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20231101.en_13205335_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Aumonier
|
Eric Aumonier
|
In 1932, Aumonier designed two Art Deco relief sculptures in the foyer of the Daily Express Building in London. He also designed a young horse, in white porcelain, for Royal Worcester.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205335_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Aumonier
|
Eric Aumonier
|
Another commission for London Underground, The Archer at East Finchley Underground station, is his most iconic work, the only three-dimensional statue on the system. The contract for the work was placed on 8 June 1939, with an estimated cost of £245. The architect for the station was once again Charles Holden. The sculpture was unveiled on 22 July 1940.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205335_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Aumonier
|
Eric Aumonier
|
"the figure of an ancient hunter of wild game is placed high up on the new East Finchley station. It is more than a decorative device – it is powerful symbolism".
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205335_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Aumonier
|
Eric Aumonier
|
Finchley was on the edge of the royal forest of Enfield, which was hunted by both court and commoner. Drivers on the Northern line still bear a tie pin based on the sculpture.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205335_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Aumonier
|
Eric Aumonier
|
The Archer is nearly twice natural size and was made of six hundredweight of beech timber round a steel armature and then covered with 5 hundredweight of sheet lead. The timber had come from Czechoslovakia. The gold for the gilded features was mined in South Africa and the bow was English ash, bent by steam and coated with copper and gilt. The sculpture was probably constructed in three main sections, which were re-assembled on site.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205335_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Aumonier
|
Eric Aumonier
|
Amongst other work for London Underground, Aumonier also made two stone reliefs over two of the entrances to the canteen at London Underground's Acton Works – one of a pie, knife and fork. A sculpture of Dick Whittington was planned for Highgate, but a reduction in the scope of the new station buildings caused by World War II meant this was never commissioned.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205335_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Aumonier
|
Eric Aumonier
|
The sculptor also did some set work in the cinema. In 1946 he worked on the Powell and Pressburger film A Matter of Life and Death at Denham Film Studios. On the giant moving stairway featured in the film, Aumonier created the statues of various famous people. By coincidence, Powell and Pressburger's production company was called The Archers.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205353_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.%20Higbee%20Embry
|
T. Higbee Embry
|
Talton Higbee Embry (May 17, 1897 – 1946) was an American aviation enthusiast who co-founded the company leading to Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205353_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.%20Higbee%20Embry
|
T. Higbee Embry
|
Embry was born in Cincinnati, Ohio where he started his education. He attended Asheville School in Asheville, North Carolina. While Embry was trying to start a bus company in Cincinnati he met early aviator John Paul Riddle, who had landed at the local polo field. Riddle offered him a plane ride, and from then on Embry was hooked on aviation. After parting ways with Riddle in 1939, he moved to California in 1941. Five years later, in 1946, Embry died of a heart attack.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205353_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.%20Higbee%20Embry
|
T. Higbee Embry
|
Two years after meeting, T. Higbee Embry and friend, John Paul Riddle, formed the Embry-Riddle Company on December 17, 1925 at Lunken Airport in Cincinnati, Ohio. The company was financed by Embry and he served as company president, and the two began to sell Waco Aircraft. In the spring of 1926, the Embry-Riddle Company opened the Embry-Riddle Flying School.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205353_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.%20Higbee%20Embry
|
T. Higbee Embry
|
The Embry-Riddle Company was merged with the Aviation Corporation (AVCO) of Delaware in 1929. AVCO phased out the Embry-Riddle Flying School in the fall of 1930. Shortly after, AVCO became American Airways (the predecessor of American Airlines), and the Embry-Riddle Company was gone.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205354_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat%20Riddles
|
Nat Riddles
|
Nathan Riddles (February 4, 1952 – August 11, 1991) was an American blues harmonica player who played an important role in the New York blues scene during the late 1970s to mid-1980s. Born in Bronxville, a Westchester County suburb of New York, he was educated at Brooklyn College and the Pratt Institute. In the early 1980s, he became known in New York blues circles for his street performances with the guitarist Charlie Hilbert, as part of a free-form duo that he labeled 'El Cafe Street.'
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205354_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat%20Riddles
|
Nat Riddles
|
Riddles performed with Larry Johnson, Screamin' Jay Hawkins, Bill Dicey, and Odetta as well as Hilbert. He recorded several albums with Johnson (one produced by Len Kunstadt for Spivey Records, one produced by Horst Lippmann) and a solo album on Spivey entitled The Artistry of Nat Riddles. He also contributed several cuts to a Spivey series of LPs entitled New York Really has The Blues. Riddles also gave some lessons to Adam Gussow.
|
[
31,
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] |
20231101.en_13205354_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat%20Riddles
|
Nat Riddles
|
In 2007, the Modern Blues Harmonica record label issued a compilation album of Riddles, entitled El Cafe Street Live!
