_id stringlengths 22 25 | url stringlengths 32 245 | title stringlengths 1 167 | text stringlengths 100 31.5k | embedding listlengths 1.02k 1.02k |
|---|---|---|---|---|
20231101.en_13203597_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena%20%28yacht%29 | Athena (yacht) | Athena is a clipper-bowed three-masted gaff-rigged schooner built by Royal Huisman in 2004 for Internet entrepreneur James H. Clark. Clark purchased a 47.4 meter sloop, Hyperion, from Royal Huisman in 1998. As Hyperion was nearing completion, Clark began to consider the possibilities of a larger yacht, which could incl... | [
11,
17,
-47,
-17,
-36,
31,
-19,
9,
58,
-54,
29,
15,
-38,
-19,
8,
5,
-4,
3,
-14,
38,
8,
-18,
-71,
-40,
-38,
-3,
31,
12,
4,
19,
-41,
7,
14,
4,
-22,
16,
-41,
17,
-35,
-30,
-45,
17,
5,
2,
33,
57,
-6,
-37,
21,
-25,
-33,
... |
20231101.en_13203597_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena%20%28yacht%29 | Athena (yacht) | The yacht was re-fitted in 2008. It can support 12 guests and 22 crew, and is built under Lloyds Register classification. | [
-9,
11,
-32,
-8,
-17,
42,
-11,
17,
46,
-55,
35,
24,
-29,
-5,
11,
9,
6,
-3,
-28,
-13,
-13,
-25,
-48,
-39,
-50,
19,
51,
-10,
13,
-7,
-46,
-19,
48,
-17,
-51,
-10,
-24,
22,
-44,
-36,
-8,
23,
2,
40,
8,
20,
27,
-5,
-5,
-15,
... |
20231101.en_13203597_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena%20%28yacht%29 | Athena (yacht) | Athena is the winner of the Show Boats International Award for Best Sailing Yacht over 40 Meters for 2004. | [
-4,
7,
-20,
-20,
-14,
17,
10,
22,
35,
-35,
33,
34,
-40,
-25,
15,
-21,
26,
-2,
-38,
1,
-6,
-8,
-65,
-31,
-31,
-6,
9,
10,
-6,
8,
-35,
-3,
1,
11,
-39,
-10,
-48,
8,
-28,
-30,
-38,
2,
2,
31,
6,
9,
11,
-22,
-6,
-8,
-16,
... |
20231101.en_13203597_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena%20%28yacht%29 | Athena (yacht) | A book titled “Athena – A Classic Schooner For Modern Times” (photography by Louie Psihoyos, writer Jack Somer) describes the history, the construction and the life of this vessel. | [
10,
-23,
-15,
5,
36,
11,
-4,
24,
66,
-67,
-1,
-6,
-37,
6,
8,
-21,
37,
20,
-23,
13,
-25,
-26,
-36,
-51,
-13,
14,
22,
-3,
-2,
-11,
-57,
21,
24,
2,
-11,
-2,
8,
3,
-50,
-35,
-36,
15,
2,
40,
24,
18,
-10,
-9,
13,
-13,
-10,... |
20231101.en_13203597_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena%20%28yacht%29 | Athena (yacht) | In July 2012 the Athena was listed for sale with an asking price of US$95 million, and reduced to $75 million in June 2014. In summer 2014 Athena was listed as available for charter in the South Pacific, priced at approximately €260,000 per week. As of May 2019 the asking price was listed as $45 million (USD). | [
-6,
45,
-62,
-4,
-19,
8,
28,
24,
51,
-49,
49,
38,
-35,
-2,
-15,
14,
21,
-23,
-36,
-19,
-7,
-19,
-45,
-36,
-35,
26,
53,
-22,
25,
-11,
-45,
2,
31,
-5,
-27,
2,
-53,
-4,
-22,
-28,
2,
40,
20,
41,
36,
-6,
-5,
-62,
2,
23,
-... |
20231101.en_13203597_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena%20%28yacht%29 | Athena (yacht) | Similar sailing super yachts of this period include Eos, The Maltese Falcon, and the Black Pearl (yacht). | [
3,
17,
7,
6,
-22,
0,
-16,
44,
62,
-46,
22,
49,
-28,
-35,
13,
25,
7,
-1,
-27,
-8,
21,
-15,
-48,
-60,
-20,
25,
20,
-4,
52,
2,
-15,
-5,
41,
-9,
-45,
4,
8,
-14,
-40,
-21,
-14,
-1,
-15,
42,
17,
28,
25,
-31,
-6,
-23,
-16,
... |
20231101.en_13203597_6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena%20%28yacht%29 | Athena (yacht) | Yacht: ATHENA - One of the world’s largest and most luxurious three masted schooners, Wayback Machine archive.org | [
24,
3,
-10,
16,
-7,
28,
2,
34,
53,
-62,
29,
21,
-22,
-50,
6,
-2,
10,
-7,
-24,
-6,
-9,
-43,
-69,
-29,
-27,
26,
29,
25,
-13,
11,
-66,
-4,
27,
-4,
-40,
7,
6,
5,
-25,
-50,
-36,
-12,
-3,
53,
9,
32,
-9,
-39,
7,
-37,
-7,
... |
20231101.en_13203599_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miltzow | Miltzow | Miltzow is a village and a former municipality in the Vorpommern-Rügen district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Since 7 June 2009, it is part of the Sundhagen municipality. | [
-36,
20,
4,
30,
-35,
-1,
-16,
15,
-40,
11,
-12,
1,
-27,
2,
48,
9,
24,
16,
5,
8,
6,
-16,
-1,
-9,
-4,
14,
24,
-4,
-22,
12,
22,
5,
-14,
-5,
19,
23,
-19,
-22,
4,
-22,
-10,
-20,
63,
13,
13,
7,
-50,
44,
-14,
-20,
24,
1,
... |
20231101.en_13203599_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miltzow | Miltzow | Miltzow railway station connects Miltzow with Stralsund, Greifswald, Züssow, Usedom, Angermünde, Eberswalde and Berlin. | [
-52,
17,
26,
16,
-24,
32,
-9,
3,
-15,
-9,
-21,
4,
-28,
13,
48,
-4,
-11,
17,
33,
20,
2,
14,
32,
-12,
-18,
10,
-9,
-7,
-46,
28,
21,
5,
-8,
5,
9,
16,
-26,
-49,
39,
-10,
-27,
-49,
21,
11,
27,
21,
-22,
24,
-7,
-23,
27,
... |
20231101.en_13203600_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neu%20Bartelshagen | Neu Bartelshagen | Neu Bartelshagen is a village and a former municipality in the Vorpommern-Rügen district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Since May 2019, it is part of the municipality Niepars. | [
-15,
11,
14,
-2,
-15,
-14,
-11,
4,
-63,
38,
-10,
0,
-5,
11,
36,
-20,
-9,
-37,
-25,
-4,
14,
-31,
25,
-28,
-4,
15,
-3,
-9,
-36,
-24,
18,
17,
0,
20,
51,
14,
-33,
36,
13,
-30,
7,
-30,
18,
-1,
21,
18,
-63,
60,
-5,
17,
20,... |
20231101.en_13203602_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niepars | Niepars | Niepars is a municipality in the Vorpommern-Rügen district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The former municipalities Kummerow and Neu Bartelshagen were merged into Niepars in May 2019. | [
1,
-15,
3,
1,
-5,
-40,
-15,
-7,
-48,
8,
-3,
7,
-28,
-5,
36,
-6,
12,
-4,
-23,
-45,
31,
-39,
9,
-42,
0,
0,
38,
4,
-31,
3,
6,
5,
4,
15,
48,
28,
-30,
22,
-3,
-15,
-5,
-9,
2,
-18,
28,
23,
-67,
67,
4,
10,
27,
0,
21,
... |
20231101.en_13203606_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerow | Prerow | Prerow is a municipality in the district of Vorpommern-Rügen in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. This Baltic seaside resort on the Darß peninsula is located about halfway between the historic Hanseatic towns of Rostock and Stralsund. It is one of three main settlements on the Darß, the others being the villa... | [
2,
30,
1,
7,
-3,
1,
6,
-8,
-35,
-1,
11,
-28,
-19,
6,
50,
-29,
5,
34,
-47,
28,
12,
-34,
45,
-34,
31,
-20,
21,
34,
-20,
28,
11,
-3,
-13,
49,
20,
24,
-31,
-26,
24,
-5,
-28,
14,
69,
21,
34,
0,
-12,
18,
-14,
17,
34,
10,... |
20231101.en_13203606_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerow | Prerow | The seaside resort of Prerow is located within the Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park which stretches from Ahrenshoop along the southern coast to the island of Hiddensee. | [
8,
31,
-36,
-23,
6,
8,
20,
-10,
-23,
5,
9,
-5,
-9,
-12,
33,
-53,
-4,
33,
-51,
26,
1,
-2,
54,
-32,
8,
-12,
2,
12,
-23,
9,
6,
-8,
-4,
35,
40,
5,
-30,
-17,
17,
-12,
-43,
38,
43,
20,
21,
14,
-19,
9,
-3,
14,
18,
15,
1... |
20231101.en_13203606_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerow | Prerow | Prerow itself was a fishing village, but has now been a seaside resort for over 130 years. Thanks to its varied climatic environment with the sea, meadows, forest and reeds, combined with good water quality, it was always recognised as a health spa. In 1998, the Minister of Social and Economic Affairs officially recogn... | [
12,
23,
1,
-5,
-25,
11,
21,
-9,
-8,
-34,
17,
-17,
7,
-3,
42,
-19,
-31,
-13,
-35,
21,
-4,
-24,
48,
-33,
0,
-24,
12,
8,
-29,
22,
24,
-5,
-6,
52,
1,
8,
-39,
-32,
7,
8,
-19,
20,
59,
-1,
23,
31,
6,
-8,
-19,
15,
38,
-7,
... |
