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20231101.en_13196768_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona%20City%20Transport
|
Pamplona City Transport
|
EHG/TUC is the only transit bus provider for Iruña/Pamplona and surroundings, owned by the Iruñerriko Mankomunitatea/Mancomunidad de la Comarca de Pamplona, and operated by Transports Ciutat Comtal. However, there are coach bus services, owned by the Government of Navarre and operated by different operators, connecting Iruña/Pamplona to the rest of Navarre and to other autonomous communities.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196768_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona%20City%20Transport
|
Pamplona City Transport
|
EHG/TUC is, with Bilbobus (Bilbo city), the best transportation system in Spain regarding punctuality, information reliability and vehicle occupation levels. Furthermore, the network has been given a score of 7.8 out of 10 in user satisfaction. It also owns the longest electric transit bus line on the Iberian Peninsula, line 9.
|
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52,
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] |
20231101.en_13196768_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona%20City%20Transport
|
Pamplona City Transport
|
EHG/TUC buses are white, with yellow and green motifs and are commonly called Villavesas or Billabesak, which confuses people from outside of Navarre because they do not know what the local speakers refer to. The name comes from La Villavesa SA, the first transit bus company in Iruñerria, from 1920 to 1969.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196768_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona%20City%20Transport
|
Pamplona City Transport
|
These are the 24 lines in service mainly between 06:00 and 22:00, every day of the week. However, some of them deviate slightly from these times, and others are only active at certain times. They are considered the reference lines of EHG/TUC.
|
[
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9,
4,
9,
18,
15,
9,
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20,
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15,
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13,
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20,
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21,
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29,
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28,
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6,
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33,
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11,
7,
3,
-33
] |
20231101.en_13196768_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona%20City%20Transport
|
Pamplona City Transport
|
These are the ten lines ensuring service mainly between 22:00 and, depending on the day, 23:00, 02:00 or 04:00.
|
[
-12,
22,
-7,
10,
27,
10,
-21,
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18,
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84,
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6,
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29,
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32,
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33,
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22,
10,
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12,
16,
33,
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23,
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27,
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41,
-31,
4,
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32,
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7,
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22,
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11,
16,
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22,
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23,
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17,
35,
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25,
1,
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3,
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5,
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13,
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14,
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21,
29,
34,
13,
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1,
23,
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28,
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40,
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26,
34,
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1,
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35,
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41,
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52,
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14,
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5,
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29,
39,
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34,
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36,
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28,
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10,
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-1,
17,
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28,
-14,
37,
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-28,
0,
-1,
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-2,
-4,
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14,
-49,
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21,
26,
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30,
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5,
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0,
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-3,
19,
7,
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20,
1,
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29,
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24,
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20,
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12,
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19,
22,
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24,
31,
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23,
40,
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32,
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42,
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41,
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29,
21,
5,
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20,
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12,
10,
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30,
36,
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29,
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4,
1,
36,
15,
17,
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29,
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46,
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18,
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1,
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40,
13,
27,
28,
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11,
59,
57,
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37,
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24,
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17,
19,
21,
22,
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17,
20,
4,
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29,
26,
-30,
-2,
54,
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23,
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13,
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15,
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15,
44,
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22,
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12,
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16,
7,
8,
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1,
42,
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8,
12,
-3,
13,
25,
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12,
9,
9,
15,
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24,
22,
21,
8,
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1,
31,
13,
5,
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25,
5,
24,
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8,
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7,
15,
24,
-4,
1,
-3,
-2,
9,
-31,
-14,
-39,
9,
4,
-4,
3
] |
20231101.en_13196768_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona%20City%20Transport
|
Pamplona City Transport
|
The (Pamplona tram project) was a project run between 2005 and 2008, involving the creation of up to three tram lines in the city of Iruña/Pamplona.
