.
Avid Life Media was contacted for comment about the roles of the three women earlier this week, but had not provided a response to the Financial Post by deadline.
The plan to have a spokesmodel identified in the media as a legitimate dot-com entrepreneur did not come without hitches. In one case, the ABC program Nightline was planning a report on Cougar Life and Opdenkelder in 2012 that appeared to worry Biderman. The former CEO expressed concern to a member of his public relations team about the segment, which he sensed might be turning into something meatier than the puff pieces that were more common.
“I don’t want this turning in to a witch hunt,” Biderman wrote. “We don’t want the site and Claudia to look like ‘frauds.'”
Cougar Life was one of two new websites Avid Life launched with a big splash in 2009. The other was the sugar-daddy site Established Men.
Simone Dadoun-Cohen was described as alternately as the “founder,” “creator” or “CEO” of Established Men, on The Tyra Banks Show, ABC News and elsewhere. Her backstory was that she was inspired to start the site after putting herself through college as a stripper at the Toronto men’s club, The Brass Rail, where she met her future husband.
By 2012, she was no longer the public face of Established Men, which had Biderman trying to figure out how to handle media requests for her. In a 2013 email exchange, Biderman and Avid Life’s former public relations manager Shari Cogan discuss how to respond if reporters ask about Dadoun-Cohen and whether they should ask her to do one more interview for a Toronto Life feature on sugar-daddy dating.
“At this point do we just say that Simone is no longer working for us, only if asked? Thoughts?” Cogan wrote. “If you still want me to try Simone I can but how much are we willing to pay her?”
By 2012, Avid Life had launched The Big and the Beautiful. Thompson repeatedly described herself as president and founder of the company in interviews.
In January of 2012, Thompson was about to embark on a PR blitz related to a rejected Super Bowl advertisement for The Big and the Beautiful — having ads rejected was something that also helped generate earned publicity for the more risqué website, Ashley Madison. A member of Avid Life’s public relations team emailed Biderman to get his approval for a list of suggested responses that Thompson could offer to questions from reporters they might anticipate.
A question like: how does a brand new website like The Big and Beautiful afford a commercial on the Super Bowl? The suggested response was that she had raised more than $15 million in venture capital funding — sounding like a Silicon Valley entrepreneur. If asked about her site’s connection to Avid Life, Thompson was to explain that she “sub-contracted the technology” to the Toronto-based company.
By August of that year, however, Thompson’s relationship with the company had taken a sour turn. Apparently unhappy with The Big and the Beautiful’s growth, Avid Life wanted to negotiate a pay cut for Thompson, dropping her rate for appearances on U.S. national television from $2,000 to $1,500 and her rate for interviews in U.S. national newspapers from $1,500 to $1,000. Her agent sent an email protesting the offer. “We also have issues with protection for Whitney against future questions,” he wrote. Thompson appears to have ceased working as a spokeswoman for the site soon after, with no further mentions of her in the media or in the leaked emails.
The company also looked at finding ways to connect itself to bigger-name celebrities: it appears to have engaged in serious discussions with Frank Sorrentino, the reality television personality best-known as the big brother of Mike “The Situation” Sorrentino on Jersey Shore. In exchange for representing himself as the president of another sugar-daddy site, Arrangement Finders, Avid Life offered to pay Sorrentino $2,000 to $4,000 for appearances on U.S. national television, $250 for quotes in print publications and $500 for interviews on national radio.
Sorrentino, Biderman and other Avid Life staff exchanged many emails, but in the end he appears to have decided against it; there seem to be no mentions of him as the president of the website in the media. Sorrentino did not respond to a request for comment.
Opdenkelder stayed with Cougar Life until 2013. Following a dispute over a promotional trip to Africa that Avid Life was not happy with, the company sent her a termination letter on Jan. 9 of that year.
In March, Opdenkelder served the company with a lawsuit seeking more than $750,000 in damages for reasons including lost income and mental distress. According to her statement of claim, she had been making a monthly retainer of $2,000 plus fees for each media appearance.
As the case was settled, her claims were never tested in court. But in Avid Life’s statement of defence and countersuit, the company admits that Opdenkelder was not who she claimed to be in interviews. “For the purposes of media interviews and promotion of Cougarlife.com only, Cougar Life allowed Opdenkelder adopt a public persona as �?founder’ and or �?president’ of Cougar Life in the course of providing the Services to increase her credibility as spokesperson for Cougarlife.com,” the company stated. “In reality, Opdenkelder did not perform any duties or services as �?president’ other than those related to spokesperson, as set out in the Consulting Agreement. In the same way, Opdenkelder was not the founder of Cougarlife.com in any way.” Opdenkelder’s statement of defence agrees: “she was not in fact the president and founder of Cougar Life.”
The spokeswomen may not have been the founders, presidents or chief executives of the websites they promoted, but some elements of their backstories do appear to be true. Opdenkelder has been talking about and making public appearances with her much-younger partner for years and has repeatedly said they got married in 2011 (according to the profiles of her that ran, Opdenkelder would now be in her mid-forties).
Dadoun-Cohen has changed her name, and promotes herself on her website, simonesinclaire.com, as a nutritionist, hypnotherapist, and personal trainer. She writes “I am a Shapeshifter. In another life, I was a bit of a sexpert.” She is also a competitive bikini body builder.
The Ashley Madison leaks, however, suggest that relying on unsuspecting reporters was part of Avid Life’s media method. A recent mea culpa in Toronto Life magazine by one of those reporters alleged that Biderman used friends of his to pose as Established Men members for a profile in the magazine. In another email chain where staff are trying to decide who to attribute quotes to in a press release for Established Men, Biderman suggests making up a name. A member of the public relations team offers to play the role of “Vanessa Charles,” an apparently fictional spokeswoman, in phone interviews.
Julie Beun, a freelance journalist, sat down with Opdenkelder and her partner for a lengthy profile that ran in the Ottawa Citizen in 2010. She acknowledges that it would have been unlikely her editor would have been as interested in a story about the dating service without the ingredient of a strong, beautiful female founder who was really living the cougar life.
“Is it sucky of her to have done it? Yeah. Am I surprised? No,” Beun said. “It’s called marketing. It kind of pisses you off as a journalist that you got taken, but at the same time, I get it.”
cbrownell@nationalpost.com
Twitter.com/clabrow ||||| | 9 | Flan2021 | multi_news:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Multi-choice problem: Is "Joe delivered the final report on the case." true if "Joe paid the detective after he delivered the final report on the case."?
Select from:
* no.
* yes. | no | 8 | Flan2021 | glue/wnli:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
"Sam took French classes from Adam, because he was eager to speak it fluently." is a true sentence.
Does this mean that "Adam was eager to speak it fluently."?
