inputs stringlengths 17 1.05M | targets stringlengths 0 2.92M | _template_idx int64 0 9 | _task_source stringclasses 1 value | _task_name stringclasses 70 values | _template_type stringclasses 1 value |
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Multi-select: Knowing that "snow falls during the winter in the arctic environment", how would one answer "if white cold items drop from the sky, what might these be?"
Possible answers: [I] a gift from the heavens; [II] a cloud is crying; [III] it is an anomaly; [IV] it is ice precipitation;...A: | [IV] | 3 | Flan2021 | openbookqa:0.1.0 | zs_opt |
Write an article based on this "Purchase 4 T-nuts and hanger bolts. Position the T-nuts near the table’s corners. Drill 4 holes through the base of the tabletop. Tap the T-nuts into the holes with a hammer. Drill a pilot hole through the center of each table leg unless they have pre-installed hanger bolts. Screw the hanger bolts into the table legs. Twist the legs onto the T-nuts until they are even with the table."
Article: | T-nuts are circular connectors that attach to the table’s underside. Each T-nut has a central opening used to secure a table leg. When selecting T-nuts, be sure to compare them to the hanger bolts you plan on using. Get bolts that are the same diameter as the opening on the T-nuts. The equipment you need is available online or at most home improvement stores. T-nuts are useful for tables you plan on moving a lot. They work well on any type of wood table without an apron but are best for unfinished tables. If you plan on covering the table with another piece of wood or upholstery, T-nuts are a good choice. If you are unable to find T-nuts, you can also use threaded inserts. Threaded inserts are similar, circular fasteners that install the same way. Flip the table over to figure out where you will secure the T-nuts. The most important part is keeping the T-nuts equidistant, or an identical distance, from the table’s edges. The exact positioning depends on where you want the legs to be. They are often placed close to the corners but can be moved according to your preference. If you need more precision when placing the T-nuts, measure out from the edges and mark where each one needs to go. Create the holes in the spots where you plan on placing the legs. Keep the holes roughly the same size as the openings in the T-nuts. The exact size will depend on the T-nuts you plan on using, so refer to their length and diameter. It will be labeled on the packaging. For example, 5⁄16 in (0.79 cm) is a common T-nut diameter. Create same-sized holes with a power drill. Be wary of the table’s thickness so you don’t drill all the way through it. Use shorter T-nuts if your table is too thin to support the ones you purchased. Place a T-nut into each of the holes you drilled. Position them so the wider, circular end is face up. Gradually tap each T-nut down with a light amount of force until it is level with the wood. The opposite end of each T-nut is a central circle with a smaller opening. This side goes into the wood. The base of each T-nut has small blades that will also pass into the wood as you hammer. Arrange the legs so the top part, meant to connect to the table, faces you. Before drilling pilot holes, refer to the diameter of the hanger screws you purchased. Choose a drill size slightly smaller than that. When you’re ready, drill holes that are the same length as the hanger screws. For accuracy, take time to measure out and mark the center point on each leg if you need to. To make the pilot holes the correct depth, wrap a piece of tape around the drill bit. Position it so its distance from the tip is the same as the length of the bolts. Drill down into the wood until the tape touches it. If you purchased table legs with pre-installed hanger bolts, skip this part. Instead, attach the legs to the T-nuts. Fit a bolt into each leg. Turn the bolts by hand to start the installation and, once they stay in place, finish with locking pliers or an open-ended wrench. Make sure the legs feel secure, not wobbly, and won’t come out once you turn the table over. Keep the bolts center and straight in the legs. If they are misaligned, the legs will appear crooked when you attach them to the T-nuts. To make this part easier, put a pair of metal nots on the end of each hanger screw. Tighten them, slip the screw into the wood, and then use the nuts to tighten the screws. Finish by removing the nuts. The hanger bolts fit inside the threaded openings in the center of the T-nuts. Turn them clockwise as far as you can. Make sure the legs fit well against the table. Flip the table over when you’re done to see if the finished product looks level and sturdy. Keep twisting the legs until they are even with the table. The hanger bolts fit in the threaded holes in each T-nut, leading to a simple but effective installation that hides the hardware. | 9 | Flan2021 | gem/wiki_lingua_english_en:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Africa specialists expect boost in production of malaria nets
JOHANNESBURG -- Meeting in Nigeria four years ago, African leaders set a goal that 60 percent of children and pregnant women in malaria-affected areas around the continent would be sleeping under bed nets by the end of 2005.
Multi-choice problem: What is this text about?
Pick your answer from:
(i). World.
(ii). Sports.
(iii). Business.
(iv). Science/Tech. | (i). | 0 | Flan2021 | ag_news_subset:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Read the text and determine if the sentence is true (see options at the end):
How to spot hail damage<br>Search for damage on the metal. Check metal roof vents, flashing or metal valleys on the roof to see if there are any dents. Soft metal will show dents, and also indicate the size of the hail.
Sentence: hail damage has a qqq
Options: 1. Yes. 2. It's impossible to say. 3. No. | 3. | 6 | Flan2021 | anli/r3:0.1.0 | zs_opt |
What claim can be made from the following pieces of evidence?
1. In the UK it was because of cost that the Primary Care Trusts -LRB- PCTs -RRB- refused to allow the prescription of Herceptin , a drug which US studies have shown reduces the damage done by breast cancer .
2. Ultimately pressure from Roche , the drugs manufacturer and from patients resulted in the drug being authorized for use , but the process was much faster in the US where Roche could run advertisements alerting consumers to the potential benefits of Herceptin , and thereby immediately giving patients access to a similar level of information as their doctors and allowing them to push for its authorization .
3. If a patient has taken the time to actively consider a particular drug and then visits their doctor , whether they are prescribed it or not , they are building up a positive relationship with their doctor and are more likely to continue to take an active interest in their health .
4. Further on , in states where there is no direct to consumer advertising but there is advertising to doctors , patients are disadvantaged because it is in the interest for private medical insurance firms or national health services to keep information about expensive new drugs from patients .
5. Advertising under current rules is used to inform patients of new drugs which may be appropriate for conditions which they suffer from -LRB- such as recent asthma drugs which reduce the frequency of attacks -RRB- , but which their doctor might overlook or not have the time to crosscheck against her list of patients .
6. 56 % of AMA general practitioners believed that direct-to-consumer advertising had prompted some of their patients to seek treatment for a condition which would have otherwise been neglected .
7. Advertising increases consumer awareness of drugs , which makes consumers more likely to take appropriate medication .
8. The drugs market is complex and so advertising can help explain the differences between treatments , for example between contraceptive pills intended to reduce period pain , period flow and those simply to prevent pregnancy . | Patients will be better informed than under the status quo | 4 | Flan2021 | opinion_abstracts_idebate | zs_opt |
Shen Kuo (Chinese: Chen Gua ; 1031-1095), courtesy name Cunzhong (Cun Zhong ) and pseudonym Mengqi (now usually given as Mengxi) Weng (Meng Xi Weng ), was a Han Chinese polymathic scientist and statesman of the Song dynasty (960-1279). Excelling in many fields of study and statecraft, he was a mathematician, astronomer, meteorologist, geologist, zoologist, botanist, pharmacologist, agronomist, archaeologist, ethnographer, cartographer, encyclopedist, general, diplomat, hydraulic engineer, inventor, academy chancellor, finance minister, governmental state inspector, poet, and musician.
Since the time of the engineer and inventor Ma Jun (c. 200-265), the Chinese had used the south-pointing chariot, which did not employ magnetism, as a compass. In 1044 the Collection of the Most Important Military Techniques (Wu Jing Zong Yao ; Wujing Zongyao) recorded that fish-shaped objects cut from sheet iron, magnetized by thermoremanence (essentially, heating that produced weak magnetic force), and placed in a water-filled bowl enclosed by a box were used for directional pathfinding alongside the south-pointing chariot. However, it was not until the time of Shen Kuo that the earliest magnetic compasses would be used for navigation. In his written work, Shen Kuo made the first known explicit reference to the magnetic compass-needle and the concept of true north. He wrote that steel needles were magnetized once they were rubbed with lodestone, and that they were put in floating position or in mountings; he described the suspended compass as the best form to be used, and noted that the magnetic needle of compasses pointed either south or north. Shen Kuo asserted that the needle will point south but with a deviation, stating "[the magnetic needles] are always displaced slightly east rather than pointing due south." Shen Kuo wrote that it was preferable to use the twenty-four-point rose instead of the old eight compass cardinal points -- and the former was recorded in use for navigation shortly after Shen's death. The preference of use for the twenty-four-point-rose compass may have arisen from Shen's finding of a more accurate astronomical meridian, determined by his measurement between the pole star and true north; however, it could also have been inspired by geomantic beliefs and practices. The book of the author Zhu Yu, the Pingzhou Table Talks published in 1119 (written from 1111 to 1117), was the first record of use of a compass for seafaring navigation. However, Zhu Yu's book recounts events back to 1086, when Shen Kuo was writing the Dream Pool Essays; this meant that in Shen's time the compass might have already been in navigational use. In any case, Shen Kuo's writing on magnetic compasses has proved invaluable for understanding China's earliest use of the compass for seafaring navigation.
Using a quote from the above article, answer the following question: Did he invent it? | The preference of use for the twenty-four-point-rose compass may have arisen from Shen's finding of a more accurate astronomical meridian, | 1 | Flan2021 | quac:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
@Jackpellen Just had to come back online..for the bl00dy address!!..Yeah, I look forward to it?!?! DULL!!
Select your answer from the options. What is the sentiment of this tweet?
Options: A). negative B). positive...I think the answer is | A). | 0 | Flan2021 | sentiment140:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Add punctuation: EUbacked small business loans
| EU-backed small business loans | 6 | Flan2021 | fix_punct | zs_opt |
The Mortal Instruments is a series of six young adult fantasy novels written by Cassandra Clare, the last of which was published on May 27, 2014. The Mortal Instruments is chronologically the third series of a proposed five in The Shadowhunter Chronicles but it was the first one published. It follows Clary Fray (who interacts with a group of nephilim known as Shadowhunters) while also discovering her own half-angel heritage. The Shadowhunters protect the world of mundane people, who are also called mundanes or ``mundies'', from dark forces from beyond their world.