|
[
8,
38,
-2,
-4,
28,
16,
-32,
-42,
14,
9,
2,
38,
-30,
-19,
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7,
16,
-8,
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35,
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19,
-6,
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35,
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7,
43,
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39,
1,
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21,
56,
29,
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10,
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9,
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6,
16,
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54,
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21,
1,
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3,
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3,
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23,
19,
5,
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9,
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49,
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61,
13,
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2,
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54,
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9,
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18,
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5,
27,
13,
14,
13,
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20,
11,
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2,
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41,
13,
20,
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29,
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5,
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18,
-5,
-3,
-1,
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] |
20231101.en_13196768_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona%20City%20Transport
|
Pamplona City Transport
|
The Government of Navarre concluded, after studying different possibilities, that implementing this project would have a very good impact on the city. However, the government estimated the cost at more than 700 million euros, and finally discarded the project.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196768_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona%20City%20Transport
|
Pamplona City Transport
|
After the Pamplona Tram Project, two options were suggested: create bus rapid transit (BRT) system or a transit bus optimized system. Iruñerriko Mankomunitatea decided to develop the first idea, combining it with the Pamplona Tram Project concept, where more lines can be created (up to five in the first phase) and the other buses can use the same reserved platform.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196768_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona%20City%20Transport
|
Pamplona City Transport
|
The new system will be accompanied by a total change of the current bus lines and it will be operating before 2024.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196768_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona%20City%20Transport
|
Pamplona City Transport
|
BRT (in Spanish, BTR) lines will run 98% of their route on a separate, independent platform. Buses, 33 estimated in the first phase, will be 100% electric, but since there will be no catenary, it will be stored in batteries that will be recharged after each trip.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196768_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona%20City%20Transport
|
Pamplona City Transport
|
The ("running of the town bus") started in Pamplona on 15 July 1984 when, after the end of the Sanfermines festival and its associated running of the bulls, youths would run before the earliest urban bus entering the traditional course.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196768_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona%20City%20Transport
|
Pamplona City Transport
|
Currently, the youths run before a cyclist in a yellow jersey as an homage to the Navarrese cycling champion Miguel Induráin.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196770_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou%20Bates
|
Lou Bates
|
John Louis Bates ( – ) was an ice hockey defender who played in the English National League for the Wembley Lions. He was born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada and died in London, England. He is a member of the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196770_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou%20Bates
|
Lou Bates
|
Lou Bates toured Britain twice with an all-star team from Ottawa before he spent a year in Paris, France. Bates signed for the Wembley Lions for their inaugural season in 1934. Bates established himself as one of the most popular players in pre-war Britain and, as such, featured on a cigarette card and in a cinema advert for Player's cigarettes.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196770_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou%20Bates
|
Lou Bates
|
Bates played as the captain for the Lions until play was stopped in May 1940 due to the outbreak of war. When play resumed following the war in 1946, Bates returned to the Lions for the 1946–47 season as coach. He also coached Streatham in 1951.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196770_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou%20Bates
|
Lou Bates
|
During the 1950 European championships, Bates was the Head Coach for the British team and guided them to a silver medal.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196780_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet%20Soul
|
Planet Soul
|
Planet Soul was a house duo from Miami, Florida, composed of producer George Acosta and singer Nadine Renee.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196780_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet%20Soul
|
Planet Soul
|
They released one album in 1996, entitled Energy and Harmony, and are primarily remembered as a one-hit wonder for their song "Set U Free", which peaked at number 26 on the Billboard Hot 100 in early 1996. Brenda Dee did lead vocals on their second biggest hit, Feel The Music and went on to tour for the group throughout the US and Europe. She was lead vocals on the completion of their debut album, Energy & Harmony which was co-written by Veronica Barrios and produced by the group’s creator, George Acosta.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196780_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet%20Soul
|
Planet Soul
|
On December 2, 2004, Renee died of complications from the delivery of her first child, Liat Nadine Shamir.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196788_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Maull
|
Henry Maull
|
Henry Maull (1829–1914) was a British photographer who specialised in portraits of noted individuals.
|
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8
] |
20231101.en_13196788_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Maull
|
Henry Maull
|
Maull was born in Clerkenwell as the son of a tradesman. He married Eliza (b Islington 1831) and became a member of the Royal Photographic Society in 1870.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196788_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Maull
|
Henry Maull
|
1856 - 8 March 1865: Maull & Polyblank in partnership with George Henry Polyblank. Other sources say it was established in 1854.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196788_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Maull
|
Henry Maull
|
1879-1885: Maull & Fox, in partnership with John Fox (1832 - 1907). The studio continued under the original name by others and moved to 200 Gray's Inn Road. It was officially closed on 26 October 1928 and the final creditors' meeting was held on 30 November 1928. The firm was taken over by the Graphic Photo Union, which in turn was taken over by Kemsley Newspapers.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196788_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Maull
|
Henry Maull
|
Portraits of noted individuals, which were frequently published as engravings in the Illustrated London News
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196788_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Maull
|
Henry Maull
|
Photographic Portraits of Living Celebrities was published from 1856 to 1859, featuring forty individual portraits with accompanying biographies by Herbert Fry, Pts 1 - 4; later parts by Edward Walford, issued to subscribers over a period of forty-one months and eventually all published in a single volume London, W. Kent, 1859. Vol I
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196793_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitanagoya
|
Kitanagoya
|
is a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 86,068 in 36,904 households, and a population density of . The total area of the city is . Kitanagoya is a member of the World Health Organization’s Alliance for Healthy Cities (AFHC).