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205367_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable%20algebra
|
Separable algebra
|
In mathematics, a separable algebra is a kind of semisimple algebra. It is a generalization to associative algebras of the notion of a separable field extension.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205367_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable%20algebra
|
Separable algebra
|
The reason is that a section σ is determined by this element. The condition that σ is a section of μ is equivalent to
|
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11,
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19,
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31,
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17,
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20,
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21,
31,
35,
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27,
28,
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24,
41,
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25,
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42,
26,
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22,
61,
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7,
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5,
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21,
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51,
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34,
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29,
30,
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23,
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10,
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6,
2,
29,
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34,
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17,
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30,
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23,
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43,
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20,
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31,
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28,
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31,
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21,
-3,
-11,
-14,
-28,
48,
26,
16,
-16,
6
] |
20231101.en_13205367_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable%20algebra
|
Separable algebra
|
and the condition that σ is a homomorphism of A-A-bimodules is equivalent to the following requirement for any a in A:
|
[
0,
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33,
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21,
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40,
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16,
26,
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20,
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21,
26,
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12,
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17,
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25,
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46,
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28,
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13,
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28,
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25,
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35,
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26,
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36,
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32,
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45,
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57,
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31,
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3,
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20,
49,
4,
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12,
22,
2,
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31,
28,
29,
1,
36,
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3,
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15,
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11,
-1,
60,
23,
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54,
58,
2,
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10,
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20,
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32,
21,
17,
48,
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7,
22,
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28,
18,
40,
54,
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6,
34,
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-20,
26,
20,
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15,
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11,
-1,
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-37,
6,
22,
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3,
40,
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8,
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16,
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26,
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8,
42,
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10,
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15,
44,
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30,
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0,
15,
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37,
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31,
-1,
-8,
-2,
-12,
29,
0,
4,
19,
0
] |
20231101.en_13205367_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable%20algebra
|
Separable algebra
|
Such an element p is called a separability idempotent, since regarded as an element of the algebra it satisfies .
|
[
-23,
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20,
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0,
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1,
14,
5,
31,
14,
0,
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] |
20231101.en_13205367_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable%20algebra
|
Separable algebra
|
For any commutative ring R, the (non-commutative) ring of n-by-n matrices is a separable R-algebra. For any , a separability idempotent is given by , where denotes the elementary matrix which is 0 except for the entry in position , which is 1. In particular, this shows that separability idempotents need not be unique.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205367_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable%20algebra
|
Separable algebra
|
A field extension L/K of finite degree is a separable extension if and only if L is separable as an associative K-algebra. If L/K has a primitive element with irreducible polynomial , then a separability idempotent is given by . The tensorands are dual bases for the trace map: if are the distinct K-monomorphisms of L into an algebraic closure of K, the trace mapping Tr of L into K is defined by . The trace map and its dual bases make explicit L as a Frobenius algebra over K.
|
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11
] |
20231101.en_13205367_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable%20algebra
|
Separable algebra
|
More generally, separable algebras over a field K can be classified as follows: they are the same as finite products of matrix algebras over finite-dimensional division algebras whose centers are finite-dimensional separable field extensions of the field K. In particular: Every separable algebra is itself finite-dimensional. If K is a perfect field – for example a field of characteristic zero, or a finite field, or an algebraically closed field – then every extension of K is separable so that separable K-algebras are finite products of matrix algebras over finite-dimensional division algebras over field K. In other words, if K is a perfect field, there is no difference between a separable algebra over K and a finite-dimensional semisimple algebra over K.
|
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30,
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3
] |
20231101.en_13205367_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable%20algebra
|
Separable algebra
|
It can be shown by a generalized theorem of Maschke that an associative K-algebra A is separable if for every field extension the algebra is semisimple.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205367_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable%20algebra
|
Separable algebra
|
If K is commutative ring and G is a finite group such that the order of G is invertible in K, then the group ring K[G] is a separable K-algebra. A separability idempotent is given by .
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205367_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable%20algebra
|
Separable algebra
|
There are several equivalent definitions of separable algebras. A K-algebra A is separable if and only if it is projective when considered as a left module of in the usual way. Moreover, an algebra A is separable if and only if it is flat when considered as a right module of in the usual way.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205367_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable%20algebra
|
Separable algebra
|
Separable algebras can also be characterized by means of split extensions: A is separable over K if and only if all short exact sequences of A-A-bimodules that are split as A-K-bimodules also split as A-A-bimodules. Indeed, this condition is necessary since the multiplication mapping arising in the definition above is a A-A-bimodule epimorphism, which is split as an A-K-bimodule map by the right inverse mapping given by . The converse can be proven by a judicious use of the separability idempotent (similarly to the proof of Maschke's theorem, applying its components within and without the splitting maps).
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205367_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable%20algebra
|
Separable algebra
|
Equivalently, the relative Hochschild cohomology groups of in any coefficient bimodule M is zero for . Examples of separable extensions are many including first separable algebras where R is a separable algebra and S = 1 times the ground field. Any ring R with elements a and b satisfying , but ba different from 1, is a separable extension over the subring S generated by 1 and bRa.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205367_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable%20algebra
|
Separable algebra
|
A separable algebra is said to be strongly separable if there exists a separability idempotent that is symmetric, meaning
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205367_13
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable%20algebra
|
Separable algebra
|
An algebra is strongly separable if and only if its trace form is nondegenerate, thus making the algebra into a particular kind of Frobenius algebra called a symmetric algebra (not to be confused with the symmetric algebra arising as the quotient of the tensor algebra).
