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central log store. The [logging architecture guidance](/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/logging/) explains how to design such pipelines, apply retention, and log flows to backends. Figure 3 outlines a common log aggregation pipeline. {{< mermaid >}} flowchart LR subgraph Sources A[Application stdout / stderr] B[Co... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/observability.md | main | kubernetes | [
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{{< feature-state for\_k8s\_version="v1.27" state="beta" >}} System component traces record the latency of and relationships between operations in the cluster. Kubernetes components emit traces using the [OpenTelemetry Protocol](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/specs/otlp/) with the gRPC exporter and can be collected and ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/system-traces.md | main | kubernetes | [
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requests so that container runtimes with trace instrumentation, such as CRI-O and containerd, can associate their exported spans with the trace context from the kubelet. The resulting traces will have parent-child links between kubelet and container runtime spans, providing helpful context when debugging node issues. P... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/system-traces.md | main | kubernetes | [
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{{< feature-state state="stable" for\_k8s\_version="v1.29" >}} Controlling the behavior of the Kubernetes API server in an overload situation is a key task for cluster administrators. The {{< glossary\_tooltip term\_id="kube-apiserver" text="kube-apiserver" >}} has some controls available (i.e. the `--max-requests-infl... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/flow-control.md | main | kubernetes | [
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level, and the subsidiary controlled requests are classified to higher priority levels, this is one possible solution. When the original requests can belong to any priority level, the subsidiary controlled requests have to be exempt from Priority and Fairness limitation. One way to do that is with the objects that conf... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/flow-control.md | main | kubernetes | [
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its seat. Depending on request parameters, the response to a \*\*watch\*\* request may or may not begin with \*\*create\*\* notifications for all the relevant pre-existing objects. API Priority and Fairness considers a \*\*watch\*\* request to be done with its seat once that initial burst of notifications, if any, is o... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/flow-control.md | main | kubernetes | [
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cluster administrator to scale up or down the total amount of traffic to a server by restarting `kube-apiserver` with a different value for `--max-requests-inflight` (or `--max-mutating-requests-inflight`), and all PriorityLevelConfigurations will see their maximum allowed concurrency go up (or down) by the same fracti... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/flow-control.md | main | kubernetes | [
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showing an interesting collection of shuffle sharding configurations, showing for each the probability that a given mouse (low-intensity flow) is squished by the elephants (high-intensity flows) for an illustrative collection of numbers of elephants. See https://play.golang.org/p/Gi0PLgVHiUg , which computes this table... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/flow-control.md | main | kubernetes | [
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subject to flow control at all: they will always be dispatched immediately. The mandatory `exempt` FlowSchema classifies all requests from the `system:masters` group into this priority level. You may define other FlowSchemas that direct other requests to this priority level, if appropriate. \* The mandatory `catch-all`... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/flow-control.md | main | kubernetes | [
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version of the `kube-apiserver` is rolled out, albeit potentially with thrashing while there is a mixed population of servers. Maintenance of a suggested configuration object consists of creating it --- with the server's suggested spec --- if the object does not exist. OTOH, if the object already exists, maintenance be... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/flow-control.md | main | kubernetes | [
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than queue excess requests. \* `time-out`, indicating that the request was still in the queue when its queuing time limit expired. \* `cancelled`, indicating that the request is not purge locked and has been ejected from the queue. \* `apiserver\_flowcontrol\_dispatched\_requests\_total` is a counter vector (cumulative... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/flow-control.md | main | kubernetes | [
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a write to cover for the corresponding notification work) of all requests except WATCHes; for those it considers only the initial stage that delivers notifications of pre-existing objects. Each histogram in the vector is also labeled with `phase: executing` (there is no seat limit for the waiting phase). \* `apiserver\... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/flow-control.md | main | kubernetes | [
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a request being dispatched but did not, due to lack of available concurrency, broken down by `flow\_schema` and `priority\_level`. \* `apiserver\_flowcontrol\_epoch\_advance\_total` is a counter vector of the number of attempts to jump a priority level's progress meter backward to avoid numeric overflow, grouped by `pr... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/flow-control.md | main | kubernetes | [
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If possible, the number of seats available across all priority levels for a particular `kube-apiserver` can be increased by increasing the values for the `max-requests-inflight` and `max-mutating-requests-inflight` flags. Alternatively, horizontally scaling the number of `kube-apiserver` instances will increase the tot... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/flow-control.md | main | kubernetes | [
