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20231101.en_13203649_82
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
On July 20, 1874, General Sherman telegraphed General Philip Sheridan to begin an offensive against the Kiowa and Comanches on the plains of West Texas and Oklahoma, and either kill them or drive them to reservations. The army essentially adopted Mackenzie's tactics of the 1872 campaign at North Fork—attack the Comanche in their winter strongholds, and destroy their villages and ability to live independently off the reservation.
|
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20231101.en_13203649_83
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
During the summer of 1874, the Army launched a campaign to remove the Comanche, Kiowa, Kiowa Apache, the Southern band of the Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indian tribes from the Southern Plains. This campaign was meant to enforce their removal to reservations in Indian Territory. The campaigns of 1874 were unlike any prior attempts by the Army to pacify this region of the frontier. The "Red River War", as it was called, led to the end of the culture and way of life for the Southern Plains tribes and brought an end to the Plains tribes as a people. The campaign of the Red River War was fought during a time when buffalo hunters were hunting the great American Bison nearly to extinction. Both the bison and the people who lived off it nearly became extinct at the same time There were perhaps 20 engagements between Army units and the Plains Indians during the Red River War. The well-equipped and well-supplied Army simply kept the Indians running, and in the end they ran out of food, ammunition, and the ability to fight any longer.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_84
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
The Second Battle of Adobe Walls came during the Red River War as the Plains tribes realized, with increasing desperation, that the buffalo hunters were killing off their food supply and thus the very means of survival for their people. A combined force of Comanche, Kiowa, Cheyenne, and other Plains tribes raised almost 700 warriors and made an attempt to attack the buffalo hunters encamped at the old ruins at Adobe Walls. On June 27, 1874, the allied Indian force attacked the 28 hunters and one woman encamped at Adobe Walls. Had the defenders been asleep, as the attackers hoped, they would have been overrun at once and all killed. But the defenders were awake, and their long-range buffalo guns rendered the attack useless. With Quanah Parker wounded, the Indians gave up the attack. It was the last great attempt to defend the Plains by the Indians, and the difference in weapons was simply too great to overcome.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_85
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
After Adobe Walls, several bands went to Fort Sill agency for the census and the distribution of annuities, but only Isa-nanica was allowed to stay in Fort Sill reserve, and the other chiefs had to lead their people to the Wichita agency at Anadarko; following some killings by the Kiowa, the 25th Infantry sent to garrison Anadarko with four companies of 10th Cavalry from Fort Sill. On August 22, 1874, near Anadarko, with the Kiowa laughing at the Comanche, a cavalry detachment was sent to Pearua-akup-akup's village all of their weapons, and when the Nokoni warriors reacted, the soldiers fired on them. Guipago, Satanta, Manyi-ten, Pa-tadal ("Poor Buffalo") and Ado'ete came in with their Kiowa braves, and the remnant companies of 10th Cavalry came too, to face 200 or 300 Nokoni Comanche and Kiowa.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_86
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
During the night the Comanche tents and stock were burnt. The following day, August 23, the fight went on, with four Army and 14 warriors wounded (one of them killed), until Nokoni and Kiowa retreated, burning the prairie and killing some white men near Anadarko and along the Beaver Creek. Friendly Tosawi and Asa-havey led the Penateka to Fort Sill; Kiyou probably judged wiser to go, with his friendly Nokoni band, to the Wichita agency. The Yamparika and Nokoni, joined the Quahadi and Kotsoteka, camping at Chinaberry Trees, Palo Duro Canyon.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_87
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
Satanta was released in 1873 (and Ado'ete was released too) and was alleged to be soon back attacking buffalo hunters and was present at the raid on Adobe Walls. His very presence at the battle violated his parole, and the government called for his arrest; he surrendered in October 1874 and was returned to the state penitentiary. In his book "History of Texas," Clarance Wharton reports of Satanta in prison:
|
[
-2,
-1,
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_88
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
After he was returned to the penitentiary in 1874, he saw no hope of escape. For awhile he was worked on a chain gang which helped to build the M.K. & T. Railway. He became sullen and broken in spirit, and would be seen for hours gazing through his prison bars toward the north, the hunting grounds of his people."