Answer this question, making sure that the answer is supported by the text: is there a book 7 of the mortal instruments?
OPTIONS:
i. no
ii. yes | i. | 6 | Flan2021 | bool_q:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Premise: Darkness, and the place under darkness.
Hypothesis: The place under darkness, and darkness.
Is the hypothesis entailed by the premise?
Select from the following.
a). yes;
b). it is not possible to tell;
c). no; And the answer is: | a). | 1 | Flan2021 | glue/mnli:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Translate "Inside the company we aim at integrating our activity and achieving synergy in the teamwork, self-improvement of the employees as well as of the company as an organisation; we also aim at showing respect to our work, ourselves and our customers." to Russian? | Во внутренних отношениях стремимся к интеграции деятельности и получения синергии действий в команде, самосовершенствования как работников, так и фирмы как организации, а также взаимного уважения к выполняемой работе, а также отношениях с заинтересованными сторонами. | 7 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/ru-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Sentence: "I put the box the book."
Would a linguist rate this sentence to be acceptable linguistically?
Select from:
[1]. unacceptable
[2]. acceptable | [1]. | 3 | Flan2021 | glue/cola:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Triple: Bibimbap House food English; Bibimbap House area city centre; Bibimbap House near The Rice Boat
What is a sentence that describes this triple? | Bibimbap House is near The Rice Boat in the City center. It has English food. | 0 | Flan2021 | gem/dart:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
See context followed by options. Is "Jim" the same as "his" in this sentence?
Jim signaled the barman and gestured toward *his* empty glass
Possible answers:
(1). no.
(2). yes. | (2). | 8 | Flan2021 | super_glue/wsc.fixed:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
Write a subject line for this message:
I have asked the tax guys to talk to you directly since I am in South America this week. If you have not heard from them, you might try calling Stephen Douglas or Jeff Blumenthal. They are the tax experts for EnronOnline.
Subject Line: | Singapore domain name | 1 | Flan2021 | aeslc:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Generate a sentence, and then tell me the concepts included in that sentence. | Sentence:
rusted remains of an once beautiful pirate ship reflecting in the water
Concepts:
reflect
ship
water | 9 | Flan2021 | gem/common_gen:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Summarize:
In his first season after becoming county captain, Bell, 34, made only 678 runs in 15 Championship games.
But Troughton will act as a buffer in 2017 under sport director Ashley Giles.
"For me, it is all about taking as much responsibility as I can off Belly," Troughton told BBC WM.
"He can then concentrate on the team on the field and looking after his own game. If he does that, then he's going to be scoring lots of runs for Warwickshire, the team are going to be playing for him and we'll be winning games of cricket."
Troughton, who first became Bell's Bears team-mate in 2002, has always had a close rapport, strengthened by the fact that he is married to Bell's sister-in-law.
But the 37-year-old, who played six one-day internationals for England admits: "Anything he's achieved on the field, or I have on or off it, is pretty much separate and has nothing to do with the fact that our two wives are sisters.
"Within the relationship I've had with him from a very early age, I've got to know what he's all about as a leader. And we're both big and ugly enough to be able to challenge each other in many ways.
"There are going to be times when you're not going not going to agree but, if it's for the better of the team, then you're willing to have those conversations."
The Bears' new backroom set-up was finally unveiled on Monday, a wait of over two months from previous boss Dougie Brown's departure to persuading Lancashire to release Giles from his existing Lancashire contract.
It was not until Christmas Day that Giles told his family about his new job back at Edgbaston, four years on from his exit to work as England's limited-overs boss.
But, while Bell has been busy sharpening up his T20 skills in Australia's Big Bash, scoring 160 runs in five matches for Perth Scorchers, plans were already being made back at Edgbaston.
Giles' main brief is to find the next generation of Bells and Troughtons, leaving the coach and the captain to concentrate on first-team results, especially in the Championship, in which the Bears only won three times in 16 matches last season.
"It does feel like coming home," said Giles. "But I have to be careful with saying that because I enjoyed two really good years with Lancashire and I don't want it to look like I simply shot off when a job came up near my house.
"The personal aspect was a big one. Being away from home became very difficult in my second year. But the role I have is now different and much broader. Had it been the same as before, it would not have been the right role."
Jim Troughton & Ashley Giles were talking to BBC WM's Richard Wilford.
Summary: | Warwickshire coach Jim Troughton says that one of the main aims in his new role is to take enough responsibility off Ian Bell to help the Bears get the best out of their skipper. | 0 | Flan2021 | huggingface:xsum | zs_opt |
Add spaces between the words in the following text: "MagicMp3CDBurnerisaprofessionalandeasy-in-usesoftwaretoburnsongsonCD.ItcanburnMP3CDs(Fit200songsonaCDR);supportmostpopularCDRecorders;supports""Burn-Proof""CDR-Wdriveswithesaytouseinterface,andmuchmore...WithyourMp3CDburningsoftware,you'vemadeone60yearoldmusicloverVERYhappy!"
| "Magic Mp3 CD Burner is a professional and easy-in-use software to burn songs on CD.It can burn MP3 CDs( Fit 200 songs on a CDR);support most popular CD Recorders;supports ""Burn-Proof"" CDR-W drives with esay to use interface,and much more... With your Mp3 CD burning software, you've made one 60 year old music lover VERY happy!" | 6 | Flan2021 | word_segment | zs_opt |
Slovenya Dışişleri Bakanı Samuel Zbogar iki günlük bir çalışma ziyaret için 19 Ocak Pazartesi günü Saraybosna'ya geldi.
Translate to English
English: | Slovenian Foreign Minister Samuel Zbogar arrived in Sarajevo on Monday (January 19th) on a two-day working visit. | 1 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/tr-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Answer the question...when did i hate u i love u come out?? | February 17, 2016 | 5 | Flan2021 | natural_questions_open:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Shares of San Diego-based Jack In The Box closed at $ 21.49 , up 78 cents , or 3.8 percent , on the New York Stock Exchange .
Shares of Tampa-based Outback Steakhouse Inc. closed at $ 44.50 , up $ 1.78 , or 4.2 percent , on the New York Stock Exchange .
(See options at the end). If the first sentence is true, is the second one also true?
pick from the following.
(a). no
(b). yes | (a). | 5 | Flan2021 | glue/mrpc:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Nejprve je třeba připomenout, že přechodná ustanovení SGB V nijak nezakazují psychoterapeutovi usazenému v Německu před 31. prosincem 1998, který během referenčního období poskytoval péči na náklady pojišťoven zdravotního pojištění ostatních členských států, aby pokračoval ve výkonu svého povolání v prvním členském státě buď v místě, které si původně zvolil ke zřízení své ordinace, ale mimo režim systému uzavírání smluv, anebo na jiném místě v Německu, které nespadá do režimu kvót zavedených počínaje 1. lednem 1999, a to na náklady německých pojišťoven zdravotního pojištění.
Translate to English
English: | It should be borne in mind, first of all, that the transitional provisions in Book V in no way prevent a psychotherapist, established in Germany before 31 December 1998, who provided care under the statutory sickness insurance schemes of other Member States from continuing to practise his profession in Germany, either in the place in which he initially chose to establish his practice, but outside the statutory sickness insurance scheme, or in another place in Germany which is not subject to the quota system introduced from 1 January 1999 and within the German statutory sickness insurance scheme. | 1 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/cs-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Randy went to Nick's store, and looked at his groceries.
Who is "his" in this prior sentence(see options)?
pick from the following. (I) Randy (II) Nick | (II) | 1 | Flan2021 | definite_pronoun_resolution:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Question: Which organisms benefit in the relationship between bees and flowering plants?
What is the correct answer to the question from the following choices?
Options are:
1). only the bees
2). only the flowering plants
3). both the bees and the flowering plants
4). neither the bees nor the flowering plants | 3). | 2 | Flan2021 | ai2_arc/ARC-Easy:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
If As a result, our only remaining recourse is either to file suit in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia or to forego further assertion of our access rights., can we conclude that "United States District Court for the District of Columbia is the only remaining recourse."?
Available choices:
-- yes;
-- it is not possible to tell;
-- no; | yes | 8 | Flan2021 | glue/mnli:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Members of the military tradition, military officers, among the Young Turks revolted. The defense of their shrinking state had become a matter of intense professional pride which caused them to raise arms against their state. The event that triggered the Revolution was a meeting in the Baltic port of Reval between Edward VII of the United Kingdom and Nicholas II of Russia in June 1908. Though these imperial powers had experienced relatively few major conflicts between them over the previous hundred years, an underlying rivalry, otherwise known as "the Great Game", had exacerbated the situation to such an extent that resolution was sought. The Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 brought shaky British-Russian relations to the forefront by solidifying boundaries that identified their respective control in Persia and Afghanistan. Military officers fearing the meeting was a prelude to the partition of Macedonia, Army units in the Balkans mutinied against Sultan Abdülhamid II. A desire to preserve the state, not destroy it, motivated the revolutionaries. The revolt began in July 1908. Major Ahmed Niyazi, fearing discovery of his political moves by an investigatory committee sent from the capital, decamped from Resen on 3 July with 200 followers demanding restoration of the constitution. The sultan's attempt to suppress this uprising failed due to the popularity of the movement among the troops themselves. Rebellion spread rapidly due to the ideology of Ottomanism. On 24 July, sultan Abdul Hamid II capitulated and announced restoration of the 1876 constitution.
Answer this question: What caused the meeting that led to the Young Turk rebellion? | the Great Game | 3 | Flan2021 | drop:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Question: Colored alcohol is used in some glass thermometers. When placed in air of different temperatures, the column of alcohol rises or falls in the glass thermometer. Which of the following best explains why the height of the alcohol column changes?