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196793_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitanagoya
|
Kitanagoya
|
Kitanagoya is located in the northwest region of Aichi Prefecture. The city lies within a 10 kilometers range of downtown Nagoya and is relatively small. The city is about 6 kilometers from east to west, and about 4 kilometers from north to south. The city is located in the heart of Nōbi Plain, approximately five meters above sea level. There are numerous rivers, including the Gojō River, Shin River, and Aise River, which create a natural biosphere.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196793_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitanagoya
|
Kitanagoya
|
The city has a climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and relatively mild winters (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Kitanagoya is 15.7 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1718 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 28.2 °C, and lowest in January, at around 4.3 °C.
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] |
20231101.en_13196793_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitanagoya
|
Kitanagoya
|
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kitanagoya has increased rapidly over the past 60 years.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196793_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitanagoya
|
Kitanagoya
|
The area began to develop in the Taishō period with the development of the Meitetsu Inuyama train line.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196793_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitanagoya
|
Kitanagoya
|
The town of Shikatsu was created on April 1, 1961, followed by Nishiharu on November 1, 1963, as the population increased due to increasing industrialization of the area.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196793_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitanagoya
|
Kitanagoya
|
Kitanagoya has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 21 members. The city contributes two members to the Aichi Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Aichi District 5 of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196793_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitanagoya
|
Kitanagoya
|
Due to its location adjacent to the Nagoya metropolis, which is only ten minutes away by express train, Kitanagoya is largely a commuter town. However, agriculture is also highly developed, using the productive fertile soil and land with an alluvial fan created by Kiso and Shōnai River.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196793_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitanagoya
|
Kitanagoya
|
Kitanagoya has ten public elementary schools and six public junior high schools operated by the city government, and one public high school operated by the Aichi Prefectural Board of Education.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196839_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Venture
|
Australian Venture
|
The Australian Venture is an event for Australian Venturer Scouts. It is their equivalent of a Jamboree, but for Venturers there is a lot more freedom and latitude in what they do. There is a number of on site activities and also an off site expedition, normally totaling about 12 days long.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196839_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Venture
|
Australian Venture
|
The last Australian Venture was in Brisbane, Queensland, 2018. The theme for this Venture was "Get Set" and it was the 17th Australian Venture.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196839_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Venture
|
Australian Venture
|
1965-66 - National Senior Scout Venture, Perth, Western Australia (presumably the 1st National Venture).
|
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7
] |
20231101.en_13196839_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Venture
|
Australian Venture
|
1997 – 10th Australian Venture, Mega 10, Adelaide Showgrounds, Wayville and Woodhouse Scout Centre, Piccadilly, South Australia.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196839_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Venture
|
Australian Venture
|
2021 - 18th Australian Venture, Oz Venture 2021, Sydney, New South Wales. **Cancelled due to the Covid-19 Pandemic**
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196839_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Venture
|
Australian Venture
|
Due to the cancellation of National Ventures from Scouts Australia, similar events have been organized with specific reference being made to 'Venture24' run by Scouts Victoria that is an Australian Venture in all but name. The event which spans two weeks is to be run in January 2024 with over 1000 people from around Australia and New Zealand.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196851_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley%20Cat%20Rescue
|
Alley Cat Rescue
|
Alley Cat Rescue is an international nonprofit organization, headquartered in Mount Rainier, Maryland, that works to protect cats using trap–neuter–return for community cats; rescue, and neuter before adoption; promoting compassionate, non-lethal population control; and by providing national and international resources for cat caretakers.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196851_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley%20Cat%20Rescue
|
Alley Cat Rescue
|
The organization was founded in 1997 by President Louise Holton, who had previously cofounded Alley Cat Allies.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196851_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley%20Cat%20Rescue