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_89
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
Satanta killed himself on October 11, 1878, by jumping from a high window of the prison hospital. Ado'ete was also rearrested, but unlike Satanta, he was not sent back to Huntsville, since it could not be proven that he was present at the Second Battle of Adobe Walls. Both Satank and Satanta are buried at the Chief's Knoll at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_90
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
Colonel Mackenzie and the 4th Cavalry Regiment pursued Quanah Parker and his followers through late 1874 into 1875. He led a 5-unit movement to converge on the Indian hideouts along the eastern edge of the Staked Plains. Mackenzie, in the most daring and decisive battle of the campaign, destroyed five Indian villages on September 28, 1874, in Palo Duro Canyon. His destruction of the Indians' horses, 1,000 of them in Tule Canyon, destroyed the Indians' resistance by taking the last of their prized possessions, their horses, along with destroying their homes and food supplies. On November 5, 1874, Mackenzie's forces won a minor engagement, his last, with the Comanches. In March 1875 Mackenzie assumed command at Fort Sill and control over the Comanche-Kiowa and Cheyenne-Arapaho reservations.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_91
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
Mackenzie sent Jacob J. Sturm, a physician and post interpreter, to negotiate the Quahada's surrender. Sturm found Quanah, whom he called "a young man of much influence with his people", and made his case for yielding peacefully. Mackenzie had sent his personal word if Quanah surrendered, all his band would be treated honorably, and none charged with any offense. (The arrest and trial of Kiowa leaders in 1871 had made that a real possibility.) However, Sturm carried Mackenzie's personal vow to hunt down every man, woman, and child who refused to yield. Quanah later said he was ready to die but was loathe to condemn the women and children to death. Quanah believed Colonel Mackenzie when he promised that if the Quahada did not surrender, every man, woman, and child would be hunted down and killed. Quanah rode to a mesa, where he saw a wolf come toward him, howl and trot away to the northeast. Overhead, an eagle "glided lazily and then whipped his wings in the direction of Fort Sill", as Jacob Sturm reported later. Quanah saw this as a sign, and on June 2, 1875, he led his band to Fort Sill and surrendered. On that day, the Plains Indians were extinct as a separate people, their way of life completely destroyed. Quanah went tirelessly to work to help his people adapt to the Anglo world which had crushed them. Appointed by Mackenzie as sole chief of the Comanches, he worked hard to bring education and the ability to survive in the white man's world to his people. He attempted to keep his people's land together, and when that became politically impossible, he tried to get the best bargain for his people he could.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_92
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
Kiyou was appointed as Comanche head chief and was ordered to select the "worst" Comanche chiefs and warriors to be indicted as responsible for the uprising at Palo Duro. Nine Comanche and 27 Kiowa were deported to Fort Marion, Florida. All the principal Comanche leaders (Quanah, Mow-way, Tababanika, Isa-rosa, Hitetetsi aka Tuwikaa-tiesuat, Kobay-oburra) were made safe. Guipago, Manyi-ten, Tsen-tainte and Mamanti were sent to Fort Marion. Sent back to Fort Sill in 1879, Guipago died of malaria in July 1879.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_93
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
Many tribes in Texas, such as the Karankawan, Akokisa, Bidai and others, were destroyed by disease and conflicts with settlers. The Akokisas may have been absorbed into other tribes at the wake of the Texas Revolution, while members of the Bidai joined neighboring tribes after epidemics reduced their numbers by over half. According to author Gary Anderson, the Rangers believed the Indians were at best subhumans who "had no right of soil" and savaged pure, noble, and innocent settlers. According to books by captives of the period (such as "The Boy Captives" and "Nine Years with the Indians"), the Rangers were the only force feared by the Indians. Killing Indians became government policy when President Lamar prescribed "an exterminating war" of "total extinction". In the Texian's side, almost every family at that time admitted to losing someone in the Indian Wars.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_94
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
Disease brought largely by Europeans caused a dramatic decline of the native population. Anthropologist John C. Ewers has identified no fewer than thirty major epidemics, consisting mainly of smallpox and cholera, which took place between the years 1528 and 1890, which he believes responsible for wiping out close to 95% of Texas Indians. Over half of the Comanche population was wiped out in the epidemics of 1780–81 and 1816–17. Many historians believe their population went from over 20,000 to less than 8,000 in these two rounds of disease. Thus, while technology and warfare with Anglo-Texans may have completed the process, the foremost cause of the decline of the Plains Indians came from diseases brought by conflict.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_95
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
At the time of the Texas Revolution, there were 30,000 Anglo nomadic colonists and Mexican mestizos in Texas, and approximately 20,000 Comanches, plus thousands each of Cherokee, Shawnee, Coushatta, and a dozen other tribes. Colonists were armed with single-shot weapons, which the Comanche, in particular, had learned very well to counter. Certainly the Spanish, then the Mexicans, and later the Texians had learned that single-shot weapons were not enough to defeat the deadly Comanche light horse, whose mastery of cavalry tactics and mounted bowmanship were renowned. The Comanches' constant movement caused many of their opponents' older single-shot weapons to miss their targets in the chaos of battle. The Comanche could then easily kill their enemies before they had a chance to reload. And though it was understated, the Comanche learned to use single-shot firearms quite well, though they found bows superior in terms of rate of rate. The Comanche put an end to Spanish expansion in North America. They did what no other indigenous peoples had managed, defending their homeland – even expanding their homelands, in the face of the best military forces the Spanish could bring against them. In the late 18th century, the Comanche were said to have stolen every horse in New Mexico. Up until the introduction of repeating rifles and revolvers, weapons and tactics were definitely on the side of the Plains Indians, most especially the Comanche. It was not until the Battle of Bandera Pass, where revolvers were used for the first time against the Comanche, that the Texians began to gain a clear military advantage by superior weaponry. Despite that disadvantage, it was disease and pure numbers which probably ended the Plains tribes. By 1860, there were fewer than 8,000 Indians and 600,000 colonists in Texas.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_96
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
Elam, Earl H. "Anglo-American relations with the Wichita Indians in Texas, 1822-1859." Diss. Texas Tech University, 1967.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_97
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
Fehrenbach, Theodore Reed The Comanches: The Destruction of a People. New York: Knopf, 1974, . Later (2003) republished under the title The Comanches: The History of a People