20231101.en_13203606_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerow | Prerow | The village of Prerow, with over 1,600 inhabitants, has become the largest village on the Darß. Its typical thatched roof cottages are well-preserved and have long given the village a serene charm. Prerow boasts the oldest lighthouse in Germany; it celebrated its 160th anniversary in 2008. | [
1,
22,
4,
16,
-28,
22,
4,
-11,
-11,
-12,
1,
-28,
-13,
33,
35,
-38,
-19,
19,
-24,
-3,
8,
-50,
12,
-34,
20,
13,
11,
16,
-43,
45,
0,
-23,
-15,
28,
-14,
13,
-28,
-44,
27,
-18,
-20,
8,
70,
13,
10,
2,
-11,
1,
-7,
24,
14,
... |
20231101.en_13203606_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerow | Prerow | The other famous landmark, the "Seafarers' Church", is over 280 years old. It is the oldest building on the Darß peninsula, and was built in 1726/28. It is also the oldest Lutheran church in the region. It hosts Evangelical-Lutheran and Roman Catholic services as well as art exhibitions, guided tours, classical concert... | [
-8,
22,
10,
17,
-16,
45,
-7,
-11,
15,
-34,
14,
-52,
6,
2,
41,
-42,
-6,
37,
-41,
39,
19,
-11,
12,
-34,
-8,
-5,
16,
26,
-18,
29,
13,
3,
-23,
29,
-3,
16,
-47,
-44,
48,
-43,
-20,
-3,
3,
31,
27,
-8,
14,
-4,
-21,
34,
35,
... |
20231101.en_13203606_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerow | Prerow | The Darß Museum was founded in 1953 and various events are held here during the summer months. The museum displays the culture of the region, dominated by its countryside by the sea. Its exhibition contains information about geological history, traditional sailing boats, typical architectural style, flora and fauna. On... | [
-17,
41,
17,
-17,
17,
38,
-4,
-4,
-20,
-14,
0,
-47,
-6,
16,
19,
-28,
4,
27,
-47,
24,
25,
-11,
12,
3,
29,
20,
21,
30,
5,
3,
45,
-3,
-12,
10,
2,
18,
-43,
-58,
48,
-2,
-37,
30,
43,
16,
18,
-16,
-9,
-28,
-1,
15,
58,
18... |
20231101.en_13203606_6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerow | Prerow | After the great storm surge of 1872, an intense development of tourism began. Within a few years the number of visitors had risen enormously. The publican, Herrmann Scharmberg, first organized simple swimming facilities. On 12 November 1878 he asked the royal government of Stralsund to establish a Baltic seaside spa. H... | [
-19,
38,
22,
-9,
-26,
21,
8,
-1,
-6,
-18,
23,
-6,
-24,
9,
56,
-7,
-38,
-8,
-44,
29,
22,
-26,
57,
-44,
-3,
-6,
21,
-12,
-27,
19,
12,
-24,
-3,
28,
6,
29,
-41,
-58,
21,
23,
-30,
7,
57,
2,
23,
31,
3,
-13,
-19,
2,
11,
-... |
20231101.en_13203649_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | The Texas–Indian wars were a series of conflicts between settlers in Texas and the Southern Plains Indians during the 19th-century. Conflict between the Plains Indians and the Spanish began before other European and Anglo-American settlers were encouraged—first by Spain and then by the newly Independent Mexican governm... | [
-37,
15,
7,
38,
16,
-7,
-62,
-12,
14,
21,
-16,
10,
-60,
-18,
27,
15,
-63,
-15,
-15,
-6,
-41,
14,
-16,
2,
47,
10,
5,
-2,
-28,
18,
-8,
9,
-12,
-31,
-9,
5,
13,
-30,
14,
37,
-10,
-24,
1,
8,
20,
-3,
-55,
-23,
3,
-13,
6,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | The more than half-century struggle between the Plains tribes and the Texans became particularly intense after the Spanish, and then Mexicans, left power in Texas. The Republic of Texas, which was largely settled by Anglo-Americans, was a threat to the indigenous people of the region. The wars between the Plains Indian... | [
-32,
26,
5,
-4,
17,
-20,
-46,
-11,
9,
23,
-17,
5,
-79,
1,
44,
1,
-41,
-11,
-20,
-10,
-54,
5,
1,
9,
45,
12,
26,
0,
-36,
32,
-12,
23,
-50,
-36,
8,
0,
16,
-16,
9,
21,
-6,
-29,
-16,
17,
3,
2,
-43,
-21,
0,
-14,
46,
3,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Although several native tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the "Lords of the Plains". Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, the Texans, and finally the Americans. The Comanche were known ... | [
-24,
13,
12,
18,
-15,
-5,
-33,
-19,
22,
3,
4,
-8,
-53,
0,
37,
-21,
-34,
-9,
4,
-34,
-20,
2,
-6,
5,
25,
-19,
30,
-17,
-38,
23,
-8,
22,
-13,
-32,
-4,
18,
23,
-26,
-18,
21,
-7,
-16,
-11,
27,
23,
25,
-31,
0,
-1,
-29,
13,... |
20231101.en_13203649_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Texas developed in the region between two major cultural centers of pre-Columbian North America. The Southwestern tribes occupied the areas to the west, and the Plains tribes occupied areas to the east. Archaeologists have found that three major indigenous cultures lived in this region and reached their developmental p... | [
-29,
44,
4,
-42,
13,
23,
-38,
-10,
7,
9,
-19,
-21,
-69,
-12,
24,
4,
-37,
7,
-14,
-3,
-40,
15,
9,
11,
23,
16,
29,
9,
-12,
15,
-17,
6,
15,
-32,
-25,
11,
16,
-6,
0,
8,
-6,
-14,
-47,
54,
22,
-9,
-40,
-42,
20,
-3,
20,
-... |
20231101.en_13203649_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | During Colonial Mexico, members of new cultures entered and settled in the area; through competition for resources and power, they became adversaries. All were relative newcomers to Texas; Europeans began permanently settling in Texas around the Rio Grande and upwards toward modern-day San Antonio and El Paso starting ... | [
-13,
46,
34,
-22,
8,
9,
-43,
10,
8,
7,
12,
0,
-64,
31,
36,
-10,
-54,
-13,
-30,
-23,
-55,
37,
-18,
16,
27,
-18,
42,
-12,
-20,
11,
-8,
28,
9,
-24,
-2,
16,
-7,
3,
-7,
35,
-4,
-7,
-42,
42,
17,
11,
-63,
-22,
3,
2,
22,
-... |
20231101.en_13203649_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | The people indigenous to northern Texas including the Panhandle are called the Southern Plains villagers, including Panhandle culture who include ancestors of the Wichita people. The Tonkawa are a confederacy of tribes indigenous to central Texas. Tribes indigenous to east Texas include the Caddo, including the Adai, E... | [
-26,
38,
-10,
3,
22,
-6,
-32,
-25,
2,
23,
-24,
-7,
-69,
25,
1,
-5,
-31,
-10,
-26,
-32,
-22,
4,
-6,
6,
28,
-6,
24,
-10,
-4,
7,
-22,
29,
16,
-29,
4,
-2,
14,
5,
-34,
7,
-22,
-25,
-28,
54,
12,
14,
-67,
-21,
-28,
18,
27,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | In the 1740s, Tonkawa, Yojuanes, and others settled along the San Gabriel River. The Tonkawa allied with the Bidais, Caddos, Wichitas, Comanche and Yojuanes in 1758 and attacked and decimated the Lipan Apache and the Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá. The Tonkawa continued their southern migration into Texas and northern ... | [
-20,
46,
-5,
22,
24,
4,
-34,
-8,
16,
13,
-12,
0,
-57,
13,
21,
-20,
-31,
6,
-39,
-6,
-50,
31,
0,
1,
33,
3,
38,
5,
-1,
10,
-12,
21,
14,
-53,
5,
-4,
-14,
-8,
15,
20,
-20,
-12,
-4,
36,
10,
11,
-51,
-29,
-11,
17,
5,
-15... |
20231101.en_13203649_7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Spanish settlers sometimes captured American Indian children. Often it was common practice to have the child baptized and then adopt them into their homes, where they were raised to be servants. At first the practice involved primarily Apaches, and eventually Comanche children were likewise adopted as servants. | [
-10,
31,
6,
8,
18,
-14,
-58,
-1,
24,
-9,
3,
26,
-33,
35,
8,
-7,
-13,
-17,
-23,
-49,
-16,
37,
-32,
7,
38,
-7,
55,
-50,
-10,
4,
-44,
11,
10,
-47,
23,
14,
29,
-15,
5,
8,
1,
2,
-39,
15,
-15,
15,
-44,
10,
4,
7,
33,
-21,... |
20231101.en_13203649_8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Until around the mid-17th century, the Comanche were part of the Shoshone people living along the upper Platte River in present-day Wyoming. Once they acquired horses, which gave them greater mobility and hunting access, the Comanche became a separate tribe from the Shoshone. Their original migration took them to the s... | [
-14,
34,
7,
19,
7,
18,
-29,
-6,
22,
-8,
-6,
-1,
-37,
-4,
55,
-27,
-59,
-9,
-47,