|
Alley Cat Rescue
|
Holton worked in her home country of South Africa in the mid-1970s with the Johannesburg SPCA on TNR programs and brought to the U.S. her contacts in the United Kingdom to help set up TNR programs there. She has worked with biologist and world-famous author Roger Tabor, veterinarian and TNR pioneer Jenny Remfry, the Universities Federation of Animal Welfare (U.K.), as well as the British Cat Action Trust.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196851_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley%20Cat%20Rescue
|
Alley Cat Rescue
|
ACR works to put an end to the myths and misinformation surrounding feral and stray cats, which the organization claims are often used as scapegoats for complex environmental problems such as the depletion of bird and other wildlife populations. ACR promotes the concept that all animals deserve respect and compassion, and that humane, non-lethal methods for controlling their populations, such as Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR), should be used. All of ACR’s mailings include calls to action that will aid in safeguarding the health and lives of cats. These calls to action are also posted on ACR's Facebook page, monthly E-Newsletters, and website.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196851_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley%20Cat%20Rescue
|
Alley Cat Rescue
|
ACR also spearheads an annual Global Feral Fix Challenge is an annual campaign that encourages veterinarians to provide as many free or low-cost spay/neuter surgeries for community cats as possible throughout the year. The purpose of the campaign is to promote TNR. Alley Cat Rescue launched the campaign under the original name “Feral Cat Spay Day” (FCSD) in 2010. In 2020, the campaign was expanded to cover the whole year in order to increase its impact for cats.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196851_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley%20Cat%20Rescue
|
Alley Cat Rescue
|
The 2022 Challenge saw participation from veterinarians and clinics across 25 U.S. states as well as Greece, South Africa, and the United Arab Emirates, who together sterilized around 51,000 community cats. In past years, vets from a total of all 50 U.S. states, Antigua, Canada, Croatia, Israel, India, Japan, Nicaragua, and England have also taken part in the Challenge. The grand total of cats spayed or neutered as a result of the yearly Challenge is over 230,000.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196851_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley%20Cat%20Rescue
|
Alley Cat Rescue
|
ACR provides the public with the most recent information on felines on their website, social media pages, and direct mailings.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196851_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley%20Cat%20Rescue
|
Alley Cat Rescue
|
ACR publishes biannual newsletters and other mailings year-round to disseminate information about their programs and the impacts they are having in the community. These publications also highlight current events relating to cat welfare with specific actions the readers can take to help the affected cat populations.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196851_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley%20Cat%20Rescue
|
Alley Cat Rescue
|
ACR has distributed over 780,000 pet trust brochures to help people plan for the future of their cats in case of emergencies.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196851_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley%20Cat%20Rescue
|
Alley Cat Rescue
|
In order to lower the euthanasia rate of cats in shelters and to prevent the suffering of cats on the streets through humane care, ACR’s website provides the public with lists of clinics that offer low cost spay/neuter programs and low-cost veterinary care throughout the country.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196851_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley%20Cat%20Rescue
|
Alley Cat Rescue
|
Online resources are offered about feral cats, alternatives to declawing, and cat health, and information on advocating for cats. The organization maintains a list of "Cat Action Teams" who work to help feral cats all over the U.S.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196851_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley%20Cat%20Rescue
|
Alley Cat Rescue
|
Their website also provides information on how people can avoid surrendering their cats to shelters.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196851_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley%20Cat%20Rescue
|
Alley Cat Rescue
|
ACR does trap-neuter-return of community cats and spay/neuter of adoptable cats. Since inception, the organization has sterilized over 85,000 cats.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196851_13
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley%20Cat%20Rescue
|
Alley Cat Rescue
|
ACR manages multiple cat colonies in Maryland and California. Management involves trapping, sterilizing, and vaccinating new colony arrivals as they are discovered, as well as feeding all of the cats and monitoring their health daily. Any cats in need of medical attention are taken to a veterinarian for care. Young kittens found in colonies are spayed/neutered, vaccinated, and cared for in foster homes until they are adopted.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196851_14
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley%20Cat%20Rescue
|
Alley Cat Rescue
|
In 2007, the organization helped organize a free spay-neuter clinic for cats and dogs in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196851_15