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_98
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
Fowler, Arlen L.. The Black Infantry in the West, 1869-1891, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1996
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_99
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
Gelo, Daniel J. "Two Episodes in Texas Indian History Reconsidered: Getting the Facts Right about the Lafuente Attack and the Fort Parker Raid." Southwestern Historical Quarterly 120.4 (2017): 440-460.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_100
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
Hampton, Neal McDonald. A dark cloud rests upon your nation: Lipan Apache sovereignty and relations with Mexico, the United States, and the Republic of Texas. University of Central Oklahoma, 2015.
|
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20231101.en_13203649_101
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
Leckie, William H. The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Negro Cavalry in the West, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1967
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_102
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
Lipscomb, Carol A. "Sorrow Whispers in the Winds: The Republic of Texas's Comanche Policy." Diss. University of North Texas, 1994.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_103
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
Lodge, Sally. Native American People: The Comanche. Vero Beach, Florida 32964: Rourke Publications, Inc., 1992.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_104
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
Mooney, Martin. The Junior Library of American Indians: The Comanche Indians. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1993.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_105
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
Nye, Wilbur Sturtevant. Carbine and Lance: The Story of Old Fort Sill, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1983
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_106
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
Hämäläinen, Pekka (2008) The Comanche Empire Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn., ; originally his 2001 thesis The Comanche Empire: A Study of Indigenous Power, 1700–1875
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_107
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
Richardson, Rupert N. The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement: A Century and a Half of Savage Resistance to the Advancing White Frontier. Glendale, California: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1933.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_108
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
Richardson, Rupert N., Adrian Anderson, Cary D. Wintz & Ernest Wallace, "Texas: the Lone Star State", 9th edition, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 0131835505
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_109
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
Rollings, Willard. Indians of North America: The Comanche. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1989.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_110
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
Secoy, Frank. Changing Military Patterns on the Great Plains. Monograph of the American Ethnological Society, No. 21. Locust Valley, NY: J. J. Augustin, 1953.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_111
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
Streissguth, Thomas. Indigenous Peoples of North America: The Comanche. San Diego: Lucent Books Incorporation, 2000.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_112
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
Wallace, Ernest, and E. Adamson Hoebel. The Comanches: Lords of the Southern Plains. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1952.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203649_113
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian%20wars
|
Texas–Indian wars
|
Yancey, William C. In justice to our Indian allies: The government of Texas and her Indian allies, 1836–1867. University of North Texas, 2008.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203660_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candace%20Allen%20%28author%29
|
Candace Allen (author)
|
Candace Allen (born 1950) is an American novelist, political activist, cultural critic and screenwriter, who is based in London. She was the first African-American woman to be a member of the Directors Guild of America. She is the niece of actress and drama coach Billie Allen, and the former wife of British conductor Sir Simon Rattle. As a writer, Allen has published work including the novel Valaida and the non-fiction book Soul Music: The Pulse of Race and Music, and she is a contributor to The Guardian and other newspapers.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203660_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candace%20Allen%20%28author%29
|
Candace Allen (author)
|
Born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1950, Candace Allen moved with her family to Stamford, Connecticut, when she was six years old. She received her BA from Harvard University, where in the late 1960s–early '70s she was instrumental in the establishment of the African and African-American Studies Department (now headed by Henry Louis Gates, Jr.), before attending the New York University School of Film and Television. She became the first African-American female member of the Directors Guild of America.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203660_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candace%20Allen%20%28author%29
|
Candace Allen (author)
|
In the 1970s, she moved to Los Angeles, California, where for twenty years she worked as an assistant director on feature and television films, and later as a screenwriter. She was a founder of Reel Black Women, a professional organization for African-American women in film. She also set up and ran for four years a counselling group for young black women at Jordan High School in Watts.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203660_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candace%20Allen%20%28author%29
|
Candace Allen (author)
|
Allen moved to the UK in 1994, and was married (8 January 1996 – 2004) to British conductor Simon Rattle. During this marriage, as the wife of a knight, she was entitled to be known as Lady Candace or Lady Rattle.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203660_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candace%20Allen%20%28author%29
|
Candace Allen (author)
|
Her first book, a fictionalized biography about the African-American female jazz trumpeter Valaida Snow, was published by Virago Press in 2004. In Valaida, Allen "brought to life an extraordinary woman working in a predominantly male world." Reviewing the novel for JazzTimes, Gwen Ansell wrote: "Allen engages with what it might feel like to think through and play a solo; tour depressing, racist Southern towns; haggle with agents and managers. She treats Snow first and foremost as a musician. The wry, weary wit of backstage conversation rings true and the details play out before a fascinating panorama of pre-1960s jazz and vaudeville stages. In this use of close-up against rich, intensely visual backdrop, in frequent crosscutting and flashback scenes, Allen the screenwriter is very evident. And while the book remains a romance, it's tougher than most and definitely worth reading." As Kevin Le Gendre puts it: "Allen astutely balances the heady excitement of Valaida's artistic growth, a trajectory during which she gains the confidence to push her trumpet phrases from 'low notes to mid with shake-butt flourish', with the grim realities of discrimination and exploitation."