OPT:
[1]. The glass contracts when heated..
[2]. The alcohol contracts when heated..
[3]. The glass expands more than the alcohol when heated..
[4]. The alcohol expands more than the glass when heated..
Answer: | [4]. | 1 | Flan2021 | ai2_arc/ARC-Easy:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Do these two sentences mean the same thing?
In Nigeria alone , the report said , as many as 1 million women may be living with the condition .
In Nigeria alone , the report estimated that between 100,000 and 1 million girls and women are suffering from the condition .
Available options: (1). no; (2). yes;...I think the answer is | (2). | 8 | Flan2021 | glue/mrpc:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Answer this question: If 1 kg of the compound toluene melts at -95°C, then 500 g of toluene will
OPTIONS:
(a). melt at -47.5°C.;
(b). melt at -95°C.;
(c). boil at 95°C.;
(d). boil at 47.5°C.;. Answer: | (b). | 9 | Flan2021 | unified_qa_science_inst | zs_opt |
From the following options, what is the question "What was the name of the cook on Rawhide ?" asking about?
Pick your answer from:
I. description;
II. entity;
III. abbreviation;
IV. human;
V. numeric;
VI. location; | IV. | 5 | Flan2021 | trec:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Williston Municipal Airport (FAA LID: X60) is a city-owned, public-use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) southwest of the central business district of Williston, a city in Levy County, Florida, United States. Commonly referred to as Williston Airport, it is located 23 mi southwest of Gainesville Regional Airport (GNV). Opened in 1974 for public use, it does not have a control tower.
Does this next sentence follow, given the preceding text?
Two nautical miles will always equal 2.30156 miles.
Choices:
+ Yes.
+ It's impossible to say.
+ No. | It's impossible to say | 3 | Flan2021 | anli/r2:0.1.0 | zs_opt |
Choose from options: Determine if the sentence is true based on the text below:
Snoop Dog appears on more than one song on the album Professional Rapper.
"Professional Rapper" is a song by American rapper Lil Dicky from his debut studio album "Professional Rapper". It was released on July 31, 2015 as the album's second single. It was produced by Stan Lane and features a guest appearance by West Coast hip hop artist Snoop Dogg.
Available options: 1). Yes. 2). It's impossible to say. 3). No. | 2). | 8 | Flan2021 | anli/r2:0.1.0 | zs_opt |
It happened on the Glen River Valley side of Slieve Comedagh shortly after 14:00 BST on Sunday.
Mourne Mountain Rescue team and an ambulance service paramedic helped the man and his partner who was stranded on a ledge above.
The man was taken to a hospital in Belfast and treated for injuries to his legs, pelvis and ankles.
His injuries are not thought to be life-threatening.
What was that article about? | A man has been flown to hospital by a rescue helicopter after falling 25-30 metres from cliffs in the Mournes. | 4 | Flan2021 | huggingface:xsum | zs_opt |
Answer this question.
Michelin star chef Kevin Lowe moved from Heston Blumenthal's organization in 2015 to? | lidl | 4 | Flan2021 | trivia_qa/rc:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Alex looked at an electric toothbrush that had a plug with three metal prongs. Why are these prongs made out of metal?
Pick the answer from these options
Pick your answer from:
a). Metal doesn't get hot and melt when you plug it into the outlet.;
b). Metal is strong and is less likely to break when you plug it into the outlet.;
c). Metal is an insulator and prevents shocks when you plug it into the outlet.;
d). Metal is a conductor and completes a circuit when you plug it into the outlet.; | d). | 6 | Flan2021 | ai2_arc/ARC-Easy:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Identify the most salient words in this sentence:
bride walked down the aisle by mom and dad . | aisle
dad
mom
walk | 8 | Flan2021 | gem/common_gen:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Who is he referring to in the following sentence?
John appreciated Bill because he had been in need.
Options are: (I). John (II). Bill | (I). | 7 | Flan2021 | definite_pronoun_resolution:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Which transition is most responsible for gaps in the fossil record?
Pick the answer from these options
OPTIONS: [i] metamorphic rock to igneous rock. [ii] igneous rock to metamorphic rock. [iii] metamorphic rock to sedimentary rock. [iv] sedimentary rock to metamorphic rock. | [iv] | 6 | Flan2021 | ai2_arc/ARC-Challenge:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
This is a test of commonsense with single/multi-choices. Complete the next sentence:
How to cite shakespeare
Use parenthetical citations for shakespearean works.
Parenthetical citations are citations that appear inside regular parentheses within the body of your paper. No matter which citation style you're using, shakespeare works are unique in how they are cited.
pick from the following.
[i] They are always cited with parenthetical citations that appear in the text of your paper. They are not indicated by a footnote or endnote.
[ii] Footnotes typically outline the author and the version of the work, followed by a period in between the two classes, for example. Use an inverted parenthesis for renaissance works.
[iii] With parenthetical citations, include the parenthetical number, author name, date of publication and the year of publication in parentheses. Don't abbreviate these details in parenthetical citations.
[iv] The citation for shakespeare is shakespeare 1501. The year in which the lines start with a period appear in parentheses after a period (from 1936 to 1959).
The answer is: | [i] | 3 | Flan2021 | hellaswag:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Currently, EU contributions account for a third of Mauritania's national budget.
Translate to Romanian
Romanian: | În prezent, contribuțiile UE reprezintă o treime din bugetul național mauritan. | 0 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/ro-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
I just took a test in school today. What question was I asked? | Which planet has the longest planetary year? | 9 | Flan2021 | ai2_arc/ARC-Challenge:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Read the following paragraph and determine if the hypothesis is true. Select from options at the end:
Buffalo, New York - The Common Council of Buffalo voted on Tuesday to send the Elmwood Village Hotel proposal "to committee for further discussion", after citing the need for more public involvement. The Elmwood Village Hotel is a development proposal by the Savarino Construction Services Corporation, a project designed by the architect Karl Frizlen of The Frizlen Group. The hotel would be placed on the southeast corner of Elmwood and Forest Avenues in Buffalo.
Hypothesis: The Frizlen Group is situated in Buffalo.
Select from the following.
(I) yes.
(II) no.
The answer is | (II) | 5 | Flan2021 | super_glue/rte:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
Select the correct answer: Which is an appropriate title for this article?
PUNTA GORDA, Fla. - Residents left homeless by Hurricane Charley's 145 mph winds dug through their ravaged homes on Sunday, sweeping up shattered glass and rescuing what they could as President Bush promised rapid delivery of disaster aid...
Pick your answer from:
* World.
* Sports.
* Business.
* Science/Tech. | World | 6 | Flan2021 | ag_news_subset:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Here are some keywords about a restaurant:
name = The Golden Palace, eatType = coffee shop, priceRange = more than £30, customer rating = low, area = riverside. Write a sentence that describes the following attributes of a restaurant. | The Golden Palace is an expensive, one star coffee shop located near the river. | 3 | Flan2021 | gem/e2e_nlg:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Choose your answer: What is "What was Hitler 's favorite movie ?" asking about?
Options:
a). description;
b). entity;
c). abbreviation;
d). human;
e). numeric;
f). location;
Answer: | b). | 4 | Flan2021 | trec:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Summarize the argument implied by these sentences?
1. This feeds the lambs to the wolves .
2. Such criminalization can actaully lead to the very harm that the law ostensibly seeks to avoid , coercion and exploitation , for it is people who are naturally more inclined to coercion and exploitation that will disregard the law anyway .
3. Violence , coercion and exploitation in sexual relationships should still be punished , but not consensual activity .
4. Sex is entirely natural and should be celebrated in the context of loving relationships , not criminalised and put under the prying eye of an authoritarian state .
5. Age of consent laws place artificial limits on this freedom .
6. The freedom of sexual expression -LRB- and exploration -RRB- is not only a matter of choice which is fundamental to the individual it is also particularly important to young people as they proceed through the stage of adolescence into young adulthood .
7. Such exploration would be more safely done in an environment that does n't criminalize it .
8. There is no process of suddenly coming into full knowledge without acting and exploration .
9. The concept that young people do not know what they are doing is flawed , because every person who has gone through sexual development has learnt by doing .
10. Such restrictions go against the human rights to privacy and of freedom of expression . | We should defend children’s freedom of expression. | 5 | Flan2021 | opinion_abstracts_idebate | zs_opt |
Read this: The last major building work took place during the reign of King George V when, in 1913, Sir Aston Webb redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front to resemble in part Giacomo Leoni's Lyme Park in Cheshire. This new, refaced principal façade (of Portland stone) was designed to be the backdrop to the Victoria Memorial, a large memorial statue of Queen Victoria, placed outside the main gates. George V, who had succeeded Edward VII in 1910, had a more serious personality than his father; greater emphasis was now placed on official entertaining and royal duties than on lavish parties. He arranged a series of command performances featuring jazz musicians such as the Original Dixieland Jazz Band (1919) – the first jazz performance for a head of state, Sidney Bechet, and Louis Armstrong (1932), which earned the palace a nomination in 2009 for a (Kind of) Blue Plaque by the Brecon Jazz Festival as one of the venues making the greatest contribution to jazz music in the United Kingdom. George V's wife Queen Mary was a connoisseur of the arts, and took a keen interest in the Royal Collection of furniture and art, both restoring and adding to it. Queen Mary also had many new fixtures and fittings installed, such as the pair of marble Empire-style chimneypieces by Benjamin Vulliamy, dating from 1810, which the Queen had installed in the ground floor Bow Room, the huge low room at the centre of the garden façade. Queen Mary was also responsible for the decoration of the Blue Drawing Room. This room, 69 feet (21 metres) long, previously known as the South Drawing Room, has a ceiling designed specially by Nash, coffered with huge gilt console brackets.
