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When was quantum field theory developed?
|
[
{
"id": "25267#12",
"score": 0.7742047309875488,
"text": "Quantum field theory naturally began with the study of electromagnetic interactions, as the electromagnetic field was the only known classical field as of the 1920s.[8]:1"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "22483#12",
"score": 0.7280551195144653,
"text": "Quantum optics gained practical importance with the inventions of the maser in 1953 and of the laser in 1960. Following the work of Paul Dirac in quantum field theory, George Sudarshan, Roy J. Glauber, and Leonard Mandel applied quantum theory to the electromagnetic field in the 1950s and 1960s to gain a more detailed understanding of photodetection and the statistics of light.",
"topk_rank": 0
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"id": "26998617#7",
"score": 0.7265265583992004,
"text": "In the late 1920s, the new rules of quantum mechanics were first applied to the electromagnetic fields. In 1927, Paul Dirac used quantum fields to successfully explain how the decay of an atom to a lower quantum state lead to the spontaneous emission of a photon, the quantum of the electromagnetic field. This was soon followed by the realization (following the work of Pascual Jordan, Eugene Wigner, Werner Heisenberg, and Wolfgang Pauli) that all particles, including electrons and protons, could be understood as the quanta of some quantum field, elevating fields to the status of the most fundamental objects in nature. That said, John Wheeler and Richard Feynman seriously considered Newton's pre-field concept of action at a distance (although they set it aside because of the ongoing utility of the field concept for research in general relativity and quantum electrodynamics).",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "26998617#32",
"score": 0.7120104432106018,
"text": "Field theory usually refers to a construction of the dynamics of a field, i.e. a specification of how a field changes with time or with respect to other independent physical variables on which the field depends. Usually this is done by writing a Lagrangian or a Hamiltonian of the field, and treating it as a classical or quantum mechanical system with an infinite number of degrees of freedom. The resulting field theories are referred to as classical or quantum field theories.",
"topk_rank": 2
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{
"id": "52277324#2",
"score": 0.7101144790649414,
"text": "Brown is one of the leading science historians for the development of quantum field theory and elementary particle physics, especially in the era after 1945. During the 1990s one focus of his work was the history of modern physics in Japan.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "622053#5",
"score": 0.7099197506904602,
"text": "In the 1940s, Werner Heisenberg developed, independently, and substantiated the idea of the S-matrix. Because of the problematic divergences present in quantum field theory at that time, Heisenberg was motivated to isolate the \"essential features of the theory\" that would not be affected by future changes as the theory developed. In doing so, he was led to introduce a unitary \"characteristic\" S-matrix.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "26998617#27",
"score": 0.7076287269592285,
"text": "It is now believed that quantum mechanics should underlie all physical phenomena, so that a classical field theory should, at least in principle, permit a recasting in quantum mechanical terms; success yields the corresponding quantum field theory. For example, quantizing classical electrodynamics gives quantum electrodynamics. Quantum electrodynamics is arguably the most successful scientific theory; experimental data confirm its predictions to a higher precision (to more significant digits) than any other theory. The two other fundamental quantum field theories are quantum chromodynamics and the electroweak theory.",
"topk_rank": 5
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{
"id": "2078963#1",
"score": 0.703289806842804,
"text": "Efforts to describe gravity using the same techniques have, to date, failed. The study of quantum field theory is still flourishing, as are applications of its methods to many physical problems. It remains one of the most vital areas of theoretical physics today, providing a common language to several different branches of physics.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "993492#2",
"score": 0.6997900605201721,
"text": "The field emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s and at first was an almost exclusively British practice. Other early centers for the development of the field were in France, Germany, and the United States (notably at Cornell University). Major theorists include Barry Barnes, David Bloor, Sal Restivo, Randall Collins, Gaston Bachelard, Harry Collins, Paul Feyerabend, Steve Fuller, Martin Kusch, Bruno Latour, Mike Mulkay, Derek J. de Solla Price, Lucy Suchman and Anselm Strauss.",
"topk_rank": 7
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{
"id": "25202#39",
"score": 0.698441743850708,
"text": "Early attempts to merge quantum mechanics with special relativity involved the replacement of the Schrödinger equation with a covariant equation such as the Klein–Gordon equation or the Dirac equation. While these theories were successful in explaining many experimental results, they had certain unsatisfactory qualities stemming from their neglect of the relativistic creation and annihilation of particles. A fully relativistic quantum theory required the development of quantum field theory, which applies quantization to a field (rather than a fixed set of particles). The first complete quantum field theory, quantum electrodynamics, provides a fully quantum description of the electromagnetic interaction. The full apparatus of quantum field theory is often unnecessary for describing electrodynamic systems. A simpler approach, one that has been employed since the inception of quantum mechanics, is to treat charged particles as quantum mechanical objects being acted on by a classical electromagnetic field. For example, the elementary quantum model of the hydrogen atom describes the electric field of the hydrogen atom using a classical formula_2 Coulomb potential. This \"semi-classical\" approach fails if quantum fluctuations in the electromagnetic field play an important role, such as in the emission of photons by charged particles.",
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{
"id": "28305#11",
"score": 0.698234498500824,
"text": "The application of quantum mechanics to physical objects such as the electromagnetic field, which are extended in space and time, is known as quantum field theory. In particle physics, quantum field theories form the basis for our understanding of elementary particles, which are modeled as excitations in the fundamental fields.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "1293340#64",
"score": 0.6978821754455566,
"text": "Further development of quantum field theory changed the focus of searching for unified field theory from classical to quantum description. Because of that, many theoretical physicists gave up looking for a classical unified field theory. Quantum field theory would include unification of other two fundamental forces of nature, strong and weak nuclear force which act on subatomic level.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "25267#25",
"score": 0.6973204612731934,
"text": "It was with the invention of the renormalization procedure and Feynman diagrams that QFT finally arose as a complete theoretical framework.[8]:2",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "47641#22",
"score": 0.6961294412612915,
"text": "Technically, quantum field theory provides the mathematical framework for the Standard Model, in which a Lagrangian controls the dynamics and kinematics of the theory. Each kind of particle is described in terms of a dynamical field that pervades space-time. The construction of the Standard Model proceeds following the modern method of constructing most field theories: by first postulating a set of symmetries of the system, and then by writing down the most general renormalizable Lagrangian from its particle (field) content that observes these symmetries.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "291912#3",
"score": 0.6922520995140076,
"text": "The earliest field theory having a gauge symmetry was Maxwell's formulation, in 1864–65, of electrodynamics (\"A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field\"). The importance of this symmetry remained unnoticed in the earliest formulations. Similarly unnoticed, Hilbert had derived Einstein's equations of general relativity by postulating a symmetry under any change of coordinates. Later Hermann Weyl, inspired by success in Einstein's general relativity, conjectured (incorrectly, as it turned out) in year 1919 that invariance under the change of scale or \"gauge\" (a term inspired by the various track gauges of railroads) might also be a local symmetry of electromagnetism. Although Weyl's choice of the gauge was incorrect, the name \"gauge\" stuck to the approach. After the development of quantum mechanics, Weyl, Fock and London modified their gauge choice by replacing the scale factor with a change of wave phase, and applying it successfully to electromagnetism. Gauge symmetry was generalized mathematically in 1954 by Chen Ning Yang and Robert Mills in an attempt to describe the strong nuclear forces. This idea, dubbed Yang–Mills theory, later found application in the quantum field theory of the weak force, and its unification with electromagnetism in the electroweak theory.",
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},
{
"id": "25267#13",
"score": 0.6920015215873718,
"text": "Through the works of Born, Heisenberg, and Pascual Jordan in 1925-1926, a quantum theory of the free electromagnetic field (one with no interactions with matter) was developed via canonical quantization by treating the electromagnetic field as a set of quantum harmonic oscillators.[8]:1 With the exclusion of interactions, however, such a theory was yet incapable of making quantitative predictions about the real world.[3]:22",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "438476#3",
"score": 0.6898641586303711,
"text": "The basic idea of the path integral formulation can be traced back to Norbert Wiener, who introduced the Wiener integral for solving problems in diffusion and Brownian motion. This idea was extended to the use of the Lagrangian in quantum mechanics by P. A. M. Dirac in his 1933 article. The complete method was developed in 1948 by Richard Feynman. Some preliminaries were worked out earlier in his doctoral work under the supervision of John Archibald Wheeler. The original motivation stemmed from the desire to obtain a quantum-mechanical formulation for the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory using a Lagrangian (rather than a Hamiltonian) as a starting point.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "28433260#2",
"score": 0.689597487449646,
"text": "Gupta introduced in 1950, simultaneously and independently of Konrad Bleuler, the Gupta–Bleuler quantization of the quantum electrodynamics (QED) that takes the covariant Lorenz gauge condition on an indefinite metric in Hilbert space of states realized. From it came some of the first attempts, to derive the equations of general relativity from quantum field theory for a massless spin two particle (graviton). Similar work has also led Robert Kraichnan in the 1940s (not published until 1955) and later in the 1960s, by Richard Feynman and Steven Weinberg. Later he worked in various areas of quantum field theory and elementary particle physics, including quantum chromodynamics and quarkonium.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "291912#2",
"score": 0.6885687112808228,
"text": "With the advent of quantum mechanics in the 1920s, and with successive advances in quantum field theory, the importance of gauge transformations has steadily grown. Gauge theories constrain the laws of physics, because all the changes induced by a gauge transformation have to cancel each other out when written in terms of observable quantities. Over the course of the 20th century, physicists gradually realized that all forces (fundamental interactions) arise from the constraints imposed by \"local\" gauge symmetries, in which case the transformations vary from point to point in space and time. Perturbative quantum field theory (usually employed for scattering theory) describes forces in terms of force-mediating particles called gauge bosons. The nature of these particles is determined by the nature of the gauge transformations. The culmination of these efforts is the Standard Model, a quantum field theory that accurately predicts all of the fundamental interactions except gravity.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "2796131#86",
"score": 0.6875693798065186,
"text": "In the 1960s [[physicist]]s realized that QED broke down at extremely high energies. From this inconsistency the [[Standard Model]] of particle physics was discovered, which remedied the higher energy breakdown in theory. It is another extended quantum field theory that unifies the electromagnetic and [[weak interaction]]s into one theory. This is called the [[electroweak theory]].",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "25267#0",
"score": 0.6872100830078125,
"text": "Quantum field theoryFeynman diagram History Background Field theory Electromagnetism Weak force Strong force Quantum mechanics Special relativity General relativity Gauge theory Symmetries Symmetry in quantum mechanics C-symmetry P-symmetry T-symmetry Space translation symmetry Time translation symmetry Rotation symmetry Lorentz symmetry Poincaré symmetry Gauge symmetry Explicit symmetry breaking Spontaneous symmetry breaking Yang–Mills theory Noether charge Topological charge Tools Anomaly Crossing Effective field theory Expectation value Ghost fields Faddeev–Popov ghosts Feynman diagram Lattice gauge theory LSZ reduction formula Partition function Propagator Quantization Regularization Renormalization Vacuum state Wick's theorem Wightman axioms Feynman parametrization Equations Dirac equation Klein–Gordon equation Proca equations Wheeler–DeWitt equation Bargmann–Wigner equations Joos–Weinberg equation Weyl equation Standard Model Quantum electrodynamics Electroweak interaction Quantum chromodynamics Higgs mechanism Incomplete theories Topological quantum field theory String theory Superstring theory M-Theory Supersymmetry Supergravity Technicolor Theory of everything Quantum gravity Scientists C. D. Anderson P. W. Anderson Bethe Bjorken Bogoliubov Brout Callan Coleman DeWitt Dirac Dyson Englert Fermi Feynman Fierz Fock Fröhlich Glashow Gell-Mann Gross Guralnik Heisenberg Higgs Haag Hagen 't Hooft Jordan Kendall Kibble Lamb Landau Lee Majorana Mills Nambu Nishijima Parisi Polyakov Salam Schwinger Skyrme Sudarshan Tomonaga Veltman Ward Weinberg Weisskopf Weyl Wilczek Wilson Yang Yukawa vt",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
2
|
Does plastic decompose at all?