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203660_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candace%20Allen%20%28author%29
|
Candace Allen (author)
|
Allen's must recent work, the acclaimed Soul Music: the Pulse of Race and Music, published by Gibson Square Press in 2012, has been described as "part-travelogue, part-memoir, part-manifesto", According to the review in the New Statesman, "Allen simply opens her ears and mind in wonder at everything she has seen and heard, rejoicing in and also questioning the values and beliefs that brought her where she is."
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203660_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candace%20Allen%20%28author%29
|
Candace Allen (author)
|
Allen writes regularly for The Guardian of London and for other newspapers. In 2018, she was the recipient of a McDowell fellowship for literature. She is a contributor to the 2019 anthology New Daughters of Africa, edited by Margaret Busby.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203660_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candace%20Allen%20%28author%29
|
Candace Allen (author)
|
Through the organization "Americans Abroad for Obama" Allen was an active campaigner for the election of Barack Obama in 2008, and subsequently became a frequent commentator on US culture, race and politics on radio and television.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203660_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candace%20Allen%20%28author%29
|
Candace Allen (author)
|
"Is Classical Music Racist? Author and screenwriter Candace Allen has sparked a row after claiming that the British classical music world is 'racist'". Classic FM.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203662_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic%20Prefecture%20of%20Lower%20Congo
|
Apostolic Prefecture of Lower Congo
|
The Apostolic Prefecture of Lower Congo (or Apostolic Prefecture of Portuguese Congo) was a Roman Catholic pre-diocesan missionary jurisdiction in Central Africa's Congo basin.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203662_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic%20Prefecture%20of%20Lower%20Congo
|
Apostolic Prefecture of Lower Congo
|
The Apostolic Prefecture of Lower Congo, an exempt jurisdiction (i.e. directly subject to the Holy See), was established in 1640 on colonial territory split off from the then Roman Catholic Diocese of São Paulo de Loanda in then Portuguese Congo.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203662_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic%20Prefecture%20of%20Lower%20Congo
|
Apostolic Prefecture of Lower Congo
|
On 22 November 1886, it lost territory to establish the Mission sui juris of Belgian Congo (alias Belgisch Kongo or Congo Belge, the official names of the meanwhile explored Belgian colony). Still in 1886, the remainder was renamed as Apostolic Prefecture of Lower Congo in Cubango
|
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49
] |
20231101.en_13203662_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic%20Prefecture%20of%20Lower%20Congo
|
Apostolic Prefecture of Lower Congo
|
On 4 September 1940, it was suppressed and its territory merged into the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Luanda, in then still Portuguese Angola.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203662_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic%20Prefecture%20of%20Lower%20Congo
|
Apostolic Prefecture of Lower Congo
|
Ignace Schwindenhammer, C.S.Sp. (1866.01.14 – 1881), also Superior General of the Holy Ghost Fathers (Spiritans, Congregation of the Holy Spirit) (1853.02.10 – 1881)
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203662_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic%20Prefecture%20of%20Lower%20Congo
|
Apostolic Prefecture of Lower Congo
|
Faustino Moreira dos Santos, C.S.Sp. (1919.06.01 – 1941.01.28), afterward Bishop of Santiago de Cabo Verde (Cape Verde) (1941.01.28 – 1955.07.27)
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203670_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell%20Rotella
|
Shell Rotella
|
Shell Rotella is a line of heavy-duty engine lubrication products produced by Shell plc. The line includes engine oils, gear oils and coolants. The oil carries both the American Petroleum Institute (API) diesel "C" rating as well as the API gasoline engine "S" rating. Ratings differ based on the oil. Rotella oils, like the T3 15W-40, meet both the API CJ-4 and SM specifications, and may be used in both gasoline and diesel engines. However, it is formulated specifically for vehicles without catalytic converters, containing phosphorus levels beyond the 600–800 ppm range. Therefore, Rotella is not recommended for gasoline vehicles with catalytic converters due to the higher risk of damaging these emission controls. Newer formulations of Rotella T6 however are API SM rated as safe for pre-2011 gasoline vehicles.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203670_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell%20Rotella
|
Shell Rotella
|
Shell is marketing their new CJ-4/SM oil as "Triple Protection," meaning it provides enhanced qualities for engine wear, soot control and engine cleanliness. Shell's Rotella website indicates that on-road testing confirms the new Triple Protection technology produces better anti-wear characteristics than their existing CI-4+ rated Rotella oil. This is achieved despite a lower zinc and phosphorus additive level as called for by the API CJ-4 specification. (The 15W-40 Rotella T with Triple Protection oil has approximately 1200 ppm of zinc and 1100 ppm phosphorus at the time of manufacture.)