-31,
-47,
22,
-7,
13,
38,
-14,
32,
-17,
-35,
7,
-10,
8,
14,
-39,
-15,
-10,
15,
-6,
-14,
23,
-14,
-23,
-41,
25,
8,
21,
-40,
-34,
-26,
-3,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | When the Comanche encountered and entered conflict against Spanish colonists, they blocked Spanish expansion to the east from New Mexico and prevented direct communication with the new Spanish settlements north of the Rio Grande. In turn, the Comanche and eventually Apache allies launched deep raids, sending hundreds o... | [
-7,
39,
-13,
33,
12,
0,
-37,
-18,
16,
33,
11,
49,
-60,
15,
-4,
2,
-41,
-5,
-2,
-45,
-47,
12,
-23,
-12,
10,
-22,
55,
-19,
-22,
-3,
-20,
15,
5,
-57,
-20,
18,
44,
-35,
-5,
27,
-15,
-32,
-40,
13,
-6,
9,
-34,
-17,
11,
8,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_10 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Prior 1750, the Apaches were highly influential in west Texas, but this changed with the Comanche incursions. Beginning in the 1740s, the Comanche began crossing the Arkansas River and established themselves on margins of the Llano Estacado. This area extended from southwestern Oklahoma across the Texas Panhandle into ... | [
10,
42,
8,
15,
9,
7,
-28,
3,
13,
30,
4,
-10,
-50,
-7,
55,
-6,
-70,
-1,
-24,
-17,
-41,
27,
-2,
-15,
44,
1,
39,
-20,
-23,
27,
-14,
-4,
2,
-25,
-10,
5,
22,
3,
-15,
11,
-8,
-21,
-71,
37,
31,
2,
-63,
-30,
17,
15,
9,
9,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | After driving out the Apaches, the Comanches were stricken by a smallpox epidemic from 1780 to 1781. As the epidemic was very severe, the Comanche temporarily suspended raids, and some Comanche divisions were disbanded. A second smallpox epidemic struck during the winter of 1816–1817. The best estimates are that more t... | [
-29,
25,
7,
24,
25,
-14,
-47,
-15,
17,
20,
-3,
25,
-57,
14,
7,
-15,
-35,
-52,
-25,
-10,
-70,
40,
-27,
-20,
8,
-23,
6,
-39,
-29,
24,
9,
-3,
8,
-57,
7,
-13,
23,
-5,
-8,
38,
5,
-35,
-23,
34,
19,
-10,
-47,
17,
-14,
49,
2... |
20231101.en_13203649_12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | In response to this devastating loss of numbers, the Comanche effectively allied with the Kiowa and Kiowa Apache after one Kiowa warrior spent a fall season with the Comanche in 1790. Fehrenbach believes the union came from the necessity to protect their hunting grounds from settler incursions. First, the Kiowa and the... | [
11,
17,
-1,
44,
-9,
3,
-47,
-17,
22,
34,
-11,
29,
-21,
-7,
13,
14,
-19,
-1,
-4,
-15,
-35,
4,
-24,
-3,
19,
10,
27,
-25,
-10,
-3,
-22,
5,
-6,
-64,
-36,
2,
23,
-2,
-38,
12,
-8,
-21,
-39,
16,
-2,
38,
-44,
-21,
7,
-12,
20... |
20231101.en_13203649_13 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | European and especially mixed-race Mexican colonists reached Texas prior to the end of Spanish rule. Colonial authorities did not encourage colonization in this area, as it was too far from their bases. The number of colonists was extremely limited, and they were always at risk of Comanche raids. By the early 19th cent... | [
-40,
34,
27,
23,
25,
-16,
-47,
-15,
19,
38,
3,
34,
-74,
28,
7,
6,
-24,
6,
-16,
-3,
-31,
9,
-14,
6,
12,
-28,
41,
-18,
-23,
10,
-8,
15,
-9,
-38,
-10,
27,
-6,
-28,
33,
39,
17,
-10,
-12,
37,
5,
-1,
-55,
-11,
13,
25,
9,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_14 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | In contrast to the neglected military capabilities of the Mexicans, authorities considered Americans extremely aggressive in combat, and they were subsequently encouraged to establish settlements on the frontier in present-day Texas as a defensive bulwark to Comanche raids further south. Although most of these early Am... | [
-4,
0,
9,
-1,
-7,
7,
-16,
-16,
29,
7,
7,
4,
-30,
23,
27,
17,
-13,
-10,
-10,
23,
-37,
15,
-9,
-9,
-2,
-22,
30,
-18,
-19,
-1,
11,
2,
-18,
-48,
6,
14,
0,
-39,
6,
49,
-15,
-28,
-9,
34,
-11,
-2,
-54,
-23,
2,
-8,
5,
-5,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_15 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | In the 1820s, seeking additional colonists as a means of conquering the area, Mexico reached an agreement with Austin reauthorizing his Spanish land grants. That allowed several hundred American families to move into the region. As Austin used his network and government sponsors to spread the word of rich lands in Texa... | [
-32,
29,
-12,
-3,
1,
-9,
-61,
-12,
-18,
31,
-6,
27,
-55,
32,
-6,
19,
-46,
-3,
18,
46,
-28,
20,
0,
-4,
11,
-40,
46,
-16,
-34,
19,
-15,
24,
-4,
-24,
23,
-3,
-7,
-27,
4,
2,
-21,
-3,
-24,
4,
-23,
-8,
-35,
2,
22,
4,
-3,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_16 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | In 1821, while colonists were still welcome, Jose Francisco Ruiz negotiated a truce with the Penatucka Comanche, the band closest to the settlements in East and Central Texas. Following that truce, he was able to complete a treaty of peace and friendship, which was signed in Mexico City in December 1821. But, within tw... | [
-28,
27,
19,
42,
-22,
-25,
-32,
-11,
9,
4,
-12,
28,
-57,
11,
-23,
17,
-38,
0,
0,
-12,
-45,
8,
12,
-12,
19,
-9,
35,
-16,
0,
-10,
-16,
24,
13,
-41,
4,
3,
13,
-14,
40,
18,
-10,
-15,
-10,
24,
21,
-15,
-50,
-15,
27,
-6,
-... |
20231101.en_13203649_17 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | The Mexican government negotiated additional treaties, signed in 1826 and 1834, but in each case failed to meet the terms of the agreements. Although such events would have proven catastrophic in early years as the Comanche raided towards Mexico City, the presence of American militias obstructed such attacks, thereby e... | [
-1,
21,
17,
16,
-18,
7,
-39,
-26,
20,
25,
23,
9,
-29,
4,
11,
12,
-19,
8,
-21,
3,
-29,
1,
-14,
-4,
0,
-12,
40,
-36,
-30,
8,
-13,
22,
-2,
-32,
10,
9,
-2,
-32,
31,
32,
-8,
-38,
-14,
13,
-12,
-2,
-54,
-12,
2,
-10,
14,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_18 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | During the period of 1821 to 1835, colonists had difficulty with Comanche raids, despite the formation of full-time militia ranger companies in 1823. Tonkawa and Lenape tribes, enemies of the Comanche, allied with the new immigrants, trying to gain allies themselves against these traditional enemies. The Comanche detes... | [
-11,
11,
7,
4,
24,
0,
-33,
0,
4,
13,
3,
4,
-32,
15,
31,
20,
-20,
3,
-29,
-17,
-37,
-7,
7,
0,
-12,
6,
41,
-1,
-21,
7,
-2,
-7,
6,
-36,
-6,
8,
-8,
-21,
-15,
46,
14,
-8,
5,
28,
10,
-8,
-34,
-17,
-13,
-13,
32,
-6,
-14... |
20231101.en_13203649_19 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | On May 19, 1836, a huge war party of Comanche, Kiowa, Wichita, and Delaware attacked the colonist outpost of Fort Parker. Completed in March 1834, it had been regarded by the colonists as a stronghold, sufficient to protect them from any Native Americans not observing the peace treaties Elder John Parker had negotiated... | [
-34,
20,
4,
24,
6,
2,
-73,
-5,
32,
5,
9,
-23,
-45,
-19,
8,
14,
-54,
3,
-6,
2,
-31,
-14,
0,
15,
35,
-9,
19,
-21,
-23,
5,
-14,
4,
7,
-23,
-13,
-1,
38,
-38,
-10,
37,
2,
-13,
-6,
8,
30,
3,
-33,
-1,
3,
-5,
22,
-3,
-25... |
20231101.en_13203649_20 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Survivors, especially James W. Parker, called for vengeance and help to recover the captives. This event took place near the close of the Texas Revolution and Texan victory at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836. Most Texans were busy trying to return to what was left of their former homes and dealing with thei... | [
-25,
26,
-32,
11,
7,
-20,
-59,
-8,
20,
12,
-7,
23,
-67,
12,
13,
0,
-16,
4,
17,
19,
-34,
19,
24,
11,
41,
-31,
16,
-20,
-38,
5,
-24,
-15,
13,
-37,
8,
10,
-9,
-54,
6,
14,
-15,
-17,