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205367_14
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable%20algebra
|
Separable algebra
|
If K is commutative, A is a finitely generated projective separable K-module, then A is a symmetric Frobenius algebra.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205367_15
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable%20algebra
|
Separable algebra
|
Any separable extension of commutative rings is formally unramified. The converse holds if A is a finitely generated K-algebra. A separable flat (commutative) K-algebra A is formally étale.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205367_16
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable%20algebra
|
Separable algebra
|
A theorem in the area is that of J. Cuadra that a separable Hopf–Galois extension has finitely generated natural S-module R. A fundamental fact about a separable extension is that it is left or right semisimple extension: a short exact sequence of left or right R-modules that is split as S-modules, is split as R-modules. In terms of G. Hochschild's relative homological algebra, one says that all R-modules are relative -projective. Usually relative properties of subrings or ring extensions, such as the notion of separable extension, serve to promote theorems that say that the over-ring shares a property of the subring. For example, a separable extension R of a semisimple algebra S has R semisimple, which follows from the preceding discussion.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205367_17
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable%20algebra
|
Separable algebra
|
There is the celebrated Jans theorem that a finite group algebra A over a field of characteristic p is of finite representation type if and only if its Sylow p-subgroup is cyclic: the clearest proof is to note this fact for p-groups, then note that the group algebra is a separable extension of its Sylow p-subgroup algebra B as the index is coprime to the characteristic. The separability condition above will imply every finitely generated A-module M is isomorphic to a direct summand in its restricted, induced module. But if B has finite representation type, the restricted module is uniquely a direct sum of multiples of finitely many indecomposables, which induce to a finite number of constituent indecomposable modules of which M is a direct sum. Hence A is of finite representation type if B is. The converse is proven by a similar argument noting that every subgroup algebra B is a B-bimodule direct summand of a group algebra A.
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] |
20231101.en_13205367_18
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable%20algebra
|
Separable algebra
|
Samuel Eilenberg and Tadasi Nakayama, On the dimension of modules and algebras. II. Frobenius algebras and quasi-Frobenius rings, Nagoya Math. J. Volume 9 (1955), 1–16.
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] |
20231101.en_13205384_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillhouse%20Hollow%20Falls%20State%20Natural%20Area
|
Stillhouse Hollow Falls State Natural Area
|
Stillhouse Hollow Falls State Natural Area, located in Summertown, is a natural area in Maury County, Tennessee. The main feature of the area is Stillhouse Hollow Falls, a waterfall, which is located approximately two-thirds of a mile from the entrance. The natural area was acquired by the Tennessee Parks and Greenways Foundation (TPGF) and was later sold to the state of Tennessee. It was designated a natural area on June 3, 2006, under the Natural Areas Preservation Act of 1971.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205386_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Blackwell%20%28basketball%29
|
James Blackwell (basketball)
|
Emmanuel James Blackwell (born February 25, 1968) is a retired American basketball player. Born in Mount Kisco, New York, he played collegiately for Dartmouth College.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205386_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Blackwell%20%28basketball%29
|
James Blackwell (basketball)
|
Blackwell played for the Charlotte Hornets and Boston Celtics (1994–95) in the NBA for 13 games. He also played overseas in France, Spain (with Gijón Baloncesto), Italy, Israel and Turkey. Blackwell played in the Continental Basketball Association (CBA) for the Capital Region Pontiacs, Hartford Hellcats, Oklahoma City Cavalry, La Crosse Catbirds, Pittsburgh Piranhas and La Crosse Bobcats. He was named second team All-CBA in 1994 as a member of the Catbirds. Blackwell was a three-time selection to the CBA All-Defensive Team in 1994, 1995 and 1999.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
This is a list of early warships belonging to the English sovereign or the English Government, the precursor to the Royal Navy of England (from 1707 of Great Britain, and subsequently of the United Kingdom). These include major and minor warships from 1485 until 1660, the latter being the year in which the Royal Navy came formally into existence with the Restoration of Charles II (before the Interregnum, English warships had been the personal property of the monarch and were collectively termed "the king's ships"). Between Charles I's execution in 1649 and the Restoration eleven years later, the Navy became the property of the state (Commonwealth and Protectorate), under which it expanded dramatically in size.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
While the prefix "HMS" (for His or Her Majesty's Ship) is often applied in connection with these ships, the term was not technically applicable, as it was only instituted with the establishment of the Royal Navy in 1660, following the Restoration of King Charles II of England.
|
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6
] |
20231101.en_13205387_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
The dates for ships before 1485 are probably listed using the contemporary English convention of the first day of the year being 25 March (Lady Day).
|
[
8,
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10,
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
In the sections listing warships in the English/Royal Navy from 1485 onwards, the dates have been quoted using the modern convention of the year starting on 1 January, where this information is available. All dates are given in the Julian Calendar ("Old Style").
|
[
0,
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6,
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14,
13,
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30,
13,
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
The following list is based extensively upon that provided in Michael Oppenheim's History of the Administration of the Royal Navy and in Volume 1 of William Laird Clowes's The Royal Navy: A History from the Earliest Times to 1900.
|
[
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22
] |
20231101.en_13205387_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
Note that almost every vessel listed had the words "of the Tower" (or "de la Tour" when inscribed in French, still an official language at the time) affixed to its name. This affix was simply the equivalent of the modern prefix "HMS" and is omitted below.
|
[
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20,
20,
7
] |
20231101.en_13205387_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
The number of guns quoted in most sources comprised almost entirely small(ish) iron weapons created from wrought material bound into barrels by iron hoops. These were exclusively anti-personnel weaponry; very few heavy weapons were carried, and even these were rarely used for ship-to-ship fire.
|
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39,
29,
21,
0
] |
20231101.en_13205387_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
The lists for the Tudor period are taken primarily from Arthur Nelson's The Tudor Navy and David Childs's Tudor Sea Power (cited in references at the end of this article).