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203670_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell%20Rotella
|
Shell Rotella
|
The Shell Rimula brand is multi-national and comparable in all aspects, including the classification names. (i.e. T-5, T-6, Etc.)
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203670_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell%20Rotella
|
Shell Rotella
|
Rotella competes with similar lubrication products from other oil manufacturers. Some notable competitive products are:
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203670_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell%20Rotella
|
Shell Rotella
|
Though marketed as an engine oil for diesel trucks, Rotella oil has found popularity with motorcyclists as well. The lack of "friction modifiers" in Rotella means they do not interfere with wet clutch operations. This is called a "shared sump" design, which is unlike automobiles which maintain separate oil reservoirs – one for the engine and one for the transmission. Used oil analysis reports on BobIsTheOilGuy.com have shown wear metals levels comparable to oils marketed as motorcycle-specific.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203670_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell%20Rotella
|
Shell Rotella
|
Rotella oil is ideal for older cars without catalytic converters and for which zinc was a requirement at the time for engine oil. It eliminates the need for adding a zinc additive to modern oils.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203670_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell%20Rotella
|
Shell Rotella
|
Both Rotella T4 15W-40 conventional and, Rotella T6 5W-40 and 15w-40 Synthetic both list the JASO MA/MA 2 standard; this information can be found on the bottle adjacent to the SAE/API rating stamp. JASO is an acronym that stands for Japanese Automotive Standards Organization. Note that the 10W-30 conventional oil does not list JASO-MA.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203670_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell%20Rotella
|
Shell Rotella
|
Likewise with motorcycles, though marketed as an engine oil for diesel trucks, Rotella T6 5W-40 synthetic oil has also found popularity with drivers and tuners of gasoline powered vehicles that utilize turbocharging or other forms of forced induction. Several owners of high performance model cars have adopted its use due to its high heat tolerance and its resistance to shearing. Rotella T6 is a Non Energy Conserving Oil, and does not meet GF-5 Oil specifications. When Rotella T6 was revised for the API specification (for use in spark ignition engines), its zinc levels were effectively reduced. Higher (content) zinc additives (ZDDP) are required for flat tappet engines and cartridge bearings, which in previous formulations Rotella T6 had desirable levels of zinc (ZDDP).