Now answer this question, if there is an answer (If it cannot be answered, return "unanswerable"): Which king preferred official entertaining and royal duties to lavish parties? | George V | 8 | Flan2021 | squad/v2.0:3.0.0 | zs_opt |
Briefly summarize this sentence: it 's the matchup nfl insiders have been looking forward to since october _ jerry rice vs. deion sanders .
Summary: | rice plays down matchup with deion | 1 | Flan2021 | gigaword:1.2.0 | zs_opt |
How is it to be audience in a Kapil Sharma show?
What is it like to be an audience in Kapil Sharma's show?
Do those questions have the same meaning?
Choose your answer from: (i). no (ii). yes | (ii). | 1 | Flan2021 | glue/qqp:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Concepts: lake, mountain, sunrise
Write a sentence that includes all these words. | lake in the middle of the mountains at sunrise | 0 | Flan2021 | gem/common_gen:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Write the next sentence.
In order to practice Taekwondo, he punched the bag instead of the wall. The
Choices:
-- bag was harder.;
-- wall was harder.;
Answer: | wall was harder. | 1 | Flan2021 | winogrande:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Answer this question.
What type of creature is a Bobolink? | bird | 4 | Flan2021 | trivia_qa/rc:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Do these two sentences from wikipedia have the same meaning?
Abraham was '' hundred years old , when his son was born , whom he called Isaac , and he circumcised him when he was eight days old .
Abraham was `` an hundred years old '' , when his son whom he named Isaac was born ; and he circumcised him when he was eight days old .
Choose from:
a). no;
b). yes;
The answer is: | b). | 5 | Flan2021 | paws_wiki:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
See the multi-choice question below:
Sentence 1: Figure 3.5 is not solely a warning.
Sentence 2: Figure 3.5 is a warning.
If the first sentence is true, then is the second sentence true?
[a]. yes.
[b]. it is not possible to tell.
[c]. no. | [a]. | 4 | Flan2021 | glue/mnli:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Q: Which pair of items will repel each other?
What is the correct answer to this question?
Choose from: + a positively-charged wool sock and a neutral plastic bag + a neutral cotton sweater and a negatively-charged plastic pellet + a negatively-charged balloon and a positively-charged piece of paper + a negatively-charged plastic strip and a negatively-charged piece of cloth...A: | a negatively-charged plastic strip and a negatively-charged piece of cloth | 3 | Flan2021 | ai2_arc/ARC-Easy:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
SETimes'a konuşan Zenica-Doboj kantonu polis sendikası başkanı Elvedin Mioc, taleplerini şöyle anlatıyor: "Maaşlarımıza zam istemiyoruz; yasanın uygulanmasını istiyoruz.
Translate to English
English: | Wouldn't it be right for all those working at the same job, in the same state, to be paid equally for this job?" Elvedin Mioc, president of the Zenica-Doboj canton police union told SETimes. | 1 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/tr-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Premise: Man in a sweater learning to knit.
Hypothesis: The man is learning how to throw a curve ball.
.Choose the correct answer: Given the premise, can we conclude the hypothesis?
pick from the following.
- yes.
- it is not possible to tell.
- no. | no | 5 | Flan2021 | snli:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
In 1409, a hospital was founded and placed under the patronage of Santa María de los Inocentes; to this was attached a confraternity devoted to recovering the bodies of the unfriended dead in the city and within a radius of three miles (4.8 km) around it. At the end of the 15th century this confraternity separated from the hospital, and continued its work under the name of "Cofradia para el ámparo de los desamparados". King Philip IV of Spain and the Duke of Arcos suggested the building of the new chapel, and in 1647 the Viceroy, Conde de Oropesa, who had been preserved from the bubonic plague, insisted on carrying out their project. The Blessed Virgin was proclaimed patroness of the city under the title of Virgen de los desamparados (Virgin of the Forsaken), and Archbishop Pedro de Urbina, on 31 June 1652, laid the cornerstone of the new chapel of this name. The archiepiscopal palace, a grain market in the time of the Moors, is simple in design, with an inside cloister and a handsome chapel. In 1357, the arch that connects it with the cathedral was built. In the council chamber are preserved the portraits of all the prelates of Valencia.
Try to answer this question if possible (otherwise reply "unanswerable"): What was the confraternity called after its separation from the hospital? | Cofradia para el ámparo de los desamparados | 4 | Flan2021 | squad/v2.0:3.0.0 | zs_opt |
The protagonist Preetam ( ( ( Ganesh , on a visit to Eva Mall amidst a heavy wind , spots a pretty girl , Nandini . While staring at her , he inadvertently falls into a manhole . Nandini rescues him from the pit , but in the process loses her heart-shaped watch she had just bought . While accompanying his mother to Madikeri , Preetam confronts a man named Jaanu . Jaanu , who has been following Nandini , beats up Preetam thinking that he is in love with Nandini . Preetam , unaware that Jaanu has vowed not to allow any one near Nandini , trashes Jaanu and his gang in return . In Madikeri , Preetam meets Nandini unexpectedly . He identifies himself and expresses his love towards her and offers to tie the watch as an indication for their marriage . Nandini , who is already engaged rejects his request . Still , Preetam vows to marry Nandini if she meets him again . In the meantime , Preetam discovers that his host in Madikeri , Col. Subbayya is Nandini's father , who is pretty much deaf , and Nandini's marriage is a just a week away . Dejected , Preetam throws Nandini's heart-shaped watch away . But Nandini calls him over the phone and taunts him to return . Delighted , Preetam goes in search of her watch and brings it back . While searching it , he spots a rabbit , Which he calls Devadas , and brings it along with him . Since Nandini's friends are due to arrive from Mumbai for the marriage , Preetam takes Nandini to the railway station . The train from Mumbai is delayed by five hours , so Nandini and Preetam decide to visit a nearby hill-temple .
Question: "What happened when Preetam unexpectedly ran into Nandini in Madikeri?"
Answer: "He gave her watch back"
Is this answer to the question correct?
Pick your answer from:
*no.
*yes. | no | 7 | Flan2021 | super_glue/multirc:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
If "I stuck a pin through a carrot. When I pulled the pin out, it left a hole.", does it follow that "The pin left a hole."
Available options:
* no
* yes | yes | 1 | Flan2021 | glue/wnli:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Kenneth, Yesterday I received a letter in the mail from Enron. Appears Enron still thinks I am an employee. I am not. Have not been for about a year now. You might want to double check your records and databases. Thanks
Generate a subject line for this email. | Not an employee | 7 | Flan2021 | aeslc:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Choose from the options at the end. Are the following two questions the same?
What are some desperate feelings of making love?
My resting heartbeat has gone from 65 to 50 bpm in less then a year. Is this normal?
Available options: [-] no; [-] yes;
The answer is: | no | 8 | Flan2021 | glue/qqp:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Translate "The Fifth Committee will hold its 58th meeting on Wednesday, 27 June 2007, at 3 p.m. in Conference Room 3." to French? | La Cinquième Commission tiendra sa 58e séance le mercredi 27 juin 2007 à 15 heures dans la salle de conférence 3. | 7 | Flan2021 | wmt14_translate/fr-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Multi-select problem: How does the next paragraph end?
Then moves their hands which are shown in slow motion and leads into one speaking on the phone and leaving the room. the camera
Choose from: (i) then picks up on a yellow sea turtle that is tethered to a rock above water and he returns to swimming around.. (ii) moves away from the front of the camera which is harder to see from that angle, but they continue to speak and perform various fast moves with the moving hands moving hair.. (iii) pans all around the room and shows a sink with water running.. (iv) pans around the other people as they laugh.. | (iv) | 5 | Flan2021 | hellaswag:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Select from options: How similar are the following two sentences?
nicaragua commemorated the 25th anniversary of the sandinista revolution.
nicaragua has not reconciled how to approach the anniversary of the sandinista revolution.
Give the answer on a scale from 0 - 5, where 0 is "not similar at all" and 5 is "means the same thing".
Select from the following.
*0
*1
*2
*3
*4
*5 | 2 | 3 | Flan2021 | glue/stsb:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Options are:
(1). yes
(2). no
Does "CBS's Mexican record company, Discos Columbia, was renamed Discos CBS by 1963." correctly answer the question of What is the name of CBS' Mexican record label?
| (1). | 3 | Flan2021 | glue/qnli:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Is the premise "A teenage boy hits a tennis ball with a racket." true if "The boy is on a tennis court."?
Possible answers: *yes; *it is not possible to tell; *no; | it is not possible to tell | 8 | Flan2021 | snli:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
London (CNN) -- He steered Great Britain through the perils of World War II and is recognized as one of the most important statesmen of the 20th century.
But away from the world of politics, Winston Churchill was also an avid painter, drawn to scenes of stately homes in the UK, picturesque fields in France and vibrant Moroccan landscapes.
Though he always saw himself as an amateur, he was quick to spot talent in others.
Now, for the first time, paintings of Marrakech in Morocco by Churchill are being shown alongside those of Moroccan artist Hassan el Glaoui, who throughout his life credited Churchill with convincing his father -- the Pasha of Marrakech -- to let him pursue his dream of becoming a painter.
"The Pasha of Marrakesh was quite a fearful character and had great influence politically and great wealth, and the idea that his son was going to be a painter clearly wouldn't have come naturally to him," said Daniel Robbins, curator of the exhibition "Meetings in Marrakech" at Leighton House Museum in London.
In 1943, the Pasha showed the visiting Churchill some paintings by his son and asked for his opinion.
Churchill approved and the young Hassan was subsequently allowed to train as a painter in Paris.
"There weren't many people that the Pasha would listen to but if Churchill said it was alright to be painter, he could accommodate that desire," said Robbins.
Hassan El Glaoui's career took off and he has since exhibited his work in Europe and the US, as well as in Morocco.
Based on the article and the following list of answers, write a list of questions.
1. Winston Churchill
2. He was also an avid painter
3. scenes of stately homes
4. Leighton House Museum
5. London
6. "Meetings in Marrakech"
7. Daniel Robbins
8. Hassan el Glaoui
9. Paris
10. Hassan El Glaoui's career took off
11. Churchill said it was alright
Numbered questions: | 1. Who led Great Britain through WWII?