Possible answers: a). no; b). yes; | a). | 4 | Flan2021 | glue/wnli:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
This is some data: United States, demonym, Americans; United States, capital, Washington, D.C.; Albany, Oregon, isPartOf, Benton County, Oregon; Albany, Oregon, country, United States; United States, ethnicGroup, Native Americans in the United States.
Generate a detailed description of this data.
Sentence: | The Americans live in the U.S, the capital is Washington D.C and together with the americans there are the Native Americans who are one of the ethnic groups in the United States Of America. Albany, Oregon is in the U.S and also its part of Benton County in Oregon. | 3 | Flan2021 | gem/web_nlg_en:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Write a question about the following article.
i am perhaps not the most sympathetic travel partner she could have ... got through passport check , baggage claim , and customs with no issues , checked into mega - expensive hotel . wondered if travel partner had ever checked into a hotel before , as she did n't know why they wanted her credit card ( we booked under the advisor 's card ) . listened to travel partner stress about her presentation and how unprepared she and the advisor were .
Question: | How can the narrator be described as a traveler ?
pick from the following. (A). The narrator is new to travel . (B). The narrator is an impatient traveler . (C). The narrator is an experienced traveler . (D). None of the above choices . | 8 | Flan2021 | cosmos_qa:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
What is the most logical completion of this news story?.
Coast Guard crews are teaming with Royal Dutch Shell to keep one of the oil company's drilling unit from running aground amid terrible weather in Alaska, the Coast Guard said Monday. Crews of two Shell-contracted tug boats were able Monday secure towing lines to the drilling rig Kulluk, which went adrift for 10 hours on Sunday while being shuttled to Seattle. The Coast Guard said it planned to use helicopters to land technicians aboard the drilling rig. "We have a brief weather window which provides the opportunity to get experts aboard the Kulluk to inspect the drilling unit and its tow set-up," said Rear Adm. Thomas Ostebo, commander of the Coast Guard 17th District. "They will provide key on-site information about towing issues or concerns and allow the Unified Command to develop contingency plans accordingly."
"Ensuring the safety of personnel and protecting the area's environment continue to be of the utmost importance,"
OPTIONS:
- 17th District said in a statement.
- Alaska said in a statement.
- Alaskan said in a statement.
- Coast Guard said in a statement.
- Kulluk said in a statement.
- Royal Dutch Shell said in a statement.
- Seattle said in a statement.
- Shell said in a statement.
- Thomas Ostebo said in a statement.
- Unified Command said in a statement.
| Royal Dutch Shell said in a statement. | 8 | Flan2021 | super_glue/record:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
Just this morning, four people were executed in Evin prison, with another eight having been executed in Taibad prison on 2 May.
Translate to German
German: | Heute Morgen erst wurden vier Menschen im Evin-Gefängnis hingerichtet, acht weitere waren bereits am 2. Mai im Taibad-Gefängnis hingerichtet worden. | 0 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/de-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Add spaces: 19Ensuringthatthebusinesscaseisupdatedattheendofeachstageand
| 19 Ensuring that the business case is updated at the end of each stage and | 3 | Flan2021 | word_segment | zs_opt |
By. Marc Weinreich. Former Washington D.C. Mayor Marion Barry is on the wrong side of the law again. Former Washington D.C. Mayor Marion Barry's Jaguar has been towed and impounded over more than $2,800 in unpaid traffic fines following a car accident on Saturday. The current D.C. Councilman drove the car into traffic on Saturday night. He was released from the hospital on Sunday after suffering what the diabetic said was a 'hypoglycemic attack' that caused him to become disoriented and drive into an oncoming traffic lane in D.C. Mr Barry, 78, owes $2,824 for 21 outstanding tickets that date back to February 2012, according to The Washington Times. The traffic tickets aren't the first time he's been caught on the wrong side of the law. In 1990, Mr Barry was videotaped smoking crack cocaine and was subsequently arrested by FBI officials on drug charges. Footage of the crash on Saturday obtained by Fox DC shows the fender-bender. Following the accident, he was cited by. police for driving on the wrong side of the road, expired tags and for. not having insurance. According. to the Washington Times, Mr Barry accrued eight of the fines - totaling. $1,460 - for failing to show current tags -- the tags were out of date. because they belonged to an old BMW he had once driven. Scroll down for video. Towing for owing: D.C. Councilman Marion Barry will have to pay more than $2,800 in unpaid traffic fines -- dating to 2012 -- to get the Jaguar back. Getting the boot: Marion Barry's car has been through a lot over the past few years. It's twice been booted, including pictured here in 2011. He. also given five speeding tickets after he was picked up by cameras for. driving 11-15 miles per hour over the speed limit in the past two years. Those tickets will cost him $684. The former Mayor also reportedly ran a red light, which will cost him another $150. Mr Barry even had the Jaguar booted on two different occasions and the car had also reportedly been stolen at one point, according to the Times. Most recently, he picked up a ticket last week -- a day before the crash -- for reportedly parking his car too close to a fire hydrant. In his defense: Marion Barry claimed on Twitter on Sunday, a day after the accident, that low blood sugar levels caused him to crash. D.C. laws allow city council members and members of Congress to park in 'any available curb space' while on 'official business' -- as long as they don't block hydrants, loading zones or violate rush-hour traffic laws, the Times reports. On Monday, two days after the accident, his only son, 34-year-old Christopher, was arrested for driving with a revoked license, according to Fox News. The license had been revoked after he was found to be driving under the influence near the White House in May. Last week, even though he had been ordered not to drive because of the May incident, the son was arrested for driving and was found to be in possession of synthetic marijuana, and was subsequently arrested. DC News FOX 5 DC WTTG.
What are highlight points for this article? | Former Mayor Marion Barry racked up $1,460 in fines just for driving with tags on his Jag that belonged to an old BMW he was assigned. The 78-year-old former Mayor, a diabetic, said he suffered a hypoglycemic attack at the time of the crash last weekend. | 3 | Flan2021 | cnn_dailymail:3.4.0 | zs_opt |
Context: John bought a new gun. He loved all the safety features. He was showing it off to his friend. It accidentally went off.
Now do a next sentence writing task.
Available options:
[-] John did not have a gun.
[-] John was surprised. | John was surprised. | 4 | Flan2021 | story_cloze/2016:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Generate a correctly punctuated version of the following text: Product details Polar H2 heart rate sensor
| Product details: Polar H2 heart rate sensor | 8 | Flan2021 | fix_punct | zs_opt |
Can you generate a question with a factual answer? | At what point were all members of the household named on a census? | 9 | Flan2021 | glue/qnli:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
What can a flower become?
Pick from:
--a fruit.
--a leaf.
--a stem.