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203681_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDEN-FM
|
WDEN-FM
|
WDEN-FM (99.1 MHz, "#1 Country FM 99 WDEN") is a commercial radio station licensed to Macon, Georgia. The station is owned by Cumulus Media and the broadcast license is held by Cumulus Licensing, LLC. WDEN airs a country music radio format. The studios and offices are on Mulberry Street.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203681_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDEN-FM
|
WDEN-FM
|
WDEN-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, the maximum permitted for non-grandfathered FM stations. It uses a tower that is 177 meters (581 feet) in height above average terrain (HAAT). The transmitter is off Ocmulgee East Boulevard (Route 87), near Interstate 16 in Macon.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203681_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDEN-FM
|
WDEN-FM
|
WDEN-FM's parent company, Cumulus Media, has renamed most of the country music stations in its chain "Nash FM." But over the years, WDEN-FM developed its own identity so it continues to be called "#1 Country FM 99 WDEN." Two nationally syndicated Nash FM shows are carried weekday evenings on WDEN-FM: "Nash Nights Live" and "Kickin' It with Kix Brooks." Two local weekday shows are heard on WDEN-FM: "The Early Morning Crew" wake-up show, hosted by Laura Starling and Vance Shepherd. The Early Morning Crew formerly featured program director Gerry Marshall, who retired in 2004. In afternoons, Big Bobby Reed is heard. Reed also serves as program director.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203681_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDEN-FM
|
WDEN-FM
|
WDEN-FM is an active participant in the community as well as supporting charitable causes. Each year, it holds a local radiothon for the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203681_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDEN-FM
|
WDEN-FM
|
The WDEN-FM license traces its history back to 1947, when WMAZ-FM signed on at 99.1 as Macon's first FM station. It was owned by the Southeastern Broadcasting Company, which also owned AM 940 WMAZ (now WMAC). WMAZ-FM mostly simulcast its AM sister station for its first couple of decades; in 1953, the Southeastern Broadcasting Company added Macon's first VHF TV station, channel 13 WMAZ-TV.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203681_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDEN-FM
|
WDEN-FM
|
In the 1950s, as network programming moved from radio to TV, WMAZ-AM-FM switched to a full service middle of the road format of popular adult music, news and sports. In the late 1950s, WMAZ-AM-FM-TV produced middle Georgia's first radio-television simulcast for the 24th Annual Bibb County Spelling Bee.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203681_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDEN-FM
|
WDEN-FM
|
Southeastern sold WMAZ-AM-FM-TV to Southern Broadcasting Corporation in 1963, which merged with the News-Piedmont Company to form Multimedia, Inc. in 1967. Also in the late 1960s, WMAZ-FM broke its simulcast with AM 940; it began running an automated Top 40 format. In 1974, WMAZ-AM-FM-TV moved to a new studio facility on Gray Highway in Macon. To establish a separate identity, WMAZ-FM changed its call letters to WAYS in 1984, maintaining its Top 40 sound. By the middle of 1987, the station went CHR.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203681_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDEN-FM
|
WDEN-FM
|
Multimedia merged with Gannett in 1995. Gannett had by this time decided to pull out of radio, concentrating on its TV stations and newspapers. It sold off WMAZ and WAYS in 1996 to Ocmulgee Broadcasting Company for $1.5 million. The next year, U.S. Broadcasting Limited Partnership, the owner of WDEN-AM-FM, bought WMWR (the renamed WMAZ) and WAYS from Ocmulgee in a $4.7 million transaction; by this time, WAYS was an oldies station.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203681_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDEN-FM
|
WDEN-FM
|
In 2000, as part of an agreement to create a new move-in radio station in Atlanta, U.S. Broadcasting applied to downgrade WDEN-FM 105.3 from 100,000 watts to 6,100 and relocate it to 105.5 MHz. In order to preserve the country format's regional coverage, it was decided to move WDEN-FM to the 99.1 facility. For the month of December 2000, WDEN-FM was simulcast on 105.3 and 99.1, with messages asking listeners to tune to 99.1 for WDEN-FM's country format. The day after Christmas, WDEN-FM moved exclusively to 99.1; WAYS and its oldies format changed positions to the newly moved 105.5 MHz.
|
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40
] |
20231101.en_13203681_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDEN-FM
|
WDEN-FM
|
Cumulus Media acquired all four stations in 2002. WDEN-FM continues as Macon's top-rated country music station for more than half a century.
|
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55
] |
20231101.en_13203695_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20van%20Hemert
|
Hans van Hemert
|
Hans van Hemert (born 7 April 1945 in Voorburg, Netherlands) is a Dutch ASCAP award-winning record producer and songwriter. Mouth & MacNeal and Luv' are among the pop acts he produced. He also composed three songs for the Eurovision Song Contest.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203695_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20van%20Hemert
|
Hans van Hemert
|
He started his career in 1965 when he worked at Phonogram Records and his relationship with this record company lasted until 1979.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203695_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20van%20Hemert
|
Hans van Hemert
|
He produced and co-wrote songs for Q65, The Motions, Ro-d-ys, Zen, Group 1850, Big Wheel, Somerset, Ramses Shaffy and Liesbeth List, Sandra & Andres, Kamahl, American Gypsy and Vulcano.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203695_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20van%20Hemert
|
Hans van Hemert
|
"How Do You Do" (this single was a Dutch #1 hit in 1971 but also a German Top 5 hit and US Top 10 Hit in 1972 when it peaked at #8 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.) This song sold two million copies worldwide.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203695_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20van%20Hemert
|
Hans van Hemert
|
"Ik Zie Een Ster" / "I See A Star" (a Dutch and English Top 10 hit, this song was chosen to represent the Netherlands at the Eurovision Song Contest in 1974 (the year ABBA won it) where it finished in third place.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203695_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20van%20Hemert
|
Hans van Hemert
|
Luv' (1977–present) is a female pop trio he formed with the help from Piet Souer and a manager, Han Meijer (later replaced by Pim Ter Linde). This girl group had popular hit records in large part of Continental Europe, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia and Mexico in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Among their hit singles were: "U.O.Me", "You're the Greatest Lover", "Trojan Horse", "Casanova" and "Ooh, Yes I Do". This formation sold seven million records.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203695_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20van%20Hemert
|
Hans van Hemert
|
In addition to Mouth & MacNeal, he wrote two other Eurovision songs: "Als het om de liefde gaat" by Sandra & Andres (#4 in 1972) and "The Party's Over" by Sandra Reemer (#9 in 1976).