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System component logs record events happening in cluster, which can be very useful for debugging. You can configure log verbosity to see more or less detail. Logs can be as coarse-grained as showing errors within a component, or as fine-grained as showing step-by-step traces of events (like HTTP access logs, pod state ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/system-logs.md | main | kubernetes | [
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line [depending on the data](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/106428). ``` I1025 00:15:15.525108 1 example.go:116] "Example" data="This is text with a line break\nand \"quotation marks\"." someInt=1 someFloat=0.1 someStruct={StringField: First line, second line.} ``` ### Contextual Logging {{< feature-st... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/system-logs.md | main | kubernetes | [
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a container. For example: \* The Kubernetes scheduler and kube-proxy run in a container. \* The kubelet and {{}} do not run in containers. On machines with systemd, the kubelet and container runtime write to journald. Otherwise, they write to `.log` files in the `/var/log` directory. System components inside containers... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/system-logs.md | main | kubernetes | [
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how many lines from the end of the log to retrieve; the default is to fetch the whole log | Example of a more complex query: ```shell # Fetch kubelet logs from a node named node-1.example that have the word "error" kubectl get --raw "/api/v1/nodes/node-1.example/proxy/logs/?query=kubelet&pattern=error" ``` ## {{% headi... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/system-logs.md | main | kubernetes | [
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{{% thirdparty-content %}} Add-ons extend the functionality of Kubernetes. This page lists some of the available add-ons and links to their respective installation instructions. The list does not try to be exhaustive. ## Networking and Network Policy \* [ACI](https://www.github.com/noironetworks/aci-containers) provide... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons.md | main | kubernetes | [
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provide cloud native based Service function chaining(SFC). \* [NSX-T](https://docs.vmware.com/en/VMware-NSX-T-Data-Center/index.html) Container Plug-in (NCP) provides integration between VMware NSX-T and container orchestrators such as Kubernetes, as well as integration between NSX-T and container-based CaaS/PaaS platf... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons.md | main | kubernetes | [
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The cluster administration overview is for anyone creating or administering a Kubernetes cluster. It assumes some familiarity with core Kubernetes [concepts](/docs/concepts/). ## Planning a cluster See the guides in [Setup](/docs/setup/) for examples of how to plan, set up, and configure Kubernetes clusters. The soluti... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/_index.md | main | kubernetes | [
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Since release v1.32, we introduced configurable version compatibility and emulation options to Kubernetes control plane components to make upgrades safer by providing more control and increasing the granularity of steps available to cluster administrators. ## Emulated Version The emulation option is set by the `--emula... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/compatibility-version.md | main | kubernetes | [
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This tutorial shows you how to run a sample app on Kubernetes using minikube. The tutorial provides a container image that uses NGINX to echo back all the requests. ## {{% heading "objectives" %}} \* Deploy a sample application to minikube. \* Run the app. \* View application logs. ## {{% heading "prerequisites" %}} Th... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/hello-minikube.md | main | kubernetes | [
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webserver kubectl create deployment hello-node --image=registry.k8s.io/e2e-test-images/agnhost:2.53 -- /agnhost netexec --http-port=8080 ``` 1. View the Deployment: ```shell kubectl get deployments ``` The output is similar to: ``` NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE hello-node 1/1 1 1 1m ``` (It may take some time for... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/hello-minikube.md | main | kubernetes | [
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by installing that addon: ```shell kubectl get pod,svc -n kube-system ``` The output is similar to: ``` NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE pod/coredns-5644d7b6d9-mh9ll 1/1 Running 0 34m pod/coredns-5644d7b6d9-pqd2t 1/1 Running 0 34m pod/metrics-server-67fb648c5 1/1 Running 0 26s pod/etcd-minikube 1/1 Running 0 34m pod/infl... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/hello-minikube.md | main | kubernetes | [
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This section of the Kubernetes documentation contains tutorials. A tutorial shows how to accomplish a goal that is larger than a single [task](/docs/tasks/). Typically a tutorial has several sections, each of which has a sequence of steps. Before walking through each tutorial, you may want to bookmark the [Standardized... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/_index.md | main | kubernetes | [
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This section is relevant for people adopting a new built-in [sidecar containers](/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/sidecar-containers/) feature for their workloads. Sidecar container is not a new concept as posted in the [blog post](/blog/2015/06/the-distributed-system-toolkit-patterns/). Kubernetes allows running multiple... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/configuration/pod-sidecar-containers.md | main | kubernetes | [
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on initialization. However, it is often unclear what caused the problem. Here are the considerations and troubleshooting steps that one can take while adopting sidecar containers for their workload. ### Ensure the feature gate is enabled As a very first step, make sure that both API server and Nodes are at Kubernetes v... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/configuration/pod-sidecar-containers.md | main | kubernetes | [