--a branch. | a fruit | 0 | Flan2021 | ai2_arc/ARC-Challenge:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
The British had already arranged licence building of the Bofors 40 mm, and introduced these into service. These had the power to knock down aircraft of any size, yet were light enough to be mobile and easily swung. The gun became so important to the British war effort that they even produced a movie, The Gun, that encouraged workers on the assembly line to work harder. The Imperial measurement production drawings the British had developed were supplied to the Americans who produced their own (unlicensed) copy of the 40 mm at the start of the war, moving to licensed production in mid-1941.
Is there an answer to this question (If it cannot be answered, say "unanswerable"): While light, the Bofors 40mm were powerful enough to take down what size aircraft? | aircraft of any size | 9 | Flan2021 | squad/v2.0:3.0.0 | zs_opt |
What is a random fact? | if a substance absorbs solar energy then that substance will increase in temperature | 8 | Flan2021 | openbookqa:0.1.0 | zs_opt |
Do the following two sentences have the same meaning?
Telemarketers who call listed numbers could face FCC fines of up to $ 120,000 .
Telemarketers who call numbers on the list after Oct. 1 could face fines of up to $ 11,000 per call .
Options are: I. no II. yes
The answer is: | II. | 7 | Flan2021 | glue/mrpc:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Die Aussprache über die Verhaftung des Journalisten Ernest Vardanyan in Transnistrien wird durch eine Aussprache über die Lage in Thailand ersetzt.
Translate to English
English: | The debate on the arrest of journalist Ernest Vardanyan in Transnistria will be replaced by a debate on the situation in Thailand. | 1 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/de-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Background: Ramis was born on November 21, 1944, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Ruth (nee Cokee) and Nathan Ramis, who owned the Ace Food & Liquor Mart on the city's far North Side. Ramis had a Jewish upbringing. In his adult life, he did not practice any religion. He graduated from Stephen K. Hayt Elementary School in June 1958 and Nicholas Senn High School in 1962, both Chicago public schools, and in 1966 from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, where he was a member of the Alpha Xi chapter of Zeta Beta Tau fraternity.
Context: In May 2010, Ramis contracted an infection that resulted in complications from autoimmune inflammatory vasculitis and lost the ability to walk. After relearning to walk he suffered a relapse of the disease in late 2011. He died of complications of the disease on February 24, 2014 at his home on Chicago's North Shore, at age 69. A private funeral was held for him two days later with family, friends, and several collaborators in attendance including Dan Aykroyd, Chevy Chase, Eugene Levy, Dave Thomas, David Pasquesi, Andrew Alexander, and the widows of John Belushi and Bernard Sahlins. He is buried at Shalom Memorial Park in Arlington Heights. Upon Ramis' death, President Barack Obama released a statement, saying: "when we watched his movies--from Animal House and Caddyshack to Ghostbusters and Groundhog Day--we didn't just laugh until it hurt. We questioned authority. We identified with the outsider. We rooted for the underdog. And through it all, we never lost our faith in happy endings." He ended his statement by saying he hoped Ramis "received total consciousness", in reference to a line from Caddyshack. Ramis and longtime collaborator Bill Murray had a falling out during the filming of Groundhog Day. Shortly before Ramis' death Murray visited him, and the two spoke for the first time in 21 years. Murray gave tribute to Ramis at the 86th Academy Awards. Ramis was paid tribute by Stephen Colbert on an episode of his show The Colbert Report. Colbert said that "as a young, bookish man with glasses looking for a role model, I might have picked Harold Ramis". He ended the show by thanking Ramis.
Question: Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?
Answer: | Upon Ramis' death, President Barack Obama released a statement, saying: "when we watched his movies--from Animal House and Caddyshack to Ghostbusters and Groundhog Day | 4 | Flan2021 | quac:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
En revanche, les problèmes se rapportant aux sédiments sont liés dans de nombreux cas à la lutte contre l’érosion, mais il ne s’agit pas d’une solution exclusive.
Translate to English. | The overall effects can be limited if proper stripping and stockpiling procedures are specified, followed and enforced throughout project construction. | 1 | Flan2021 | wmt14_translate/fr-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Generate a correctly punctuated version of the following text: check Without added sugar glutenfree lactosefree without cholesterol
| check Without added sugar, gluten-free, lactose-free, without cholesterol | 8 | Flan2021 | fix_punct | zs_opt |
Available options:
-- negative
-- positiveWould the following phrase be considered positive or negative?
nothing more than a stifling morality tale dressed up in peekaboo clothing .
| negative | 6 | Flan2021 | glue/sst2:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Multi-choice problem: Based on the sentence "A group of people playing in the snow with brooms.", is the sentence "People are playing in the snow." a true sentence?
Choose your answer from:
(A). yes;
(B). it is not possible to tell;
(C). no; | (A). | 3 | Flan2021 | snli:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Read the following article and answer the question by choosing from the options.
Things always look better after a hot cuppa - my mum or gram said something like that . And , of course , it 's tea with milk ( not cream , as the Americans do ) and no sugar . That warm mug of steaming , milky liquid is something I rely upon to take me through an afternoon of work at my computer , reading , writing , transcribing , thinking - whatever . The third need derives from what I can only describe as an oral fixation .
What may be the reason I drink so much tea ?
Available choices:
a). I am Swedish .;
b). I am German .;
c). None of the above choices .;
d). I am American .;...A: | c). | 6 | Flan2021 | cosmos_qa:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Daniel Eugene ``Rudy'' Ruettiger (born August 23, 1948) is a motivational speaker who played college football at the University of Notre Dame. His early life and career at Notre Dame were the inspiration for the 1993 film Rudy.
Multi-choice problem: Is it true that was the movie rudy based on a true story?
Available options:
1). no;
2). yes;
The answer is: | 2). | 1 | Flan2021 | bool_q:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Premise: A young man walks casually down the street in front of some trees.
Hypothesis: the man is a farmer
.Multi-select problem: Can we conclude that the hypothesis is true if the premise is true?
Select from the following. I. yes. II. it is not possible to tell. III. no. | II. | 4 | Flan2021 | snli:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Write an article with the title: "What to Consider Before Renting a Vacation Home"
Article: |
Renting a home on your next vacation could make for a dream trip or, depending on the home you rent, turn out to be one that’s full of headaches, according to Cathy Ross, the chief executive of Exclusive Resorts, a Denver-based membership vacation company that offers home rentals. “You’re most likely choosing by looking at pictures and a description online,” she said, “but there’s so much more to be aware of that you can’t necessarily see or read about.”
Here, she shares her top tips for what travelers should consider before committing to a rental.
A common mistake that renters make, Ms. Ross said, is focusing on a home’s aesthetics but not paying attention to its layout, an important factor in having a successful vacation. That house in the Caribbean or Mexico may be gorgeous, for example, but many beachside destinations have bedrooms that are accessible from the outside — great if you’re traveling with friends or want more privacy, but less than ideal if you have young children. Similarly, renting a home with interconnected rooms or shared bathrooms may not be best if personal space is a priority.