|
[
-6,
-42,
44,
-25,
3,
21,
-29,
-15,
27,
-26,
-11,
13,
5,
-6,
24,
-9,
27,
21,
-39,
-11,
38,
40,
-9,
-67,
26,
-20,
27,
24,
24,
6,
5,
-20,
3,
32,
-19,
30,
-32,
-13,
16,
-51,
16,
-35,
-18,
33,
67,
-12,
25,
-8,
-10,
-22,
-6,
-20,
-2,
-18,
17,
-18,
-1,
8,
24,
-56,
8,
-1,
3,
26,
-57,
-29,
28,
-8,
5,
5,
-22,
-12,
23,
22,
-12,
9,
7,
-15,
8,
-17,
-13,
16,
-16,
32,
2,
-50,
29,
-9,
-8,
5,
26,
-32,
-4,
-16,
-28,
29,
31,
-25,
43,
46,
-3,
-3,
-21,
-18,
-2,
-10,
15,
-37,
-5,
-12,
13,
47,
6,
-7,
0,
10,
4,
-45,
3,
46,
15,
37,
-42,
-11,
1,
0,
-3,
-20,
-28,
19,
8,
-32,
34,
-4,
12,
11,
-17,
15,
-32,
-35,
-23,
-23,
30,
-24,
-12,
19,
-43,
6,
-25,
-29,
10,
-17,
-23,
-12,
-16,
-19,
26,
-33,
16,
-11,
-20,
-26,
-22,
-23,
-25,
-31,
32,
23,
1,
47,
-38,
-10,
12,
36,
-8,
21,
-36,
12,
-19,
-16,
27,
-6,
-14,
24,
12,
32,
-5,
32,
15,
11,
-2,
-26,
24,
38,
6,
14,
-17,
69,
1,
13,
-19,
35,
-44,
-64,
-13,
-34,
6,
26,
-32,
27,
11,
30,
2,
11,
3,
23,
-33,
-41,
5,
-17,
44,
-20,
10,
-21,
22,
-19,
-35,
47,
1,
10,
0,
33,
-9,
-28,
-8,
-6,
-28,
0,
20,
10,
-19,
30,
-45,
1,
23,
-31,
-15,
51,
-1,
10,
-20,
-15,
-8,
-8,
-9,
4,
-8,
-12,
17,
-19,
-10,
24,
2,
-34,
-17,
28,
28,
21,
-5,
18,
44,
-42,
-19,
-1,
-3,
22,
-46,
3,
-56,
-36,
13,
24,
17,
22,
2,
-31,
30,
-3,
-31,
-7,
10,
-1,
2,
-12,
-12,
-24,
-21,
-26,
8,
-40,
-15,
-13,
23,
31,
8,
-26,
-22,
-29,
21,
-26,
-24,
36,
-17,
-16,
22,
10,
5,
-2,
-18,
-29,
-3,
-5,
9,
2,
-4,
32,
11,
33,
-36,
19,
-5,
5,
33,
-10,
8,
2,
20,
-42,
22,
-16,
-38,
-17,
49,
-33,
-6,
-32,
21,
-38,
19,
-28,
-6,
57,
31,
-28,
34,
18,
-11,
34,
-13,
-3,
-2,
43,
-30,
-17,
10,
19,
-16,
-48,
-20,
5,
3,
10,
13,
3,
-33,
-13,
-9,
-16,
9,
-3,
-34,
18,
-14,
-26,
10,
-5,
33,
-15,
8,
18,
-46,
1,
18,
-30,
-2,
-8,
-30,
-15,
-38,
-8,
21,
-14,
-5,
5,
-8,
8,
-16,
21,
34,
-23,
29,
-10,
-26,
17,
-24,
19,
-4,
-46,
14,
30,
20,
-5,
7,
47,
9,
-4,
2,
1,
-17,
-17,
-37,
-31,
-2,
-6,
-8,
-34,
-20,
7,
30,
-24,
-19,
-9,
-11,
22,
23,
-28,
-1,
2,
2,
4,
-24,
3,
7,
-7,
59,
10,
31,
-78,
19,
-17,
-10,
42,
34,
29,
-25,
5,
-26,
-17,
14,
-24,
23,
-31,
29,
3,
-28,
9,
-1,
-20,
-13,
-35,
-12,
-16,
-33,
-10,
7,
11,
-42,
-37,
-17,
-21,
-8,
-18,
-10,
-28,
9,
-36,
-34,
-18,
-50,
-23,
47,
33,
35,
-44,
2,
18,
8,
-12,
43,
3,
8,
4,
-1,
6,
-25,
-17,
-1,
11,
10,
5,
23,
-16,
37,
-29,
-3,
27,
15,
-38,
-6,
-28,
-22,
13,
-26,
0,
34,
8,
41,
-28,
5,
3,
33,
10,
-8,
2,
5,
7,
17,
-23,
-1,
49,
30,
-10,
42,
16,
-48,
13,
16,
13,
27,
29,
33,
-4,
-31,
-6,
-30,
-30,
-7,
-7,
13,
-18,
9,
26,
-14,
-16,
-20,
-38,
-28,
2,
47,
-26,
-18,
5,
-1,
-4,
0,
-35,
8,
-3,
-51,
-26,
-19,
-20,
-47,
-14,
-5,
-9,
-24,
22,
-29,
-6,
34,
-10,
59,
-10,
-15,
9,
-11,
44,
-39,
24,
22,
-35,
23,
-7,
-23,
-10,
-11,
8,
-37,
0,
1,
-53,
-12,
41,
46,
39,
23,
-14,
9,
-5,
-22,
16,
-16,
13,
-18,
-42,
11,
20,
-9,
34,
-23,
22,
7,
-6,
12,
3,
29,
34,
-7,
-16,
12,
-21,
-19,
-55,
-28,
13,
46,
-22,
4,
14,
30,
-29,
-14,
16,
48,
-28,
-44,
3,
-4,
0,
-29,
45,
31,
12,
0,
-11,
10,
-17,
59,
15,
2,
23,
7,
-25,
20,
24,
32,
-10,
-84,
44,
43,
27,
-31,
-16,
-7,
10,
7,
16,
-6,
13,
28,
-21,
-21,
21,
15,
8,
9,
28,
55,
-13,
18,
-24,
-13,
-11,
4,
7,
-5,
7,
3,
33,
-15,
30,
12,
45,
-9,
26,
-55,
2,
28,
11,
-24,
-4,
10,
-24,
10,
-20,
20,
-37,
25,
-16,
5,
17,
36,
-63,
-9,
-4,
-24,
1,
-29,
13,
16,
-8,
-16,
-4,
-11,
-33,
7,
-14,
13,
-31,
-21,
1,
-6,
-2,
-35,
15,
-8,
41,
42,
-7,
37,
-8,
0,
9,
20,
23,
1,
64,
15,
25,
-20,
-13,
-4,
16,
24,
-3,
-44,
14,
-16,
5,
21,
14,
-32,
5,
-20,
-56,
13,
-10,
15,
8,
-7,
-14,
46,
-32,
-9,
-28,
26,
0,
-22,
-18,
-65,
36,
-56,
40,
-9,
17,
25,
-1,
-6,
-16,
-33,
47,
7,
7,
0,
48,
6,
29,
3,
21,
17,
-12,
-37,
2,
16,
-2,
11,
-2,
54,
-9,
-55,
25,
29,
-25,
31,
-63,
4,
-1,
18,
14,
-14,
9,
7,
34,
38,
-9,
22,
30,
-7,
-25,
-16,
-16,
50,
13,
3,
-43,
35,
13,
0,
-20,
36,
26,
3,
-9,
-29,
-12,
-8,
-38,
-17,
39,
5,
18,
-1,
-42,
58,
14,
-14,
-5,
-48,
-11,
36,
-56,
51,
26,
-38,
-11,
-12,
-28,
0,
7,
22,
-45,
-11,
6,
-18,
12,
2,
-9,
-2,
-14,
8,
-11,
-22,
28,
-36,
18,
32,
0,
6,
-5,
28,
-18,
-19,
-41,
-6,
-5,
0,
-2,
60,
57,
-43,
-17,
-43,
26,
-16,
30,
26,
35,
-48,
-19,
-5,
-10,
-23,
5,
-15,
-16,
-53,
18,
33,
5,
-11,
9,
-25,
4,
-11,
24,
-4,
-14,
12,
-29,
-3,
6,
32,
6,
-67,
-12,
15,
4,
-18,
-31,
-23,