-33,
5,
-9,
16,
-36,
13,
-8,
-21,
5,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | The Republic of Texas era with the Indians can be divided into three phases: the diplomacy of President Sam Houston during his first term, the hostility of President Mirabeau B. Lamar, and the resumed diplomatic efforts of Houston's second term. Houston led the republic to negotiate with the Comanche. They said they wo... | [
-15,
42,
21,
28,
-25,
22,
-30,
17,
-8,
-8,
-8,
-21,
-43,
27,
-26,
32,
-18,
-12,
0,
-26,
-27,
-4,
-1,
1,
7,
24,
14,
-18,
-18,
11,
-8,
-9,
-3,
-22,
-8,
-2,
18,
-3,
7,
15,
-34,
-20,
-37,
37,
6,
19,
-35,
-44,
3,
-23,
-19... |
20231101.en_13203649_22 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Texans were disturbed by accounts of the continued captivity of thousands of children and women, especially because of the stories by those rescued or ransomed. They made increased demands for the republic to retaliate against the Comanche. Under Lamar, the Republic of Texas waged war on the Comanche, invaded Comancher... | [
-12,
24,
-1,
25,
-4,
9,
-37,
-10,
10,
-4,
11,
-3,
-54,
15,
1,
14,
-5,
-7,
0,
-22,
-22,
5,
12,
21,
3,
-3,
40,
-14,
-32,
11,
0,
11,
-21,
-36,
18,
10,
9,
-18,
18,
22,
-29,
-37,
-42,
9,
-3,
-6,
-22,
-19,
12,
-1,
0,
-28... |
20231101.en_13203649_23 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Houston's first presidency was focused on maintaining the Republic of Texas as an independent country. He had no resources to fight a full-scale war against the Plains Indians. Houston had spent much of his childhood with the Cherokee Indians in Tennessee, among them Cherokee Chief Bowles. Bowles later led a group of C... | [
-16,
22,
3,
22,
-12,
8,
-47,
10,
-12,
-16,
-5,
2,
-44,
2,
-5,
1,
-43,
7,
-9,
-6,
-18,
2,
12,
7,
25,
-13,
27,
-2,
1,
25,
1,
0,
-2,
-44,
-16,
3,
7,
-20,
1,
18,
-42,
-13,
-11,
43,
0,
14,
-37,
-1,
13,
-11,
-4,
-26,
-... |
20231101.en_13203649_24 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Houston supported the "Solemn Declaration", which gave the Cherokee rights to the land in Texas on which they lived. He negotiated a treaty with the Cherokee and other tribes on February 23, 1836, in Chief Bowles' village. It was the first treaty made by the Republic of Texas, signed by allied tribes including Shawnee,... | [
-37,
21,
16,
40,
-23,
11,
-29,
5,
-8,
12,
-23,
-9,
-31,
37,
-4,
25,
-35,
3,
-23,
10,
-36,
-16,
-8,
-10,
20,
22,
14,
9,
17,
30,
-15,
24,
-2,
-25,
16,
-8,
14,
-21,
-2,
17,
-35,
19,
-18,
25,
-12,
-3,
-62,
-17,
6,
-15,
-... |
20231101.en_13203649_25 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | One of Houston's first acts as president of the republic was to send the treaty to be ratified by the Texas Senate. After the treaty stalled in the Senate for a year, lawmakers decided that it would be detrimental to the citizens of Texas, reportedly because settler David G. Burnet had already been granted a tract of l... | [
-35,
-4,
15,
53,
-8,
15,
-27,
-2,
-15,
23,
10,
1,
-26,
19,
-6,
23,
-17,
34,
-3,
3,
-21,
-13,
-4,
7,
23,
-3,
-4,
-13,
-20,
-6,
-14,
-20,
-19,
-17,
18,
-28,
2,
2,
22,
22,
-34,
17,
-37,
26,
16,
-2,
-43,
-4,
-9,
-2,
-15,... |
20231101.en_13203649_26 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | During Houston's presidency, the Texas Rangers fought the Battle of Stone Houses against the Kichai on November 10, 1837; they were outnumbered and defeated. | [
-21,
29,
3,
7,
-4,
27,
-48,
16,
-2,
5,
-11,
29,
-36,
24,
21,
3,
-40,
-11,
0,
-20,
1,
17,
6,
11,
5,
-2,
10,
-18,
-9,
7,
10,
-39,
23,
-42,
-7,
2,
13,
9,
-17,
31,
-16,
12,
11,
36,
-3,
1,
-39,
10,
-24,
14,
-8,
-31,
-... |
20231101.en_13203649_27 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | The Indian problems of the first Houston administration were symbolized by the Córdova Rebellion. Evidence existed that a widespread conspiracy of Cherokee Indians and Mexicans had united to rebel against the new Republic of Texas and rejoin Mexico. Houston did not believe that his friends among the Cherokee were invol... | [
-9,
40,
34,
44,
-14,
-14,
-35,
-19,
-2,
16,
15,
13,
-53,
8,
-32,
21,
-4,
1,
7,
-12,
-16,
7,
17,
-22,
1,
10,
38,
-40,
-33,
-6,
5,
6,
7,
-40,
13,
8,
41,
-11,
12,
-1,
-58,
0,
-27,
-8,
11,
-1,
-45,
-8,
8,
-11,
-1,
-12,... |
20231101.en_13203649_28 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | The Texas Congress passed laws opening up all Indian lands to white settlement and overrode Houston's veto. The settlement frontier quickly moved north along the Brazos, Colorado, and Guadalupe rivers, into Comanche hunting ranges and the borders of Comancheria. As a result the Texan-Comanche relationship turned violen... | [
-37,
36,
27,
37,
-9,
11,
-32,
12,
-4,
39,
-11,
27,
-34,
8,
12,
19,
-42,
-19,
-19,
21,
-36,
-5,
6,
-6,
-2,
20,
16,
-13,
-23,
8,
-6,
0,
-11,
4,
-9,
-7,
14,
14,
20,
26,
-13,
-14,
-47,
18,
2,
9,
-58,
0,
-28,
-24,
-11,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_29 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Mirabeau Bonaparte Lamar, second president of the Republic of Texas, was hostile toward the natives. Lamar's cabinet boasted that it would remove Houston's "pet" Indians. In 1839, Lamar announced his policy: "The white man and the red man cannot dwell in harmony together", he said, "Nature forbids it." His answer to th... | [
-21,
24,
26,
-2,
-5,
14,
-37,
19,
-3,
-2,
-1,
4,
-53,
18,
-5,
4,
-27,
-5,
12,
13,
-23,
25,
4,
5,
14,
3,
9,
-10,
-15,
-3,
0,
-9,
-4,
-34,
16,
-3,
12,
-15,
-13,
30,
-11,
-24,
-14,
11,
6,
-15,
-64,
10,
-22,
-17,
10,
-... |
20231101.en_13203649_30 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Lamar was the first official of Texas to attempt "removal", the deportation of Indian tribes to places beyond the reach of white settlers. As carried out, the policy was based on establishing a permanent Indian frontier, i.e., a line beyond which the various "removed" tribes would be able to carry on their lives free f... | [
-11,
33,
16,
26,
-10,
1,
-38,
-1,
1,
21,
-4,
-7,
-60,
14,
-13,
2,
-40,
-14,
-3,
16,
-26,
17,
4,
8,
20,
-1,
36,
-34,
-12,
1,
-7,
4,
6,
-24,
-2,
-6,
16,
-37,
-7,
43,
-35,
-26,
-16,
38,
7,
-16,
-44,
-10,
-4,
13,
-5,
-... |
20231101.en_13203649_31 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | The Cherokee War and subsequent removal of the Cherokee from Texas began shortly after Lamar took office. Lamar demanded that the Cherokee, who had been promised title to their land if they remained neutral during the Texas War of Independence, voluntarily relinquish their lands and all their property and move to the I... | [
-23,
28,
14,
34,
-1,
10,
-35,
5,
-8,
8,
5,
4,
-67,
28,
-2,
4,
-34,
-3,
16,
1,
-25,
4,
25,
-2,
25,
11,
26,
-25,
-26,
1,
-1,
-2,
-1,
-40,
4,
-12,
-5,
-9,
7,
18,
-40,
-11,
-32,
33,
12,
-4,
-60,
-1,
5,
22,
-1,
-12,
-... |
20231101.en_13203649_32 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | On July 12, 1839, the militia sent a peace commission to negotiate for the Indians' removal. The Cherokee reluctantly agreed to sign a treaty of removal that guaranteed to them the profit from their crops and the cost of the removal. During the next 48 hours the Cherokee insisted they would leave peacefully but refused... | [
-22,
12,
7,
43,
-14,
12,
-46,
21,
8,
3,
9,
0,
-55,
-11,
-6,
12,
-41,
-2,
-11,
4,
-16,
-21,
3,
21,
18,
13,
-8,
-26,
-4,
11,
-35,
8,
3,
-29,
6,
-13,
5,
-30,
5,
45,
-36,
-4,
-8,
19,
6,
-43,
-57,
-7,
3,
20,
11,
-14,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_33 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | The Indians attempted to resist at the village, and when that failed they tried to re-form, which also failed. Approximately 100 Indians were killed, including Chief Bowles, to only three militia. When killed, Chief Bowles was carrying the sword given to him by Houston. After the battle, the Cherokee fled to the Chocta... | [