|
[
{
"id": "6104177#0",
"score": 0.7020542025566101,
"text": "Biodegradable plastics are plastics that can be decomposed by the action of living organisms, usually bacteria.[1]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "26145195#7",
"score": 0.6668598651885986,
"text": "The success and dominance of plastics starting in the early 20th century led to environmental concerns regarding its slow decomposition rate after being discarded as trash due to its composition of large molecules. Toward the end of the century, one approach to this problem was met with wide efforts toward recycling.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "201689#23",
"score": 0.6568993926048279,
"text": "Microbial communities isolated from soil samples mixed with starch have been shown to be capable of degrading polypropylene.\nPolypropylene has been reported to degrade while in human body as implantable mesh devices. The degraded material forms a tree bark-like layer at the surface of mesh fibers.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "4896252#0",
"score": 0.6538717150688171,
"text": "Plastic is a polymerized material. It may also refer to:",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "52848801#1",
"score": 0.6526078581809998,
"text": "Over the course of the past 50 years, plastics have increasingly become a large part of people's lives all around the world. Due to the durability, versatility, and low cost of plastics, consumers and industries utilize plastics for a variety of products. However, with increased production and consumption of plastics comes an increase in plastic waste that inevitably makes its way into the ocean. Scientists estimate that there is over 150 million tons of plastic residing in the World's oceans today.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "5761884#15",
"score": 0.652575671672821,
"text": "Plastic packaging waste, that is not upcycled, is recycled into a raw material that can be used in plastic products, including playgrounds, plastic lumber, plastic pavers, bike racks, park benches, and garbage and recycling cans.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "26145195#69",
"score": 0.649736762046814,
"text": "While containers are usually made from a single type and color of plastic, making them relatively easy to sort, a consumer product like a cellular phone may have many small parts consisting of over a dozen different types and colors of plastics. In such cases, the resources it would take to separate the plastics far exceed their value and the item is discarded. However, developments are taking place in the field of active disassembly, which may result in more product components being reused or recycled. Recycling certain types of plastics can be unprofitable as well. For example, polystyrene is rarely recycled because the process is usually not cost effective. These unrecycled wastes are typically disposed of in landfills, incinerated or used to produce electricity at waste-to-energy plants.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "2511505#23",
"score": 0.648246705532074,
"text": "Plastic bottles are known to constitute plastic marine pollution, and eventually break down into smaller pieces because of ultraviolet light, salt degradation or wave action. Glass bottles can break into sharp-edged pieces, and bottle caps are ingested by sea birds.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "5220330#17",
"score": 0.6481260657310486,
"text": "Most paper cups are designed for a single use and then disposal. Very little recycled paper is used to make paper cups because of contamination concerns and regulations. Since most paper cups are coated with plastic (polyethylene), then both composting and recycling of paper cups is uncommon because of the difficulty in separating the polyethylene in the recycling process of said cups. As of 2016, there are only two facilities in the UK able to properly recycle PE-coated cups; in the absence of such facilities, the cups are taken to landfill or incinerated.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "39367099#1",
"score": 0.6471465229988098,
"text": "In 2016 \"I. sakaiensis\" was shown to degrade PET, a polymer widely used in food containers, bottles and synthetic fibers. Adhered to a low-grade PET film, the bacteria used two novel enzymes to decompose the plastic into two environmentally benign substances, which served as their main food source.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "23001#49",
"score": 0.6462224125862122,
"text": "The degradation of polymers to form smaller molecules may proceed by random scission or specific scission. The degradation of polyethylene occurs by random scission—a random breakage of the bonds that hold the atoms of the polymer together. When heated above 450°C, polyethylene degrades to form a mixture of hydrocarbons. Other polymers, such as poly(alpha-methylstyrene), undergo specific chain scission with breakage occurring only at the ends. They literally unzip or depolymerize back to the constituent monomer.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "37201518#56",
"score": 0.645328164100647,
"text": "There are varying rates of recycling per type of plastic, and in 2011, the overall plastic recycling rate was approximately 8% in the United States. Approximately 2.7 million tons of plastics were recycled in the U.S. in 2011. Some plastics are recycled more than others; in 2011 \"29 percent of HDPE bottles and 29 percent of PET bottles and jars were recycled.\"",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "1916373#4",
"score": 0.6431150436401367,
"text": "Although less vulnerable to cracking than a jewel case, the disc tray inside the package (particularly the \"teeth\" of the hub which secure the disc in place) remains rather brittle and is prone to cracking if the package is crushed. The disc tray can become detached if handled or stored improperly.\nManufacturers have sought to reduce environmental impact and improve functionality by introducing recycled components into its trays; one has announced a 100% post-consumer PET tray made from recycled bottles, which also eliminates the need for the brittle \"teeth\". Another one goes one step further by totally eliminating the plastic tray and replacing it with a paper tray made from sugarcane and egg carton. Many printers use recycled or sustainable material for the board stock.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "53001281#6",
"score": 0.6430665254592896,
"text": "Plastic coatings or layers usually make paper recycling more difficult. Some plastic laminations can be separated from the paper during the recycling process, allowing filtering out the film. If the coated paper is shredded prior to recycling, the degree of separation depends on the particular process. Some plastic coatings are water dispersible to aid recycling and repulping. Special recycling processes are available to help separate plastics. Some plastic coated papers are incinerated for heat or landfilled rather than recycled.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "22101777#16",
"score": 0.6426257491111755,
"text": "In recent years manufacturers have been working on developing more sustainable alternatives to traditional plastic products. Amongst them are plates and cutlery made from bamboo and wood (mostly birch). Throughout the entire life cycle of wood products, there are far fewer environmental repercussions than with traditional plastics or so called \"bioplastics\" like PLA. The production process is free of chemicals and the products decompose usually in the matter of only a few months. Currently wood and bamboo products are more costly than traditional plastics and not as widely available, which makes it challenging for some restaurants to switch.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "1666161#3",
"score": 0.6373696327209473,
"text": "Plastic bags can be incinerated with their contents in appropriate facilities for waste-to-energy conversion. They are stable and benign in sanitary landfills; some are degradable under specified conditions.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "49255451#6",
"score": 0.6371172070503235,
"text": "An alternative to economically dispose of plastics is to burn them in an incinerator. Incinerators capable of cleanly burning polymers exist and while they require significant capital investment, the energy produced offsets the economic impact. Since most plastics are produced from petroleum, their molecules consist exclusively or primarily of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms. With proper design, an incinerator can completely combust these plastics allowing the recovery of energy stored in the original petroleum feedstock which would otherwise escape during processes such as degradation. Some polymers contain chlorine or nitrogen which can result in undesirable combustion products however the use of scrubbers can remove such products. The end result is that many polymers burn more cleanly than coal and as clean as most oils.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "188774#12",
"score": 0.6356367468833923,
"text": "Some manufacturers offer a warranty on the structural integrity of the coffin. However, no coffin, regardless of its construction material (\"e.g.\", metal rather than wood), whether or not it is sealed, and whether or not the deceased was embalmed beforehand, will perfectly preserve the body. In some cases, a sealed coffin may actually speed up rather than slow down the process of decomposition. An airtight coffin, for example, fosters decomposition by anaerobic bacteria, which results in a putrefied liquefaction of the body, and all putrefied tissue remains inside the container, only to be exposed in the event of an exhumation. A container that allows air to pass in and out, such as a simple wooden box, allows for clean skeletonization. However the situation will vary according to soil or air conditions, and climate.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "44520102#6",
"score": 0.6344542503356934,
"text": "Starch is not often used alone as a plastic material because of its brittle nature, but is commonly used as a biodegradation additive. Many plasticizers use starch-glycerol-water to modify starch’s brittle nature. Biodegradation of this blend was tested and was found that by the second day the degraded carbon had already attained about 100% of the initial carbon of the sample.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "77385#33",
"score": 0.6328855752944946,
"text": "Moreover, the widespread usage of polyethylene poses difficulties for waste management if it is not recycled. Polyethylene is not readily biodegradable, and thus accumulates in landfills. Incineration may result in harmful gaseous emissions.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "907007#12",
"score": 0.6315602660179138,
"text": "Some litter that is collected can be recycled, however degraded litter cannot be recycled and eventually degrades to sludge, often toxic. The majority of litter that is collected goes to landfills.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
3
|
Who was the first Nobel prize winner for Literature?