-4,
35,
-30,
11,
6,
-7,
-16,
39,
-21,
-8,
13,
-37,
15,
0,
7,
-18,
-3,
-52,
12,
0,
-27,
52,
-31,
-19,
-10,
0,
17,
1,
24,
12,
-23,
23,
-9,
-12,
24,
-19,
16,
-32,
-37,
1,
-21,
-51,
36,
-17,
-22,
-8,
4,
29,
-21,
32,
9,
31,
-11
] |
20231101.en_13205387_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
Where applicable, number of main guns follows name (see Rating system of the Royal Navy). Note that long-lived ships could be rearmed several times. Many earlier ships went through periodic repairs and rebuildings (many now unrecorded) during which their dimensions and their armament changed considerably.
|
[
18,
-28,
5,
-32,
-7,
0,
-25,
-26,
36,
-17,
24,
22,
-8,
-12,
2,
2,
-28,
-9,
-58,
-21,
-23,
46,
-4,
-16,
-28,
-2,
47,
24,
13,
16,
13,
11,
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43,
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14,
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6,
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20,
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15,
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34,
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20,
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19,
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1,
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42,
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44,
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6,
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28,
14,
32,
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14,
1,
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39,
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9,
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24,
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48,
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31,
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25,
23,
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12,
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20,
40,
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3,
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22,
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20,
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20,
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6,
31,
26,
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21,
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2,
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19,
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23,
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52,
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-5,
-16,
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-3,
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-4,
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4,
49,
22,
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23,
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30,
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14,
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-4,
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-24,
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-28,
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-3,
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7,
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-9,
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13,
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26,
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13,
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22,
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25,
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6,
-30,
2,
-26,
-35,
-23,
-12,
-10,
-7,
50,
25,
36,
-17
] |
20231101.en_13205387_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
The number of guns listed in various sources is not really relevant; most of the large number quoted in contemporary records were small anti-personnel weapons, and the number of these would vary from time to time (changes usually unrecorded). Accordingly, the figures have been omitted.