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landing on those nodes. 1. Check Nodes compatibility on injection. During sidecar injection, you may use the following strategies to check node compatibility: - query node version and assume the feature gate is enabled on the version 1.29+ - query node prometheus metrics and check feature enablement status - assume the... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/configuration/pod-sidecar-containers.md | main | kubernetes | [
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This page shows you how to configure a Pod to use a {{< glossary\_tooltip text="PersistentVolumeClaim" term\_id="persistent-volume-claim" >}} for storage. Here is a summary of the process: 1. You, as cluster administrator, create a PersistentVolume backed by physical storage. You do not associate the volume with any Po... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/configuration/configure-persistent-volume-storage.md | main | kubernetes | [
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bound to a PersistentVolumeClaim. ``` NAME CAPACITY ACCESSMODES RECLAIMPOLICY STATUS CLAIM STORAGECLASS REASON AGE task-pv-volume 10Gi RWO Retain Available manual 4s ``` ## Create a PersistentVolumeClaim The next step is to create a PersistentVolumeClaim. Pods use PersistentVolumeClaims to request physical storage. In ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/configuration/configure-persistent-volume-storage.md | main | kubernetes | [
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for the static website - `/etc/nginx/nginx.conf` for the default config ### Move the index.html file on your Node to a new folder The `index.html` file mentioned here refers to the one created in the "[Create an index.html file on your Node](#create-an-index-html-file-on-your-node)" section. Open a shell to the single ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/configuration/configure-persistent-volume-storage.md | main | kubernetes | [
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a group ID (GID) allows writing only by Pods using the same GID. Mismatched or missing GIDs cause permission denied errors. To reduce the need for coordination with users, an administrator can annotate a PersistentVolume with a GID. Then the GID is automatically added to any Pod that uses the PersistentVolume. Use the ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/configuration/configure-persistent-volume-storage.md | main | kubernetes | [
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This page provides a step-by-step example of updating configuration within a Pod via a ConfigMap and builds upon the [Configure a Pod to Use a ConfigMap](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-pod-configmap/) task. At the end of this tutorial, you will understand how to change the configuration for a running app... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/configuration/updating-configuration-via-a-configmap.md | main | kubernetes | [
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one of the pods that belongs to this Deployment: ```shell kubectl logs deployments/configmap-volume --follow ``` After few seconds, you should see the log output change as follows: ``` Thu Jan 4 14:11:36 UTC 2024 My preferred sport is football Thu Jan 4 14:11:46 UTC 2024 My preferred sport is football Thu Jan 4 14:11:5... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/configuration/updating-configuration-via-a-configmap.md | main | kubernetes | [
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of apples Thu Jan 4 16:13:06 UTC 2024 The basket is full of apples Thu Jan 4 16:13:16 UTC 2024 The basket is full of apples Thu Jan 4 16:13:26 UTC 2024 The basket is full of apples ``` {{< note >}} Although the value of the key inside the ConfigMap has changed, the environment variable in the Pod still shows the earlie... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/configuration/updating-configuration-via-a-configmap.md | main | kubernetes | [
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container serves the HTML via HTTP. {{% code\_sample file="deployments/deployment-with-configmap-two-containers.yaml" %}} Create the Deployment: ```shell kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/deployments/deployment-with-configmap-two-containers.yaml ``` Check the pods for this Deployment to ensure they are ready (ma... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/configuration/updating-configuration-via-a-configmap.md | main | kubernetes | [
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Sidecar Container writes a file in HTML that has its content based on a ConfigMap. The web server container serves the HTML via HTTP. {{% code\_sample file="deployments/deployment-with-configmap-and-sidecar-container.yaml" %}} Create the Deployment: ```shell kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/deployments/deployme... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/configuration/updating-configuration-via-a-configmap.md | main | kubernetes | [
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pods for this Deployment to ensure they are ready (matching by {{< glossary\_tooltip text="selector" term\_id="selector" >}}): ```shell kubectl get pods --selector=app.kubernetes.io/name=immutable-configmap-volume ``` You should see an output similar to: ``` NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE immutable-configmap-volume-78b... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/configuration/updating-configuration-via-a-configmap.md | main | kubernetes | [
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ConfigMap, it is advised to delete the old one. ```shell kubectl delete configmap company-name-20150801 ``` ## Summary Changes to a ConfigMap mounted as a Volume on a Pod are available seamlessly after the subsequent kubelet sync. Changes to a ConfigMap that configures environment variables for a Pod are available afte... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/configuration/updating-configuration-via-a-configmap.md | main | kubernetes | [
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This page provides a real world example of how to configure Redis using a ConfigMap and builds upon the [Configure a Pod to Use a ConfigMap](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-pod-configmap/) task. ## {{% heading "objectives" %}} \* Create a ConfigMap with Redis configuration values \* Create a Redis Pod tha... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/configuration/configure-redis-using-configmap.md | main | kubernetes | [
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configuration values one last time: ```shell kubectl exec -it pod/redis -- redis-cli ``` Check `maxmemory`: ```shell 127.0.0.1:6379> CONFIG GET maxmemory ``` It should now return the updated value of 2097152: ```shell 1) "maxmemory" 2) "2097152" ``` Similarly, `maxmemory-policy` has also been updated: ```shell 127.0.0.... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/configuration/configure-redis-using-configmap.md | main | kubernetes | [