-28,
25,
4,
26,
-25,
-10,
-56,
-3,
18,
1,
-9,
31,
-66,
10,
-9,
17,
-52,
1,
-5,
-7,
-27,
-19,
-12,
6,
6,
-22,
-2,
-9,
-12,
3,
-4,
30,
15,
-23,
8,
-1,
2,
-22,
-25,
22,
-48,
-28,
-15,
32,
9,
5,
-54,
-9,
13,
14,
-2,
-2... |
20231101.en_13203649_34 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Lamar's success in ethnically cleansing the Cherokee, a neutral tribe, from Texas emboldened him to do the same with the Plains tribes. Lamar needed an army to carry out his Indian policies, and he set out to build one, at great cost. But at independence, the best estimates were that the republic had 30,000 Anglo-Ameri... | [
-9,
27,
10,
28,
-17,
5,
-19,
13,
-13,
1,
15,
1,
-85,
26,
1,
0,
-30,
-11,
-1,
-10,
-48,
-1,
2,
16,
14,
7,
33,
1,
-11,
12,
-5,
-2,
-26,
-35,
5,
-2,
-23,
-17,
-14,
26,
-6,
-39,
-18,
29,
-7,
3,
-44,
-29,
8,
13,
12,
2,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_35 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | The Comanche and Kiowa however, had in the 1830s a population estimated between 20,000 and 30,000. They were well supplied with high-quality firearms and had a large surplus of horses. In addition, by the 1830s the Comanche had established a large network of Indian allies and a vast trading network. The republic had a ... | [
-9,
28,
15,
38,
-16,
24,
-31,
6,
10,
1,
17,
-16,
-72,
22,
15,
24,
-26,
-1,
7,
-32,
-26,
-14,
-7,
5,
8,
11,
31,
17,
-39,
-9,
13,
-28,
-6,
-33,
-9,
15,
-10,
-11,
-4,
12,
-17,
-41,
-1,
24,
3,
12,
-35,
-19,
15,
13,
-7,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_36 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Lamar's term was marked by escalating violence between the Comanche and colonists. There were not enough Rangers to battle the Comanche at Palo Duro Canyon, for instance, where they could catch them during winter. At the end of 1839 however, some of the Comanche chiefs of the Penateka band had come to believe that they... | [
16,
20,
8,
35,
7,
4,
-57,
32,
-4,
18,
7,
0,
-47,
21,
-1,
11,
-10,
-14,
5,
-15,
-40,
-11,
11,
2,
19,
4,
27,
-21,
-13,
4,
-5,
17,
9,
-21,
10,
-16,
2,
-13,
2,
43,
-3,
-31,
-29,
23,
8,
-7,
-53,
6,
4,
5,
-1,
-5,
-13,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_37 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | The decision of chiefs from one band of the Comanche to negotiate, as well as the offer of returning of the hostages, appears to have convinced Lamar that the Comanche tribe was ready to surrender the hostages. However, the majority of past negotiations concerning the return of hostages were never honored by the Comanc... | [
3,
2,
29,
34,
-4,
-9,
-43,
1,
11,
-17,
12,
2,
-50,
5,
4,
8,
-33,
17,
1,
-34,
-14,
8,
17,
-17,
10,
15,
28,
-28,
8,
-8,
-11,
-4,
4,
-20,
36,
-14,
32,
-21,
17,
-7,
-34,
-18,
-28,
40,
-31,
-32,
-70,
1,
6,
-38,
9,
-2,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_38 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Should the Comanche come in without bringing with them the Prisoners, as it is understood they have agreed to do, you will detain them. Some of their number will be dispatched as messengers to the tribe to inform them that those detained, will be held as hostages until the Prisoners are delivered up, then the hostages ... | [
-5,
17,
0,
55,
-13,
-27,
-44,
14,
-14,
18,
22,
22,
-40,
13,
-8,
-8,
-28,
-15,
-19,
-28,
-35,
6,
-14,
7,
2,
-11,
31,
-34,
-7,
24,
-26,
31,
14,
-22,
19,
-13,
22,
-32,
-4,
39,
-38,
9,
-21,
26,
-22,
-27,
-51,
19,
33,
6,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_39 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Thirty-three Penateka chiefs and warriors accompanied by 32 other Comanches arrived in San Antonio on March 19, 1840, to meet with Texas officials. Commissioners of the Texas government demanded the return of all captives held by the Penateka. In addition, Texas officials insisted that the Comanches abandon Central Tex... | [
-10,
25,
-6,
21,
-2,
1,
-49,
26,
-3,
-10,
13,
-9,
-72,
-4,
8,
15,
-23,
-4,
-9,
-30,
-24,
1,
-9,
6,
9,
7,
28,
-7,
-3,
-3,
-23,
8,
28,
-17,
12,
-2,
37,
-16,
9,
17,
-17,
9,
-33,
32,
-16,
-5,
-69,
7,
9,
-2,
21,
12,
-... |
20231101.en_13203649_40 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | The talks were held at the council house, a one-story stone building adjoining the jail on the corner of Main Plaza and Calabosa (Market) Street. During the council, the Comanche warriors sat on the floor, as was their custom, while the Texians sat on chairs on a platform facing them. Lockhart had informed them that sh... | [
6,
14,
-5,
25,
-3,
-19,
-50,
18,
-4,
-9,
28,
46,
-39,
1,
2,
4,
-15,
21,
-2,
-13,
-37,
9,
-22,
7,
-7,
34,
0,
-20,
-16,
1,
-28,
19,
10,
-37,
4,
11,
39,
-12,
0,
13,
-26,
-5,
-38,
13,
-35,
-19,
-62,
-5,
23,
-5,
22,
2,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_41 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | The interpreter warned the Texian officials that if he delivered that message, the Comanches would attempt to escape by fighting. He was instructed to relay the warning and left the room as soon as he finished translating. After learning that they were being held hostage, the Comanches attempted to fight their way out ... | [
-21,
23,
-3,
28,
-7,
-30,
-69,
17,
8,
10,
26,
32,
-44,
-4,
13,
4,
-36,
-7,
-36,
-17,
-45,
9,
-29,
19,
3,
-17,
25,
-39,
-16,
13,
-2,
11,
13,
-52,
19,
-12,
29,
-28,
-26,
25,
-15,
-4,
-14,
23,
-12,
-29,
-55,
7,
8,
26,
2... |
20231101.en_13203649_42 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Armed citizens joined the battle, but claiming they could not differentiate between warriors and women and children since all of the Comanche were fighting, they shot at all the Comanche. According to Anderson, such "confusion" between Native American men and women was convenient to the Texians, who used it as an excus... | [
-8,
17,
11,
17,
0,
-38,
-32,
-4,
22,
27,
22,
-7,
-52,
4,
25,
-10,
-30,
-6,
-10,
-30,
-50,
-3,
-15,
11,
-8,
16,
18,
-19,
-8,
-19,
-13,
4,
-7,
-32,
41,
8,
28,
-28,
0,
24,
-15,
-29,
7,
20,
-16,
-35,
-54,
3,
2,
10,
9,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_43 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | As revenge for the killing of 33 Comanche chiefs at the Council House Fight, all but three of the remaining captives held by the Indians were executed slowly by torture; the three who were spared had been previously adopted into the tribe. Potsʉnakwahipʉ ("Buffalo Hump") wished to exact further revenge and gathered his... | [
9,
21,
9,
38,
-29,
-27,
-44,
17,
14,
-4,
9,
6,
-62,
-3,
7,
-27,
-17,
-3,
-22,
-7,
-51,
-33,
-17,
8,
47,
-11,
26,
-22,
-33,
3,
-28,
34,
27,
-37,
3,
10,
-16,
-9,
5,
9,
-27,
-32,
-42,
9,
33,
17,
-35,
-6,
23,
-9,
-24,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_44 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | At Plum Creek near Lockhart, the Rangers and militia caught up to the Comanche. Several hundred militia under Mathew Caldwell and Ed Burleson, plus all Ranger companies and their Tonkawa allies, engaged the war party in a huge running gun battle. The Rangers and militia overran the Comanche guarding their loot and even... | [
-13,
14,
3,
25,
-5,
-21,
-53,
-8,
12,
24,
6,
19,
-37,
-15,
23,
-5,
1,
6,
6,
-39,
-7,
-11,
-20,
15,
-6,
-17,
18,
-8,
-22,
36,
-4,
-3,
12,
-21,
20,
29,
33,
-8,
2,
21,
-45,
-8,
-8,
16,
7,
-5,
-37,
11,
5,
-9,
-6,
-16,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_45 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | The remainder of the Lamar presidency was spent in daring but exhausting round of raids and rescue attempts, managing to recover several dozen more captives. Buffalo Hump continued his war against the Texans, and Lamar hoped for another pitched battle to use his Rangers and militia to remove the Plains tribes. The Com... | [