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley%20Cat%20Rescue
|
Alley Cat Rescue
|
In 2008, the organization gathered 12,000 signatures prior to the Beijing Winter Olympics and sent the petitions to the International Olympic Committee to encourage them not to host the games in countries that "clean their streets" of stray animals in preparation for the Olympics.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196851_16
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley%20Cat%20Rescue
|
Alley Cat Rescue
|
In 2021, ACR gathered nearly 95,000 signatures to urge the Australian government to end government-sanctioned cat culling. ACR sent the petition to the Australian Minister of the Environment, Threatened Species Commissioner, and Ambassador to the U.S.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196851_17
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley%20Cat%20Rescue
|
Alley Cat Rescue
|
The organization also operates an African Wildcat Conservation Action Plan in South Africa with the purpose of protecting and preserving the African wildcat (AWC) species through TNR of outdoor domestic cats who live near AWC territories. AWCs are threatened by habitat loss as well as by hybridization with domestic cats. The AWC is the ancestor of the domestic cat and the two species readily interbreed.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196851_18
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley%20Cat%20Rescue
|
Alley Cat Rescue
|
In 2002, ACR's newsletter, Alley Cat Mews, and handbook, Feral Cat Colony Management, each won a Certificate of Excellence and a Muse Medallion.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196851_19
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley%20Cat%20Rescue
|
Alley Cat Rescue
|
On November 20, 2004, Louise Holton was presented the President’s Award from the Cat Writers’ Association for her article, "Veterinary Care: Guidelines for Veterinarians Treating Feral Cats," published by Alley Cat Rescue and for her life-long career dedicated to helping feral cats.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196851_20
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley%20Cat%20Rescue
|
Alley Cat Rescue
|
In 2011, An Army of Ordinary People, an article by Maggie Funkhouser published in Alley Cat Mews, was awarded a Certificate of Excellence.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196851_21
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley%20Cat%20Rescue
|
Alley Cat Rescue
|
In 2022, ACR's 2020 Annual Report and 2021 Cat Report: The Status of Cats in the United States each won a Certificate of Excellence.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
The Dundee and Arbroath Railway was an early railway in Scotland. It opened in 1838, and used the unusual track gauge of 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm). In 1848 it changed to standard gauge and connected to the emerging Scottish railway network.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
It was absorbed by the larger Caledonian Railway, but when the North British Railway completed the construction of the Tay Bridge in 1878, it was granted part ownership of the line to enable it to form its main line to Aberdeen, so the line became the Dundee and Arbroath Joint Line.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
The main line is in use at the present day (except for the terminals at each end) as part of the Dundee to Aberdeen main line.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
Dundee had for centuries been a centre of trade on the Firth of Tay, but Arbroath too was an important port and manufacturing centre. The turnpike road and coastal shipping were both in heavy use connecting the two places. A railway had been proposed in 1826, but not proceeded with.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
In 1831 an inland-facing line had been opened; it was the Dundee and Newtyle Railway, designed to connect the port with the fertile agricultural area of Strathmore. As it had challenging terrain to traverse, crossing the range of the Sidlaw Hills, it had been built with three steep inclines worked by stationary steam engines. Its financial performance, like its operational performance, had been disappointing.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
Now in 1834 George Matthewson was asked to survey the possible route of such a line. He found that a line was feasible and his calculations suggested a return of 8 to 10% on capital. This was reported locally in the press, and generated considerable enthusiasm. A public meeting was held on 12 October 1835, and it was agreed to prepare a Parliamentary Bill; Grainger and Miller were asked to execute the full survey required for the purpose. Three weeks later John Miller presented his survey and findings; the line could be built for £85,000 including land acquisition and rolling stock, and would return 7.5%. £94,000 was subscribed immediately at the meeting, and the remarkable step was taken of increasing the subscription list to £100,000 to mollify those intending investors who had not been able to subscribe at the meeting itself.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
The Bill was presented to the 1836 session of Parliament, and passed on 19 May 1836: the Dundee and Arbroath Railway was incorporated, with capital of £100,000. On the same day another Arbroath line got its Act: the Arbroath and Forfar Railway had been engineered by Miller's senior partner, Thomas Grainger. Lord Panmure had been energetic in promoting the railway and now, as chairman, he generously granted much of the necessary land for the line at a nominal rent, keeping the cost of the line low.