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{{< feature-state feature\_gate\_name="AppArmor" >}} This page shows you how to load AppArmor profiles on your nodes and enforce those profiles in Pods. To learn more about how Kubernetes can confine Pods using AppArmor, see [Linux kernel security constraints for Pods and containers](/docs/concepts/security/linux-kerne... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/security/apparmor.md | main | kubernetes | [
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this example you can use SSH to install the profiles, but other approaches are discussed in [Setting up nodes with profiles](#setting-up-nodes-with-profiles). ```shell # This example assumes that node names match host names, and are reachable via SSH. NODES=($( kubectl get node -o jsonpath='{.items[\*].status.addresses... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/security/apparmor.md | main | kubernetes | [
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Use the documentation version selector to view the documentation with this deprecated API. {{< /caution >}} ### AppArmor profile within security context {#appArmorProfile} You can specify the `appArmorProfile` on either a container's `securityContext` or on a Pod's `securityContext`. If the profile is set at the pod le... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/security/apparmor.md | main | kubernetes | [
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{{% alert title="Note" %}} This tutorial applies only for new clusters. {{% /alert %}} Pod Security is an admission controller that carries out checks against the Kubernetes [Pod Security Standards](/docs/concepts/security/pod-security-standards/) when new pods are created. It is a feature GA'ed in v1.25. This tutorial... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/security/cluster-level-pss.md | main | kubernetes | [
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hostPath volumes, allowPrivilegeEscalation != false, unrestricted capabilities, restricted volume types, runAsNonRoot != true Warning: kindnet-vzj42: non-default capabilities, host namespaces, hostPath volumes, allowPrivilegeEscalation != false, unrestricted capabilities, restricted volume types, runAsNonRoot != true, ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/security/cluster-level-pss.md | main | kubernetes | [
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now use your cluster with: kubectl cluster-info --context kind-psa-with-cluster-pss Have a question, bug, or feature request? Let us know! https://kind.sigs.k8s.io/#community 🙂 ``` 1. Point kubectl to the cluster: ```shell kubectl cluster-info --context kind-psa-with-cluster-pss ``` The output is similar to this: ``` ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/security/cluster-level-pss.md | main | kubernetes | [
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{{< feature-state for\_k8s\_version="v1.19" state="stable" >}} Seccomp stands for secure computing mode and has been a feature of the Linux kernel since version 2.6.12. It can be used to sandbox the privileges of a process, restricting the calls it is able to make from userspace into the kernel. Kubernetes lets you aut... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/security/seccomp.md | main | kubernetes | [
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file named `kind.yaml`: ```shell curl -L -O https://k8s.io/examples/pods/security/seccomp/kind.yaml ``` You can set a specific Kubernetes version by setting the node's container image. See [Nodes](https://kind.sigs.k8s.io/docs/user/configuration/#nodes) within the kind documentation about configuration for more details... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/security/seccomp.md | main | kubernetes | [
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the endpoint from inside the kind control plane container. ```shell kubectl expose pod audit-pod --type NodePort --port 5678 ``` Check what port the Service has been assigned on the node. ```shell kubectl get service audit-pod ``` The output is similar to: ``` NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE audit-pod Node... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/security/seccomp.md | main | kubernetes | [
0.04733790084719658,
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pod violation-pod ``` ``` NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE violation-pod 0/1 CrashLoopBackOff 1 6s ``` As seen in the previous example, the `http-echo` process requires quite a few syscalls. Here seccomp has been instructed to error on any syscall by setting `"defaultAction": "SCMP\_ACT\_ERRNO"`. This is extremely secure... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/security/seccomp.md | main | kubernetes | [
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... | 0.198771 |
CRI-O and containerd. {{< note >}} Enabling the feature will neither change the Kubernetes `securityContext.seccompProfile` API field nor add the deprecated annotations of the workload. This provides users the possibility to rollback anytime without actually changing the workload configuration. Tools like [`crictl insp... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/security/seccomp.md | main | kubernetes | [
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{{% alert title="Note" %}} This tutorial applies only for new clusters. {{% /alert %}} Pod Security Admission is an admission controller that applies [Pod Security Standards](/docs/concepts/security/pod-security-standards/) when pods are created. It is a feature GA'ed in v1.25. In this tutorial, you will enforce the `b... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/security/ns-level-pss.md | main | kubernetes | [
0.04340675473213196,
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Create kind cluster 2. Create new namespace 3. Apply `baseline` Pod Security Standard in `enforce` mode while applying `restricted` Pod Security Standard also in `warn` and `audit` mode. 4. Create a new pod with the following pod security standards applied - [Pod Security Admission](/docs/concepts/security/pod-security... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/security/ns-level-pss.md | main | kubernetes | [
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This page provides an example of how to provision and configure swap memory on a Kubernetes node using kubeadm. ## {{% heading "objectives" %}} \* Provision swap memory on a Kubernetes node using kubeadm. \* Learn to configure both encrypted and unencrypted swap. \* Learn to enable swap on boot. ## {{% heading "prerequ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/cluster-management/provision-swap-memory.md | main | kubernetes | [