2. What artistic talent did he have?
3. What did he paint?
4. Where are his painting being sold?
5. Where is that located?
6. What is the show called?
7. Who is the museum leader?
8. Who showed Churchill paintings?
9. Where?
10. How was his career?
11. Why? | 9 | Flan2021 | coqa:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Makedonya'da ilkokul İngilizce öğretmeni sıkıntısı çekiliyor.
Could you please translate this to English? | Macedonia suffers from a shortage of primary-school English teachers. | 2 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/tr-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Multi-select: Let's say that "In July, Kamtchatka declared war on Yakutsk. Since Yakutsk's army was much better equipped and ten times larger, they were defeated within weeks."
Can we now say that "Kamchatka was defeated within weeks."?
Choices: (1). no; (2). yes; | (2). | 3 | Flan2021 | glue/wnli:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
OPTIONS:
(I). Darla turned on her television and began to watch a movie..
(II). Darla smashed her television with a rake..
Write a story that ends with: (I). | Daria bought a television for her living room. She had the store deliver the television to her house. When the television arrived, Daria was excited. The television was her favorite thing. (I). | 8 | Flan2021 | story_cloze/2016:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Article:
“The Fast and the Furious” movies have elicited various emotions during their nearly 14 years (so far) of existence. Those feelings include souped-up Dodge Charger envy, Michelle Rodriguez resurrection confusion and various states of magnificent car collision awe. But this remarkably resilient Vin Diesel-goes-vroom-vroom franchise has rarely struck a note of genuine poignancy.
That changes with “Furious 7,” which unleashes the usual cockamamie car chases and Imax-ready explosions but also earnestly marks the final performance by Paul Walker. The actor — who plays Brian O’Conner, a.k.a. the pseudo-brother/partner-in-crime to Diesel’s Dominic Toretto — died in a 2013 car accident, an event that felt particularly tragic since he was primarily known for a street-racing film series featuring the catchphrase “Ride or die.”
[Paul Walker died while filming ‘Furious 7.’ How did other movies handle the sudden loss of a star?]
Not surprisingly, the loss of Walker, who had shot a solid chunk of “Furious 7” before his death, hovers over much of the movie, particularly during a flashback-filled tribute to the star that gently ruptures the fourth wall between fiction and reality. On more than one occasion, longtime fans might find themselves getting misty.
But more often, it’s their adrenaline, not their tears, that will be flowing. “Furious 7” plays to the saga’s over-the-top action strengths, perpetually ratcheting things up a few notches even when it seems like all notch possibilities have been exhausted. In classic “Fast” tradition, there are ultra-intense fights in which bodies are flung into a dazzling array of glass surfaces; chase scenes in which cars tear through traffic, career down mountain ranges and even parachute-jump out of airplanes; and sequences in which $3 million smart cars leapfrog among a trio of Abu Dhabi towers far taller than the Empire State Building.
The seventh movie in the "Fast & Furious" franchise features actor Paul Walker, who died while the latest installment was still filming. (Universal)
[The ‘Fast and Furious’ franchise is so much better than you think. Here’s why.]
Through it all, both Diesel — whose vocal register continues to emanate from somewhere several sedimentary layers below the Earth’s surface — and Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson utter lines that rival the ’80s-era output of Arnold Schwarzenegger. When Rodriguez’s Letty asks whether Hobbs (Johnson) is “bringing in the cavalry” to assist in a dire situation, the Rock responds the way only he can: “Woman, I am the cavalry.”
As usual, the plot of a “Fast” movie seems almost beside the point. But if you must know: After the loss of a friend and the bombing of his family’s home, Dominic goes on the hunt for the man responsible. That’s Deckard Shaw (Jason Statham), the older brother of bad guy Owen Shaw, who was targeted by Dominic and Co. in “Fast & Furious 6.”
This Statham vs. Diesel rivalry — which involves brutal fistfights and multiple games of vehicular chicken — could have provided enough fodder for the movie’s narrative. But because “Furious 7” screenwriter Chris Morgan and director James Wan (“Saw,” “The Conjuring”) believe in going either crazy big or crazy bigger, there is a second, interconnected plot that involves Kurt Russell, the U.S. government’s desire to recover a tracking device dubbed God’s Eye, and the Toretto crew’s involvement in retrieving said device, which forces them to participate in dangerous missions that always begin with Roman (Tyrese Gibson), the franchise’s go-to source of comic relief, saying things like, “I’m all for winging it, but this is crazy!”
[‘The Fast and the Furious’ series started with a (true!) story in a magazine]
Yes, the whole movie feels overstuffed and overlong, and the non-action scenes are often dragged down by stilted dialogue. But “Furious 7” buzzes with a frenetic energy so contagious, there’s no sense in resisting it. Like its predecessors, this film has no shame about being its high-octane, gloriously ridiculous self. It’s also not afraid to sentimentally and respectfully honor Walker.
That combination doesn’t make the movie’s more absurd moments seem remotely realistic. But it does give “Furious 7” an authenticity deserving of respect.
Chaney is a freelance writer. ||||| It probably seems lame to call Furious 7 a family film. But what the fuck, it is — the family being the audiences that have stuck with this car-porn franchise, thick and thin, since the first chapter, in 2001. And the family of actors and crew who have gathered here to pay tribute to one of their own.
That would be Paul Walker, who plays Brian O’Connor, the undercover cop who infiltrated an outlaw gang of East L.A. street racers, run by Dominic Toretto (Vin Diesel), and stayed to form a bond. Walker, 40, died in a high-speed car crash on November 30th, 2013, in the passenger seat of a 2005 Porsche Carrera GT that hit trees and a concrete lamppost.
With only half of Walker’s scenes finished at the time of his tragic death, it took an act of will to decide the fate of Furious 7. After taking time to grieve, Walker’s brothers, Caleb and Cody, stepped up to fill in for scenes that digital grafting couldn’t cover. Tough job. It had to look seamless. And it pretty much does.
Furious 7 is the best F&F by far, two hours of pure pow fueled by dedication and passionate heart. This one sticks with you. The usual flaws — plot bumps, muscle acting, tweet-length dialogue — fade in the face of the camaraderie on and off screen. Finishing the film in Walker’s honor clearly brought out the best in everyone. It’s bittersweet seeing Walker in action again. But it’s also a kick to watch him take the wheel or hang off a bus in Azerbaijan that happens to be hanging off a cliff. He feels at home.
Home, of course, is where Furious 7 starts. Back in L.A., Brian finally looks uncomfortable with a moving vehicle. That’s because it’s a suburban minivan he uses to pick up his girl, Mia (the ever-
stellar Jordana Brewster), and their infant son. Mia tells her brother Dom she loves having her family reconnected. But she admits that Brian “misses the bullets.”
That’s the cue to bust loose for horror director James Wan (Saw, The Conjuring, Insidious), expertly taking over the driver’s seat from four-time F&F honcho Justin Lin. Serenity vanishes when Dom’s house is blown up by Deckard, played with menacing glee by Jason Statham. In no time, Brian, Dom, his amnesiac love Letty (Michele Rodriguez is killer), and their tech-wiz comic cohorts, Tej (Ludacris) and Roman (Tyrese Gibson), are on the road to global vengeance. Hell, that bastard Deckard has put FBI agent Hobbs (Dwayne Johnson) in the hospital.
Newbies to the cast include a welcome Kurt Russell as covert government operative Mr. Nobody, who wants the F&F crew to enter the terrorist lair of Mose Jakande (Djimon Hounsou) and snatch Ramsey (Nathalie Emmanuel), a computer hacker who’s invented a software program called God’s Eye that can track anyone anywhere via the simplest digital devices. In exchange, they can use God’s Eye to find Deckard.
Got that? Doesn’t matter. Chris Morgan’s chronology-jumping, logic-defying plot doesn’t matter a damn next to the breathtaking stunts and action. There’s a hell of a head-butting fight between Diesel and Statham and a knockout scene of buckled-in drivers being parachuted onto a mountainside. And you won’t believe your eyes as Dom drives a priceless Hypersport out of the 80th-floor window of an Abu Dhabi skyscraper and into another. Brian’s words echo in his ears: “Cars can’t fly, Dom, cars can’t fly.”
Well, they do here. The filmmakers have figured out an ingenious and graceful way to give Brian a happy ending of sorts. If you’ve given your heart to Walker and the F&F crew, you can’t help but well up. If you believe there’s no crying in car racing, take a star off my rating. But my guess is that if God’s Eye is tracking Walker somewhere, he’ll be smiling. |||||
What is a summary? | – There's a somber feeling attached to the seventh Fast & Furious flick following Paul Walker's death in the middle of filming. With help from his brothers and plenty of CGI, moviemakers managed to not only finish the movie, but honor their fallen comrade in the process. Here's what critics are saying: The flick involves an "unnecessarily complicated plot," but "it doesn't all have to make sense, or even conform to the laws of gravity; it's just 134 minutes of pure adrenaline," Elaine Teng writes at the New Republic. As far as stunts go, "in classic Furious spirit, just when you think it can't get more ridiculous, it does." There are impressive moments, but "what deserves even more applause is how the filmmakers dealt with Walker's death on screen." Furious 7 isn't perfect. But "when things get too complicated, it distracts us with something shiny," like "epic hand-to-hand combat between two women in full-length ball gowns, and a car that flies through the air," writes Molly Eichel at the Philadelphia Inquirer. "It's all dumb, but it's wonderfully, comfortably dumb in just the right way," she says, adding, "Walker gets a farewell worthy of the series: overwrought, overly long, and exactly what we want." "Yes, the whole movie feels overstuffed and overlong, and the non-action scenes are often dragged down by stilted dialogue. But Furious 7 buzzes with a frenetic energy so contagious, there's no sense in resisting it," writes Jen Chaney at the Washington Post. "Longtime fans might find themselves getting misty," she adds. "But more often, it's their adrenaline, not their tears, that will be flowing." At the very least, the movie is "deserving of respect." Meanwhile, Peter Travers is full of positive remarks at Rolling Stone. "Furious 7 is the best F&F by far, two hours of pure pow fueled by dedication and passionate heart," he writes. "This one sticks with you. The usual flaws—plot bumps, muscle acting, tweet-length dialogue—fade in the face of the camaraderie on and off screen." He adds, "It's bittersweet seeing Walker in action again," but "he feels at home." Read how the Fast & Furious franchise got its start—with a magazine article. | 2 | Flan2021 | multi_news:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Translate "Beechcraft Starship" to Finnish? | Beechcraft 2000 Starship | 7 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/fi-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
How to wire a light<br>Cut power to your circuit. The best way to do this is by turning off the electricity supplied to the circuit on which you will be working at the junction box (also called a fuse box) for your home. Switch the breaker of your fuse-box so the fuse for the circuit supplying electricity to your fixture reads " off.