|
[
{
"id": "11636805#0",
"score": 0.7416117191314697,
"text": "The Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) is awarded annually by the Swedish Academy to authors for outstanding contributions in the field of literature. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Swedish Academy.[2] The first Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded in 1901 to Sully Prudhomme of France.[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.[4] In 1901, Prudhomme received 150,782 SEK, which is equivalent to 8,823,637.78 SEK in January 2018. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "32172533#13",
"score": 0.7032173871994019,
"text": "In 1986 Nigerian writer, poet and playwright, Wole Soyinka became the first post-independence African writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "26308#58",
"score": 0.6941664814949036,
"text": "In 1907, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature after having been nominated in that year by Charles Oman, professor at the University of Oxford. The prize citation said: \"In consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author.\" Nobel prizes had been established in 1901 and Kipling was the first English-language recipient. At the award ceremony in Stockholm on 10 December 1907, the Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy, Carl David af Wirsén, praised both Kipling and three centuries of English literature:",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "24074815#5",
"score": 0.6865748167037964,
"text": "Eminent Person - Literature:",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "13502124#8",
"score": 0.6858365535736084,
"text": "In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Arab world experienced al-Nahda, a Renaissance-esque movement which touched nearly all areas of life, including literature. One of the most important figures from this time was Naguib Mahfouz, the first Egyptian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. In 1914 Muhammad Husayn Haykal wrote \"Zaynab\", considered the first modern Egyptian as well as Islamic novel.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "23385442#43",
"score": 0.6846758723258972,
"text": "The America Award in Literature, which does not include a monetary prize, presents itself as an alternative to the Nobel Prize in Literature. To date, Harold Pinter and José Saramago are the only writers to have received both the America Award and the Nobel Prize in Literature.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "4152716#2",
"score": 0.6835559606552124,
"text": "Novels were introduced to Bengali literature in the mid-19th century. Rabindranath Tagore, poet, playwright, novelist, painter, essayist, musician, and social reformer, is the best known figure of Bengali literature to the world. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913. After the post-partition era, Bengali literature comprises literature of erstwhile East Pakistan (modern-day Bangladesh) and of West Bengal.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "88893#1",
"score": 0.6823539733886719,
"text": "Lessing was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature. In awarding the prize, the Swedish Academy described her as \"that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny\". Lessing was the oldest person ever to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "17416221#92",
"score": 0.6816513538360596,
"text": "Notable white South African authors include Alan Paton, who published the novel \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" in 1948. Nadine Gordimer became the first South African to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, in 1991. JM Coetzee won the Nobel Prize for Literature, in 2003. When awarding the prize, the Swedish Academy stated that Coetzee \"in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider.\"",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "236590#0",
"score": 0.6775153875350952,
"text": "Romain Rolland (; 29 January 1866 – 30 December 1944) was a French dramatist, novelist, essayist, art historian and mystic who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1915 \"as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings\".",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "411828#14",
"score": 0.6774558424949646,
"text": "In 1917, he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in literature.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "53254#46",
"score": 0.6765459775924683,
"text": "The writer Grazia Deledda won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1926.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "5992929#30",
"score": 0.6752374768257141,
"text": "The novel \"Growth of the Soil\" was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1920. This is Hamsun's speech at the Nobel Banquet at Grand Hôtel, Stockholm, December 10, 1920 translated to English.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "21976523#0",
"score": 0.674195408821106,
"text": "The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics. Each prize is awarded by a separate committee: the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a cash prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, the winners of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK. The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "21967236#0",
"score": 0.674195408821106,
"text": "The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics. Each prize is awarded by a separate committee: the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a cash prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, the winners of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK. The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "22806825#0",
"score": 0.672754168510437,
"text": "The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics. Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a cash prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, the winners of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK. The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "56341458#14",
"score": 0.6727131009101868,
"text": "Major British authors both historical and contemporary literature such as William Shakespeare, Lewis Carroll, the Brontë sisters, Jane Austen, Beatrix Potter, Charles Dickens, J. R. R. Tolkien & J. K. Rowling are all popular in Sweden. Due to the high literary knowledge of English language, many popular works are available and read in their original text as well as translated versions. Around ten British authors including Rudyard Kipling, T. S. Eliot, Harold Pinter and the current winner Kazuo Ishiguro have all won the respected Nobel Prize in Literature which is awarded by the Swedish Academy. One British-Irish laureate George Bernard Shaw, used his prize money to help set-up and run the Anglo-Swedish Literary Foundation, a foundation which helps literate links between the UK and Sweden.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "19828023#0",
"score": 0.672678530216217,
"text": "The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics. Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a cash prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, the winners of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK. The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "21201#1",
"score": 0.6715510487556458,
"text": "The will of the Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel established the five Nobel prizes in 1895. The prizes in Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine were first awarded in 1901. The prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards available in the fields of chemistry, literature, peace activism, physics, and physiology or medicine.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "152735#37",
"score": 0.6708915829658508,
"text": "Theologian Luther, who translated the Bible into German, is widely credited for having set the basis for the modern \"High German\" language. Among the most admired German poets and authors are Lessing, Goethe, Schiller, Kleist, Hoffmann, Brecht, Heine and Schmidt. Nine Germans have won the Nobel Prize in literature: Theodor Mommsen, Paul von Heyse, Gerhart Hauptmann, Thomas Mann, Nelly Sachs, Hermann Hesse, Heinrich Böll, Günter Grass, and Herta Müller.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "155037#0",
"score": 0.6708411574363708,
"text": "Odysseus Elytis (; , pen name of Odysseus Alepoudellis, ; 2 November 1911 – 18 March 1996) was regarded as a major exponent of romantic modernism in Greece and the world. In 1979 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
4
|
How long does a philosophy degree take?
|
[
{
"id": "21031297#1",
"score": 0.5914022922515869,
"text": "The specific requirements to earn a PhD degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, and time period, from entry-level research degrees to higher doctorates. During the studies that lead to the degree, the student is called a doctoral student or PhD student; a student who has completed all of their coursework and comprehensive examinations and is working on their thesis/dissertation is sometimes known as a doctoral candidate or PhD candidate (see: all but dissertation). A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions, or may be granted a master's degree en route to the doctoral degree. Sometimes this status is also colloquially known as \"Ph.D. ABD\", meaning \"All But Dissertation.\"[5]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "11719855#23",
"score": 0.5618088841438293,
"text": "Philosophical anthropology is the philosophical study of human nature. In terms of learning, examples of descriptive theories of the learner are: a mind, soul, and spirit capable of emulating the Absolute Mind (Idealism); an orderly, sensing, and rational being capable of understanding the world of things (Realism), a rational being with a soul modeled after God and who comes to know God through reason and revelation (Neo-Thomism), an evolving and active being capable of interacting with the environment (Pragmatism), a fundamentally free and individual being who is capable of being authentic through the making of and taking responsibility for choices (Existentialism). Philosophical concepts for the process of education include \"Bildung\" and \"paideia\".",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "2654608#2",
"score": 0.5617213845252991,
"text": "At age 16, Coe started studying at Chelsea College of Arts, where she graduated with a B.A. in 1970 at the age of 18. Coe went on to study graphic design at Royal College of Art in London from 1970–1973. However, she was too young to attend and lied about her age on the college application. After she received her M.A. from Royal College of Art, Coe moved to New York City, where she lived between 1972 and 2001. Coe had been an art teacher, and decided to fully dedicated herself to art making by 1978. In 2013 she was a visiting artist at Parsons School of Design and taught about social awareness in art.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "32437886#4",
"score": 0.5617187023162842,
"text": "Credo uses the block system, where students focus one subject intensively for four weeks. Through this, every student takes physics, chemistry, biology, and earth science each year and is able to build a deep comprehension of the subjects by graduation. All types of history are also included as morning blocks, as well as ongoing track classes. Math is taught five days a week and World Language is taught four days a week.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "6687731#2",
"score": 0.5616034865379333,
"text": "On average, approximately 65% of Whetstone HS graduates enter either a four-year college/university, a two-year institution, or a technical program. Approximately 50% of graduates acquire the CCS Certificate of College Preparation and 30% receive the Certificate of Specialization.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "19350315#1",
"score": 0.5615837574005127,
"text": "Brennan received a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics in 1962 from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and two years later received her Masters in Atmospheric Physics from the same institution. From 1970, she participated in courses at a number of unaccredited institutions, offering courses in the \"human energy field\". She completed a two–year program in Therapeutic Counselling at the Community of the Whole Person in Washington, D.C., followed by a three-year program in Core Energetics at the Institute for Core Energetics in New York City in 1978 and a five-year program in Spiritual Healership at the Phoenicia Pathwork Center in Phoenicia, New York in 1979. She was strongly influenced by Eva and John Pierrakos, who founded a system for self-transformation called the Pathwork, drawing on the ideas of Wilhelm Reich and Alexander Lowen. Brennan worked with the Pierrakos, and became a Pathwork Helper and Core Energetics therapist. Brennan also took seminars with and was influenced by Rev. Rosalyn L. Bruyere. She developed her own private healing practice in 1977 and then established a training programme to teach others. Brennan has a PhD in philosophy from Greenwich University in Australia and DTh in theology from Holos University, both earned in 2001. These universities are unaccredited.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "226023#20",
"score": 0.5614793300628662,
"text": "In March 2010, UC received accreditation for a Master of Arts in Christian Studies, to be offered within the Department of Missions and Ministry. The program is 30 credit hours and is offered with three areas of concentration in Biblical Studies, Christian Education and Church Planting. The program will be delivered in an online format and was expected to begin in the fall of 2010.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "13692155#36",
"score": 0.5614750385284424,
"text": "These divisions are neither exhaustive, nor mutually exclusive. (A philosopher might specialize in Kantian epistemology, or Platonic aesthetics, or modern political philosophy.) Furthermore, these philosophical inquiries sometimes overlap with each other and with other inquiries such as science, religion or mathematics.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "420676#35",
"score": 0.5614652633666992,
"text": " Anatomy-Physiology (3 hours Theory/week)\nSpecial Subjects (Students can Select 2 Subjects):",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "4253853#1",
"score": 0.5614132285118103,
"text": "Henry was born at Hainbuch (Hembuche), near Langenstein in Hesse. He studied at the University of Paris, where he finished a \"Magister Artium\" in 1363, and became professor of philosophy this same year. He finished a Theology Doctor degree in 1375 and then became a professor of theology as well.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "25228108#11",
"score": 0.5614100098609924,
"text": "According to a Pennsylvania Department of Education study released in January 2009, 15% of the Saint Marys Area High School graduates required remediation in mathematics and or reading before they were prepared to take college level courses in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education or community colleges. Less than 66% of Pennsylvania high school graduates, who enroll in a four-year college in Pennsylvania, will earn a bachelor's degree within six years. Among Pennsylvania high school graduates pursuing an associate degree, only one in three graduate in three years. Per the Pennsylvania Department of Education, one in three recent high school graduates who attend Pennsylvania's public universities and community colleges takes at least one remedial course in math, reading or English.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "21718891#14",
"score": 0.5613771677017212,
"text": "According to a Pennsylvania Department of Education study released in January 2009, 9% of the Conemaugh Township Area High School graduates required remediation in mathematics and or reading before they were prepared to take college level courses in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education or community colleges. Less than 66% of Pennsylvania high school graduates, who enroll in a four-year college in Pennsylvania, will earn a bachelor's degree within six years. Among Pennsylvania high school graduates pursuing an associate degree, only one in three graduate in three years. Per the Pennsylvania Department of Education, one in three recent high school graduates who attend Pennsylvania's public universities and community colleges takes at least one remedial course in math, reading or English.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "41875279#1",
"score": 0.5613429546356201,
"text": "In 1961, he graduated summa cum laude from Monmouth College and in 1969, he received as Ph. D. from Johns Hopkins University in philosophy. In 1965, he became a faculty member of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and was chair of the department from 1980 to 1985. He was a Woodrow Wilson Fellow and a member of Phi Beta Kappa. His philosophical research focused on ethics, aesthetics, and the philosophy of Kant. He retired and became professor emeritus in 2010.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "4983632#2",
"score": 0.5613415241241455,
"text": "In the late 2006, Lewis started a PhD program studying religion and literature at Boston University. There he also helped organize the \"Graven Images: Religion in Comic Books and Graphic Novels Conference\" and co-edit its later text \"Graven Images: Religion in Comic Books and Graphic Novels\" published in 2010. He completed his PhD in 2012 and revamped his dissertation work into the book \"American Comics, Literary Theory, and Religion: The Superhero Afterlife\" published in 2014 by Palgrave Macmillan.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "717904#17",
"score": 0.561340868473053,
"text": "Xavier does not offer engineering degrees but belongs to partnerships with several engineering institutions that automatically admit qualified Xavier science students interested in pursuing a bachelor's in an engineering discipline. Students who successfully complete the program will receive a bachelor's degree from Xavier and the chosen engineering institution in approximately five years. Engineering institutions in partnership with Xavier are Tulane University, University of New Orleans, Southern University at Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University, University of Notre Dame, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, University of Detroit Mercy, Georgia Institute of Technology, and University of Wisconsin at Madison.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "44387911#7",
"score": 0.5612872838973999,
"text": "The Middle School (collège) lasts of 4 years (from sixième to troisième). Instruction is structured according to subjects: French, English, mathematics, history, geography, civics, biology, chemistry, physics, technology, art, music, and physical education.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "37446136#1",
"score": 0.561281681060791,
"text": "Paul graduated from Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio in 1990 with a B.A. in chemistry. Before going to graduate school, Paul corresponded with a number of philosophers about their work, including Nancy Cartwright and Lynne Rudder Baker. In 1999, Paul graduated from Princeton University with a Ph.D in philosophy, where she wrote a dissertation titled \"Essays on Causation\" under the supervision of David Lewis.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "55862903#1",
"score": 0.5611578226089478,
"text": "Ash completed undergraduate study at Oxford. She subsequently studied for an MA in Toronto, before obtaining a DPhil from the University of Oxford.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "754683#9",
"score": 0.5611541271209717,
"text": "A course of instruction lasts three years and comprises obligatory subjects common to all students, subjects that are part of the student's study programme, and elective subjects. Many subjects can be studied at different levels, called A, B and C; A is the highest level which usually means the student has to study this subject for all three years of the Gymnasium course.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "57249636#1",
"score": 0.5611404776573181,
"text": "Eighmy graduated from Tufts University in 1980 with a B.S. in biology. He earned a M.S. in civil engineering in 1983 and a Ph.D. in environmental engineering in 1986, both from the University of New Hampshire.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "27411049#1",
"score": 0.5611177682876587,
"text": "He received degrees in journalism at Comenius University in Bratislava in 1996 and in film directing at the Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava in 2001. He gained his PhD in Mass Media from the Faculty of Philosophy at Comenius University in Bratislava in 2005.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
5
|
Was there a year 0?