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In order for these configurations to take effect, kubelet needs to be restarted. Typically you do that by running: ```shell systemctl restart kubelet.service ``` You should find that the kubelet is now healthy, and that you can run Pods that use swap memory as needed. | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/cluster-management/provision-swap-memory.md | main | kubernetes | [
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Kubernetes {{< glossary\_tooltip text="namespaces" term\_id="namespace" >}} help different projects, teams, or customers to share a Kubernetes cluster. It does this by providing the following: 1. A scope for [Names](/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/names/). 2. A mechanism to attach authorization and policy ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/cluster-management/namespaces-walkthrough.md | main | kubernetes | [
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context for the kubectl client to work in each namespace. The value of "cluster" and "user" fields are copied from the current context. ```shell kubectl config set-context dev --namespace=development \ --cluster=lithe-cocoa-92103\_kubernetes \ --user=lithe-cocoa-92103\_kubernetes kubectl config set-context prod --names... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/cluster-management/namespaces-walkthrough.md | main | kubernetes | [
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This tutorial shows you how to run a standalone kubelet instance. You may have different motivations for running a standalone kubelet. This tutorial is aimed at introducing you to Kubernetes, even if you don't have much experience with it. You can follow this tutorial and learn about node setup, basic (static) Pods, an... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/cluster-management/kubelet-standalone.md | main | kubernetes | [
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``` Detailed service check: ```shell sudo journalctl -f -u crio.service ``` ### Install network plugins The `cri-o` installer installs and configures the `cni-plugins` package. You can verify the installation running the following command: ```shell /opt/cni/bin/bridge --version ``` The output is similar to: ``` CNI bri... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/cluster-management/kubelet-standalone.md | main | kubernetes | [
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systemctl disable --now crio.service sudo systemctl daemon-reload sudo rm -rf /usr/local/bin sudo rm -rf /usr/local/lib sudo rm -rf /usr/local/share sudo rm -rf /usr/libexec/crio sudo rm -rf /etc/crio sudo rm -rf /etc/containers ``` ### Network Plugins ```shell sudo rm -rf /opt/cni sudo rm -rf /etc/cni sudo rm -rf /var... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/cluster-management/kubelet-standalone.md | main | kubernetes | [
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{{< feature-state feature\_gate\_name="DynamicResourceAllocation" >}} This tutorial shows you how to install {{< glossary\_tooltip term\_id="dra" text="Dynamic Resource Allocation (DRA)" >}} drivers in your cluster and how to use them in conjunction with the DRA APIs to allocate {{< glossary\_tooltip text="devices" ter... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/cluster-management/install-use-dra.md | main | kubernetes | [
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a Helm chart, a set of manifests, or other deployment tooling. This tutorial uses an example driver which can be found in the [kubernetes-sigs/dra-example-driver](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/dra-example-driver) repository to demonstrate driver installation. This example driver advertises simulated GPUs to Kubern... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/cluster-management/install-use-dra.md | main | kubernetes | [
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successfully installed the example DRA driver, and confirmed its initial configuration. You're now ready to use DRA to schedule Pods. ## Claim resources and deploy a Pod {#claim-resources-pod} To request resources using DRA, you create ResourceClaims or ResourceClaimTemplates that define the resources that your Pods ne... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/cluster-management/install-use-dra.md | main | kubernetes | [
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`some-gpu` ResourceClaim. The `status` stanza of the ResourceClaim has information about the allocated device and the Pod it has been reserved for: ```shell kubectl get resourceclaim some-gpu -n dra-tutorial -o yaml ``` The output is similar to this: {{< highlight yaml "linenos=inline, hl\_lines=27-30 38-41, style=emac... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/cluster-management/install-use-dra.md | main | kubernetes | [
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## {{% heading "objectives" %}} This tutorial provides a walkthrough of the basics of the Kubernetes cluster orchestration system. Each module contains some background information on major Kubernetes features and concepts, and a tutorial for you to follow along. Using the tutorials, you can learn to: \* Deploy a contai... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/_index.md | main | kubernetes | [
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## {{% heading "objectives" %}} \* Scale an existing app manually using kubectl. ## {{% heading "prerequisites" %}} The shell commands in this tutorial use POSIX shell syntax, which is supported by the default shells on most Linux and macOS systems (for example, bash, zsh, or sh). Windows users must use a POSIX-compati... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/scale/scale-intro.md | main | kubernetes | [
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the desired state. \* \_AVAILABLE\_ displays how many replicas of the application are available to your users. \* \_AGE\_ displays the amount of time that the application has been running. To see the ReplicaSet created by the Deployment, run: ```shell kubectl get rs ``` Notice that the name of the ReplicaSet is always ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/scale/scale-intro.md | main | kubernetes | [
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[Performing a Rolling Update](/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/update/update-intro/). \* Learn more about [ReplicaSet](/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/replicaset/). \* Learn more about [Autoscaling](/docs/concepts/workloads/autoscaling/). | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/scale/scale-intro.md | main | kubernetes | [