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
Grainger and Miller settled on the track gauge of 5 ft 6in (1,676 mm). They did not conceive of the likelihood of interoperability with other lines (although the A&FR was considered a partner of the Dundee and Arbroath and was to use the same gauge), and selected the gauge as a compromise between the (English) standard gauge and the broad gauge of I K Brunel. The line was to run close to the coast between the two termini, but a branch was authorised to Almericloss, an area close to the A&FR station where it was expected that there would be an interchange depot. The main Arbroath terminal was to be at Lady Loan, on the sea front and a little short of the harbour. At Dundee the station was to be at Trades Lane, close to the expanded dock complex then under construction.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
The main line of the railway was almost level, and construction proceeded well enough; however at this early date contractors were not well equipped to handle large contracts and some of them experienced difficulties with cash flow: in July 1837 more than half the contractors for the construction of the line were bankrupt from this cause. The permanent way was 48 lbs/yard parallel rails held in chairs on stone blocks. By October 1838 the majority of the line was ready for a ceremonial opening, held on 6 October. The line was open from Lady Loan in Arbroath to Craigie Crossing, about two miles (3 km) short of Dundee. The Almericloss branch at Arbroath had been forgotten for the time being.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
The reason for the opening stopping short of Dundee itself now emerged: the westward progress of construction took the line directly to the water's edge, and the uncertain ground there required a causeway; in the final approach to Dundee the line passed across the frontage of industrial premises, severing their access to the river. After some delay the railway came to an amicable agreement with the proprietors, which seems to have involved paying them to relocate their works to the river side of the new line. The area in question was known as the Carolina Port (near the present-day Market Street). From there the Dundee Harbour Trustees had secured control of the railway's planned construction: the harbour was being greatly extended at the time. This section was built under their supervision, and was known as the Trades Lane and Carolina Port Railway owned by them; it was leased to the Dundee and Arbroath Railway but remained the property of the Dundee Harbour Trustees (until 1907).
|
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6
] |
20231101.en_13196858_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
The causeway was constructed, and the railway was opened westward to a temporary "Dundee" terminus at Roodyards (close to the present Roodyards Road); this opening took place on 3 June 1839. Ten months later the final extension took place, to the Trades Lane terminus: the station was in the angle between the present day Marketgait and Camperdown Street. It opened on 1 April 1840. The building was said to be very basic and primitive.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
The initial passenger train service was two return trips daily augmented by a third on Wednesday, Friday and Saturday. Passenger revenue exceeded expectations and soon climbed to 66% of income (by 1843).
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
The line was single track but right hand running applied at passing places, until the regauging of 1847.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_13
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
The locomotives at first were named Wallace, Griffin, Fury and Rapid; they had the 2-2-2 wheel arrangement with 13 inch cylinders and an 18-inch stroke. Whishaw says "the steam is not allowed to blow off to waste, but is admitted to the tank of [the] tender, to raise the temperature of the water." The average velocity (he says) "is about 21 miles an hour; but in parts of the journey it is considerably above 30 miles an hour."
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_14
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
The line had been planned for purely local transits, with only a possible link with the Arbroath and Forfar line in mind. In the years following the opening of the line, the notion of a railway network in Scotland gathered support; such a network was already forming in England, and controversy was seen everywhere in the press over a route from central Scotland to England; which route would be practicable? That discussion lent further weight to ideas of trunk railways in Scotland, and the availability of cheap money led to a frenzy of railway promotions. In the 1845 Parliamentary session, the Caledonian Railway was authorised, capital £1.5 million, to build from Edinburgh and Glasgow to Carlisle, there joining the English system; but in addition the Scottish Central Railway (Castlecary to Perth), the Scottish Midland Junction Railway (Perth to Forfar), the Aberdeen Railway (Forfar to Aberdeen) and the Dundee and Perth Railway were all authorised on the same day, 31 August 1845.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_15
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
Alliances had already been forged between several of them: the Caledonian Railway in particular saw itself as the controller of a large network throughout much of Scotland. The Caledonian board approved a lease of the D&AR at 8% annual charge, although this was repudiate later. All these lines were going to be made on the standard gauge, and suddenly the two Arbroath lines saw that their unique gauge was a major disadvantage. The directors of the newly authorised Dundee and Perth line met with the Dundee and Arbroath and the Arbroath and Forfar directors in London on 19 May 1845; it was agreed that the two Arbroath lines would convert their track gauge, and make the connection to Almericloss that had been authorised originally; and that they would encourage the Aberdeen Railway to form a connection making a line from Dundee to Aberdeen. This required an authorising Act, and the Dundee and Arbroath Extensions Act was passed on 3 July 1846. As well as the gauge change and the Almericloss line, this authorised a branch at Broughty Ferry to the Harbour.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_16