|
[
{
"id": "4145437#0",
"score": 0.754570484161377,
"text": "Year zero does not exist in the anno Domini system usually used to number years in the Gregorian calendar and in its predecessor, the Julian calendar. In this system, the year 1 BC is followed by AD 1. However, there is a year zero in astronomical year numbering (where it coincides with the Julian year 1 BC) and in ISO 8601:2004 (where it coincides with the Gregorian year 1 BC) as well as in all Buddhist and Hindu calendars."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "23397214#3",
"score": 0.7081609964370728,
"text": "For these calendars one can distinguish two systems of numbering years BC. Bede and later historians did not use the Latin zero, \"nulla\", as a year (see 0 (year)), so the year preceding AD 1 is 1 BC. In this system the year 1 BC is a leap year (likewise in the proleptic Julian calendar). Mathematically, it is more convenient to include a year 0 and represent earlier years as negative, for the specific purpose of facilitating the calculation of the number of years between a negative (BC) year and a positive (AD) year. This is the convention used in astronomical year numbering and in the international standard date system, ISO 8601. In these systems, the year 0 is a leap year.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "2551#4",
"score": 0.701900064945221,
"text": "Cassini gave the following reasons for using a year 0:\nFred Espanak of NASA lists 50 phases of the moon within year 0, showing that it is a full year, not an instant in time. Jean Meeus gives the following explanation:\nAlthough he used the usual French terms \"avant J.-C.\" (before Jesus Christ) and \"après J.-C.\" (after Jesus Christ) to label years elsewhere in his book, the Byzantine historian Venance Grumel used negative years (identified by a minus sign, −) to label BC years and unsigned positive years to label AD years in a table. He did so possibly to save space and put no year 0 between them.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "16176578#0",
"score": 0.7010597586631775,
"text": "Year zero is the year before 1 AD used in astronomical calculations.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "29949856#19",
"score": 0.7007651329040527,
"text": "2010 year",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "20945820#5",
"score": 0.6996335387229919,
"text": "Year of introduction",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "24108705#1",
"score": 0.6993554830551147,
"text": "Year of introduction",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "25739013#22",
"score": 0.6975175738334656,
"text": "Some systems had problems once the year rolled over to 2010. This was dubbed by some in the media as the \"Y2K+10\" or \"Y2.01K\" problem.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "204504#9",
"score": 0.69709712266922,
"text": "Those holding that the arrival of the new millennium should be celebrated in the transition from 2000 to 2001 (i.e., December 31, 2000 to January 1, 2001), argued that because the Gregorian calendar has no year zero, the millennia should be counted from 1 AD. Thus the first period of one thousand complete years runs from the beginning of 1 AD to the end of 1000 AD, and the beginning of the second millennium took place at the beginning of 1001. ",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "204504#11",
"score": 0.6944891810417175,
"text": "If one counts from the beginning of AD 1 to the ending of AD 1000, one would have counted 1000 years. The next 1000 years (millennium) would begin on the first day of 1001. So the calendar has not 'cheated' anyone out of a year. Clarke made reference to this viewpoint in his book \"\" referring to the Millennium Celebrations on December 31, 2000. In other words, the argument is based on the fact that the last year of the first two thousand years in the Gregorian calendar was 2000, not 1999.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "23256389#8",
"score": 0.6922361254692078,
"text": "20082007",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "850743#0",
"score": 0.6918100118637085,
"text": "The purpose of this timeline is to give a detailed account of Christianity from the beginning of the current era (AD) to the present. Question marks ('?') on dates indicate approximate dates.\nThe year one is the first year in the \"Christian calendar\" (there is no year zero), which is the calendar presently used (in unison with the Gregorian calendar) almost everywhere in the world. Traditionally, this was held to be the year Jesus was born; however, most modern scholars argue for an earlier or later date, the most agreed upon being between 6 BC and 4 BC.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "3626542#9",
"score": 0.6914654970169067,
"text": "Level 0",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "3984342#17",
"score": 0.6897062063217163,
"text": "20002001",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "4145437#10",
"score": 0.6869545578956604,
"text": "ISO 8601:2004 (and previously ISO 8601:2000, but not ISO 8601:1988) explicitly uses astronomical year numbering in its date reference systems. Because it also specifies the use of the proleptic Gregorian calendar for all years before 1582, some readers incorrectly assume that a year zero is also included in that proleptic calendar, but it is not used with the BC/AD era. The \"basic\" format for year 0 is the four-digit form 0000, which equals the historical year 1BC. Several \"expanded\" formats are possible: −0000 and +0000, as well as five- and six-digit versions. Earlier years are also negative four-, five- or six-digit years, which have an absolute value one less than the equivalent BC year, hence -0001 = 2 BC. Because only ISO 646 (7-bit ASCII) characters are allowed by ISO 8601, the minus sign is represented by a hyphen-minus.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "38382820#20",
"score": 0.6867266297340393,
"text": "year ?",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "2396729#5",
"score": 0.6861603856086731,
"text": "Zero ",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "986786#28",
"score": 0.6854184865951538,
"text": "Year-end",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "583263#52",
"score": 0.683777391910553,
"text": "On September 20, 2013, NASA abandoned further attempts to contact the craft. According to A'Hearn, the most probable reason of software malfunction was a Y2K-like problem. August 11, 2013, 00:38:49, was 2 of one-tenth seconds from January 1, 2000, leading to speculation that a system on the craft tracked time in one-tenth second increments since January 1, 2000, and stored it in a signed 32-bit integer, which then overflowed at this time, similar to the Year 2038 problem.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "34835#0",
"score": 0.6783285140991211,
"text": "The 1st century BC, also known as the last century BC, started on the first day of 100 BC and ended on the last day of 1 BC. The AD/BC notation does not use a year zero; however, astronomical year numbering does use a zero, as well as a minus sign, so \"\"2 BC\"\" is equal to \"\"year –1\"\". This is the 100th century in the Holocene calendar; it spans the years 9,901 to 10,000. 1st century AD (Anno Domini) follows.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "19355774#4",
"score": 0.6780454516410828,
"text": "20032007200820092010",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
6
|
Can you prevent traumatic brain injury?