Communal areas, such as a family room and kitchen, are one of the highlights of a getaway in a rental home, Ms. Ross said. “You want suitable gathering spaces because they are where you enjoy the company of your fellow travelers,” she said. If you’re traveling with a group of eight, for example, but the dining room seats only six, you’re going to feel cramped during meals. Also, if you’re headed to a beach destination, a roomy outdoor area is key. On a skiing holiday, you want a home with a nice family room to lounge in after a day on the slopes, preferably one with a fireplace.
Your picture-perfect rental home may not be nearly as appealing if there’s a plumbing issue during your stay but you don’t know who to call, or if you want the home to be professionally cleaned when you’re renting but you don’t have a contact handy for a housekeeping service. “With some rentals, the owners may expect the renters to do their own leg work if anything goes awry, but you want to rent a home where you’re equipped with a list of reliable service people,” Ms. Ross said. And the best resource of all, she said, is access to an on-the-ground contact, such as the homeowner, who is available to answer questions and help with anything you need.
Is the home safe? It’s a factor some renters don’t take into consideration, Ms. Ross said, but it’s essential. Confirm with the owner that the home has smoke and carbon monoxide detectors. Also, do some online research on the neighborhood — you want an area you’re comfortable living in, even temporarily.
A version of this article appears in print on September 4, 2016, on page TR2 of the New York edition with the headline: Before Renting That Vacation Home. Order Reprints| Today's Paper|Subscribe | 7 | Flan2021 | newsroom:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Answer the question
Which of these actions will change a sedimentary rock, such as limestone, into a metamorphic rock, such as marble?
Choices: +pressure from a glacier; +heat from magma; +erosion from flowing water; +radiation from the Sun; | heat from magma | 5 | Flan2021 | ai2_arc/ARC-Easy:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Write a sentence not in English. | İki Balkan komşusu "Makedonya" ismi yüzünden anlaşmazlık halinde olmalarına rağmen, bu durum sıradan vatandaşın kendi çapında ekonomi diplomasisi yürütmesine engel olamadı. | 8 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/tr-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
It was announced that the Great British Bake Off series would be moving to Channel 4, after the BBC lost the contract with the company who make the hit programme.
Mel and Sue have been the main presenters for all seven series of the popular baking show, since it started in 2010.
They said: "We were very shocked and saddened to learn yesterday evening that Bake Off will be moving from its home. We made no secret of our desire for the show to remain where it was."
Love Productions who make the Bake Off series have said: "We would like to thank Mel and Sue for bringing their own unique humour to the tent over the past years and we respect their decision not to be part of the Bake Off team on Channel 4."
We asked you who should replace Mel and Sue as the new presenter or presenters. Here's a selection of your comments.
It will never be the same Again!!!!!!
Danny, 17, Gravesend
No one can replace them! I watched every episode last year, and they made the whole thing funny!!!
Arshiya, 9
I will miss Mel and Sue!!! I love it when they "try" someone's bakes and how they help them is hilarious! No-one could replace them.
Hussam, 13, Saudi Arabia
No it will not because they are super funny.
Mackenzie, 8, Edinburgh
No it won't be the same without Mel and Sue no one could ever replace them!!!
Milly, 11, Plymouth
Thank you for your comments. The chat page is now closed.
This article was about: | Bake Off presenters Mel and Sue have said they will not be presenting the series anymore, when it moves to Channel 4. | 5 | Flan2021 | huggingface:xsum | zs_opt |
Context: On 2 July Lord John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford's initial force had reached Honiton. It included 160 Italian arquebusiers and a thousand landsknechts, German footsoldiers, under the command of Lord William Grey. With promised reinforcements from Wiltshire and Gloucestershire, Russell would have more than 8,600 men, including a cavalry force of 850 men, all of them well armed and well trained. Russell had estimated the combined rebel forces from Cornwall and Devon at only 7,000 men. On 28 July Arundell decided to block their approach to Exeter at Fenny Bridges. The result of this conflict was inconclusive and around 300 on each side were reported to have died with Lord Russell and his army returning to Honiton.
Question: How many more men did Russell's force have?
Answer: | 1600 | 6 | Flan2021 | drop:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
From the following options, what is the question "What is a First World country ?" asking about?
Pick your answer from: a). description b). entity c). abbreviation d). human e). numeric f). location | a). | 5 | Flan2021 | trec:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Objective: how to fix a toilet that fills off and on by itself
Which of the following solutions is more sound in terms of naive physics reasoning?
(A). A toilet that cuts on and off by itself, or runs intermittently, has a problem that plumbers call a phantom flush. The cause is a very slow leak from the tank into the bowl. ... The solution is to check and clean the flapper seat while the toilet is full, and replace the flapper if it's worn or damaged. (B). A toilet that cuts on and off by itself, or runs intermittently, has a problem that plumbers call a phantom flush. The cause is a very slow leak from the tank into the bowl. ... The solution is to drain the tank and bowl, check and clean the flapper seat, and replace the flapper if it's worn or damaged. | (B). | 3 | Flan2021 | piqa:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Rate the similarity of the following two sentences on a scale from 0 to 5, where 0 is "no meaning overlap" and 5 is "means the same thing"?
An animal is walking on the ground.
A solenodon is walking along the ground.
[+] 0;
[+] 1;
[+] 2;
[+] 3;
[+] 4;
[+] 5; | 3 | 5 | Flan2021 | glue/stsb:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
What happens next?
How to fix cable tv
Turn off then turn on your device.
It is possible that your dvr or cable box may have malfunctioned and requires a power cycle. On the device itself hold the power button for ten seconds to shut it off.
OPTIONS:
(A). If you absolutely cannot find the power button after ten seconds, it is likely that you have tried turning the device off. Again, follow the same procedure if you can't find the power button..
(B). This is especially important for adapter adapters which commonly require a power cycle to properly find broken cables. Inspect cables to make sure they are not damaged or slightly twisted..
(C). Make sure all the channels on your device are turned off. If you are not sure which channels on your device turn off it may be because the cable box is not being turned off properly..
(D). It it continues to not turn off, you can unplug the power cord from the power outlet for 15 seconds then plug back in and wait 30 seconds. Press the power button to turn the device back on.. | (D). | 7 | Flan2021 | hellaswag:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Remove the spaces from the following sentence: While fighting your battles with weight, there could be several concerns crossing your mind. But, there is no need to be disheartened about conceiving. | Whilefightingyourbattleswithweight,therecouldbeseveralconcernscrossingyourmind.But,thereisnoneedtobedisheartenedaboutconceiving. | 9 | Flan2021 | word_segment | zs_opt |
Or Urn, or someone like him.