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
There was (of course) a ferry there, and the Dundee and Arbroath had a station nearby, but not immediately at the ferry pier. The Edinburgh and Northern Railway was building a line from Burntisland to Ferryport-on-Craig, on the Fife side of the Tay, and to Perth. The E&NR would be making possible journeys from Edinburgh to Dundee (by two ferry crossings, of the Forth and the Tay) and was known to be considering expansion on the north side of the Tay. The Broughty Ferry branch was intended to forestall an unwelcome incursion by the E&NR. The gauge change meant that considerable sums of money were required, as rolling stock needed to be converted or acquired as well.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_17
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
The Arbroath connecting line and the gauge change were completed on 23 December 1847, and the Broughty Ferry branch was opened in May 1848. It made a triangular junction with the main line, occupying the alignment of the present-day St Vincent Street, but on 1 May 1851 it was replaced with a single connection in a more easterly position, facing Arbroath only, and requiring a reversal for trains to Dundee.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_18
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
In July or August 1847 the street running connection between the Dundee and Arbroath and the Dundee and Perth line was opened. From 1851 to 1907 it was leased to the D&AR by the Harbour Commissioners who owned it; only horse traction was allowed on it.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_19
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
By this time the company was trading successfully, but considerations of the wider railway network led it to agree to lease its line to the Dundee and Perth Railway, this to take effect on 30 April 1847. The D&PR would have a terminus at the west end of the city, and the D&AR terminus was at the east end. The arrangement was to include a new line linking the routes by a high level line sweeping round the north of the city.
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1
] |
20231101.en_13196858_20
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
The proposal was authorised by the Dundee and Perth Railway (Dundee Junction) Act, 1848 although it had been strongly objected to by the Council of Dundee, and the Dundee and Arbroath Railway Lease Act was obtained later in the same session (on 31 August 1848) authorising the lease and changing the name of the Dundee and Perth Railway to the Dundee and Perth and Aberdeen Railway Junction Company. However the lease was not put into effect, and the promised 8% lease charge was felt to be unsustainable in the changed financial climate. The two companies disengaged from 9 March 1850, authorised by Act of 15 July 1850.
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_21
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
In June 1854 it was announced that an agreement had been finalised with The Marquess of Dalhousie to work a line he was proposing to build privately, from quarries at Carmyllie to Elliot. This opened in 1855 and became known as the Carmyllie Railway.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_22
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
The Trades Lane terminal had long been criticised as inadequate, and in 1850 steps were taken to improve matters. Dock Street ran along the alignment of the present-day Camperdown Street, and was diverted northwards into its present-day position to allow for the larger station premises; the line to the original station had been extended to connect to the Dundee and Perth station; it ran through the streets and only horse drawn transfer movements were permitted, although these apparently included passenger movements. This was retained, and the new station joined the earlier alignment at Camperdown Junction, named after the adjacent dock basin.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_23
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
The new station, Dock Street, was opened on 14 December 1857; it was renamed Dundee East in 1858, and the track in the old station was removed in January 1858.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_24
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
The several independent railways in the area north of Falkirk had experienced changing allegiances, and at one time amalgamations had been frowned on by legislators. However, by Act of 29 July 1856 the Scottish North Eastern Railway was formed, by merging the Aberdeen Railway and The Scottish Midland Junction Railway. This new company controlled the line from Perth and Arbroath to Aberdeen, and the Dundee and Arbroath line saw its future more positively in that group: it agreed to be vested in the SNER from 31 January 1862; this was ratified by Act of 28 July 1863, bringing about the end of the independent existence of the Dundee and Arbroath Railway.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_25
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
At this time the Dundee and Perth Railway had become part of the Scottish Central Railway (SCR); relations between the SNER and the SCR were not always harmonious, and the two lines were only connected at Dundee by the limited street running section. However, the SNER and the SCR were not to last long: they sold their lines to the Caledonian Railway, the SNER doing so in 1866, and the D&AR line went with it. Now the Caledonian Railway controlled the network north and east of Perth.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_26
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
The SNER had obtained an Act of Parliament for a direct line from Dundee to Forfar in 1864, but the work was not put in hand. After the Caledonian Railway took over the Scottish North Eastern Railway, it prepared plans for a different alignment, joining the Arbroath line at Broughty Ferry. The Dundee and Forfar Direct Line opened in 1871. It diverged from the D&A line at Broughty Ferry, leaving towards the south and climbing before turning north and crossing the main line, running through hilly and sparsely populated terrain to Forfar.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_27