|
[
{
"id": "1057414#2",
"score": 0.6998937726020813,
"text": "Prevention measures include use of protective technology in vehicles, such as seat belts and sports or motorcycle helmets, as well as efforts to reduce the number of collisions, such as safety education programs and enforcement of traffic laws. Depending on the injury, treatment required may be minimal or may include interventions such as medications, emergency surgery or surgery years later. Physical therapy, speech therapy, recreation therapy, occupational therapy and vision therapy may be employed for rehabilitation. Counseling, supported employment, and community support services may also be useful."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "4243256#34",
"score": 0.6644508242607117,
"text": "Prevention",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "41121515#5",
"score": 0.6627262830734253,
"text": "These processes are part of the natural damage response mechanisms which also include the brain experiencing a pro-inflammatory response at the location of damage that is regulated by an anti-inflammatory response that is farther away from the damaged area. In addition to this response, there is also a general haemodynamic response function that follows TBI.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "52421781#44",
"score": 0.6614989638328552,
"text": "Studies as far back as 1987 show that female sex hormones have an effect on the recovery of traumatic brain injury. In these studies, it was first observed that pseudopregnant female rats had reduced edema after traumatic brain injury. Recent clinical trials have shown that among patients that have suffered moderate traumatic brain injury, those that have been treated with progesterone are more likely to have a better outcome than those who have not. A number of additional animal studies have confirmed that progesterone has neuroprotective effects when administered shortly after traumatic brain injury. Encouraging results have also been reported in human clinical trials.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "57369339#1",
"score": 0.6604442596435547,
"text": "There are different kinds of TBI that cause different brain dysfunctions. Research suggests that TBI results in damage to sleep-regulation centers including the reticular activation system, specifically damage to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) which leads to disturbances in the circadian rhythm. Considering hypersomnia, mostly areas involving the maintenance of wakefulness are damaged, such as the rostral pons, caudal midbrain and thalamus.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "20051089#6",
"score": 0.6603705883026123,
"text": "Patients with moderate to severe TBI have more problems with cognitive deficits than do those with mild TBI, but several mild TBIs may have an additive effect. About one in five career boxers is affected by chronic traumatic brain injury (CTBI), which causes cognitive, behavioral, and physical impairments. Dementia pugilistica, also called chronic traumatic encephalopathy, is the severe form of CTBI. Caused by repetitive blows to the head over a long period, the condition primarily affects career boxers and has recently been linked to other contact sports including American football and ice hockey as well as military service(see Ann McKee). It commonly manifests as dementia, or declining mental ability, memory problems, and parkinsonism (tremors and lack of coordination). Symptoms begin anywhere between 6 and 40 years after the start of a boxing career, with an average onset of about 16 years.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "1057414#53",
"score": 0.6588289141654968,
"text": "TBI is a leading cause of death and disability around the globe[2] and presents a major worldwide social, economic, and health problem.[3] It is the number one cause of coma,[135] it plays the leading role in disability due to trauma,[69] and is the leading cause of brain damage in children and young adults.[8] In Europe it is responsible for more years of disability than any other cause.[3] It also plays a significant role in half of trauma deaths.[16]",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "1948637#34",
"score": 0.6583753824234009,
"text": "One recent study of neuroplasticity involves work done by a team of doctors and researchers at Emory University, specifically Dr. Donald Stein[79] and Dr. David Wright. This is the first treatment in 40 years that has significant results in treating traumatic brain injuries while also incurring no known side effects and being cheap to administer.[21] Dr. Stein noticed that female mice seemed to recover from brain injuries better than male mice, and that at certain points in the estrus cycle, females recovered even better. This difference may be attributed to different levels of progesterone, with higher levels of progesterone leading to the faster recovery from brain injury in mice. However, clinical trials showed progesterone offers no significant benefit for traumatic brain injury human patients.[80]",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "30551694#15",
"score": 0.6570430397987366,
"text": "Cases of head injury report a lower rate of helmet-wearing than controls who have injured other parts of the body. This has been taken as strong evidence that cycle helmets are beneficial in a crash. The most widely quoted case-control study, by Thompson, Rivara, and Thompson, reported an 85% reduction in the risk of head injury by using a helmet. There are many criticisms of this study.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "15731985#1",
"score": 0.6568139791488647,
"text": "It is not known how to predict who will develop epilepsy after TBI and who will not. However, the likelihood that a person will develop PTE is influenced by the severity and type of injury; for example penetrating injuries and those that involve bleeding within the brain confer a higher risk. The onset of PTE can occur within a short time of the physical trauma that causes it, or months or years after. People with head trauma may remain at a higher risk for seizures than the general population even decades after the injury. PTE may be caused by several biochemical processes that occur in the brain after trauma, including overexcitation of brain cells and damage to brain tissues by free radicals.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "31940936#6",
"score": 0.6556363701820374,
"text": "In the case of a concussion, an MRI should be avoided unless there are progressive neurological symptoms, focal neurological findings or concern of skull fracture on exam. In the analysis of a concussion, measurements of Fractional Anisotropy, Mean Diffusivity, Cerebral Blood Flow, and Global Connectivity can be taken to observe the pathophysiological mechanisms being made while in recovery.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "29250994#1",
"score": 0.6551690101623535,
"text": "Ammonium nitrate and water and other proprietary chemicals, stored in separate areas of the helmet's liner, combine when trigger activated by an impact to create an endothermic reaction to prevent brain swelling, and reduce the effects of traumatic brain injury, a major cause of death and disability worldwide. When activated by sudden impact, the helmet performs like an instant ice pack that immediately initiates a cooling effect. This cooling process lasts approximately 30 to 45 minutes and helps to control swelling, extending protection of vital neurological function during the Golden hour prior to hospital arrival.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "3808122#9",
"score": 0.6548810601234436,
"text": "In terms of treatment for frontal lobe disorder, general supportive care is given, also some level of supervision could be needed. The prognosis will depend on the cause of the disorder, of course. A possible complication is that individuals with severe injuries may be disabled, such that, a caregiver may be unrecognizable to the person.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "3235603#2",
"score": 0.6542627215385437,
"text": "In the event that the brain strikes the inside of the skull, there is a risk of a minor traumatic brain injury (concussion). This type of injury can alter brain function, cause memory loss, headaches an or nausea. A minor traumatic brain injury can be followed by post concussion syndrome.\nThe capacity of an adult human cranial cavity is 1,200–1,700 cm.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "15209898#2",
"score": 0.6540794968605042,
"text": "The exact mechanism for the injuries, especially contrecoup injuries, is a subject of much debate. In general, they involve an abrupt deceleration of the head, causing the brain to collide with the inside of the skull. It is likely that inertia is involved in the injuries, e.g. when the brain keeps moving after the skull is stopped by a fixed object or when the brain remains still after the skull is accelerated by an impact with a moving object. Additionally, increased intracranial pressure and movement of cerebrospinal fluid following a trauma may play a role in the injury.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "35565406#2",
"score": 0.6529927253723145,
"text": "Prevention of undiagnosed and repeat injury is of importance in sports-related concussions. Every three minutes, a child in the United States is treated for a sports-related concussion. Between 2010 and 2014, sports-related concussions experienced a 500% uptick. Rapid sideline testing using short neuropsychological tests that assess attention and memory function have been proven useful and accurate. The Maddocks questions and the Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC) are examples of validated sideline evaluation tools. The Return To Play (RTP) protocol aims to decrease repeat concussions within a short time frame to minimize second impact syndrome. It assures players who experience a concussion have complete cognitive and clinical recovery before returning to play. Best practices of RTP involve graduated activity intensification with each step taking at least 24 hours to assure full rehabilitation within one week (includes asymptomatic at rest and during exercise). In cases in which resources (i.e. neuropsychologists, neuroimaging) are available on-site, RTP may be more rapid. Baseline assessments, performed before concussion occurs, provide a comparison from which to measure severity of post-concussive symptoms. However, they have not been shown to decrease risk of injury. The U.S. based nonprofit National Safety Council included state-by-state concussion prevention efforts for youth-sports related concussions in its 2017 State of Safety report.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "38256723#27",
"score": 0.6516973972320557,
"text": "Increased standards for hockey helmets and the requirement that they be worn in competitive play has resulted in a decrease of serious head injury and fatalities. Although full facial protection (helmet with cage) did not reduce the incidence of catastrophic injuries or concussion compared to a standard helmet, it reduced the incidence of facial injuries and lacerations.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "3452485#3",
"score": 0.6491989493370056,
"text": "Traumatic brain injury often occurs from damage to the brain caused by an outside force, and may lead to cases of amnesia depending on the severity of the injury. Head injury can give rise to either transient or persisting amnesia. Occasionally, post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) may exist without any retrograde amnesia (RA), but this is often more common in cases of penetrating lesions. Damage to the frontal or anterior temporal regions have been described to be associated with disproportionate RA. Studies have illustrated that during PTA, head injury patients showed accelerated forgetting of learned information. On the other hand, after PTA, forgetting rates were normal.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "14765916#12",
"score": 0.6491631269454956,
"text": "Studies on animals have shown that the brain may be more vulnerable to a second concussive injury administered shortly after a first. In one such study, a mild impact administered within 24 hours of another one with minimal neurological impairment caused massive breakdown of the blood brain barrier and subsequent brain swelling. Loss of this protective barrier could be responsible for the edema found in SIS.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "39411526#10",
"score": 0.6486420631408691,
"text": "It is evident that damage to specific areas of the brain can result in whole areas of knowledge, skills and abilities being lost, sometimes irrevocably. However, it is also often the case that although some cognitive abilities can be left intact, (including the ability to retrieve, process and manipulate information) and much prior learning can remain, a child can be prevented from developing academically and socially because of other, more functional, deficits.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "31627160#17",
"score": 0.6476702094078064,
"text": "Having a first aid kit in the safe haven is advised to help victims recover from minor injuries. People needing prescription medications could have a medicine bag ready to take to shelter. Some people have reported their \"ears popping\" due to the change in air pressure, but those effects seem to be temporary. Covering people with mattresses or cushions has helped avoid injury from flying debris, as walls collapsed nearby.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
7
|
When is the dialectical method used?
|
[
{
"id": "52813#0",
"score": 0.7587100863456726,
"text": "Dialectic or dialectics (Greek: διαλεκτική, dialektikḗ; related to dialogue), also known as the dialectical method, is at base a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned arguments. Dialectic resembles debate, but the concept excludes subjective elements such as emotional appeal and the modern pejorative sense of rhetoric.[1][2] Dialectic may be contrasted with the didactic method, wherein one side of the conversation teaches the other. Dialectic is alternatively known as minor logic, as opposed to major logic or critique."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "52813#38",
"score": 0.7132646441459656,
"text": "My dialectic method is not only different from the Hegelian, but is its direct opposite. To Hegel, the life-process of the human brain, i.e. the process of thinking, which, under the name of 'the Idea', he even transforms into an independent subject, is the demiurgos of the real world, and the real world is only the external, phenomenal form of 'the Idea'. With me, on the contrary, the ideal is nothing else than the material world reflected by the human mind, and translated into forms of thought.[42]",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "25664190#40",
"score": 0.6977600455284119,
"text": "Perhaps his most important contribution to Western thought is his dialectic method of inquiry, known as the Socratic method or method of \"elenchus\", which he largely applied to the examination of key moral concepts such as the Good and Justice. It was first described by Plato in the Socratic Dialogues. To solve a problem, it would be broken down into a series of questions, the answers to which gradually distill the answer a person would seek. The development and practice of this method is one of Socrates's most enduring contributions, and is a key factor in earning his mantle as the father of political philosophy, ethics or moral philosophy, and as a figurehead of all the central themes in Western philosophy. The Socratic method has often been considered as a defining element of American legal education.[105]",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "43998406#0",
"score": 0.6889024376869202,
"text": "Dialectical logic is the system of laws of thought, developed within the Hegelian and Marxist traditions, which seeks to supplement or replace the laws of formal logic. The precise nature of the relation between dialectical and formal logic was hotly debated within the Soviet Union and China.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "45222773#2",
"score": 0.6817986369132996,
"text": "Links are often also made with the Socratic method, established by Socrates (470-399 BC), which is a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying presumptions. There is some debate over whether the Socratic method should be understood as dialectic rather than as dialogic. However it is interpreted, Socrate's approach as described by Plato has been influential in informing modern day conceptions of dialogue, particularly in Western culture. This is not withstanding the fact that dialogic educational practices may have existed in Ancient Greece prior to the life of Socrates.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "52813#18",
"score": 0.6799978613853455,
"text": "Hegelian dialectic, usually presented in a threefold manner, was stated by Heinrich Moritz Chalybäus[26] as comprising three dialectical stages of development: a thesis, giving rise to its reaction; an antithesis, which contradicts or negates the thesis; and the tension between the two being resolved by means of a synthesis. In more simplistic terms, one can consider it thus: problem → reaction → solution. Although this model is often named after Hegel, he himself never used that specific formulation. Hegel ascribed that terminology to Kant.[27] Carrying on Kant's work, Fichte greatly elaborated on the synthesis model and popularized it.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "1781075#55",
"score": 0.6759135723114014,
"text": "For problem behavior, chains can also be analyzed and the chain can be disrupted to prevent the problem behavior. Some behavior therapies, such as dialectical behavior therapy, make extensive use of behavior chain analysis, but is not philosophically behavior analytic.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "27443988#7",