|
[
2,
-25,
19,
-19,
-12,
-24,
-10,
6,
43,
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28,
-6,
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2,
22,
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35,
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14,
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1,
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1,
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31,
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23,
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69,
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33,
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49,
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21,
24,
24,
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23,
38,
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3,
6,
-34,
32,
-23,
-28,
1,
2,
3,
-43,
31,
33,
12,
-4
] |
20231101.en_13205387_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
Michael (1488, a prize taken from the Scots; not to be confused with the much larger Scottish carrack Michael) – last mentioned 1513
|
[
-23,
-26,
5,
1,
-26,
-17,
-14,
-52,
5,
-25,
9,
-11,
-45,
7,
-17,
-30,
-12,
-6,
-43,
-43,
22,
15,
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-22,
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55,
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51,
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7,
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21,
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14,
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22,
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6,
30,
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17,
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-18,
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1,
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56,
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
Sweepstake (prototype galleass built 1497 in Portsmouth what is thought by some to be the UK's first dry dock.) – deleted 1527
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
Heavy (bronze) guns mounted on carriages only appeared during this reign. The concept of cutting gunports into the lower deck emerged early in the period, and relatively few heavy guns were carried. Even the largest would only have heavy guns numbering in single figures, the remainder being small anti-personnel weapons.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_13
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
Mary Rose (1509) – rebuilt 1536, sank 1545, starboard-side remains recovered 1982 and preserved at Portsmouth
|
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5,
13,
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25,
17,
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36,
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38,
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7,
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44,
11,
49,
1
] |
20231101.en_13205387_14
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
Henri Grâce à Dieu ("Great Harry") 186 (1514) – rebuilt 1539, renamed Edward 1547, but accidentally burned 1553.
|
[
9,
-31,
14,
-51,
-25,
27,
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23,
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25,
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9,
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33,
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12,
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9,
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38,
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12,
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1,
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18,
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25,
37,
29,
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29,
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55,
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16,
27,
14,
20,
26,
21,
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49,
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4,
20,
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66,
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14,
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5,
6,
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23,
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35,
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25,
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12,
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3,
-35,
4,
21,
-26,
40,
27,
31,
38
] |
20231101.en_13205387_15
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
Jesus of Lübeck (ex-Hanseatic League carrack Jesus von Lübeck, purchased 1544) – sunk by Spanish 1568
|
[
5,
-30,
39,
-42,
-12,
0,
-4,
-26,
44,
-10,
12,
42,
-14,
-14,
-7,
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21,
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7,
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25,
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68,
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_16
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
These were specifically mentioned as such, although most of the "ships" above were probably carracks also.
|
[
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-7
] |
20231101.en_13205387_17
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
The galleass was a compromise between the sleek lines and underwater shape of the galley and the broadside guns of the carrack; in this sense it was the predecessor of the galleon. Primarily sailing warships, with oars as ancillary means of propulsion. Twelve were built for Henry VIII in three groups between 1536 and 1546, and two further vessels of the type were captured from the Scottish Navy and added to the English fleet, and another was purchased. As the oars were found to detract from their sailing performance, they were removed by the time of Henry's death and in 1549 all fifteen galleasses were re-classed as 'ships'. Those in good condition were rebuilt as small galleons in 1558 (six) or 1570 (two).
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_18
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
These four vessels were three-masted galleasses, each with a low forecastle and three pairs of gunports set along the rowing deck. A fifth galleasse - the George - was much smaller and was purchased rather than built for the Navy.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_19
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
The four ships built to this type (together with two similar vessels captured from the Scots) were four-masted galleasses with a higher forecastle. They also had three or four pairs of gunports on the lower deck, but also a couple of smaller pairs on the half-deck above.
|
[
19,
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2,
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_20
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
Also four-masted, these were flush-decked vessels, with the forecastle joined to the half-deck to form a continuous upper deck.
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_21
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
Also in 1546, thirteen armed rowbarges of 20 tons each were built – Double Rose, Flower de Luce (captured by the French in 1562), Sun, Harp, Cloud in the Sun, Hawthorne, Three Ostrich Feathers, Falcon in the Fetterlock, Portcullis, Rose in the Sun, Maidenhead, Roseslip and Gillyflower. The first three of these were rebuilt in 1557–58 and classed as pinnaces, the next five named above were sold in 1548–49 (for £154.4.0d each) and the last five were condemned in 1552.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_22
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
Notwithstanding the considerable number of minor additions below, few significant vessels were added during this brief reign, and the majority of those that were added are prizes. Except where a fate is stated below, all the following were only listed as king's ships in the year quoted in brackets, and did not appear subsequently in records.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_23
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
Contrary to the subsequent Elizabethan propaganda that Mary's reign neglected the Navy, this brief reign saw the addition of the first real galleons (all Henry's new or rebuilt big ships had been carracks) – the first three detailed below – and the rebuilding of six former galleasses to the galleon concept, as well as the commencement of a larger vessel ordered under the name Edward, which was to be launched as Elizabeth Jonas in the first few months of Elizabeth's reign.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_24
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
Note the number of guns given above is nominal. The much greater figures usually quoted include small/light cast-iron (anti-personnel) weapons, whereas the figures quoted here reflect the approximate number of carriage-mounted heavy bronze guns positioned on the lower or upper deck for anti-ship fire.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_25
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
GalleonsNote that the Primrose and Victory, purchased in 1560, were originally classed as "ships" rather than galleons, but the latter was rebuilt as a galleon in 1586.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_26
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
Golden Lion 38 (rebuilt in 1582 from ship of 1557) – rebuilt again in 1609 when renamed Red Lion (although usually each version was contracted to Lion)
|
[
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48,
-9,
25,
-8
] |
20231101.en_13205387_27
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
Nonpareil 38 (rebuilt in 1584 from Philip and Mary of 1556) – rebuilt 1603 again and renamed Nonsuch.