Can we draw the following conclusion?
Don't turn off the electricity supply when wiring a light.
Possible answers:
[a]. Yes
[b]. It's impossible to say
[c]. No | [c]. | 2 | Flan2021 | anli/r3:0.1.0 | zs_opt |
Jack Streat, from Suffolk, studies engineering at Durham University. Guns he has made include Desert Eagle, AK-47 assault rifle and Tommy gun. They all shoot Lego bullets thanks to rubber-band firing mechanism. 'It was about finding something interesting to build and guns fit that criteria'
Write an article based on these highlights. | By. Matt Blake. PUBLISHED:. 11:01 EST, 18 January 2013. |. UPDATED:. 13:49 EST, 18 January 2013. Ever since he was a boy, British engineering student Jack Streat has had two passions in life: guns and Lego. So when he decided to combine the two, he used his collection of toy bricks to build a Lego arsenal, block by block. The Durham University student's creations were so realistic that he has become an internet sensation, and has a YouTube following of over 30,000 subscribers. Scroll down for video. Combined passion: Jack Streat, from Woodbridge, Suffolk, has built an impressive arsenal of guns using nothing but LEGO. The Durham University student's creations were so realistic that he has become an internet sensation, and has a YouTube following of over 30,000 subscribers. He teaches fans how to fashion anything from a Desert Eagle with blowback action to an AK-47 assault rifle - using nothing but little, coloured blocks. 'It started when I was about 12,' he told FoxNews.com. 'Guns were my thing at that age and I always built with Legos, so it was obvious to combine two things I thought were pretty cool at the time.' His collection has grown into an impressive armoury of over 30 different types of gun, all of which shoot tiny Lego bullets thanks to a rubber-band firing mechanism. He has also published a 360-page DIY tutorial book called 'Lego Heavy Weapons' which has sold more than 4,000 copies. Aim for the skies: His collection has grown into an impressive armoury of over 30 different types of gun, all of which shoot tiny LEGO bullets thanks to a rubber-band firing mechanism. Published: The engineering student has also published a 360-page DIY tutorial book called 'LEGO Heavy Weapons' which has sold more than 4,000 copies. Cars to guns: While he may have become less interested in making cars as he grew older (pictured left aged eight) and more into guns, the material he used to build them never changed. Showing promise: Jack was already making complex structured out of Lego when he was just ten. He says each gun costs around £60 to build but he won't sell them. Instead he likes to keep them at home in case he needs the bricks to build more. But his unusual hobby-turned-profession is not about glorifying guns, he says, but about finding new ways of being creative. 'They’re less powerful, less realistic and less durable than an Airsoft gun,' he said. 'And they’re not as dangerous. So whatever views you have on Airsoft guns apply vaguely here. For me, it was about finding something interesting to build and guns filled that criteria.' His book also includes a warning. M249 PARA: His unusual hobby-turned-profession is not about glorifying guns, he says, but about finding new ways of being creative. The Uzi: Because they are so realistic, he says it is important to make a crucial modification to the firearms to avoid unwanted police attention. Fire power: A Thompson submachine gun, or Tommy gun. Colt Python semi-automatic: He says each gun costs around £60 to build but he won't sell them. Instead he likes to keep them at home in case he needs the bricks to build more. Realistic: Jack's wokring UMP 45, with folding stock and detachable Reflex sight. The Minigun: A rubber band minigun with two speeds, 8 barrels and fires 104 rounds. The SA80: A version of the L85A2 (nicknamed the SA80). Bullpup, fires bolt action from 11-brick magazines. 'When building or firing them, always wear eye protection,' it reads. 'For maximum safety when carrying these models, the hammer and bolt should both be forward and the chamber empty. The replicas may fire when dropped or hit.' Because they are so realistic, he says it is important to make a crucial modification to the firearms to avoid unwanted police attention. 'If you take your Lego gun out in public, add a bright orange tip to the muzzle as a way of saying that it’s not the real thing.' | 9 | Flan2021 | cnn_dailymail:3.4.0 | zs_opt |
112 – See, for example, Article 10 in the 2001 WIPO Proposal, cited in footnote 14 above.
Translate to Czech
Czech: | 112 – Viz například článek 10 návrhu WIPO z roku 2001, uvedeného v poznámce 14 výše. | 0 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/cs-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Oscar-winning actress Joan Fontaine died Sunday, her longtime friend Noel Beutel said Monday. She was 96. Fontaine died "very peacefully" in her sleep of natural causes, Beutel said. She was in her Carmel, California, home. She is survived by her older sister, actress Olivia de Havilland -- with whom she had not spoken for decades. Fontaine was born Joan de Beauvoir de Havilland in 1916 in Tokyo, Japan, where her British father was a patent lawyer and teacher. She and her sister moved to Saratoga, California, with their mother in 1919 when her parents separated. Fontaine was a teenager when she began her acting career as Joan Burfield in the 1935 film "No More Ladies." She later adopted the stage name Fontaine -- the name of her mother's second husband. She wrote in her 1978 autobiography, "No Bed of Roses," that her mother, who was an actress, began encouraging the rivalry with her older sister at an early age. The feud extended to their careers when both sisters were nominated for best actress Oscars in 1942. Fontaine, who was nominated for Alfred Hitchcock's "Suspicion," beat her sister Olivia de Havilland, who was nominated for "Hold Back the Dawn." De Havilland won the first of her two Oscars in 1947 when she was given the best actress award for "To Each His Own." De Havilland and Fontaine remain the only sisters who have best-actress Academy Awards. The long-standing feud with de Havilland was at such a peak during one Oscar winners' reunion in 1979 that they had to be seated on opposite ends of the stage. "I was shocked and saddened to learn of the passing of my sister, Joan Fontaine ... and I appreciate the many kind expressions of sympathy that we have received," a statement released by Olivia de Havilland to CNN said.
Question: "What were the occupations of Joan Fontaine's mother and father?"
Answer: "Actress"
Is this answer to the question correct?
Possible answers: (A). no (B). yes | (B). | 7 | Flan2021 | super_glue/multirc:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
Write a title:
Reuters - Leaders of an Afghan militant group\holding three U.N. workers hostage met on Friday to decide\whether to kill them or extend a deadline for authorities to\meet their demands, a member of the leadership council said.
Title: | Afghan Kidnappers Meet on Fate of U.N. Hostages (Reuters) | 8 | Flan2021 | ag_news_subset:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
the largest risk group is nowadays young people who travel to southern europe on vacation, especially girls.
How would the previous sentence be correctly capitalized? | The largest risk group is nowadays young people who travel to southern Europe on vacation, especially girls. | 2 | Flan2021 | true_case | zs_opt |
Briefly summarize this sentence: uganda on wednesday urged the inter-governmental authority on development -lrb- igad -rrb- members to end the intra and inter state conflicts that have resulted into massive loss of lives and displacement of people .
Summary: | uganda urges igad members to end conflicts | 1 | Flan2021 | gigaword:1.2.0 | zs_opt |
Ben decided to treat himself to a coffee. He paid for the coffee using his debit card. Later, the bank called him saying he over-drafted. They explained that he had to pay a thirty dollar charge.
What is a natural next sentence?
Select from the following.
(i). Ben was frustrated at the extra charge..
(ii). Ben was happy after getting the call from the bank.. | (i). | 2 | Flan2021 | story_cloze/2016:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Translate "Another problem is the exchange rate between the euro and the pound sterling." to Romanian? | O altă problemă o reprezintă rata de schimb valutar între euro şi lira sterlină. | 7 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/ro-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Frederick William Mundee (May 20, 1913 – January 15, 1990) was an American football center who played three seasons with the Chicago Bears of the National Football League. He played college football at the University of Notre Dame and attended South High School in Youngstown, Ohio.
Can we draw the following conclusion?
Frederick Mundee was undesirable in the athletic profession.
Select from: +Yes +It's impossible to say +No | It's impossible to say | 2 | Flan2021 | anli/r1:0.1.0 | zs_opt |
Garry Kimovich Kasparov (Russian: Garri Kimovich Kasparov, Russian pronunciation: ['garjI 'kjim@vjItc ka'spar@f]; born Garik Kimovich Weinstein, 13 April 1963) is a Russian, and formerly Soviet, chess grandmaster, former world chess champion, writer, and political activist, who many consider to be the greatest chess player of all time. From 1986 until his retirement in 2005, Kasparov was ranked world No. 1 for 225 out of 228 months. His peak rating of 2851, achieved in 1999, was the highest recorded until being surpassed by Magnus Carlsen in 2013. Kasparov also holds records for consecutive professional tournament victories (15) and Chess Oscars (11).