"score": 0.6745126247406006,
"text": "Dialectical behavioral therapy was created by Marsha Linehan. The model attempts to balance acceptance and change. It focuses on the use of behavior chain analysis, which combines the process of functional analysis with a greater focus on each element in the behavior stream. DBT uses groups to train specific social skills and other behavioral skills. DBT is a well-established treatment for borderline personality disorder.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "3516205#0",
"score": 0.6743156909942627,
"text": "The Method may refer to:",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "7702892#22",
"score": 0.6716570854187012,
"text": "According to Marsha Linehan, founder of DBT or Dialectical Behavior Therapy, some people have great difficulty resolving the dialectic tensions that arise in relationships. Many people with personality disorders, potentially caused or made worse by dysfunctional upbringing, especially Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and some others, perpetually vascilate between the poles of the dialectic conflict, with resulting instability causing problems in living that are not mediated by other therapy modalities. In DBT's biosocial theory, some people \"have a biological predisposition for emotional dysregulation, and their social environment validates maladaptive behavior. ",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "347543#54",
"score": 0.6714935898780823,
"text": "Following the systematic treatment of a priori knowledge given in the transcendental analytic, the transcendental dialectic seeks to dissect dialectical illusions. Its task is effectively to expose the fraudulence of the non-empirical employment of the understanding. The Transcendental Dialectic shows how pure reason should not be used. According to Kant, the rational faculty is plagued with dialectic illusions as man attempts to know what can never be known.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "52813#1",
"score": 0.6713067293167114,
"text": "Within Hegelianism, the word dialectic has the specialised meaning of a contradiction between ideas that serves as the determining factor in their relationship. Dialectic comprises three stages of development: first, a thesis or statement of an idea, which gives rise to a second step, a reaction or antithesis that contradicts or negates the thesis, and third, the synthesis, a statement through which the differences between the two points are resolved. Dialectical materialism, a theory or set of theories produced mainly by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, adapted the Hegelian dialectic into arguments regarding traditional materialism.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "7557224#1",
"score": 0.6704480648040771,
"text": "Adorno sought to update the philosophical process known as the dialectic, freeing it from traits previously attributed to it that he believed to be fictive. For Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, the dialectic was a process of realization that things contain their own negation and through this realization the parts are \"sublated\" into something greater. Adorno's dialectics rejected this positive element wherein the result was something greater than the parts that preceded and argued for a dialectics which produced something essentially negative. Adorno wrote that, \"\"Negative Dialectics\" is a phrase that flouts tradition. As early as Plato, dialectics meant to achieve something positive by means of negation; the thought figure of the 'negation of the negation' later became the succinct term. This book seeks to free dialectics from such affirmative traits without reducing its determinacy.\"",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "805625#2",
"score": 0.6700228452682495,
"text": "\"The Practice of Method\", is the seminal written work on \"social therapy\", the first published formulation by Newman and his colleagues of a Marxist approach to therapy. Social therapy came, in later years, to be influenced by other thinkers (notably Vygotsky and Wittgenstein) and other therapeutic approaches (notably cognitive behavioral therapy). \"The Practice of Method\" exposes the roots of social therapy. It is the beginning of a continuing investigation of method in the study of human growth and development, to which Newman (together with his chief collaborator, Lois Holzman) returns again and again in his later work. ",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "711550#29",
"score": 0.669394850730896,
"text": "\"Humans, unlike just about all the other animals on earth, create fairly sophisticated languages which not only enable them to think about their feeling, their actions, and the results they get from doing and not doing certain things, but they also are able to think about their thinking and even think about thinking about their thinking.\"\nThrough the therapeutic process, REBT employs a wide array of forceful and active, meaning multimodal and disputing, methodologies. Central through these methods and techniques is the intent to help the client challenge, dispute and question their destructive and self-defeating cognitions, emotions and behaviors. The methods and techniques incorporate cognitive-philosophic, emotive-evocative-dramatic, and behavioral methods for disputation of the client's irrational and self-defeating constructs and helps the client come up with more rational and self-constructive ones. REBT seeks to acknowledge that understanding and insight are not enough; in order for clients to significantly change, they need to pinpoint their irrational and self-defeating constructs and work forcefully and actively at changing them to more functional and self-helping ones.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "984228#0",
"score": 0.6688516736030579,
"text": "A didactic method ( \"didáskein\", \"to teach\") is a teaching method that follows a consistent scientific approach or educational style to present information to students. The didactic method of instruction is often contrasted with dialectics and the Socratic method; the term can also be used to refer to a specific didactic method, as for instance constructivist didactics.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "48398#7",
"score": 0.6684501767158508,
"text": "In short, some philosophers feel strongly that the analytic method (especially conceptual analysis) is essential to and defines philosophy—e.g. Jackson (1998), Chalmers (1996), and Bealer (1998). Yet, some philosophers argue that the method of analysis is problematic—e.g. Stich (1998) and Ramsey (1998). Some, however, take the middle ground and argue that while analysis is largely a fruitful method of inquiry, philosophers should not limit themselves to only using the method of analysis.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "28565245#40",
"score": 0.6665621399879456,
"text": "In order to understand relational dialectics theory, one must also be aware of the assumption that there are three different types of relational dialectics. These consist of connectedness and separateness, certainty and uncertainty, and openness and closedness.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "1556237#3",
"score": 0.6648168563842773,
"text": "Sophistry is most commonly associated with the use of rhetoric or means of persuasion to teach or persuade an audience. In its opposition is the practice of dialectic, supported by Plato and his mentor Socrates, which uses dialogue to break apart complex issues in search of absolute truth or knowledge. In Plato's writings, specifically Gorgias, the term \"parrhesia\" is more closely associated with dialectic meaning that it is \"free speech\" and not rhetoric or manipulation. ",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "21205195#16",
"score": 0.6632094979286194,
"text": "The method is as follows:",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "44379799#5",
"score": 0.6620039343833923,
"text": "Dialectics and its study was derived from the philosopher G. W. F. Hegel, who, in turn, had studied the Greek philosopher Heraclitus and author of \"\". Heraclitus taught that everything was constantly changing and that all things consisted of two opposite elements which changed into each other as night changes into day, light into darkness, life into death etc.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
8
|
Have the Colorado Rockies won a title?
|
[
{
"id": "6669#0",
"score": 0.7696596384048462,
"text": "The Colorado Rockies are an American professional baseball team based in Denver, Colorado. The Rockies compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) West division. The team's home venue is Coors Field, located in the Lower Downtown area of Denver. The Rockies won their first National League championship in 2007, after having won 14 of their final 15 games in order to secure a Wild Card position. In the World Series they were swept by the American League (AL) champion Boston Red Sox in four games."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "33768743#28",
"score": 0.720596432685852,
"text": "\"Baseball America\" named the Colorado Rockies the \"Organization of the Year\" for their accomplishments during the 2007 season. \"We knew they were bringing great talent through their farm system, but we certainly didn't expect it to pay off with big-league success so quickly\", said Will Lingo, editor of \"Baseball America\". \"They won with homegrown players, have more talent on the way and have maintained stability in their front office, so they had pretty much everything we look for in an organization.\"",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "55408599#0",
"score": 0.7064032554626465,
"text": "The 2018 Colorado Rockies season was the franchise's 26th in Major League Baseball and the 24th season the Rockies played their home games at Coors Field. They won 91 games during the regular season, which was the second-highest mark in franchise history and just one win behind the franchise record set in 2009. They finished the season with a record of 91They lost to the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 2018 National League West tie-breaker game and subsequently opened the postseason by defeating the Chicago Cubs in the Wild Card Game. Their season ended when they were swept by the Milwaukee Brewers in the Division Series.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "23209126#8",
"score": 0.6918027400970459,
"text": "Colorado Rockies – NL (1995–present)",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "28204656#0",
"score": 0.6829653382301331,
"text": "The Colorado Rockies are a Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise based in Denver, Colorado. They play in the National League West division. The Rockies have participated in MLB's annual June draft since 1992. Officially known as the \"First-Year Player Draft\", the Rule 4 Draft is MLB's primary mechanism for assigning players from high schools, colleges, and other amateur clubs to its franchises. The draft order is determined based on the previous season's standings, with the team possessing the worst record receiving the first pick. In addition, teams which lost free agents in the previous off-season may be awarded compensatory or supplementary picks. Since the franchise was established as an expansion team in 1992, the Rockies have selected 30 players in the first round. The First-Year Player Draft is unrelated to the 1992 expansion draft through which the Rockies filled their roster.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "33895947#15",
"score": 0.6790632605552673,
"text": "The Colorado Rockies entered the National League as an expansion team in 1993.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "8132739#8",
"score": 0.6759957671165466,
"text": "2007 NLCS (4–0): Colorado Rockies over Arizona Diamondbacks",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "45054083#5",
"score": 0.6726929545402527,
"text": "A lack of stability continually plagued the team. In their first eight years, the Scouts/Rockies went through ten coaches, none lasting two full seasons. While in Denver, the team changed owners twice. Amid this instability, they not only never had a winning season, but never even came close to a .500 record.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "25279352#33",
"score": 0.6720308661460876,
"text": " With the cup title, Colorado Rapids became the first Coloradan club to win any cup or league championship since the Colorado Avalanche won the Stanley Cup after the 2000-2001 NHL season. As champions, the Rapids earned a direct berth into Group Stage of the 2011–12 CONCACAF Champions League, which will be their second-ever appearance in a CONCACAF competition. FC Dallas will earn their first ever trip to any CONCACAF-competition by earning a Preliminary Round spot in the Champions League. ",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "23104903#20",
"score": 0.6708618402481079,
"text": "2009 NLDS (3–1): Philadelphia Phillies over Colorado Rockies",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "7667223#2",
"score": 0.6689483523368835,
"text": "The Rockies entered the Series having won 21 of their last 22 games, going back to the end of the regular season, including sweeps of the Philadelphia Phillies in the NLDS and the Arizona Diamondbacks in the NLCS. They also beat the San Diego Padres in the NL Wild Card tie-breaker. The Red Sox swept the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in the ALDS and defeated the Cleveland Indians in the ALCS after trailing three games to one, taking the final three contests by a combined score of 30–5. Neither participating team was in the previous year's postseason. The Rockies' eight-day layoff was the longest in MLB postseason history, caused by their sweep in the NLCS, the ALCS going seven games, and scheduling by MLB.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "2484469#0",
"score": 0.6628847122192383,
"text": "These are lists of Colorado Rockies records from their inception all the way through the 2018 season.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "34605618#1",
"score": 0.6623250842094421,
"text": "Colo-Colo has won the championship, which is played in the Apertura and Clausura system, nine times from 2010 to 2014. They are Chilean record champions.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "5405615#3",
"score": 0.6616993546485901,
"text": "14 different franchises have won the CHL Championship, with six of them (Wichita, Oklahoma City, Memphis/Mississippi, Laredo, Colorado and Allen) winning twice. The five franchises hold the record for most championships won with two. Current possession of the trophy belongs to the Allen Americans, who won it in 2014 with a 4-1 victory over the Denver Cutthroats becoming only the third CHL team to win back-to-back championships.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "11308152#5",
"score": 0.661470890045166,
"text": "In the NLDS, it was the near-opposite to the New York/Seattle series. The Cincinnati Reds, who'd run away with the NL Central, swept the Dodgers and the Atlanta Braves took both games vs. Colorado at Coors Field before the Rockies finally won a game in game 3. However, the Braves finished off the Rockies at home in game 4. Then, in the NLCS, after taking both games at Riverfront Stadium, the Braves finished the sweep of the Reds at home.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "606467#7",
"score": 0.6610962152481079,
"text": "After retiring as a player, Baylor served as a hitting coach for the Milwaukee Brewers and St. Louis Cardinals until he was named the manager of the expansion Colorado Rockies. He led the team for six years from 1993 to 1998. The Rockies posted their first winning record (77–67) in 1995 and made the postseason as the wildcard team, and as a result, Baylor won the National League Manager of the Year Award.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "3694278#12",
"score": 0.6606042981147766,
"text": "The CU ski team competes as a member of the Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski Association, as CU is one of two members of the Pac-12 along with Utah that competes in skiing. Colorado is one of the dominant programs in the NCAA in skiing, winning 20 total national championships, including 19 NCAA Championships, most recently in 2015. The Buffs have won three NCAA Championships since 2011, and have finished in the top four at NCAAs for 13 straight years with four championships (2006, 2011, 2013, 2015) in that span. The 13 straight top four finishes is the longest streak in the country. The Buffaloes have won 28 RMISA championships, most recently in 2017. The Buffaloes have had 53 individuals connected to the school participate in the Olympics 85 times. Colorado has had 94 individual NCAA Champions, including David Ketterer and Petra Hyncidova both sweeping their respective races in 2017.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "9491336#1",
"score": 0.6583272814750671,
"text": "Source:\nSource:Division titles are counted as a full regular season championship. Current Summit League members Denver and South Dakota have never sponsored baseball while in the conference.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "20023451#1",
"score": 0.6543390154838562,
"text": " League champions",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "41662530#19",
"score": 0.6527928113937378,
"text": "Conference Champions",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "14785120#8",
"score": 0.6527639031410217,
"text": "Skiing is another strong sport. The University of Denver Ski Team has won 24 NCAA titles (more skiing titles than any other school). The Pioneers have won 10 championships since 2000. DU won NCAA titles in 2014, 2016 and 2018, \"three-peated\" NCAA titles in 2008, 2009 and 2010, won an NCAA title in 2005 and as well as three consecutive NCAA titles from 2000 to 2002.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
9
|
Who invented Hangul?