25,
34,
9,
42,
-16,
7,
-37,
15,
12,
-7,
39,
-18,
-49,
10,
23,
24,
-21,
-10,
-1,
-11,
-22,
-2,
0,
12,
16,
10,
26,
5,
-26,
1,
-11,
-17,
-9,
-25,
5,
-8,
-7,
-1,
17,
50,
-30,
-48,
-15,
18,
19,
-13,
-39,
-34,
9,
-9,
-1,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_46 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | When Sam Houston left the presidency of Texas the first time, the population seemed to support Lamar's strong anti-Indian policies. After the Great Raid and hundreds of lesser raids, with the Republic bankrupt and all of the captives either recovered or murdered by the Indians, Texans turned away from continuation of w... | [
-8,
42,
34,
0,
-20,
-5,
-57,
-3,
-1,
-10,
15,
-17,
-49,
16,
-18,
14,
-6,
15,
-9,
-17,
-15,
8,
-6,
-3,
17,
-11,
31,
-30,
-23,
5,
-19,
-21,
3,
-43,
7,
5,
18,
-27,
11,
19,
-46,
-20,
-23,
9,
26,
4,
-47,
-42,
-22,
-14,
-2... |
20231101.en_13203649_47 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Houston's Indian policy was to disband the vast majority of the regular Army troops but muster four new companies of Rangers to patrol the frontier. Houston ordered the Rangers to protect the Indian lands from encroachment by settlers and illegal traders. Houston wanted to do away with the cycle of rage and revenge tha... | [
-29,
28,
23,
25,
-5,
6,
-52,
4,
-17,
32,
7,
20,
-40,
13,
-4,
-1,
-45,
-10,
-16,
-12,
-43,
1,
19,
4,
-6,
18,
6,
-23,
2,
8,
-24,
20,
19,
-24,
12,
15,
12,
-12,
-4,
51,
-26,
4,
16,
12,
-2,
5,
-48,
-9,
-6,
-29,
-10,
-24... |
20231101.en_13203649_48 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Houston set out to negotiate with the Indians. The Caddos were the first to respond, and in August 1842 a treaty was reached. Houston then expanded it to all tribes except the Comanche, who still wanted permanent war. In March 1843, Houston reached agreement with the Delaware, Wichitas, and other tribes. At that point,... | [
-2,
29,
25,
58,
-14,
13,
-55,
1,
4,
0,
6,
-5,
-42,
12,
-3,
27,
-10,
-2,
-15,
-21,
-32,
-5,
12,
10,
25,
16,
10,
-25,
-11,
10,
-29,
13,
-1,
-24,
12,
-8,
19,
8,
10,
13,
-29,
4,
-31,
17,
15,
24,
-64,
-6,
15,
-37,
-27,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_49 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | The remaining period of the Republic of Texas under President Anson Jones, had the government follow Houston's policies, with the exception that Jones, like most Texas politicians, did not wish to put a boundary on the Comancheria, thus he supported those in the Legislature who derailed that provision of the treaty. | [
-29,
26,
2,
12,
-20,
20,
-10,
5,
-16,
19,
-17,
-6,
-36,
15,
-31,
37,
-12,
-3,
-28,
13,
-17,
-12,
3,
-16,
-1,
13,
20,
-14,
-15,
10,
-8,
-2,
-26,
14,
-5,
14,
18,
11,
37,
26,
-41,
-26,
-62,
4,
8,
-9,
-31,
-13,
13,
-17,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_50 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | After the Texas Senate removed the boundary provision from the final version of the treaty, Buffalo Hump repudiated it and hostilities resumed. On February 28, 1845, the U.S. Congress passed a bill that authorized the United States to annex the Republic of Texas. Texas became a U.S. state on the same day annexation too... | [
-30,
18,
8,
31,
-12,
15,
-20,
-11,
18,
17,
-4,
10,
-49,
18,
-4,
42,
-42,
-3,
-11,
27,
-64,
-8,
-9,
-4,
39,
-5,
45,
-4,
-28,
28,
-15,
8,
-12,
-3,
12,
-1,
-16,
-5,
33,
29,
-23,
4,
-33,
14,
-8,
47,
-63,
-10,
13,
-14,
-3... |
20231101.en_13203649_51 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | The entry of Texas into the United States marked the beginning of the end for the Plains Indians. The United States had the resources and manpower to realistically apply a policy of "removal", and they did so. In May 1846 Buffalo Hump became convinced that even he could not continue to defy the massed might of the Unit... | [
6,
26,
19,
35,
-11,
11,
-45,
10,
9,
5,
-6,
7,
-60,
-6,
31,
14,
-32,
0,
-36,
-3,
-70,
-26,
-4,
-4,
37,
13,
15,
-17,
-18,
6,
-45,
14,
22,
-18,
20,
-6,
14,
-29,
22,
42,
-20,
-7,
-7,
32,
3,
9,
-65,
-21,
9,
-16,
-35,
12... |
20231101.en_13203649_52 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | The years 1856–58 were particularly vicious and bloody on the Texas frontier as settlers continued to expand their settlements into the Comancheria, and 1858 was marked by the first Texan incursion into the heart of the Comancheria, the so-called Antelope Hills expedition, led Ford and by marked by the Battle of Little... | [
-17,
55,
20,
1,
-9,
6,
-26,
1,
25,
16,
10,
8,
-43,
19,
20,
-4,
-42,
-16,
-25,
-13,
-36,
-10,
-16,
-2,
14,
-8,
25,
-17,
-42,
24,
-6,
13,
2,
-12,
16,
-12,
6,
-13,
4,
50,
-34,
-7,
-19,
44,
10,
13,
-39,
-15,
1,
4,
8,
0... |
20231101.en_13203649_53 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | By 1858, only five of the twelve Comanche bands still existed, and one, the Penateka, had dwindled to only a few hundred on the reservation. Realizing their way of life was disappearing, the remaining free Comanche struck back with incredible violence. | [
-9,
32,
-4,
65,
11,
-8,
-40,
0,
28,
-18,
8,
11,
-59,
4,
2,
13,
-30,
12,
-29,
-24,
-45,
-5,
-7,
-29,
8,
4,
34,
-4,
-27,
0,
-17,
-5,
7,
-46,
-11,
14,
19,
-16,
-5,
34,
-21,
-30,
-11,
36,
-8,
-19,
-44,
-1,
13,
29,
19,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_54 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | The U.S. Army proved wholly unable to stem the violence. Federal units were being transferred out of the area for reasons that seemed driven more by political than military considerations. At the same time, federal law and numerous treaties forbade incursion by state forces into the federally protected Indian Territori... | [
-45,
41,
11,
35,
-3,
1,
-49,
1,
-6,
29,
-18,
27,
-39,
4,
21,
-1,
-51,
4,
-10,
-3,
-49,
15,
-7,
19,
-2,
-5,
9,
-24,
-9,
19,
-13,
0,
-18,
-35,
-27,
14,
33,
-4,
-16,
28,
-20,
-10,
-26,
35,
5,
0,
-64,
-4,
6,
7,
15,
1,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_55 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | The relationship between the federal government, Texas and the native tribes was further complicated by a unique legal issue which arose as a result of Texas' annexation. The federal government is charged by the U.S. Constitution to be in charge of Indian affairs and took over that role in Texas after it became a state... | [
-27,
18,
10,
19,
5,
-2,
-39,
-5,
-4,
12,
-2,
-1,
-36,
24,
15,
29,
-20,
20,
-1,
-1,
-28,
-5,
-6,
-2,
8,
6,
23,
-17,
-25,
6,
-20,
21,
-27,
-21,
11,
14,
22,
11,
30,
34,
-20,
-1,
-18,
2,
-21,
9,
-64,
-8,
15,
-14,
24,
5... |
20231101.en_13203649_56 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | The Battle of Little Robe Creek epitomized Texas Indian fighting in its attitude towards women and children casualties. Ford, accused of killing women and children in every battle he fought against the Plains Indians, shrugged it off by stating it was hard to distinguish "warriors from squaws"—but morbid jokes of Ford'... | [
-12,
42,
9,
3,
-18,
-28,
-23,
-8,
7,
20,
-8,
12,
-11,
-7,
30,
-19,
-29,
7,
-15,
-7,
-31,
4,
2,
23,
12,
15,
18,
-27,
-25,
-1,
-41,
12,
3,
-27,
14,
-14,
21,
-24,
-23,
28,
-18,
-25,
-4,
10,
29,
-2,
-35,
-15,
8,
-8,
-3,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_57 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | The Tonkawa warriors with the Rangers celebrated the victory by decorating their horses with the bloody hands and feet of their Comanche victims as trophies. "The Rangers noted most of their dead foes were missing various body parts, and the Tonkawa had bloody containers, portending a dreadful victory feast that evenin... | [