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203695_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20van%20Hemert
|
Hans van Hemert
|
Van Hemert composed and produced "Wij houden van Oranje", a football song performed by André Hazes to support the Netherlands national soccer team at the UEFA Euro 1988. The same year, he wrote a track recorded by Yann Andersen for a UNICEF campaign.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203695_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20van%20Hemert
|
Hans van Hemert
|
In the late 1990s, he created an independent music production company (Hans van Hemert Productions) that still licenses his hits to labels for 1970s nostalgia compilations.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203695_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20van%20Hemert
|
Hans van Hemert
|
In April 2005, the Luv' ladies made a surprise showcase at his 40-year business anniversary and 60th birthday. In the spring of 2006, his production team remixed "Trojan Horse" (which was included in the box set Completely In Luv' (released by Universal Music Netherlands). Two years later, he produced and wrote a digital single for Mother and Father's day, "De allerliefste mama en papa" performed by his daughter Hannah and his granddaughter Britt.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203695_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20van%20Hemert
|
Hans van Hemert
|
In recent years, some of his compositions have been utilised by contemporary artists from the dance and techno scene.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203695_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20van%20Hemert
|
Hans van Hemert
|
"How Do You Do" was sampled by Party Animals in 2006 and by Scooter one year later for his European hit "The Question Is What Is the Question?" (a Top 5 hit in Germany, Austria, Finland, Hungary, reaching the Top 20 in Ireland and the Top 50 in the Netherlands and UK).
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203695_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20van%20Hemert
|
Hans van Hemert
|
Loona with a version in Spanish ("Latino Lover") that was a Top 10 hit single in German speaking countries in 2000.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203695_13
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20van%20Hemert
|
Hans van Hemert
|
"Trojan Horse" was sampled by Sheffield Jumpers for their jumpstyle single, "Jump With Me" (a minor hit on the German Media Control Charts) in 2008.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203695_14
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20van%20Hemert
|
Hans van Hemert
|
Eight of his productions/compositions were #1 hits in the Netherlands (some of them world hits too):
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203695_15
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20van%20Hemert
|
Hans van Hemert
|
two Conamus Export Prizes (for his collaboration with the best Dutch export music acts): in 1972 (with Mouth & MacNeal) and in 1979 (with Luv').
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203699_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADl%C3%A1%20%28Fr%C3%BDdek-M%C3%ADstek%20District%29
|
Bílá (Frýdek-Místek District)
|
Bílá is a municipality and village in Frýdek-Místek District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
|
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20231101.en_13203699_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADl%C3%A1%20%28Fr%C3%BDdek-M%C3%ADstek%20District%29
|
Bílá (Frýdek-Místek District)
|
Bílá is located about south of Frýdek-Místek and south of Ostrava, on the border with Slovakia. It lies in the Moravian-Silesian Beskids. The highest point is the Trojačka mountain at above sea level. The eastermost point of Moravia is located in the municipal territory.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203699_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADl%C3%A1%20%28Fr%C3%BDdek-M%C3%ADstek%20District%29
|
Bílá (Frýdek-Místek District)
|
The Bílá Ostravice flows through the village and the Černá Ostravice flows along the northern municipal border. They merge there and form the Ostravice river.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203699_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADl%C3%A1%20%28Fr%C3%BDdek-M%C3%ADstek%20District%29
|
Bílá (Frýdek-Místek District)
|
Bílá was originally a small hamlet founded in 1817. In 1951, when the boundaries of the municipalities of Staré Hamry and Ostravice were redefined, Bílá was separated and became an independent municipality. Between 1974 and 1991, it was part of Staré Hamry. Since 1991, it has been independent again.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203699_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADl%C3%A1%20%28Fr%C3%BDdek-M%C3%ADstek%20District%29
|
Bílá (Frýdek-Místek District)
|
The main landmark is the Church of Saint Frederick. This wooden Roman Catholic church was built at the expense of archbishop Friedrich Egon von Fürstenberg in 1873–1874.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203726_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R202%20road%20%28Ireland%29
|
R202 road (Ireland)
|
The R202 road is a regional road in Ireland linking Dromod in County Leitrim to Swanlinbar in County Cavan. En route it passes through Mohill and Ballinamore.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203726_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R202%20road%20%28Ireland%29
|
R202 road (Ireland)
|
The R202 road links with the N87 in Swanlinbar and then runs to the border of Northern Ireland becoming the A32 that runs into Enniskillen. At the other end it links with the N4 in Dromod. There are also connections in Dromod with the Dublin-Sligo railway line two-hourly frequency train service to Sligo from Dublin Connolly. The road is long.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203734_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinberg
|
Reinberg
|
Reinberg is a village and in the municipality of Sundhagen and lies between Stralsund and Greifswald on the B 105 federal road in northeastern Germany. To the north the former municipality of Reinberg borders on the Strelasund From the village of Stahlbrode that used to belong to it, there is a car ferry to the island of Rügen (Zudar peninsula).