The World Chess Championship 1984 match between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov had many ups and downs, and a very controversial finish. Karpov started in very good form, and after nine games Kasparov was down 4-0 in a "first to six wins" match. Fellow players predicted he would be whitewashed 6-0 within 18 games. In an unexpected turn of events, there followed a series of 17 successive draws, some relatively short, and others drawn in unsettled positions. Kasparov lost game 27 (5-0), then fought back with another series of draws until game 32 (5-1), earning his first-ever win against the World Champion. Another 14 successive draws followed, through game 46; the previous record length for a world title match had been 34 games, the match of Jose Raul Capablanca vs. Alexander Alekhine in 1927. Kasparov won games 47 and 48 to bring the scores to 5-3 in Karpov's favour. Then the match was ended without result by Florencio Campomanes, the President of Federation Internationale des Echecs (FIDE), and a new match was announced to start a few months later. The termination was controversial, as both players stated that they preferred the match to continue. Announcing his decision at a press conference, Campomanes cited the health of the players, which had been strained by the length of the match. The match became the first, and so far only, world championship match to be abandoned without result. Kasparov's relations with Campomanes and FIDE were greatly strained, and the feud between them finally came to a head in 1993 with Kasparov's complete break-away from FIDE.
what happened in game 32 | Kasparov lost game 27 (5-0), then fought back with another series of draws until game 32 (5-1), earning his first-ever win against the World Champion. | 3 | Flan2021 | quac:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
for example, google reports less money per ad but somehow each quarter it manages to show even more of them and sail past walls street analyst estimates.
How would the previous sentence be correctly capitalized? | For example, Google reports less money per ad but somehow each quarter it manages to show even more of them and sail past Walls Street analyst estimates. | 2 | Flan2021 | true_case | zs_opt |
Choose your answer: Who is he in the following sentence?
Mark tackled the quarterback, but he was penalized.
Select from the following.
(a). Mark;
(b). the quarterback; | (a). | 5 | Flan2021 | definite_pronoun_resolution:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Set in a charming Georgian townhouse, the guesthouse is ideally situated within a 5-minute walk of Dublin's vibrant...
Please remove spaces between words. | SetinacharmingGeorgiantownhouse,theguesthouseisideallysituatedwithina5-minutewalkofDublin'svibrant... | 8 | Flan2021 | word_segment | zs_opt |
Nanjing
As the center of the empire, early-Ming Nanjing had worldwide connections. It was home of the admiral Zheng He, who went to sail the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and it was visited by foreign dignitaries, such as a king from Borneo (Boni 渤泥), who died during his visit to China in 1408. The Tomb of the King of Boni, with a spirit way and a tortoise stele, was discovered in Yuhuatai District (south of the walled city) in 1958, and has been restored.
Q: What visiting king died in China in 1408? | (Boni 渤泥) | 7 | Flan2021 | squad/v1.1:3.0.0 | zs_opt |
Packer #39;s PBL signs deal to build complex on Macau
ELEANOR HALL: Australia #39;s most famous punter is making a push into the fast growing and lucrative Asian gaming industry. Kerry Packer #39;s media and casino company PBL has signed a joint venture deal with a leading
Multi-choice problem: What is this text about?
OPTIONS: [i] World [ii] Sports [iii] Business [iv] Science/Tech | [iii] | 0 | Flan2021 | ag_news_subset:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Wasalu Muhammad Jaco (born February 16, 1982), better known by his stage name Lupe Fiasco ( LOO-pay), is an American rapper, record producer, and entrepreneur. He rose to fame in 2006 following the success of his debut album, Lupe Fiasco's Food & Liquor. He also performs as the frontman of rock band Japanese Cartoon under his real name. As an entrepreneur, Fiasco is the chief executive officer of 1st and 15th Entertainment.
Fiasco has since released Food & Liquor 2, as well as put work into a joint album with fellow Child Rebel Soldier & All City Chess Club member Pharrell. Prior to the album's release, he revealed that there would be no more mixtapes after "Friend Of The People: I Fight Evil" prior to Food & Liquor II: The Great American Rap Album, which was planned to be a double-disc with Part I set to release in fall 2012. Its lead single, the Simonsayz and B-Side produced track Around My Way (Freedom Ain't Free), was released on May 21, which stirred controversy from an infuriated Pete Rock for using a sample from They Reminisce Over You (T.R.O.Y.). Rock said that he felt "so violated" by the use of the sample, although the original track itself used samples from Tom Scott and James Brown. Fiasco recently collaborated with Australian singer Guy Sebastian on the single "Battle Scars". The single was recorded in Sebastian's Sydney studio when Fiasco was in Australia for Supafest, and is featured on Sebastian's album Armageddon. It debuted at number one in Australia in its first week, becoming Fiasco's first number one single. On 21 August it was announced "Battle Scars" would be included on Fiasco's fourth album, Food & Liquor II: The Great American Rap Album Pt. 1, and was released as the fourth single in the United States on 28 August 2012. It reached number 71 on the US Billboard Hot 100 Chart, number 23 on the Billboard Digital Song Chart and number one on the R&B/Hip-Hop Digital Song Chart. The song spent 20 nonconsecutive weeks in the Billboard Hot 100, and reached platinum certification. "Battle Scars" spent six weeks at number one in Australia, and has been certified 9x platinum by ARIA. It also reached number two and double platinum in New Zealand and number two in Norway. Food & Liquor II: The Great American Rap Album Pt. 1 was released on September 25, 2012. The songs "Go to Sleep" and "Bitch Bad" were also released as singles. The album received generally positive reviews from contemporary music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 70, which indicates "generally favorable reviews", based on 18 reviews. It was also nominated for Best Rap Album at the 55th Grammy Awards. Originally, the album was set to be released as a double-disc album, but Atlantic Records did not allow this arrangement, so the album was divided into two. It was confirmed that a Part 2 will be released in Spring 2013. Lupe has said the album showcases more of his dexterity and lyrical substance. S1 has confirmed to be producing on the album. On January 17, 2013 he canceled the plan for the release of the second part of the original double disk. He then said that he would release another studio album in 2013.
Answer the following question by taking a quote from the article: Where did they make the song? | The single was recorded in Sebastian's Sydney studio when Fiasco was in Australia for Supafest, | 0 | Flan2021 | quac:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Do the following two sentences have the same meaning?
Shares of Coke closed New York Stock Exchange trading Thursday at $ 44.01 .
In morning trading on the New York Stock Exchange , Coca-Cola shares were down 34 cents at $ 43.67 .
pick from the following.
(A). no.
(B). yes.
The answer is: | (A). | 7 | Flan2021 | glue/mrpc:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
In June 2007, YouTube began trials of a system for automatic detection of uploaded videos that infringe copyright. Google CEO Eric Schmidt regarded this system as necessary for resolving lawsuits such as the one from Viacom, which alleged that YouTube profited from content that it did not have the right to distribute. The system, which became known as Content ID, creates an ID File for copyrighted audio and video material, and stores it in a database. When a video is uploaded, it is checked against the database, and flags the video as a copyright violation if a match is found.
Answer this question, if possible (if impossible, reply "unanswerable"): What does Content ID do if an upload is too close a match to a known copyright material? | flags the video | 6 | Flan2021 | squad/v2.0:3.0.0 | zs_opt |
There are lots of solutions that gives pledges on their efficiency
What is the correctly punctuated version of this sentence? | There are lots of solutions that gives pledges on their efficiency. | 2 | Flan2021 | fix_punct | zs_opt |
Translate the following sentence to Turkish:
Pamir worked closely with Foreign Minister Abdullah Gul during the Buergenstock talks on the reunification of Cyprus.
Turkish: | Pamir, Kıbrıs'ın yeniden birleştirilmesi konulu Bürgenstock müzakereleri sırasında Dışişleri Bakanı Abdullah Gül ile yakın çalışma içinde bulunmuştu. | 5 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/tr-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Translate "The Angolan Government must ensure access to all parts of the country and guarantee minimum conditions of security for humanitarian agencies, in order to consolidate the delivery of assistance." to French? | Il revient au Gouvernement angolais d'étendre l'accès à tout le pays et de garantir un minimum de sécurité, conformément aux besoins des organisations humanitaires, afin de consolider l'acheminement de l'aide. | 7 | Flan2021 | wmt14_translate/fr-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Question: A genetic mutation has caused the fur color of field mice to contrast with their environment. This type of mutation will most likely
What is the correct answer to the question from the following choices?
(i). benefit the mice.. (ii). harm the mice.. (iii). increase reproductive rates.. (iv). decrease competition for resources.. | (ii). | 2 | Flan2021 | ai2_arc/ARC-Easy:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Multi-choice problem: Continue writing the next sentence in this paragraph:
How to help an overweight rabbit lose weight
Understand the risks your rabbit can face if it is overweight.
Fat rabbits are often lethargic, and are susceptible to heart, liver, and kidney disease. They may suffer from chronic diarrhea, heat stress in hot weather, splayed legs, and arthritis in later years.
Choose from:
a). Your rabbit can become dehydrated, if it is overweight. Conditions that can cause a small rabbit to have problems with dehydration include mammary tumors or meningitis, pancreatitis, or weakened immune systems.;
b). Obesity can also cause breeding and birthing difficulties. Make sure your rabbit's weight is really indicative of a problem.;
c). This usually warrants veterinarian attention, as you should see your veterinarian as soon as possible. Keep the rabbit in a warm, dark area.;
d). They may also develop osteoporosis and joint conditions that might affect your rabbit's ability to sit and move. Rabbits in this stage of development should see the vet every two to three days.; | b). | 1 | Flan2021 | hellaswag:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Write a sentence not in English. | Nykyinen politiikkaamme kannustaa lisäämään ydinaseita, koska lupaamme jättää ydinaseita omistavat diktaattorit rauhaan ja uhkaamme hyökätä niiden kimppuun, joilla näitä aseita ei vielä ole. | 8 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/fi-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Translate "Ethnic Croats in neighbouring Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) have the right, under Croatia's constitution, to vote in Croatian elections." to Turkish? | Hırvatistan anayasasına göre, komşu Bosna-Hersek'te (BH) yaşayan etnik Hırvatlar Hırvatistan seçimlerinde oy kullanma hakkına sahipler. | 7 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/tr-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
– Scientists have long cautioned that stress is bad for the heart, and a new study provides insight into precisely why. In the Lancet, researchers lay out a chain of events: When people feel stress, the amygdala area of the brain—it processes emotions such as fear and danger—fires up with extra activity to help them cope. The problem is that the amygdala sends a signal to bone marrow to generate more white blood cells, and those blood cells in turn cause arteries to become inflamed, explains the BBC. That inflammation can then result in heart attacks and strokes. Researchers based their findings on two studies, the larger of which tracked nearly 300 people for about four years. The pattern seemed clear: Those with higher amygdala activity were more likely to develop heart disease of some kind. "While the link between stress and heart disease has long been established, the mechanism mediating that risk has not been clearly understood," says study leader Ahmed Tawakol of Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, per Live Science. A link between stress and higher activity in bone marrow and arteries had previously only been recorded in animals, but the new research suggests it applies to humans as well, reports Reuters. The takeaway: "Reducing stress could produce benefits that extend beyond an improved sense of psychological wellbeing," says Tawakol. Those at increased risk of heart disease should look into stress-reduction techniques, he adds. (Almost half of all heart attacks are silent.)