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
The North British Railway was dominant in its network in Fife and had long aspired to cross the Firth of Tay by a bridge. Its trains already ran to Dundee, crossing the Tay by ferry (referred to as a "floating bridge") from Tay-Port to Broughty Ferry, from where they were "shunted into Dundee on a Caledonian branch", paying a charge of £10,000 annually for the privilege, which was much resented. Two trains a day ran to Aberdeen from Burntisland using the ferry and the D&AR, using their own locomotives.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_28
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
During some arcane railway politics in 1866 the Caledonian had given an assurance that they would not oppose Parliamentary proceedings for a Tay Bridge at Dundee, and would transfer the Dundee and Arbroath line to joint ownership. The NBR had previously made attempts to get authorisation for a bridge crossing and been rebuffed, but now in 1869 a definite proposal found widespread support. On 15 July 1870 the North British Railway (Tay Bridge and Railways) Act was passed. Construction was not without its problems, but the bridge was formally opened on 31 May 1878.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_29
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
On the Dundee side the bridge landed by Magdalen Green and curved east alongside the existing Dundee and Perth line; considerable land had been reclaimed from the Tay. There was a new through station near Craig Pier: the present day station, immediately to the south of the D&PR Dundee West terminus. The line continued in a cut-and-cover tunnel under Dock Street (now Marketgait) emerging at Camperdown junction, immediately east of the Dundee East terminus. At last Dundee had a through west to east railway, as well as the bridge to Fife.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_30
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
On 28 December 1879 the bridge fell during an extremely strong storm, taking a train down with it. 74 or 75 persons lost their lives. The Broughty Ferry, which had been discontinued on the opening of the bridge, was resumed, and NBR trains for the train ferry now used the new Tay Bridge station. The NBR was anxious to provide a replacement bridge as soon as possible, and notwithstanding the financial and social difficulties, the new bridge was inaugurated on 20 June 1887.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_31
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
The NBR had planned for many years to extend to Aberdeen, and the Tay Bridge was only part of that plan. In 1871 it had been authorised to build a line from St Vigeans Junction (immediately north of Arbroath) to Kinnaber Junction, north of Montrose; this line was fully open by 1883.
|
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7
] |
20231101.en_13196858_32
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
During the process of building the (first) Tay Bridge, the NBR had petitioned Parliament for the Dundee and Arbroath section (the former D&AR now owned by the Caledonian) to be transferred to joint ownership. When the SNER had been created in 1856 there had been concerns about monopolistic power of large railway companies, and Parliament was amenable to the change, which would enable the NBR to operate a service between Edinburgh and Aberdeen relatively independently. This transfer was mandated by the North British Railway (Dundee and Arbroath Joint Line) Act of 21 July 1879, to take effect on 1 February 1880. (The Tay Bridge fell in the intervening period.)
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_33
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
The whole of the original Dundee and Arbroath line from Camperdown Junction to the Arbroath joint station was included, as well as the former A&FR section from there to St Vigeans Junction, the Carmyllie branch and the Arbroath Harbour branch. The Caledonian Railway received £171,566 in compensation, after arbitration by the Railway and Canal Commission. The NBR already had been granted running powers over the Aberdeen section of the Caledonian Railway, so it now had a viable route from Edinburgh to Aberdeen via Dundee and Montrose. In addition there had previously been working agreements for Dundee East station for goods and passenger purposes, and these continued. The train service was operated in alternate years by the two owning companies until 1929.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_34
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
Proposals in the first years of the twentieth century to expand the track facilities around Dundee East were frustrated by obstruction from the Dundee Port Authority, who feared loss of business. However the ownership of the section closest to Dundee East was transferred to the Joint Line, when the Trades Lane and Carolina Port Railway became part of the joint line, by agreement of 20 November 1906, effective on 28 August 1907.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_35
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
The Railways Act 1921 caused the main line railways of Great Britain to be "grouped" into one of four large concerns; the Caledonian Railway was a constituent of the new London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) and the North British Railway was a constituent of the new London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). This took effect on 1 January 1923.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_36
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
The train service pattern did not change fundamentally; residential traffic around Dundee had built up in the twentieth century and this continued.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13196858_37
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee%20and%20Arbroath%20Railway
|
Dundee and Arbroath Railway
|
On 1 January 1948 the railways were nationalised, and the main line railways of Scotland became part of British Railways Scottish Region. The train service pattern was not radically changed, although diesel multiple units were introduced on local services. The three terminal stations were retained for the time being.
|
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] |
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