|
[
-11,
-7,
-9,
-22,
-9,
-11,
-31,
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41,
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_28
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
Ark Royal 44 (built 1587) – Built 1587 as the Ark Ralegh as a private venture for Sir Walter Ralegh, but purchased for the Queen while building and renamed Ark Royal. Rebuilt 1608 when renamed Anne Royal; wrecked 1636.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_29
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
Pinnace, name unknown, c1592. Armed with set of 12 matched cannon, unlike the mixed cannon usually used at the time. Site discovered and several cannon recovered in 2009
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_30
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
Madre de Dios (ex-Portuguese carrack Madre de Dios, captured 1592) – was not added to the English Navy
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_31
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
Number of carriage-mounted (or similar) guns follows name (see Rating system of the Royal Navy). For many early warships, the published "number of guns" included smaller anti-personnel weapons (mounted on swivels), whereas for strict comparison with later data only carriage-mounted heavy guns should be included.
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_32
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
The major ships (from 1618 onwards) are included in pages 158–159 of The Ship of the Line, Volume I, by Brian Lavery, published by Conways, 1983, . Lesser warships ("below the line") are taken from A History of the Administration on the Royal Navy (sic!) 1509–1660, by Michael Oppenheim, published by the Bodley Head, 1896. Both lists are augmented from British Warships in the Age of Sail 1603–1714: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates, by Rif Winfield, published by Seaforth Publishing, 2009, .
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_33
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
For the first time, under the Stuart monarchy, a division of the Navy into different categories was initiated. The largest of the great ships were categorised as ships royal, while the remainder were grouped as middling ships or small ships.Note that ships royal would under Charles I become the first rank (later first rate) ships; similarly, great ships would become the second rank (later second rate) ships; middling ships would become the third rank (later third rate) ships; and small ships would become the fourth rank (later fourth rate) ships – later to be further sub-divided (about 1650) into fourth, fifth and sixth rates.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_34
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
Great ships (later, second rank ships)Originally with 32–34 guns, by 1660 this had increased to 56 guns (64 in the Triumph).
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_35
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
32 guns (1605) – a rebuilding of the Nonpareil of 1584 (itself a rebuilding of the Philip and Mary of 1556.
|
[
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14
] |
20231101.en_13205387_36
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
42 (1622) – Renamed George 1649 but resumed name St George 1660, hulked 1687 and then sunk as a blockship 1697.
|
[
31,
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_37
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
Middling ships (later, third rank ships) Originally with only 28 or 30 guns, this was raised to 30–34 by 1633 and 40 guns by 1652.
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_38
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
30 guns (1620) – built as the Destiny for Sir Walter Ralegh in 1616, and acquired by the Navy in 1620 – sold at Lisbon by the Royalists 1650.
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_39
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
Note that this list only included the first part of Charles's reign preceding the English Civil War (i.e. up to 1642), Subsequent acquisitions are listed in the following section.
|
[
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31,
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_40
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
List of major English warships of the English Civil War, the Commonwealth and Protectorate (1642–1660)
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_41
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
The interregnum between the execution of Charles I in 1649 and the Restoration of royal authority in 1660 saw the full emergence of the ship-of-the-line and its employment during the first Anglo-Dutch War. During this period the English navy technically became first the Commonwealth Navy, later the Protectorate Navy and subsequently the Commonwealth Navy again; the prefix "HMS" is thus not applicable to any English warship during the Interregnum.
|
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6
] |
20231101.en_13205387_42
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
The following lists include ships of the line, i.e. vessels of the first, second, third and fourth rates which were judged fit to stand in the line of battle. Smaller warships of the fifth and sixth rates, and the even smaller unrated vessels, appear in the subsequent section.
|
[
4,
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22,
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1,
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57,
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-2
] |
20231101.en_13205387_43
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
Under the categorisation as amended in late 1653, the rates were based on the number of men in the established complement of a ship, as follows:
|
[
13,
-22,
12,
-3,
-39,
6,
38,
-40,
34,
-12,
20,
31,
-25,
6,
11,
11,
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0,
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42,
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24,
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34,
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57,
14,
26,
36,
29,
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1,
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10,
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_44
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
However, there were numerous exceptions, and ships changed their Rating from time to time.Number of main guns follows name (see rating system of the Royal Navy)The larger ships are listed in pages 159–160 of The Ship of the Line Volume I, by Brian Lavery, published by Conways, 1983, , and more fully in British Warships in the Age of Sail: 1603–1714, by Rif Winfield, published by Seaforth Publishing, 2009, . Lesser warships ("below the line") are taken from A History of the Administration on the Royal Navy (sic!) 1509–1660, by Michael Oppenheim, published by the Bodley Head, 1896, as well as from Winfield's book.
|
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3
] |
20231101.en_13205387_45
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
The frigates listed here are not the type of vessel known as frigates in the 18th and 19th centuries. The term in the 17th century signified a fast vessel, with low superstructure to give more stability.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_46
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
A programme comprising four second rates of 60 guns each was adopted in 1654. However, of these four ships the Naseby was completed as a first rate, while the Richard was reclassed as a first rate in 1660 (and renamed).