Translate to Czech
Czech: | Nebo s Urnem nebo s člověkem, jako je on." | 0 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/cs-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Do these two sentences from wikipedia have the same meaning?
Qingyang County Government is located in the town of Rongcheng .
The government of Rongcheng Town is located in Qingyang County .
Options are: I. no II. yes
The answer is: | I. | 5 | Flan2021 | paws_wiki:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Choose your answer: What is "Who was the Columbia Pictures head who forged actor Cliff Robertson 's name on a $1 , 000 check ?" asking about?
Select from the following. I. description II. entity III. abbreviation IV. human V. numeric VI. location
Answer: | IV. | 4 | Flan2021 | trec:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Possible review types:
Choose from: a). negative. b). positive..
Generate a b). review for a place | I have to say, they have the best steak in Scottsdale. I would come here each time I was craving steak. I love the sports memorabilia and the fact that it's so close to bars and clubs. If you are in Scottsdale and want to drink a lot and not get a hangover, eat steak here first. They have great appetizers and great service. What's not to like about that? | 8 | Flan2021 | yelp_polarity_reviews:0.2.0 | zs_opt |
Review: Personally, I find the movie to be quite a good watch. It outlines the actual situation of triads in Hong Kong and gives the viewer a glimpse of how triads are organized.
Not only that, it also shows the viewer how the Hong Kong police control the triad situation and why the police don't just go all out and wipe out triads.
Overall, the movie is rather violent due to the gangland methods of killings & torture. Nevertheless, the movie stays true to the real world, thus the violence on screen is just a reflection of what really happens.
I'd recommend this movie to any Triad/Mafia movie fan. Another good watch would be Dragon Squad. That movie has more guns than this, as in this movie there's more knives than guns (in fact I don't remember seeing a single gun).
What is the sentiment of this review?
Choose from:
i. negative;
ii. positive; | ii. | 7 | Flan2021 | imdb_reviews/plain_text:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Michigan, one of the fifty United States, is home to two types of lizards, nineteen types of snakes and eleven types of turtles, all members of the class Reptilia. Reptiles are found throughout Michigan, although the only venomous species, the eastern massasauga rattlesnake, is seen only in the Lower Peninsula. Reptiles are cold-blooded, and so usually pass the cold winters of Michigan in frost-free areas, such as underground burrows (for snakes and land-dwelling turtles) or the bottoms of lakes and streams (for water-dwelling turtles). Most reptiles in Michigan are protected by state law, but many are still at risk due to human encroachment on their habitats, the draining of wetlands and, in the case of snakes, indiscriminate killing by fearful humans. In 1995, the painted turtle was named as Michigan's state reptile.
Based on the above text, what's the best answer to this question: are there snakes in the upper peninsula of michigan?
Options: + no; + yes; | yes | 5 | Flan2021 | bool_q:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Ok , so what happened ( we think ) is that jason had a seizure . He is on amoxicillin for his fucked up tooth , and after some research found seizures to be a side effect of amoxicillin . He had also had some wine to help with the pain . Basically , what happened , is that we were chillin ' , when his eyes rolled back in his head and he stopped breathing .
Question with options to choose from: Where did Jason recently go before he had a seizure ?
Select from:
(1). Jason had gone to a concert
(2). Jason had gone on vacation
(3). Jason had gone to a barber
(4). Jason has gone to the dentist | (4). | 0 | Flan2021 | cosmos_qa:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
I find life hard enough . But here I am , doing a spring " cleanse . " I am cranky because I am exhausted . I am exhausted - or feeling my exhaustion - because all I ' ve been drinking is green tea , and not my usual 2 large cups of coffee in the morning plus limitless cups of black tea throughout the afternoon , and then decaf black tea in the evening .
OPTIONS:
[+] The narrator will need to get more water .
[+] None of the above choices .
[+] The narrator will need to use the restroom .
[+] The narrator will be fully hydrated .
Q: What will happen to the narrator after taking all these liquids ? | The narrator will need to use the restroom . | 1 | Flan2021 | cosmos_qa:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Solve this math problem
Solve -509*u - 8768 = -1344*u - 48013 for u. | -47 | 1 | Flan2021 | math_dataset/algebra__linear_1d:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Multi-choice problem: Continue writing the next sentence in this paragraph:
How to keep your ipod safe
Protect your ipod.
When you buy your ipod or receive one, make sure you buy the protective stickers. These can be easily stuck on and not only protect your ipod from scratches and falls, but they even protect it from water.
A. If your ipod gets wet when it's in the play store, make sure the stickers are made of treated paper. If they are covered in anything, follow the label instructions and read the manufacturer's " safety. B. Leaving an ipod outside in the rain with no protective layer will probably result in it shorting out, whereas an ipod left in the rain with protective stickers has more chance of surviving. There are also slip on covers you can buy, which protect the ipod very well. C. See below for some extra health and safety tips. Replace your ipod's battery (optional). D. You should not buy vinyl or leather protective protecting earpieces for your ipod that you or someone else might reach or chew on. It will erode if you try and keep it in the same place all the time. | B. | 1 | Flan2021 | hellaswag:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Can we draw the following hypothesis from the context (see options)?
Context:
Whereas the B.C. referendum legislation requires an actual constitutional amendment to trigger a province-wide referendum, the federal legislation, enacted by a Conservative government, is much more inclusive, permitting a referendum ``on any question relating to the Constitution of Canada''.
Hypothesis: The province-wide referendum is a complicated thing.
Options are: [I] Yes [II] It's impossible to say [III] No | [II] | 7 | Flan2021 | anli/r3:0.1.0 | zs_opt |
What is the version of the following sentence with correct punctuation?
The Federal legislation for Oregon said that two townships of Federal land were to be donated for the university but the legislation for Seattle said that two townships of land were to be reserved for the university
| The Federal legislation for Oregon said that two townships of Federal land were to be donated for the university, but the legislation for Seattle said that two townships of land were to be reserved for the university. | 9 | Flan2021 | fix_punct | zs_opt |
Multi-choice problem: Which entity is he this sentence?
In last week's tennis match, Djokovic imitated Roddick's serve because he was funny.
Choose your answer from: (1). Djokovic; (2). Roddick; | (1). | 6 | Flan2021 | definite_pronoun_resolution:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
What a time of it Dawson's Landing was having! All its life it had been asleep, but now it hardly got a chance for a nod, so swiftly did big events and crashing surprises come along in one another's wake: Friday morning, first glimpse of Real Nobility, also grand reception at Aunt Patsy Cooper's, also great robber raid; Friday evening, dramatic kicking of the heir of the chief citizen in presence of four hundred people; Saturday morning, emergence as practicing lawyer of the long-submerged Pudd'nhead Wilson; Saturday night, duel between chief citizen and titled stranger. The people took more pride in the duel than in all the other events put together, perhaps. It was a glory to their town to have such a thing happen there. In their eyes the principals had reached the summit of human honor. Everybody paid homage to their names; their praises were in all mouths. Even the duelists' subordinates came in for a handsome share of the public approbation: wherefore Pudd'nhead Wilson was suddenly become a man of consequence. When asked to run for the mayoralty Saturday night, he was risking defeat, but Sunday morning found him a made man and his success assured.