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## {{% heading "objectives" %}} Perform a rolling update using kubectl. ## {{% heading "prerequisites" %}} The shell commands in this tutorial use POSIX shell syntax, which is supported by the default shells on most Linux and macOS systems (for example, bash, zsh, or sh). Windows users must use a POSIX-compatible shell... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/update/update-intro.md | main | kubernetes | [
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check that the service is running, as you might have deleted it in previous tutorial step, run `describe services/kubernetes-bootcamp`. If it's missing, you can create it again with: ```shell kubectl expose deployment/kubernetes-bootcamp --type="NodePort" --port 8080 ``` Create an environment variable called `NODE\_POR... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/update/update-intro.md | main | kubernetes | [
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## {{% heading "objectives" %}} \* Learn what a Kubernetes cluster is. \* Learn what Minikube is. \* Start a Kubernetes cluster on your computer. ## {{% heading "prerequisites" %}} The shell commands in this tutorial use POSIX shell syntax, which is supported by the default shells on most Linux and macOS systems (for e... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/create-cluster/cluster-intro.md | main | kubernetes | [
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is available for Linux, macOS, and Windows systems. The Minikube CLI provides basic bootstrapping operations for working with your cluster, including start, stop, status, and delete. ## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}} \* Tutorial [Hello Minikube](/docs/tutorials/hello-minikube/). \* Learn more about [Cluster Architecture](... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/create-cluster/cluster-intro.md | main | kubernetes | [
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## {{% heading "objectives" %}} \* Learn about Kubernetes Pods. \* Learn about Kubernetes Nodes. \* Troubleshoot deployed applications. ## {{% heading "prerequisites" %}} The shell commands in this tutorial use POSIX shell syntax, which is supported by the default shells on most Linux and macOS systems (for example, ba... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/explore/explore-intro.md | main | kubernetes | [
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information about deployed applications and their environments. The most common operations can be done with the following kubectl subcommands: \* `kubectl get` - list resources \* `kubectl describe` - show detailed information about a resource \* `kubectl logs` - print the logs from a container in a pod \* `kubectl exe... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/explore/explore-intro.md | main | kubernetes | [
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run our NodeJS application. The source code of the app is in the `server.js` file: ```shell cat server.js ``` You can check that the application is up by running a curl command: ```shell curl http://localhost:8080 ``` {{< note >}} Here we used `localhost` because we executed the command inside the NodeJS Pod. If you ca... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/explore/explore-intro.md | main | kubernetes | [
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## {{% heading "objectives" %}} \* Learn about a Service in Kubernetes. \* Understand how labels and selectors relate to a Service. \* Expose an application outside a Kubernetes cluster. ## {{% heading "prerequisites" %}} The shell commands in this tutorial use POSIX shell syntax, which is supported by the default shel... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/expose/expose-intro.md | main | kubernetes | [
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without `selector` will also not create the corresponding Endpoints object. This allows users to manually map a Service to specific endpoints. Another possibility why there may be no selector is you are strictly using `type: ExternalName`. ## Services and Labels A Service routes traffic across a set of Pods. Services a... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/expose/expose-intro.md | main | kubernetes | [
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label to query our list of Pods. We’ll use the `kubectl get pods` command with `-l` as a parameter, followed by the label values: ```shell kubectl get pods -l app=kubernetes-bootcamp ``` You can do the same to list the existing Services: ```shell kubectl get services -l app=kubernetes-bootcamp ``` Get the name of the P... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/expose/expose-intro.md | main | kubernetes | [
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## {{% heading "objectives" %}} \* Learn about application Deployments. \* Deploy your first app on Kubernetes with kubectl. ## {{% heading "prerequisites" %}} The shell commands in this tutorial use POSIX shell syntax, which is supported by the default shells on most Linux and macOS systems (for example, bash, zsh, or... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/deploy-app/deploy-intro.md | main | kubernetes | [
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-0.019712349399924278,
-0.015805894508957863,
-0.03373870998620987,
0.0401596836745739,
0.0333121195435524,
0.0743345320224762,
0.0515618659555912,
-0.021538350731134415,
-0.09645993262529373,
0.02240213379263878,
0.0006823... | 0.109492 |
command is: `kubectl action resource`. This performs the specified \_action\_ (like `create`, `describe` or `delete`) on the specified \_resource\_ (like `node` or `deployment`. You can use `--help` after the subcommand to get additional info about possible parameters (for example: `kubectl get nodes --help`). Check th... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/deploy-app/deploy-intro.md | main | kubernetes | [
0.06989233195781708,
-0.013291513547301292,
0.009325682185590267,
-0.013100933283567429,
-0.00750297587364912,
0.006507656071335077,
-0.0416075736284256,
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0.06322430819272995,
0.03876800835132599,
-0.018645314499735832,
-0.10039130598306656,
0.031063968315720558,
-0.0... | 0.101773 |