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203734_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinberg
|
Reinberg
|
In 1220 construction began on the church and in 1325 Reinberg was mentioned for the first time in the records.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203734_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinberg
|
Reinberg
|
On the dissolution of the Principality of Rügen in 1325, the village transferred to the Duchy of Pomerania.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203734_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinberg
|
Reinberg
|
From the end of the Thirty Years' War to the year 1815 the region belonged to Swedish Pomerania and thereafter to the Prussian Province of Pomerania.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203734_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinberg
|
Reinberg
|
Until 1952 Reinberg was part of the district of Grimmen within the Bezirk of Rostock to 1994. Since 1990 it has also bee part of the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203734_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinberg
|
Reinberg
|
On 7 June 2009 the hitherto independent municipality of Reinsberg merged with those of Behnkendorf, Brandshagen, Horst, Kirchdorf, Miltzow and Wilmshagen to form the new municipality of Sundhagen. The former municipality consists of the villages of Oberhinrichshagen, Falkenhagen, Dömitzow and Stahlbrode.
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] |
20231101.en_13203734_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinberg
|
Reinberg
|
Amongst the sights of Reinberg are its Gothic village church, the Sühnestein monument on the cemetery wall that dates to the 15th century and the Reinberg Lime, which was the largest tree in Germany in the 19th century. The age of the tree is around 1,000 years. It is possible that the lime had been planted before the foundation and consecration of the church. Near the tree is the grave of the father of surgeons, Theodor Billroth.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203734_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinberg
|
Reinberg
|
The Sühnestein ("Atonement Stone") has a kneeling figure with hands clasped, next to Christ on the cross. Above the cross, between two roses, are the initials "J.N.R.J." and the words: "domini miserere mei". The weathered inscription above the crucified Jesus probably originally ran: "orate pro ravno van barneko". It may also be read as "orate pro heyno van der beken", however there is no record of a van der Beken family. The princely councillor and Landvogt, Raven Barnekow, however, was sentenced to death and executed in Stralsund in 1453 as a result of false allegations. This suggests this expiatory cross (Sühnekreuz) was erected in his memory.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203738_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziyad%C3%A9
|
Aziyadé
|
Aziyadé (1879; also known as Constantinople) is a novel by French author Pierre Loti. Originally published anonymously, it was his first book, and along with Le Mariage de Loti (1880, also published anonymously), would introduce the author to the French public and quickly propel him to fame; because of this, his anonymous persona did not last long.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203738_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziyad%C3%A9
|
Aziyadé
|
Aziyadé is semi-autobiographical, based on a diary Loti kept during a three-month period as a French Naval officer in Greece and Constantinople (now Istanbul) in the fall and winter of 1876. It tells the story of the 27-year-old Loti's illicit love affair with an 18-year-old "Circassian" harem girl named Aziyadé. Although Aziyadé was one of many conquests in the exotic romantic's life, she was his greatest love, and he would wear a gold ring with her name on it for the rest of his life. Forming a love triangle, the book also describes Loti's "friendship" with a Spanish man servant named Samuel, for which most critics believe, based on Loti's diary entries, that some sort of homosexual affair occurred (indeed some believe Aziyadé never existed and the entire work is a cover for a homosexual love story, however others say the evidence for Aziyadé's existence seems overwhelming, (See Blanch)). It also describes Loti's love affair with Turkish culture which became a central part of his "exotica" persona.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203738_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziyad%C3%A9
|
Aziyadé
|
The only known English translation is by Marjorie Laurie which can be found in many editions, no longer in copyright; however, some of the parts have been sanitized regarding harem life, prostitution and homosexuality. The original French first edition is very rare and has become a highly prized collectors item.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203738_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziyad%C3%A9
|
Aziyadé
|
Lesley Blanch (1983). Pierre Loti: the legendary romantic. Chapters 6 to 8. (Republished as Pierre Loti: Travels with the Legendary Romantic. Tauris, 2004. .)
|
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