-8,
15,
26,
16,
7,
-4,
-31,
1,
21,
-1,
4,
19,
-9,
9,
0,
-6,
-34,
-4,
-33,
6,
-44,
-9,
-10,
-12,
8,
-8,
-1,
0,
-22,
9,
-7,
24,
-8,
-24,
4,
-5,
-11,
-9,
-15,
8,
-24,
-25,
-26,
23,
-10,
-6,
-51,
-11,
-6,
-14,
35,
-34,... |
20231101.en_13203649_58 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Other Indians never forgot the Tonkawa's allying with Texan colonists. Despite pleas from the aging Placido to protect his people from their enemies, the Tonkawa were moved from their reservation on the Brazos, and put on a reservation in Oklahoma with the Delaware, Shawnee and Caddo tribes. In 1862, warriors from thes... | [
2,
21,
-12,
63,
-1,
-10,
-40,
-4,
33,
18,
-8,
-4,
-37,
15,
9,
11,
-34,
16,
-28,
-4,
-57,
5,
-5,
9,
10,
-2,
21,
2,
-30,
-7,
-25,
18,
-12,
-37,
7,
-6,
18,
-12,
-8,
20,
-33,
-22,
11,
14,
16,
-18,
-32,
-16,
0,
0,
23,
-... |
20231101.en_13203649_59 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | On October 1, 1858, while camped in the Wichita Mountains with the Kotsoteka band under Quohohateme, the Yambarika band under Hotoyokowat, and probably the Nokoni band under Quenaevah, the remains of the once mighty Penateka Band, under Buffalo Hump, were attacked by United States troops under the command of Maj. Earl ... | [
1,
13,
14,
63,
7,
13,
-49,
4,
20,
-3,
6,
10,
-24,
-9,
14,
16,
-56,
1,
-3,
-1,
-36,
-18,
28,
7,
31,
4,
-13,
-24,
-36,
-3,
-10,
10,
9,
-26,
15,
-29,
39,
-4,
-11,
27,
-29,
12,
-5,
24,
21,
4,
-71,
-4,
34,
1,
0,
-4,
-... |
20231101.en_13203649_60 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Nonetheless, an aged and weary Buffalo Hump led and settled his remaining followers on the Kiowa-Comanche reservation near Fort Cobb in Indian Territory in Oklahoma. There, in spite of his reported enormous sadness at the end of the Comanches' traditional way of life, he asked for a house and farmland so that he could ... | [
18,
-3,
15,
39,
-5,
-8,
-20,
-1,
32,
-1,
-8,
-22,
-32,
-4,
42,
9,
-31,
1,
-28,
-12,
-41,
-13,
-8,
20,
32,
-3,
-14,
4,
-20,
7,
-26,
7,
15,
-46,
-3,
-7,
-2,
-35,
-12,
12,
-17,
-30,
-39,
9,
20,
3,
-55,
-10,
34,
-17,
-49... |
20231101.en_13203649_61 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | During this period, when settlers began to actually attack the Indians on the reservations established in Texas, federal Indian agent Robert Neighbors became hated among white Texans. Neighbors alleged that the United States Army officers located at the posts of Fort Belknap and Camp Cooper, near the reservations, fail... | [
-20,
7,
17,
22,
11,
-17,
-44,
-8,
2,
16,
5,
6,
-41,
-24,
14,
-29,
-38,
26,
-4,
-27,
-19,
-9,
4,
6,
-10,
-3,
-17,
-7,
-17,
4,
-5,
13,
8,
-48,
-16,
-18,
31,
-26,
0,
28,
-26,
-21,
-6,
9,
-5,
-20,
-54,
21,
10,
-23,
33,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_62 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | With the aid of federal troops, whom he finally shamed and politically forced to assist him, he managed to hold back the white people from the reservations. Convinced, however, that the Indians would never be safe in Texas, he determined to move them to safety in the Indian territories. In August 1859, he succeeded in ... | [
-7,
7,
13,
29,
-15,
-12,
-44,
12,
12,
-9,
4,
16,
-21,
-29,
10,
9,
-42,
-1,
-11,
10,
-31,
-6,
-17,
-5,
22,
-15,
-9,
-8,
-30,
0,
0,
10,
9,
-39,
14,
9,
25,
-17,
16,
46,
-40,
-23,
-6,
28,
21,
-6,
-65,
-10,
-2,
-1,
3,
6... |
20231101.en_13203649_63 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | There are two distinctly different stories about what happened on Mule Creek on December 18, 1860, near Margaret, Texas, in Foard County. The official version is that Sul Ross and his forces managed to catch the Quahadi Band of the Comanche by surprise and wiped them out, including their leader Peta Nocona. According t... | [
-21,
-4,
-11,
2,
-7,
-11,
-47,
22,
25,
21,
28,
10,
-10,
17,
32,
8,
-21,
-3,
2,
-28,
-29,
14,
6,
25,
21,
-7,
27,
-30,
-28,
22,
-11,
14,
27,
-28,
34,
7,
38,
-14,
-4,
7,
-46,
-17,
18,
20,
23,
18,
-44,
21,
2,
7,
-12,
-... |
20231101.en_13203649_64 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Cynthia Ann Parker was returned to her white family, who watched her very closely to prevent her from returning to her husband and children. After her daughter died from influenza, she starved herself to death when her guardians would not allow her to return to the Comanche to attempt to find her lost sons. | [
-2,
-1,
-36,
14,
-18,
-36,
-70,
-3,
1,
3,
5,
-18,
-29,
-7,
10,
-15,
-20,
-19,
-16,
-3,
-55,
33,
-23,
8,
31,
-7,
19,
-37,
-21,
5,
6,
18,
20,
-36,
20,
-11,
30,
-28,
0,
45,
1,
-34,
-21,
30,
-1,
1,
-20,
8,
11,
-24,
10,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_65 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | The Civil War brought incredible bloodshed and chaos to the plains. As the cavalry left Indian Territory for other battles, and many Rangers enlisted in the Confederate Army, the Comanche and other Plains tribes began to push back settlement from the Comancheria. The frontier was eventually pushed back over , and the T... | [
-22,
20,
27,
18,
11,
-20,
-43,
-5,
10,
15,
-14,
10,
-49,
-7,
57,
-20,
-45,
-12,
-32,
-17,
-67,
-12,
-4,
5,
35,
-4,
-8,
-15,
-36,
14,
-21,
13,
-33,
-25,
-7,
10,
7,
-17,
7,
54,
2,
-42,
-41,
16,
18,
13,
-35,
-7,
-8,
7,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_66 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | In the late fall of 1864 in Young County, Texas, a war party of between 500 and 1,000 Comanche and Kiowa headed by Kotsoteka chief Kuhtsu-tiesuat ("Little Buffalo") raided the middle Brazos River country, destroying 11 farms along the Elm Creek, stealing virtually every cow, horse, and mule in the area, and besieging t... | [
-12,
29,
6,
43,
-21,
-6,
-68,
5,
17,
9,
-1,
-3,
-48,
-2,
37,
11,
-49,
3,
6,
-38,
-12,
-9,
-3,
29,
27,
-16,
8,
-14,
-13,
9,
-29,
26,
23,
-28,
29,
-3,
39,
-7,
-17,
31,
-23,
-16,
5,
16,
5,
2,
-36,
0,
26,
8,
-16,
-33,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_67 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | The first battle of Adobe Walls occurred on November 26, 1864, in the vicinity of Adobe Walls, the ruins of William Bent's abandoned adobe trading post and saloon near the Canadian River in Hutchinson County, Texas. The battle was one of the largest engagements in terms of numbers engaged between whites and Indians on ... | [
-46,
23,
4,
15,
-10,
-11,
-38,
-12,
11,
23,
-20,
18,
-42,
14,
18,
-2,
-53,
11,
9,
5,
-21,
32,
3,
17,
8,
1,
14,
-22,
-24,
-8,
-3,
9,
7,
-28,
18,
13,
28,
-24,
20,
7,
-11,
-29,
-45,
8,
39,
12,
-25,
-14,
21,
-3,
4,
-3,... |
20231101.en_13203649_68 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Colonel Kit Carson was given command of the First Cavalry, New Mexico Volunteers, and told to proceed and campaign against the winter campgrounds of the Comanches and Kiowas. The campgrounds in question were reported to be somewhere on the south side of the Canadian River. On November 10, 1864, Carson started from Fort... | [
-9,
36,
20,
6,
-25,
-3,
-26,
-7,
3,
23,
4,
26,
-26,
1,
24,
-8,
-43,
3,
29,
-15,
-53,
24,
5,
21,
19,
-6,
33,
-11,
-18,
-22,
-6,
12,
20,
-38,
27,
9,
42,
-3,
5,
41,
-18,
-4,
-4,
16,
19,
-24,
-44,
-17,
1,
-20,
1,
-2,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_69 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Approximately two hours after daybreak on November 26, Carson's cavalry attacked a Kiowa village of 150 lodges. Chief Dohäsan and his people fled, passing the alarm to allied Comanche villages nearby, while Guipago, young war chief and nephew to Dohasan, managed to restrain the enemy. Marching forward to Adobe Walls, C... | [
10,
61,
11,
31,
-18,
9,
-45,