|
[
{
"id": "17470560#2",
"score": 0.7874791026115417,
"text": "Hangul was personally created and promulgated by the fourth king of the Joseon dynasty, Sejong the Great.[1][2] Sejong's scholarly institute, the Hall of Worthies, is often credited with the work, and at least one of its scholars was heavily involved in its creation, but it appears to have also been a personal project of Sejong."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "235601#3",
"score": 0.739229679107666,
"text": "In his 1914 publication, \"Sounds of the Language\", he promotes writing Hangul linearly rather than syllabically. This is one of his few proposals not to have been implemented, although there have been experiments with linear hangul, most notably in Primorsky Krai.Ju Si-gyeong coined the name \"Hangul\" (한글) between 1910 and 1913 to identify the Korean writing system, which had existed under several other names such as \"onmun\" (vernacular script) since the 15th century.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "159204#27",
"score": 0.7387756109237671,
"text": "Before the creation of Hangul, people in Korea (known as Joseon at the time) primarily wrote using Classical Chinese alongside phonetic writing systems based on Chinese script that predated Hangul by hundreds of years, including idu, hyangchal, gugyeol, and gakpil. However, due to the fundamental differences between the Korean and Chinese languages, and the large number of characters that needed to be learned, there was much difficulty in learning how to write using Chinese characters for the lower classes, who often lacked the privilege of education. To assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people. His intention was to establish a cultural identity for Korea through its unique script.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "293150#3",
"score": 0.737936794757843,
"text": "Before the creation of Hangul, people in Korea (known as Joseon at the time) primarily wrote using Classical Chinese alongside native phonetic writing systems that predate Hangul by hundreds of years, including idu, hyangchal, gugyeol, and gakpil. However, due to the fundamental differences between the Korean and Chinese languages, and the large number of characters needed to be learned, there was much difficulty in learning how to write using Chinese characters for the lower classes, who often didn't have the privilege of education. To assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "454015#23",
"score": 0.7254959344863892,
"text": "Old Korean is attested in Chinese histories, in the Three Kingdoms period of Korea (ca. 0 to 900 CE), when the Silla Kingdom (in Eastern Korea), Baekje Kingdom (in Southwestern Korea), and Goguryeo Kingdom (in Northern Korea) were simultaneously present on the Korean peninsula, although Korean was not a literary language until later; the hangul script of Korean was invented in the 15th century CE (the earlier Idu script dates to the 6th century CE).",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "18863483#12",
"score": 0.7206396460533142,
"text": "The Hangul alphabet introduced in the 15th century was much simpler, and specifically designed for the sounds of Korean.\nThe alphabet makes systematic use of modifiers corresponding to features of Korean sounds.\nAlthough Hangul is unrelated to Chinese characters, its letters are written in syllabic blocks that can be interspersed with Hanja. \nSuch a Korean mixed script became the usual way of writing the language, with roots of Chinese origin denoted by Hanja and all other elements rendered in Hangul. Hanja is still used (but not very commonly like the Japanese) and is required in both North and South Korea.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "17470560#0",
"score": 0.7205471992492676,
"text": "The Korean alphabet is the native script of Korea, created in the mid fifteenth century by King Sejong,[1][2] as both a complement and an alternative to the logographic Sino-Korean hanja. Initially denounced by the educated class as eonmun (vernacular writing), it only became the primary Korean script following independence from Japan in the mid-20th century.[3]",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "42538288#10",
"score": 0.7195806503295898,
"text": "The Korean alphabet was designed so that people with little education could learn to read and write. A popular saying about the alphabet is, \"A wise man can acquaint himself with them before the morning is over; even a stupid man can learn them in the space of ten days.\"\nThe project was completed in late December 1443 or January 1444, and described in 1446 in a document titled \"Hunminjeong'eum\" (\"The Proper Sounds for the Education of the People\"), after which the alphabet itself was originally named. The publication date of the \"Hunminjeongeum\", October 9, became Hangul Day in South Korea. Its North Korean equivalent, Chosŏn'gŭl Day, is on January 15.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "16749#24",
"score": 0.7166646122932434,
"text": "During the 15th and 16th centuries, Joseon enjoyed many benevolent rulers who promoted education and science. Most notable among them was Sejong the Great (r. 1418–50), who personally created and promulgated Hangul, the Korean alphabet. This golden age saw great cultural and scientific advancements, including in printing, meteorological observation, astronomy, calendar science, ceramics, military technology, geography, cartography, medicine, and agricultural technology, some of which were unrivaled elsewhere. Joseon implemented a class system that consisted of \"yangban\" the noble class, \"jungin\" the middle class, \"yangin\" the common class, and \"cheonin\" the lowest class, which included occupations such as butchers, tanners, shamans, entertainers, and \"nobi\", the equivalent of slaves, bondservants, or serfs.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "13139823#46",
"score": 0.6934816837310791,
"text": "Korea and Japan however continued to have relations with China and with other Asian countries. In the 15th century Sejong the Great of Korea cemented his country's identity by creating the Hangul Writing system to replace use of Chinese Characters. Meanwhile, in Japan fell under military rule of the Kamakura and later Ashikaga Shogunate dominated by Samauri warriors.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "28806034#3",
"score": 0.6916900873184204,
"text": "The script of the Han Chinese characters has long been a unifying feature in East Asia as the vehicle for exporting Chinese culture to its East Asian neighbors. Chinese characters became the unifying language of bureaucratic politics and religious expression in East Asia. The Chinese script was passed on first to Korea and then to Japan, where it forms a major component of the Japanese writing system. In Korea, however, Sejong the Great invented the hangul alphabet, which has since been used as the main orthographic system for the Korean language. In Japan, much of the Japanese language is written in hiragana, katakana in addition to Chinese characters.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "327626#1",
"score": 0.6892383694648743,
"text": "Choe devised the modern South Korean order of the hangul characters, and assigned names to the letters. His most famous book on hangul is the \"Hunmong Jahoe\" (; \"\"Collection of Characters for Training the Unenlightened\"\", 1527). Over the course of 40 years, he composed 7 original works, and published 10 translations and research works.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "21869809#1",
"score": 0.6801677346229553,
"text": "In November 3, 2005, the project about establishing new science high school in Seoul was approved by Ministry of Education and Science Technology. The name of the school, Sejong Science High School, is named after Sejong the Great, the king who created the Korean alphabet; Hangul. In March 24, 2009, the school officially signed in the friendship exchange with DDG-991 Aegis Combat System, generally called \"Sejong the Great Combat System\".",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "16749#2",
"score": 0.6708362102508545,
"text": "The first 200 years of Joseon were marked by relative peace. During this period, the Korean alphabet was created by Sejong the Great in the 15th century and there was increasing influence of Confucianism. During the later part of the dynasty, Korea's isolationist policy earned it the Western nickname of the \"Hermit Kingdom\". By the late 19th century, the country became the object of imperial design by the Empire of Japan. After the First Sino-Japanese War, despite the Korean Empire's effort to modernize, it was annexed by Japan in 1910 and ruled by Imperial Japan until the end of World War II in August 1945.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "403365#46",
"score": 0.6691897511482239,
"text": "Hangul was designed with a digraph series to represent the \"muddy\" consonants: ㅃ , ㄸ , ㅉ , ㄲ , ㅆ , ㆅ ; also ᅇ, with an uncertain value. These values are now obsolete, but most of these doubled letters were resurrected in the 19th century to write consonants which had not existed when hangul was devised: ㅃ , ㄸ , ㅉ , ㄲ , ㅆ .",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "235601#0",
"score": 0.6679385900497437,
"text": "Ju Si-gyeong (December 22, 1876 – July 27, 1914) was one of the founders of modern Korean linguistics. He was born in Bongsan-gun, Hwanghae Province. He and his students helped standardize the Korean language, based spelling and grammar of the vernacular.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "14837974#1",
"score": 0.6625543236732483,
"text": "Born as the third prince, Chungnyeong, was far from ascending the throne. His early years were turbulent as Korea faced political tensions from both within and abroad and facing abduction as a boy to make matters worse. Eventually the young prince finds himself living in a private residence outside of the palace and experiences the everyday life of commoners until he is a young man. Later on his ascension to the throne, Chungyeong (now called King Sejong) stabilizes the newly born country and gives rise to the blooming culture of Joseon. In the process he invents Hangul, the Korean writing system.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "10063450#1",
"score": 0.6622589230537415,
"text": "Names are listed in Hangul and Hanja.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "42261#12",
"score": 0.6620862483978271,
"text": "Korea, Jang Yeong-sil, a Korean engineer of the Joseon Dynasty, under the active direction of the king, Sejong the Great, invented the world's first rain-gauge, uryanggye (Korean:우량계) in 1441. It was installed in irrigation tanks as part of a nationwide system to measure and collect rainfall for agricultural applications. With this instrument, planners and farmers could make better use of the information gathered in the survey.[26]",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "158772#0",
"score": 0.6575833559036255,
"text": "Hanja (; ) is the Korean name for Chinese characters (). More specifically, it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation. \"Hanja-mal\" or \"Hanja-eo\" (the latter is more used) refers to words that can be written with Hanja, and \"hanmun\" (, ) refers to Classical Chinese writing, although \"Hanja\" is sometimes used loosely to encompass these other concepts. Because Hanja never underwent major reform, they are almost entirely identical to traditional Chinese and \"kyūjitai\" characters, though the stroke orders for some characters are slightly different. For example, the characters and are written as and . Only a small number of Hanja characters are modified or unique to Korean. By contrast, many of the Chinese characters currently in use in Japan and Mainland China have been simplified, and contain fewer strokes than the corresponding Hanja characters.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "327626#8",
"score": 0.6571299433708191,
"text": "As one of the phoneticians in the history of the Joseon Dynasty, he compiled the order of the Korean letters in \"Hunmong Jahoe\". The first eight characters in the order that is presented in this work are characterized as sounds that are \"used for both the initial and the final sounds\". The next eight set of characters are described as \"those used only for the initial sounds\". These eight characters that occur initially are ordered as the following: \"Molar [kh], the Tongue [th], the Lip [ph], the Tooth [c ch], the Half Tooth [z], and the Throat [0]\". Only the order of these eight characters have been retained until the present and the order of the other characters as proposed by Choe have been altered. The reason for the change of the order of the other characters are unidentifiable. Choe also ordered the vowels in Hangul. He ordered them according to sequence in which we open our mouth to articulate these vowels. His ordering of the vowels is the order that is currently used in present day Korea.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
10
|
What do Grasshoppers eat?