``` In order for the new Deployment to be accessible without using the proxy, a Service is required which will be explained in [Module 4](/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/expose/). ## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}} \* Tutorial [Viewing Pods and Nodes](/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/explore/explore-intro/). \* Learn mo... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/deploy-app/deploy-intro.md | main | kubernetes | [
0.01720677874982357,
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0.04886917769908905,
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0.012578149326145649,
0.01508086733520031,
-0.03030349686741829,
0.012529428116977215,
0.07514756172895432,
-0.026154853403568268,
0.023281624540686607,
0.010666423477232456,
-0.01301... | 0.121641 |
This tutorial provides an introduction to managing applications with {{< glossary\_tooltip text="StatefulSets" term\_id="statefulset" >}}. It demonstrates how to create, delete, scale, and update the Pods of StatefulSets. ## {{% heading "prerequisites" %}} Before you begin this tutorial, you should familiarize yourself... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/stateful-application/basic-stateful-set.md | main | kubernetes | [
-0.00910323765128851,
-0.004446891136467457,
0.051073264330625534,
-0.022885575890541077,
-0.07664359360933304,
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0.011037223041057587,
0.07071785628795624,
-0.02265997789800167,
-0.05310710147023201,
-0.008111460134387016,
... | 0.187977 |
# Do not start a new watch; # this should already be running kubectl get pods --watch -l app=nginx ``` ``` NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE web-0 0/1 Pending 0 0s web-0 0/1 Pending 0 0s web-0 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s web-0 1/1 Running 0 19s web-1 0/1 Pending 0 0s web-1 0/1 Pending 0 0s web-1 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/stateful-application/basic-stateful-set.md | main | kubernetes | [
-0.022208012640476227,
0.005251131486147642,
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0.02725715935230255,
0.0626126080751419,
0.027813704684376717,
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-0.05827844887971878,
-0.... | 0.131716 |
exec` and `kubectl run` to view the Pods' hostnames and in-cluster DNS entries. First, view the Pods' hostnames: ```shell for i in 0 1; do kubectl exec web-$i -- sh -c 'hostname'; done ``` ``` web-0 web-1 ``` then, run: ```shell kubectl run -i --tty --image busybox:1.28 dns-test --restart=Never --rm ``` which starts a ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/stateful-application/basic-stateful-set.md | main | kubernetes | [
0.027184130623936653,
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0.08354756981134415,
0.0512821264564991,
-0.011216899380087852,
-0.10776650160551071,
-0.06521504372358322,
-0... | 0.139069 |
when using hostPath volumes](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/2630)), by running: `for i in 0 1; do kubectl exec web-$i -- chmod 755 /usr/share/nginx/html; done` before retrying the `curl` command above. {{< /note >}} In one terminal, watch the StatefulSet's Pods: ```shell # End this watch when you've re... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/stateful-application/basic-stateful-set.md | main | kubernetes | [
0.022219857200980186,
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0.026003843173384666,
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0.05271460860967636,
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-0.021597737446427345,
-0.02... | 0.074314 |
Running and Ready before launching the subsequent Pod. ### Scaling down Scaling down means reducing the number of replicas. For example, you might do this because the level of traffic to a service has decreased, and at the current scale there are idle resources. In one terminal, watch the StatefulSet's Pods: ```shell #... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/stateful-application/basic-stateful-set.md | main | kubernetes | [
0.044239796698093414,
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0.048544708639383316,
0.017862532287836075,
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0.006044247653335333,
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0.060333508998155594,
-0.02992691658437252,
-0.024809425696730614,
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... | 0.122127 |
0/1 Terminating 0 8m web-2 0/1 Pending 0 0s web-2 0/1 Pending 0 0s web-2 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s web-2 1/1 Running 0 19s web-1 1/1 Terminating 0 8m web-1 0/1 Terminating 0 8m web-1 0/1 Terminating 0 8m web-1 0/1 Terminating 0 8m web-1 0/1 Pending 0 0s web-1 0/1 Pending 0 0s web-1 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s web-1 1/1... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/stateful-application/basic-stateful-set.md | main | kubernetes | [
-0.017255740240216255,
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0.0239487886428833,
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0.03934934735298157,
0.06514117121696472,
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... | 0.161089 |
web-2 1/1 Running 0 18s ``` Get the Pod's container image: ```shell kubectl get pod web-2 --template '{{range $i, $c := .spec.containers}}{{$c.image}}{{end}}' ``` ``` registry.k8s.io/nginx-slim:0.24 ``` Notice that, even though the update strategy is `RollingUpdate` the StatefulSet restored the Pod with the original co... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/stateful-application/basic-stateful-set.md | main | kubernetes | [
-0.005562731996178627,
0.07987263798713684,
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0.05921326205134392,
0.008528183214366436,
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... | 0.054481 |
output is similar to: ``` NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE web-0 1/1 Running 0 3m web-1 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 11s web-2 1/1 Running 0 2m web-1 1/1 Running 0 18s web-0 1/1 Terminating 0 3m web-0 1/1 Terminating 0 3m web-0 0/1 Terminating 0 3m web-0 0/1 Terminating 0 3m web-0 0/1 Terminating 0 3m web-0 0/1 Terminating 0 ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/stateful-application/basic-stateful-set.md | main | kubernetes | [
0.033650197088718414,
0.09287063032388687,
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0.0006881649605929852,
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0.0013862688792869449,
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0.03772740438580513,
0.006901421584188938,
0.03180062770843506,
-0.11003997921943665,
-0.04242017865180969,
... | 0.162557 |