Question: "How had the principals reached the summit of human honor?"
Response: "The people saw it as an honor to have the event happen at Dawson's Landing"
Based on the paragraph, is the response to the question is factually correct?
Available options: 1). no. 2). yes. | 2). | 1 | Flan2021 | super_glue/multirc:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
CHAPTER III
OUT OF PERIL
"Oh look! May and Fred have both gone down!" cried Ruth.
"Yes, and there go Andy and Randy over them!" exclaimed Jack.
"And look, Jack, the ice is cracking everywhere!" continued the frightened girl. She clutched his arm and looked appealingly into his face. "Oh! what shall we do?"
"Spread out, you fellows! Spread out!" yelled the oldest Rover boy. "Spread out! Don't keep together!"
His cry was heard, and an instant later Andy commenced to roll over on the ice in one direction while his twin rolled in another. In the meantime, Fred had managed to scramble to his feet, and now he pulled up May.
"Come on, we'll soon be out of danger," encouraged the youngest Rover; and, striking out, he pulled May behind him, the girl being too excited to skate.
In less than a minute the danger, so far as it concerned the Rovers and the two girls from Clearwater Hall, was past. All reached a point where the ice was perfectly firm. Here Ruth speedily gained her self-possession, but May continued to cling closely to Fred's arm.
"I'm going to see how they are making out in front of the boathouse!" cried Randy. "Some of the skaters must have gotten in."
"I'm with you," returned his twin. He looked back at his cousins. "I suppose you will look after the girls?"
"Sure!" answered Jack quickly. "Go ahead."
"I don't suppose we can be of any assistance down there?" came from Fred.
Based on the article and the following list of answers, write a list of questions.
1. yes
2. the ice is cracking
3. yes
4. Two
5. May and Fred
6. Andy and Randy
7. Fred
8. May
9. the oldest Rover boy.
10. Clearwater Hall
11. no
12. Fred
13. no
14. less than a minute
15. the boathouse
16. getting in
17. they must have gotten in.
18. Randy
19. yes
20. his twin
Numbered questions: | 1. Was anyone in danger?
2. What was wrong?
3. Did anyone fall in?
4. How many?
5. Who?
6. Who else had fallen?
7. Who got up first?
8. Who did he help?
9. Who gave orders when the accident occured?
10. Wherer were the girls from?
11. Did May wander away from people?
12. Who was she near?
13. Were they in peril for a long time?
14. How long then?
15. What was someone in front of?
16. What activity were they wanting to participate in?
17. What happened to the skaters?
18. Who alerted them to this?
19. Did anyone agree with him?
20. Who? | 9 | Flan2021 | coqa:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Alexander married twice: Roxana, daughter of the Bactrian nobleman Oxyartes, out of love; and Stateira II, a Persian princess and daughter of Darius III of Persia, for political reasons. He apparently had two sons, Alexander IV of Macedon of Roxana and, possibly, Heracles of Macedon from his mistress Barsine. He lost another child when Roxana miscarried at Babylon. Alexander also had a close relationship with his friend, general, and bodyguard Hephaestion, the son of a Macedonian noble. Hephaestion's death devastated Alexander. This event may have contributed to Alexander's failing health and detached mental state during his final months. Alexander's sexuality has been the subject of speculation and controversy. No ancient sources stated that Alexander had homosexual relationships, or that Alexander's relationship with Hephaestion was sexual. Aelian, however, writes of Alexander's visit to Troy where "Alexander garlanded the tomb of Achilles and Hephaestion that of Patroclus, the latter riddling that he was a beloved of Alexander, in just the same way as Patroclus was of Achilles". Noting that the word eromenos (ancient Greek for beloved) does not necessarily bear sexual meaning, Alexander may have been bisexual, which in his time was not controversial. Green argues that there is little evidence in ancient sources that Alexander had much carnal interest in women; he did not produce an heir until the very end of his life. However, he was relatively young when he died, and Ogden suggests that Alexander's matrimonial record is more impressive than his father's at the same age. Apart from wives, Alexander had many more female companions. Alexander accumulated a harem in the style of Persian kings, but he used it rather sparingly; showing great self-control in "pleasures of the body". Nevertheless, Plutarch described how Alexander was infatuated by Roxana while complimenting him on not forcing himself on her. Green suggested that, in the context of the period, Alexander formed quite strong friendships with women, including Ada of Caria, who adopted him, and even Darius's mother Sisygambis, who supposedly died from grief upon hearing of Alexander's death.
After reading the above, is "The death of Hephaestion" the correct answer to the question "What was a possible cause for Alexander's failing health toward the end of his life?"?
Select from:
A). no;
B). yes; | B). | 6 | Flan2021 | super_glue/multirc:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
Here is a dialogue:
Owen: How much longer are you going to stay there?
Jenna: 4 more days. Coming back on Thursday.
Owen: :( don't like it!
Jenna: Miss me?
Owen: A lot! We're invited to my mum's for Sunday. We're not going of course. Just tellin you ;)
Jenna: What??? Why?
What were they talking about? | Jenny is going to stay 4 more days and coming back on Thursday. Owen misses her. They are invited to his mum's for Sunday, but he doesn't want to go. | 4 | Flan2021 | samsum:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
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Réamhamharc ||||| Just think about where Howard's head was this morning. The guy hasn't missed a show in 20 something years and this morning was the rare exception. He must have felt terrible knowing there would be this wave of speculation from fans and media. So considering none of us actually know the truth and all we can do is speculate...
Who do we think is in the loop?
Wanting to keep things quiet, I would assume he would only want to tell boff, who I believe is Marci Turk at this point. Anyone possibly beyond that? You think Sirius big wigs know what this mornings canceled show was about? Any chance baba booey knows the real story? Maybe Howards confided in Ralph in this dark time? If it's a serious health complication with Robin/Ben/Ray or even Howard, does anyone on the staff know? Did Howard send fellow illuminati reptile elite Jimble Kimble an email telling him what happened? ||||| Add this Tweet to your website by copying the code below. Learn more
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Concerned fans took to the internet when Howard Stern unexpectedly canceled his radio show to take a “personal day” Wednesday.
The SiriusXM host, who fans claim has never taken an unexpected day off, mysteriously went off the air this week without explanation.