Expand this summary. | LONDON (Reuters) - People with heightened activity in the amygdala, an area of the brain linked to stress, may be at greater risk of heart disease and stroke, scientists said on Thursday in research that could lead to new ways to treat stress-related heart problems.
Scans a brain, bone and artery used in a study carried out by Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School which associates the brain region called the amygdala, an area linked to stress, to greater risk of heart disease and stroke are seen in an undated image released January 11, 2017 by The Lancet which published the reasearch. The Lancet Handout via REUTERS
Publishing their work in The Lancet medical journal, the researchers said the stress signaled in the amygdala is also linked to increased bone marrow activity and to inflammation in the arteries, which can cause heart attack and stroke.
Exploring the links, the scientists said a plausible biological mechanism could be that the amygdala triggers the bone marrow to produce extra white blood cells, which then cause the arteries to develop plaques and become inflamed.
“Our results provide a unique insight into how stress may lead to cardiovascular disease,” said Ahmed Tawakol of Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School in the United States, who led the study.
“This raises the possibility that reducing stress could produce benefits that extend beyond an improved sense of psychological wellbeing.”
Smoking, high blood pressure and diabetes are well- established risk factors for heart disease, and anecdotal evidence has pointed to chronic stress as another possible risk.
Studies in animals have previously found a link between stress and higher activity in bone marrow and arteries, but until now scientists were unsure if this was the case in people.
Other research has found the amygdala is more active in people with post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression. But before this study, none had found the region of the brain that links stress to heart attack and stroke risk.
In this research, scientists gave 293 patients brain and body scans to record their brain, bone marrow and spleen activity and inflammation of their arteries.
The patients were then tracked for an average of 3.7 years to see if they developed heart disease. In this time 22 patients had cardiovascular events - including heart attack, angina, heart failure, stroke and peripheral arterial disease.
The researchers found that those with higher amygdala activity were more likely to have subsequent cardiovascular disease, and more likely to develop problems sooner than those with lower activity.
Emily Reeve, a cardiac nurse at the British Heart Foundation charity, said the study’s findings should lead to better understanding of how to prevent heart disease.
“The link between stress and increased risk of developing heart disease has previously focused on the lifestyle habits people take up when they feel stressed such as smoking, drinking...and overeating,” she said.
“Exploring the brain’s management of stress and discovering why it increases the risk of heart disease will allow us to develop new ways of managing chronic psychological stress.” ||||| Image copyright Science Photo Library Image caption Researchers say they have identified how stress can lead to inflamed arteries
The effect of constant stress on a deep-lying region of the brain explains the increased risk of heart attack, a study in The Lancet suggests.
In a study of 300 people, those with higher activity in the amygdala were more likely to develop cardiovascular disease - and sooner than others.
Stress could be as important a risk factor as smoking and high blood pressure, the US researchers said.
Heart experts said at-risk patients should be helped to manage stress.
Emotional stress has long been linked with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which affects the heart and blood vessels - but the way this happens has not been properly understood.
This study, led by a team from Harvard Medical School, points to heightened activity in the amygdala - an area of the brain that processes emotions such as fear and anger - as helping to explain the link.
The researchers suggest that the amygdala signals to the bone marrow to produce extra white blood cells, which in turn act on the arteries causing them to become inflamed. This can then cause heart attacks, angina and strokes.
As a result, when stressed, this part of the brain appears to be a good predictor of cardiovascular events.
But they also said more research was needed to confirm this chain of events.
Inflammation insight
The Lancet research looked at two different studies. The first scanned the brain, bone marrow, spleen and arteries of 293 patients, who were tracked for nearly four years to see if they developed CVD. In this time, 22 patients did, and they were the ones with higher activity in the amygdala.
The second very small study, of 13 patients, looked at the relationship between stress levels and inflammation in the body.
It found that those who reported the highest levels of stress had the highest levels of amygdala activity and more evidence of inflammation in their blood and arteries.
Dr Ahmed Tawakol, lead author and associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, said: "Our results provide a unique insight into how stress may lead to cardiovascular disease.
"This raises the possibility that reducing stress could produce benefits that extend beyond an improved sense of psychological wellbeing.
Image copyright Science Photo Library Image caption The amygdala is one of the most primitive parts of the brain linked to strong emotions, such as fear and anger.
What does the amygdala do?
It's the part of the brain that prepares you for fight or flight, becoming activated by strong emotional reactions.
The amygdalae (because there are two of them - one on each side of the brain) are almond-shaped groups of cells located deep within the medial temporal lobes of the brain.
In humans and animals, the amygdala is linked to responses to both fear and pleasure.
The term amygdala - which means almond in Latin - was first used in 1819.
Dr Tawakol added: "Eventually, chronic stress could be treated as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, which is routinely screened for and effectively managed like other major cardiovascular disease risk factors."
Commenting on the research, Dr Ilze Bot, from Leiden University in the Netherlands, said more and more people were experiencing stress on a daily basis.
"Heavy workloads, job insecurity or living in poverty are circumstances that can result in chronically increased stress, which in turn can lead to chronic psychological disorders such as depression."
Emily Reeve, senior cardiac nurse at the British Heart Foundation, said reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke from stress normally focused on controlling lifestyle habits such as smoking, drinking too much alcohol and overeating - but this should change.
"Exploring the brain's management of stress and discovering why it increases the risk of heart disease will allow us to develop new ways of managing chronic psychological stress.
"This could lead to ensuring that patients who are at risk are routinely screened and that their stress is managed effectively." ||||| The mind-body connection is more than just a catchphrase: A new study finds that increased levels of stress are indeed linked to greater risk of a heart attack or stroke.
Researchers found that the people in the study who had more activity in an area of the brain that regulates the body's response to stress and fear, called the amygdala, were more likely to have a heart attack or stroke than those with less activity in the amygdala, according to the study.
"This study identifies, for the first time in animal models or humans, the region of the brain that links stress to the risk of heart attack or stroke," lead study author Dr. Ahmed Tawakol, a cardiologist at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, said in a statement. [Heart of the Matter: 7 Things to Know About Your Ticker]
In addition, the researchers also linked increased activity in the amygdala to several processes that play a role in the development of heart disease, according to the study, published today (Jan. 11) in the journal The Lancet.
"While the link between stress and heart disease has long been established, the mechanism mediating that risk has not been clearly understood," Tawakol said.
In the study, the researchers looked at two groups of patients, the first of which included nearly 300 adults ages 30 and up. At the start of the study, none of the patients had heart disease. The researchers performed brain scans on the patients using a technique that not only measured brain activity levels but also allowed the researchers to look at levels of blood vessel inflammation and bone marrow activity throughout the body.
During the average follow-up period of 3.7 years, 22 of the patients had a medical event related to heart disease, such as a heart attack, stroke or diagnosis of heart failure. The researchers found that increased activity levels in the amygdala at the beginning of the study were linked to a significantly higher risk of having a cardiovascular event later on.
And the higher the levels of activity were in the amygdala at the study's start, the sooner these events occurred, the researchers found.
In addition, heightened activity in the amygdala was associated with greater amounts of inflammation in the blood vessels and higher levels of activity in the parts of the bone marrow where new blood cells are made, according to the study.
Both inflammation in the blood vessels and increased bone marrow activity can contribute to a condition called atherosclerosis, which increases a person's risk for heart disease, according to the study. In animal studies, researchers have found that stress activates the bone marrow, prompting it to produce white blood cells, which leads to inflammation, Tawakol said. "This study suggests an analogous path exists in humans," he added.
The second, smaller group of patients in the study included 13 people with chronic stress disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder. These patients were asked to complete a questionnaire about their perceived stress levels, as well as undergo brain scans to measure the levels of activity in their amygdalae. The researchers also measured the patients' blood vessel inflammation levels.
They found that the patients' perceived stress levels were linked to increased activity in the amygdala as well as increased levels of inflammation in the blood vessels.
The new study "provides more evidence of a heart-brain connection" by elucidating a link between activity in the amygdala, which is a marker of stress, and subsequent cardiovascular events, Zahi Fayad, a senior author of the study and the director of the Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City, said in a statement.
The link between amygdala activity and risk of heart attack or stroke held up even after the researchers controlled for risk factors for heart disease, Fayad added.
Although more studies are needed to look into the effects of stress reduction on heart disease risk, Tawakol noted that the "findings suggest several potential opportunities to reduce cardiovascular risk attributable to stress."
For example, "it would be reasonable to advise" people with an increased risk of heart disease to try stress-reduction techniques if they feel they have a lot of stress, he said. [11 Tips to Lower Stress]
Additionally, drugmakers may be able to target some of the mechanisms highlighted in the study to develop new drugs to treat heart disease, Tawakol said.
Originally published on Live Science. ||||| | 9 | Flan2021 | multi_news:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
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