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_47
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
32 (1645) built as a private venture; she was hired by the Navy from 1646, and purchased outright in 1649 – BU 1666 for rebuild
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_48
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
1652 programme group, third rate frigates 48 (c. 1653) – Captured by the Netherlands at the Four Days Battle, 1666
|
[
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35
] |
20231101.en_13205387_49
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
The following list covers only the major vessels, all taken from the Dutch and added to the Commonwealth Navy as fourth rates; several dozen further small vessels were also captured from the Dutch during this war, and added to the Protectorate Navy, usually as fifth rate or sixth rate vessels.
|
[
30,
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15,
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33,
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44,
33,
61,
26
] |
20231101.en_13205387_50
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
42 (ex-Royalist Revenge of Whitehall, captured 1652, ex-merchantman Marmaduke) – sunk as a blockship 1667.
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_51
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
44 (ex-Portuguese, probably the Nossa Senhora da Natividade) – Captured October 1650. There is a small possibility that this may be the same ship as the earlier Convertine of 1620, which had been left behind in Lisbon by the Royalist fleet, but most experts are sceptical. Captured by the Netherlands 1666, and then retaken from the Netherlands by a Scottish privateer in 1667, but not returned to the Royal Navy.
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_52
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
A second Portuguese ship, the São Pedro de Lisboa, was also captured in October 1650, but was not added to the English Commonwealth Navy.
|
[
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35
] |
20231101.en_13205387_53
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
30 (ex-merchantman) – Sold 1667For ships-of-the-line of the Royal Navy, successor to the Protectorate Navy after 1660, see List of ships of the line of the Royal Navy List of smaller English warships of the English Civil War, the Commonwealth and Protectorate (1642–1660)
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_54
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
In principle, vessels with an established complement of fewer than 150 were classed (from late 1653) as fifth rate (with between 80 and 139 men), sixth rate (with between 50 and 79 men), or as unrated (with fewer than 50 men). However, there were numerous exceptions, and a large number of vessels changed categories during their service lives.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_55
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
British Warships in the Age of Sail 1603–1714: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates by Rif Winfield, pub Seaforth Publishing, 2009. .
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205387_56
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20early%20warships%20of%20the%20English%20navy
|
List of early warships of the English navy
|
History of the Administration of the Royal Navy and of Merchant Shipping in Relation to the Navy from 1509 to 1660 with an introduction treating of the Preceding Period'', by Michael Oppenheim, 1896. Republished 1988 by Temple Smith,
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205392_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core%20Pacific%20City
|
Core Pacific City
|
Core Pacific City, also known as the Living Mall (), was a shopping center in Songshan District, Taipei, Taiwan.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205392_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core%20Pacific%20City
|
Core Pacific City
|
The shopping mall was built in 2001. During the mall's development and construction, it was touted as the world's first truly 24-hour mall and Asia's first "city within a city" complex. When it first opened, the mall was open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205392_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core%20Pacific%20City
|
Core Pacific City
|
Before Core Pacific opened in 2001, its management had been fined by the Taipei city government for failing fire safety inspections. Further fines were levied when the mall opened to the public without actually first obtaining an operating license. In February 2002, a fire at the mall required the evacuation of 20,000 people. The fire was determined to be arson, and in July 2002 former Core Pacific official Lin Chang-cheng (林長成) was convicted of the crime along with two others, Wang Lin-kwun (王林坤) and Lin Ching-chi (林清吉). Losses were estimated at NT$12 million. The opening of Taipei 101's mall in 2003 was expected to affect the revenues of Core Pacific's tenants, although less severely than at other malls due to Core Pacific's lower price points. In 2004, the mall's management company was cited by Taiwan's Fair Trade Commission for unfair trade practices relating to a gift certificate promotion campaign.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205392_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core%20Pacific%20City
|
Core Pacific City
|
In March 2018, the Core Pacific Group put up the shopping mall for auction with real estate broker Cushman & Wakefield. The auction opened to the public on 12 December 2018 with an opening price of NT$38 billion.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205392_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core%20Pacific%20City
|
Core Pacific City
|
Core Pacific City closed on 30 November 2019 and subsequently demolished. On its final day of operation, 100,000 people came to the mall.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205392_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core%20Pacific%20City
|
Core Pacific City
|
The shopping mall had a total floor space of 204,190 m2. The structure was a complex of two buildings - an L-shaped building which contains specialty boutiques connected to a sphere which contains the Mira Department Store. The complex consisted of 12 above-ground stories and 7 underground levels. Core Pacific's total 19 story height is attributed to Taipei's extremely expensive land costs.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13205392_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core%20Pacific%20City
|
Core Pacific City
|
The sphere, considered to be Core Pacific's most dominant and visible feature, is 11 stories tall and clad in granite imported from Finland, while the L-shaped portion features granite from Spain. The mall's architects were the Jerde Partnership and Artech, Inc. Jerde won the 2002 Gold Nugget Special Award of Excellence at the Pacific Coast Builders Conference/Western Building Show for its effort. The engineering firm Arup was also recognized in 2002 for its work on the mall with a Structural Engineering Association of California Award for Excellence.
|
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24,
1,
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1,
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33,
5,
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13,
11,
-29,
14,
-26,
17,
-5
] |
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