“I have listened to the #HowardStern show since the 80s… NEVER canceled a show before! I am very concerned about the reason,” one Twitter user wrote. Another fan commented, “Peace and love to my hero @HowardStern, who has missed a live show for the first time ever this morning. I hope everything is ok.”
Stern’s absence, which was announced as a “personal day” on air Wednesday, sparked multiple Reddit threads and conspiracy theories about what could have caused the unexpected cancellation.
The rumors ranged from marital troubles with wife Beth Stern to the passing of one of his parents to legal issues with Sirius after he was sued for airing a woman’s confidential call with the IRS. Many expressed concerns about 63-year-old Stern’s health.
One Reddit user pointed out, “Just this year Howard said the only way he’d cancel a show is if a parent died,” but it was also noted by someone else that Stern poked fun at his 93-year-old father on Monday’s show and wouldn’t do that if “he was on his deathbed.”
Multiple fans also mentioned that Stern was in a sour mood on Monday’s show, suggesting the two things could be related.
He is expected to return to the airwaves this Monday.
“The Howard Stern Show” has yet to make an announcement about the reasoning behind Stern’s absence and did not respond to our request for comment. ||||| Howard Stern skipped his show Wednesday, and fans speculated it might have to do with his elderly father. Only RadarOnline.com has the full story, straight from Howard’s mom!
Known workaholic Stern hardly ever takes a sick day, so his abrupt cancellation on Wednesday took fans by surprise.
“Howard took a personal day,” Jon Hein, a long time contributor to The Howard Stern show said at the end of the Wrap Up show. But what really happened?
In his radio show earlier in the week, Howard repeatedly dropped hints that he’d “been feeling down.”
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He discussed his rocky relationship with his father and then remarked how “it will all be over soon,” never clarifying his comments, but noting how he had a lot of personal issues he was dealing with.
Fans took to Reddit to express their concerns — and speculation it could have to do with his dad.
“Must be something serious to miss a scheduled show,” one fan stated.
“His dad is extremely ill. I would expect he will pass this week. No way Howard cancels a show for anything less. Dude is a beast when it comes to work. Sad,” another fan said.
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Radar reached Howard’s mom, Ray, at home on Thursday and she confirmed that Howard’s dad, Ben, was alive and well. However, she did say he was not at home at the time of the call.
Howard is expected to explain his absence early next week.
Story developing.
We pay for juicy info! Do you have a story for RadarOnline.com? Email us at tips@radaronline.com, or call us at (866) ON-RADAR (667-2327) any time, day or night. |||||
Write a summary. | – Conspiracy theories, buzzing Reddit threads, and an outpouring of concern this week over … Howard Stern taking a day off. Page Six reports that the SiriusXM radio host abruptly dropped off the airwaves this week when he unexpectedly took a "personal day" Wednesday, per the on-air message explaining his absence (he didn't return Thursday or Friday, either, adding to the worry). Longtime fans who know his work ethic, and apparently his attendance record, expressed their concern for his sudden disappearance. "I am very concerned," tweeted one fan who says he's been a listener since the '80s and "NEVER" recalled the host cancelling a show, while another sent "peace and love" to his "hero." Per Page Six and Campus News, some of the speculations about Howard's whereabouts include co-host Robin Quivers being "gravely ill"; his wife, Beth Ostrosky, being angry with him; and the IRS being after him for airing a confidential agency call. One Reddit user made an even more uneasy observation: "Just this year Howard said the only way he'd cancel a show is if a parent died." But Radar says it touched base with Stern's mom, Ray, on Thursday, and she insists her husband, Ben, who's been reported as being seriously ill, is OK (Ray noted he wasn't home when Radar rang). Some fans say Stern was in a down mood on Monday's show and are trying to connect the dots from there. Page Six notes there's been no word from SiriusXM, though Stern is expected to be back behind the mic on Monday. | 6 | Flan2021 | multi_news:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Ask a question about Spectre (2015 film). | What did SPECTRE originally stand for? | 8 | Flan2021 | squad/v1.1:3.0.0 | zs_opt |
April: Have you got admission in AIMC
Larry: I am still waiting for the results
April: I thought It was released today
Larry: Is it?
April: Yeah
Larry: Ok TTYL then. i should go check it
April: Sure C ya
Briefly summarize that dialogue. | April is still waiting for her results regarding the admission in AIMC. | 0 | Flan2021 | samsum:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Write the next sentence in this paragraph:
She walks up to a man and shakes his hand. She walks away, perusing the items on the shelves before leaning onto the counter, flexing her biceps. the woman
Pick from: a. in the ad covering her body is wearing a red tank top and black thigh-highs.. b. walks away, hitting a button on the register where there are various items for the collection.. c. shows the man her biceps before engaging in arm wrestling with him.. d. snaps and smooths her clothes with her hands.. | c. | 4 | Flan2021 | hellaswag:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Single/multi-choice problem: Which of the following solutions is better for the following goal:
To transfer a drawing to a piece of wood
Select from the following. +Get a piece of rice paper and lay it over the image you want to put on a piece of wood for carving. Draw the outline of the image with a pencil. Next place the rice paper with the drawing face up on the wood and trace over it with a pencil again so that it ends up transferring the design to the wood.. +Get a piece of rice paper and lay it over the image you want to put on a piece of wood for carving. Draw the outline of the image with a pencil. Next place the rice paper with the drawing face down on the wood and trace over it with a pencil again so that it ends up transferring the design to the wood.. | Get a piece of rice paper and lay it over the image you want to put on a piece of wood for carving. Draw the outline of the image with a pencil. Next place the rice paper with the drawing face down on the wood and trace over it with a pencil again so that it ends up transferring the design to the wood. | 6 | Flan2021 | piqa:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Are "Ray" and "he" the same in this sentence?
Tom threw his schoolbag down to Ray after *he* reached the bottom of the stairs.
Select from:
(I). no;
(II). yes;
The answer is: | (II). | 7 | Flan2021 | super_glue/wsc.fixed:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
Single/multi-select question: Is it possible to conclude that "A boy laying on the grass face down with a football at his feet." if "A boy is laying with a football."?
OPT:
(1). yes
(2). it is not possible to tell
(3). no...I think the answer is | (1). | 7 | Flan2021 | snli:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Write the next sentence in this paragraph:
A woman holds a lotion bottle in her hands. she
OPTIONS:
(I) smells her hands before squeezing the lotion onto her palms..
(II) puts lotion on her foot..
(III) pumps some of it onto her hands..