-3,
10,
1,
1,
28,
-26,
-17,
3,
-15,
-31,
-13,
21,
-8,
-31,
9,
-24,
26,
29,
-6,
23,
-12,
-7,
-6,
-12,
13,
28,
-53,
11,
1,
33,
-15,
-21,
21,
-29,
-18,
-11,
15,
2,
-6,
-56,
-38,
-2,
11,
-24,... |
20231101.en_13203649_70 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | On January 18, 1865, a force of Confederate Texans attacked a peaceful tribe of Kickapoos at Battle of Dove Creek, Tom Green County, and were soundly defeated. | [
-51,
30,
-15,
31,
-21,
2,
-64,
7,
25,
21,
-14,
17,
-44,
22,
29,
-4,
-24,
5,
12,
-9,
-24,
17,
35,
21,
11,
-9,
18,
0,
-13,
6,
-12,
9,
-3,
-41,
20,
-24,
30,
11,
-4,
28,
-31,
2,
-14,
15,
13,
9,
-50,
19,
28,
49,
-14,
-2... |
20231101.en_13203649_71 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | After the Civil War, Texas' growing cattle industry managed to regain much of its economy. Beef became a commodity after the war, and supplies from Texas were shipped to other states for a great price. Texas Longhorns were the ones sought after, and the state's open range became their new habitat and breeding ground. H... | [
-14,
38,
14,
47,
-16,
-29,
-32,
11,
23,
25,
-8,
17,
-54,
-2,
42,
20,
-17,
-23,
-8,
-14,
-25,
7,
11,
16,
21,
-24,
11,
-2,
-39,
16,
-19,
48,
-12,
-21,
-3,
27,
23,
-8,
10,
50,
-16,
-21,
6,
6,
14,
13,
-39,
-27,
14,
-4,
-... |
20231101.en_13203649_72 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Another well-documented attack happened in the spring of 1867. Ranchers Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving, together with their cowboys, attempted to drive their livestock around Comancheria in the trail now known as the Goodnight–Loving Trail. During the journey, Loving had to separate from the group to scout ahead. ... | [
-4,
29,
15,
17,
-4,
-25,
-25,
19,
28,
21,
2,
15,
-50,
2,
5,
-7,
-4,
-3,
-27,
-1,
-24,
6,
10,
-9,
26,
-25,
4,
-23,
-40,
-5,
-5,
5,
20,
-16,
-11,
-17,
4,
-9,
25,
31,
-15,
-19,
-3,
1,
36,
-10,
-35,
-16,
-12,
-16,
1,
-... |
20231101.en_13203649_73 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | On December 19, 1868, a large Comanche and Kiowa band faced a company of the 10th Cavalry on the way from Fort Arbuckle to Fort Cobb. On December 25, six companies of the 6th Cavalry and one company of the 37th Infantry, on the way from Fort Bascom (New Mexico) to the Antelope Hills, came on the Nokoni village (about 6... | [
-6,
24,
-1,
34,
0,
-12,
-21,
6,
20,
27,
-12,
33,
-43,
-11,
16,
15,
-44,
4,
-13,
-27,
-37,
-21,
-23,
20,
2,
26,
3,
-4,
-24,
-2,
-14,
15,
10,
-43,
-14,
-2,
8,
-23,
-20,
14,
-20,
-1,
7,
23,
4,
-3,
-46,
-11,
7,
7,
-1,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_74 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Henry Warren was contracted to haul supplies to forts in West Texas, including Fort Richardson, Fort Griffin, and Fort Concho. On May 18, 1871, travelling down the Jacksboro-Belknap road heading towards Salt Creek Crossing, the supplies wagon train encountered General William Tecumseh Sherman, but less than an hour lat... | [
-21,
12,
10,
28,
-6,
-5,
-44,
4,
3,
26,
-9,
-5,
-36,
-10,
13,
-5,
-22,
22,
12,
-12,
-19,
17,
-3,
-1,
13,
-3,
-14,
-14,
-24,
16,
5,
23,
38,
-37,
5,
1,
21,
-11,
2,
12,
-9,
6,
-28,
21,
20,
5,
-30,
1,
21,
-25,
-25,
-23... |
20231101.en_13203649_75 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | The Kiowa warriors lost three of their own but left with 40 mules heavily laden with supplies. Five white men managed to escape, one of which was Thomas Brazeale who reached Fort Richardson on foot, some 20 miles away. As soon as Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie learned of the incident, he informed Sherman. Sherman and Mack... | [
2,
32,
17,
34,
-2,
19,
-47,
-18,
6,
32,
22,
5,
-39,
-5,
-7,
-16,
-31,
14,
9,
-3,
-4,
1,
-1,
31,
40,
-35,
6,
-29,
-12,
6,
11,
-1,
39,
-41,
7,
15,
10,
-40,
-13,
-1,
-13,
-6,
4,
33,
-17,
8,
-39,
-18,
7,
-6,
-6,
-12,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_76 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | Satanta boasted his deed, stating that Satank and Ado-ete were also involved, and Sherman ordered their capture. They were arrested at Fort Sill, and Sherman ordered their trial, making them the first Native American Leaders to be tried for raids in a U.S. court. Sherman ordered the three Kiowa chiefs taken to Jacksbor... | [
-18,
25,
3,
18,
9,
-24,
-64,
-35,
7,
10,
8,
-8,
-12,
-20,
16,
-4,
-51,
25,
19,
8,
-23,
1,
-18,
6,
15,
-12,
-3,
-2,
3,
-2,
19,
15,
27,
-47,
38,
17,
38,
-11,
-13,
20,
-39,
4,
-9,
15,
-11,
-15,
-62,
-16,
-2,
13,
7,
-6... |
20231101.en_13203649_77 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | When General Sherman decided to send the Kiowa war chiefs to Jacksboro for trial, he wanted an example made. What he did not want, and what happened, was that the trial became a circus. First, the two attorneys appointed to represent the two Kiowa actually represented them, instead of participating in the kind of civic... | [
-9,
13,
-2,
50,
-5,
-33,
-66,
-41,
-15,
13,
4,
10,
-5,
-20,
26,
0,
-39,
44,
8,
15,
-13,
8,
4,
29,
33,
0,
-6,
1,
13,
-4,
1,
15,
17,
-28,
11,
5,
18,
6,
5,
22,
-29,
-1,
-21,
5,
-36,
0,
-46,
-6,
22,
-10,
3,
9,
-9,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_78 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | In 1872 the Quaker Peace Policy had partly failed. It had reduced battles between tribes and the U.S. military greatly but not entirely. Troops out of Fort Sill could not officially be deployed against the Comanche. However, some army officers were eager to attack the Comanche in the heart of the Comancheria. | [
-14,
16,
37,
66,
-11,
12,
-31,
-14,
-2,
-8,
-1,
15,
-38,
-8,
28,
-7,
-25,
27,
-31,
-34,
-32,
12,
-3,
-6,
4,
-5,
6,
-16,
-26,
19,
2,
11,
-16,
-16,
-7,
-22,
19,
-12,
21,
39,
-6,
-6,
-24,
15,
-8,
-12,
-64,
-27,
-3,
4,
1... |
20231101.en_13203649_79 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | A captured comanchero, Edwardo Ortiz, had told the army that the Comanches were on their winter hunting grounds along the Red River on the Staked Plains. General Christopher C. Augur, commander of the Department of Texas, sent a detachment from Fort Concho under Captain Napoleon Bonaparte McLaughlin on a two-month reco... | [
-44,
-4,
6,
1,
-4,
2,
-48,
10,
30,
13,
8,
10,
-31,
16,
43,
-26,
-19,
-5,
-28,
-16,
-43,
9,
4,
3,
7,
-25,
19,
-32,
-30,
1,
0,
-3,
-1,
-14,
40,
12,
36,
-37,
0,
20,
-25,
-11,
-21,
27,
-11,
-12,
-57,
-6,
-13,
-19,
34,
... |
20231101.en_13203649_80 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | On September 28 near McClellan Creek in Gray County, Texas, the 4th U.S. Cavalry under Colonel Mckenzie attacked a village of Kotsoteka Comanche. The battle was an ambush on the village with the killing of 23 men, women, and children and the capture of 120 or 130 women and children and more than 1.000 horses. Most of t... | [
3,
37,
4,
53,
-30,
-17,
-46,
16,
-8,
9,
-1,
14,
-54,
34,
12,
-9,
-34,
-7,
-11,
-13,
-25,
-12,
-13,
42,
1,
-15,
-3,
-42,
-42,
2,
-10,
4,
19,
-48,
17,
4,
41,
-14,
-10,
17,
-45,
-25,
-15,
30,
-4,
-1,
-54,
-6,
13,
17,
2,... |
20231101.en_13203649_81 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars | Texas–Indian wars | This marked the first time the United States had successfully attacked the Comanches in the heart of the Comancheria and emphasized that if the Army wished to force the Comanches onto reservations, the way to do it was destroy their villages and leave them unable to survive off reservation. | [
-16,
44,
16,
10,
-5,
5,
-41,
-16,
16,
2,
-4,
30,
-37,
3,
10,
10,
-54,
-4,
-51,
6,
-49,
0,
-16,
-20,
3,
-8,
30,
-19,
-16,
12,
-8,
2,
2,
-50,
8,
-41,
29,
-15,
-13,
32,
-26,
-25,
-19,
65,
-17,
3,
-57,
-25,
-14,
12,
28,
... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.