first terminal. ```shell # This should already be running kubectl get pods --watch -l app=nginx ``` ``` NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE web-1 1/1 Running 0 16m web-2 1/1 Running 0 2m NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE web-0 0/1 Pending 0 0s web-0 0/1 Pending 0 0s web-0 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s web-0 1/1 Running 0 18s web-... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/stateful-application/basic-stateful-set.md | main | kubernetes | [
-0.011958260089159012,
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0.03663869947195053,
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0.004522115923464298,
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0.039089079946279526,
0.05670737102627754,
0.03950505331158638,
-0.06964630633592606,
-0.04868714138865471,
-0.... | 0.118871 |
to serve their hostnames. Finally, delete the `nginx` Service... ```shell kubectl delete service nginx ``` ``` service "nginx" deleted ``` ...and the `web` StatefulSet: ```shell kubectl delete statefulset web ``` ``` statefulset "web" deleted ``` ## Pod management policy For some distributed systems, the StatefulSet or... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/stateful-application/basic-stateful-set.md | main | kubernetes | [
-0.01936247944831848,
0.022803055122494698,
0.05855598300695419,
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0.10196288675069809,
0.06537733227014542,
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0.012698245234787464,
0.003631116123870015,
-0.040... | 0.131502 |
Pods - but you also would not want to wait for each new Pod to launch. Starting the extra Pods in parallel cuts the time between requesting the extra capacity and having it available for use. ## {{% heading "cleanup" %}} You should have two terminals open, ready for you to run `kubectl` commands as part of cleanup. ```... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/stateful-application/basic-stateful-set.md | main | kubernetes | [
0.006351403426378965,
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0.021313292905688286,
0.0014628333738073707,
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0.061532992869615555,
0.04055775701999664,
-0.027392277494072914,
-0.01965644769370556,
-0.02724650874733925,
-... | 0.135913 |
This tutorial shows you how to deploy a WordPress site and a MySQL database using Minikube. Both applications use PersistentVolumes and PersistentVolumeClaims to store data. A [PersistentVolume](/docs/concepts/storage/persistent-volumes/) (PV) is a piece of storage in the cluster that has been manually provisioned by a... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/stateful-application/mysql-wordpress-persistent-volume.md | main | kubernetes | [
0.02535308711230755,
0.0049901544116437435,
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0.06567329168319702,
0.05965132266283035,
0.049257542937994,
0.02329135127365589,
-0.0024670367129147053,
0.09973306953907013,
-0.008... | 0.086031 |
file="application/wordpress/mysql-deployment.yaml" %}} The following manifest describes a single-instance WordPress Deployment. The WordPress container mounts the PersistentVolume at `/var/www/html` for website data files. The `WORDPRESS\_DB\_HOST` environment variable sets the name of the MySQL Service defined above, ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/stateful-application/mysql-wordpress-persistent-volume.md | main | kubernetes | [
0.05701562389731407,
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0.01677056774497032,
0.029980184510350227,
0.03674089163541794,
0.05799287557601929,
0.00796106830239296,
-0.04404579475522041,
0.11105205118656158,
-0.02345... | 0.024756 |
This tutorial shows you how to run [Apache Cassandra](https://cassandra.apache.org/) on Kubernetes. Cassandra, a database, needs persistent storage to provide data durability (application \_state\_). In this example, a custom Cassandra seed provider lets the database discover new Cassandra instances as they join the Ca... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/stateful-application/cassandra.md | main | kubernetes | [
-0.01052505150437355,
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0.03855187073349953,
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0.009141640737652779,
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0.060337528586387634,
0.04464118927717209,
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0.0717274472117424,
-0.... | 0.18959 |
cassandra-statefulset.yaml ``` ## Validating the Cassandra StatefulSet 1. Get the Cassandra StatefulSet: ```shell kubectl get statefulset cassandra ``` The response should be similar to: ``` NAME DESIRED CURRENT AGE cassandra 3 0 13s ``` The `StatefulSet` resource deploys Pods sequentially. 1. Get the Pods to see the o... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/stateful-application/cassandra.md | main | kubernetes | [
0.03460577875375748,
0.0018642634386196733,
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0.026532400399446487,
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0.03791723772883415,
0.05970434099435806,
0.005455076694488525,
-0.10106460005044937,
0.0332014374434948,
-0.0567... | 0.12459 |
includes a standard Cassandra installation from the Apache Debian repo. By using environment variables you can change values that are inserted into `cassandra.yaml`. | Environment variable | Default value | | ------------------------ |:---------------: | | `CASSANDRA\_CLUSTER\_NAME` | `'Test Cluster'` | | `CASSANDRA\_N... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/stateful-application/cassandra.md | main | kubernetes | [
0.04131477698683739,
0.011882834136486053,
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0.019887857139110565,
-0.11197005212306976,
-0.013767163269221783,
-0.08100288361310959,
0.02346988022327423,
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0.04283778369426727,
0.012500547803938389,
-0.11543312668800354,
0.08135639131069183,
-0.048... | 0.08063 |
This tutorial demonstrates running [Apache Zookeeper](https://zookeeper.apache.org) on Kubernetes using [StatefulSets](/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/statefulset/), [PodDisruptionBudgets](/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/disruptions/#pod-disruption-budget), and [PodAntiAffinity](/docs/concepts/scheduling-eviction/as... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/tutorials/stateful-application/zookeeper.md | main | kubernetes | [
0.00473915645852685,
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0.05477314442396164,
0.008736453019082546,
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-0.023747947067022324,
0.01486386638134718,
0.047745231539011,
-0.012163670733571053,
-0.01198815368115902,
-0.015883030369877815,
0.007... | 0.172034 |
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