(IV) rubs lotion on her face.. | (III) | 4 | Flan2021 | hellaswag:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
What's an example of a task that requires knowledge of physical objects to perform? | easily remove dough from hands | 8 | Flan2021 | piqa:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Answer this question:
who plays carmine falcone's daughter on gotham?? | John Doman | 3 | Flan2021 | natural_questions_open:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Generate a correctly punctuated version of the following text: Directly in front of me was a desk which faced the doorway so it faced the left side of the building
| Directly in front of me was a desk which faced the doorway so it faced the left side of the building. | 8 | Flan2021 | fix_punct | zs_opt |
Produce a long descriptive sentence that uses all these words: 300 North LaSalle LOCATION Chicago; Chicago COUNTRY United States; Chicago LEADER_NAME Susana Mendoza | Susana Mendoza is a leader in Chicago, US. In this city we can find 300 North LaSalle. | 7 | Flan2021 | gem/dart:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
In one sentence, describe what the following article is about:
Do you remember any of her family members' names? If so, they may be on Facebook. This is especially true of younger relatives. Look through their friend lists. If she's on Facebook, it's likely she will be friends with her family members. Again, remember that the name's rarity has to be factored in. If she was named Jane, but her brother was named Tobias, you may have more luck trying to find him because of his name's rarity. Also, men don't change their last names through marriage usually, so searching for her father or brother or other male relatives is a good bet. Can you find any of these? If so, you could add them and ask them if they know about her. See if you have mutual friends with her. Facebook has a “mutual friends” feature that Facebook uses to match you with a name. If you have any mutual friends at all, she will be high on the list. Look on the right column under the feature “people you may know” and see if she comes up (she may if you have a mutual friend). Or you could just scour their friend lists to see if she's listed on them. This will work better if you knew her recently because it will be more likely she is still in touch with them. Do you know any details about her? Where she went to school or where she worked? If so, it may be worthwhile finding the school or company on Facebook. These people might know her. You also might find that she is already a member of the school alumni group or has posted on comments on it. You might be able to jog your memory of her family members' names or friends' names by looking at alumni groups or high school yearbooks (many are also scanned in online).
Summary: | Look up her family members' sites on Facebook. Look up her friends on Facebook. Look up school alumni groups. | 5 | Flan2021 | gem/wiki_lingua_english_en:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Are these paraphrases?
These whole cays gave the northwestern bank , known as Placer de los Roques , their name in Spanish language .
These northwestern cays gave their name to the whole bank , which is known as Placer de los Roques , in the Spanish language .
Options: [+] no. [+] yes. | no | 7 | Flan2021 | paws_wiki:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
But he added group performance would improve in the second half of the year and beyond .
De Sole said in the results statement that group performance would improve in the second half of the year and beyond .
Select from the options at the end. Do the above sentences mean the same thing?
Select from the following.
A). no;
B). yes; | B). | 2 | Flan2021 | glue/mrpc:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
What are the orthogonal trajectories?
What are orthogonal trajectories?
Choose your answer. Are these two questions paraphrases of each other?
Pick your answer from: (i). no. (ii). yes. | (ii). | 4 | Flan2021 | glue/qqp:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Some people have complete confidence in the people running these institutions.
Generate a new sentence that is, on a scale from 0 to 5, a 2 in textual similarity to the above sentence. | Other people have no confidence at all in teh people running these institutions. | 8 | Flan2021 | glue/stsb:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Answer the questions at the end based on the text.
Anti-aircraft warfare or counter-air defence is defined by NATO as "all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action." They include ground-and air-based weapon systems, associated sensor systems, command and control arrangements and passive measures (e.g. barrage balloons). It may be used to protect naval, ground, and air forces in any location. However, for most countries the main effort has tended to be 'homeland defence'. NATO refers to airborne air defence as counter-air and naval air defence as anti-aircraft warfare. Missile defence is an extension of air defence as are initiatives to adapt air defence to the task of intercepting any projectile in flight.
Non-English terms for air defence include the German Flak (Fliegerabwehrkanone, "aircraft defence cannon", also cited as Flugabwehrkanone), whence English flak, and the Russian term Protivovozdushnaya oborona (Cyrillic: Противовозду́шная оборо́на), a literal translation of "anti-air defence", abbreviated as PVO. In Russian the AA systems are called zenitnye (i.e. "pointing to zenith") systems (guns, missiles etc.). In French, air defence is called DCA (Défense contre les aéronefs, "aéronef" being the generic term for all kind of airborne device (airplane, airship, balloon, missile, rocket, etc.)).
1. How is anti-aircraft or counter-air defence defined?
2. Who defined it?
3. How many things are included in that?
4. What is one of those things that is included?
5. What is the main efforts in most countries?
6. What do they call it in France?
7. What about in Germany?
8. What task do they have?
9. What are they referred to as in Russia?
10. How many examples are given as to what it is named in other places?
Numbered answers: | 1. "all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action
2. NATO
3. Four
4. ground-and air-based weapon systems
5. homeland defence
6. DCA
7. Flak
8. intercepting any projectile in flight.
9. Protivovozdushnaya oborona
10. Four | 2 | Flan2021 | coqa:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Identify the most salient words in this sentence:
close up portrait of cheerful students with teacher at the classroom | classroom
close
portrait | 8 | Flan2021 | gem/common_gen:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Even after EU accession, many decisions will remain in the hands of Romanian policy-makers. [AFP]
Translate to Turkish
Turkish: | AB'ye katılım gerçekleştikten sonra bile pek çok karar yine Romanyalı politika yapıcılar tarafından alınacak. [AFP] | 0 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/tr-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Sentence 1: A small bird eating from the feeder.
Sentence 2: Bird eating from a bird feeder.
From 0 to 5 (0="no meaning overlap" and 5="means the same thing"), how similar are the two sentences?
Possible answers:
[1]. 0.
[2]. 1.
[3]. 2.
[4]. 3.
[5]. 4.
[6]. 5. | [5]. | 2 | Flan2021 | glue/stsb:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
On a scale from 0-5, where 0 is "not similar" and 5 is "very similar", how similar is the sentence "Syrian journalists killed in capital" to the sentence "US Marines killed in base attack"?
Pick your answer from:
+ 0;
+ 1;
+ 2;
+ 3;
+ 4;
+ 5; | 1 | 6 | Flan2021 | glue/stsb:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Write a sentence not in English. | Семиэтажная недавно отремонтированная гостиница находится в минуте ходьбы от берега моря. | 8 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/ru-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Meidän on harjoitettava omaa politiikkaamme paitsi Myanmarin öljy- ja kaasuyhtiötä myös Myanmarin puutavarayhtiötä ja Myanmarin posti- ja televiestintäyhtiötä vastaan. Minusta on valitettavaa, ettei niitä mainita päätöslauselmassa.
Translate this to English? | We must enforce our own policy not just against the Myanmar Oil and Gas Company, but also against the Myanmar Timber Company and Myanmar Post and Telecoms, and I regret that they do not appear in this resolution. | 3 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/fi-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
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