|
[
{
"id": "1021764#2",
"score": 0.7742780447006226,
"text": "Grasshoppers are plant-eaters, with a few species at times becoming serious pests of cereals, vegetables and pasture, especially when they swarm in their millions as locusts and destroy crops over wide areas. They protect themselves from predators by camouflage; when detected, many species attempt to startle the predator with a brilliantly-coloured wing-flash while jumping and (if adult) launching themselves into the air, usually flying for only a short distance. Other species such as the rainbow grasshopper have warning coloration which deters predators. Grasshoppers are affected by parasites and various diseases, and many predatory creatures feed on both nymphs and adults. The eggs are the subject of attack by parasitoids and predators."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "3051575#14",
"score": 0.7218003273010254,
"text": "The diet of the green tree frog consists mainly of insects such as moths, cockroaches, and locusts. They also eat spiders and can include smaller frogs and even small mammals (including bats) among their prey. Frog teeth are not suited to cutting up prey, so the food item must be small enough to fit inside its mouth. Many frogs flick out their sticky tongues at prey and the victim sticks to the tip and is drawn back into the mouth and consumed. A green tree frog uses this technique for smaller prey; for larger items, however, it pounces, then pushes the prey into its mouth with its hands.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "528566#6",
"score": 0.7207069396972656,
"text": "Like other skinks of the genus \"Plestiodon\", they feed primarily on insects, preferring larger prey such as grasshoppers.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "38149371#2",
"score": 0.7174248695373535,
"text": "The larvae feed on grasses.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "37030747#2",
"score": 0.7139039635658264,
"text": "Larvae feed on grasses.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "26607256#2",
"score": 0.7138504385948181,
"text": "Larvae feed on grasses.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "37030631#2",
"score": 0.7138504385948181,
"text": "Larvae feed on grasses.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "33372510#7",
"score": 0.7137267589569092,
"text": "The diet of species in this family consists of insects, seeds, and grasses. Species are diurnal, and forage by walking and picking up food from the ground.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "37030659#2",
"score": 0.7135770916938782,
"text": "Larvae feed on grasses.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "283861#4",
"score": 0.7131468057632446,
"text": "The most important component in the diet of all species is insects, although spiders, millipedes and scorpions are also taken, and there are even records of small lizards being consumed. Amongst the insect prey, a number of different types are eaten; beetles, grasshoppers and other Orthoptera, flies, mosquitoes, wasps, termites, mantises and others all being recorded. Members of this family forage either individually or in family groups. Some species will also join mixed species feeding flocks, a technique that has been shown to confer some foraging advantages. The different species and genera use a variety of methods to obtain prey, ranging from foliage-gleaning to flycatching.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "1400053#4",
"score": 0.7127813696861267,
"text": "Its diet consists of mostly small invertebrates, such as caterpillars, beetle larvae, earthworms, centipedes, slugs, and sow bugs. It will also eat from the corpses of dead animals, and small amounts of seeds or fruits. This shrew will eat its prey whole, but when eating crickets and grasshoppers, the North American least shrew will bite off the head of its prey and eat only the internal organs. When fighting a larger creature, it will aim for the legs and try to cripple its adversary, and will bite lizards, which are often too large for it to kill, on the tail, which then falls off and provides it with a meal while the lizard escapes. The North American least shrew will also sometimes live inside beehives and eat all the larvae. It will often share its food with other shrews. It eats more than its body weight each day and is known to store food.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "43667668#2",
"score": 0.7111423015594482,
"text": "The larvae feed on various grasses, including corn. They bore the stem of their host plant.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "35098671#2",
"score": 0.7110840678215027,
"text": "The larvae feed on various grasses.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "32942118#1",
"score": 0.7110840678215027,
"text": "The larvae feed on various grasses.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "24176868#2",
"score": 0.7110840678215027,
"text": "The larvae feed on various grasses.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "43622884#2",
"score": 0.7110840678215027,
"text": "The larvae feed on various grasses.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "26090589#2",
"score": 0.7110840678215027,
"text": "The larvae feed on various grasses.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "32942204#1",
"score": 0.7110190987586975,
"text": "The larvae feed on various grasses.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "12549506#1",
"score": 0.7088326215744019,
"text": "The larvae are thought to feed on grasses.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "43667557#2",
"score": 0.7078571319580078,
"text": "The larvae probably feed on grasses.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "12549570#1",
"score": 0.7078571319580078,
"text": "The larvae probably feed on grasses.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
11
|
How large is the Kerman province of southeastern Iran?
|
[
{
"id": "448069#0",
"score": 0.8368577361106873,
"text": "Kerman Province (Persian: استان کرمان, Ostān-e Kermān) is the largest province of the 31 provinces of Iran. Kerman is in the southeast of Iran with its administrative center in the city of Kerman. In 2014 it was placed in Region 5.[3] Mentioned in ancient times as the Achamenid satrapy of Carmania,[4] it is the first-largest province of Iran with an area of 183,285km2 (70,767sqmi), that encompasses nearly 11 percent of the land area of Iran.[5] The population of the province is about 3 million (9th in the country)."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "448105#0",
"score": 0.7061659097671509,
"text": "Sistan and Baluchestan Province ()(, \"Ostān-e Sīstān-o Balūchestān\"), after Kerman province, is the second largest province of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the southeast of the country, bordering Pakistan and Afghanistan and its capital is Zahedan.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "8679958#0",
"score": 0.6914330124855042,
"text": "Kerman University of Medical Sciences also called KMU (Kerman Medical University), is a university located in Kerman, Iran. KMU is the 8th largest medical university in Iran and the largest university of medical sciences in southeast of the country with about 6000 students and 503 faculties.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "847140#11",
"score": 0.6862099766731262,
"text": "The economy of Kerman is mostly based on farming, notably nut farming and also mining. Sarchashmeh Copper mine is the second biggest copper mine in the world after the one located in Chile. Pistachios are an important part of the economy in Kerman, with Kerman Province being the largest producer of pistachios in Iran and the world.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "7349901#1",
"score": 0.6799485683441162,
"text": "http://www.kerman-info.ir/",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "7349901#3",
"score": 0.6793173551559448,
"text": "http://www.kerman-info.ir/",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "1463116#0",
"score": 0.6756026148796082,
"text": "Jiroft (, also Romanized as Jīroft; formerly, Sabzāwārān, Sabzevārān, Sabzevārān-e Jiroft, and Sabzvārān) is a city and capital of Jiroft County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 95,031, in 19,926 families. It is located south of the city of Kerman, and south of Tehran along Road 91. In the past it was also called Sabzevaran, and on account of its being very fertile land it is famous as Hend-e-Koochak (the little India).",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "793511#0",
"score": 0.6712468266487122,
"text": "Diyarbakır Province (, ) is a province in southeastern Turkey. The province covers an area of 15,355 km² and its population is 1,528,958. The provincial capital is the city of Diyarbakır.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "5544058#19",
"score": 0.6685002446174622,
"text": "See Kermanshahis",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "448079#54",
"score": 0.6672655940055847,
"text": "Khuzestan is the major oil-producing region of Iran, and as such is one of the wealthiest provinces in Iran. Khuzestan ranks third among Iran's provinces in GDP.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "847140#20",
"score": 0.6621776223182678,
"text": "The people of Kerman are Persians, and most are Muslims (Both Sunni and Shi'a). Kerman has a small but culturally significant Zoroastrian minority.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "64697#8",
"score": 0.6569185853004456,
"text": "Iran has only two expanses of lowlands: the Khuzestan Plain in the southwest and the Caspian Sea coastal plain in the north. The former is a roughly triangular-shaped extension of the Mesopotamia plain and averages about 160 kilometres (99mi) in width. It extends for about 120 kilometres (75mi) inland, barely rising a few meters above sea level, then meets abruptly with the first foothills of the Zagros. Much of the Khuzestan plain is covered with marshes.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "28038104#0",
"score": 0.6532227993011475,
"text": "Kerman carpets (sometimes \"Kirman\") are one of the traditional classifications of Persian carpets. Kerman is both a city and a province located in south central Iran, though the term sometimes describes a type which may have been made elsewhere.\nKerman rugs are prized for a wide range of designs, a broad palette, use of natural dyes and fibers, great tensile strength and abrasion resistance, and expert color combinations. Typical manufacturing used an asymmetrical knot on cotton foundation, but rare examples include silk or part silk piles, or silk foundations with wool pile.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "7349873#0",
"score": 0.6532098650932312,
"text": "Jiroft County () is a county in Kerman Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Jiroft. At the 2006 census, the county's population was 181,300 in 38,307 families. The county is subdivided into three districts (bakhsh): the Central District, Sarduiyeh District, and Jebalbarez District. The county has three cities: Jiroft, Darb-e Behesht, Jebalbarez & Boluk.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "1123873#0",
"score": 0.650725781917572,
"text": "Ravansar (; also Romanized as Ravānsar and Rawānsīr) is a city and capital of Ravansar County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 16,383, in 3,838 families.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "36456187#0",
"score": 0.6504427194595337,
"text": "Yazdanabad is an alternate name of Yazdan Shahr, a city in Kerman Province, Iran.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "457235#0",
"score": 0.6504153609275818,
"text": "Helmand ( ; Pashto/Dari: هلمند), also known as Hillmand or Helman, and, in ancient times, as Hermand and Hethumand is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, in the south of the country. It is the largest province by area, covering area. The province contains 13 districts, encompassing over 1,000 villages, and roughly 879,500 settled people. Lashkar Gah serves as the provincial capital.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "1289358#18",
"score": 0.6469683647155762,
"text": "Khorasan was the largest province of Iran until it was divided into three provinces on September 29, 2004. The provinces approved by the parliament of Iran (on May 18, 2004) and the Council of Guardians (on May 29, 2004) were Razavi Khorasan, North Khorasan, and South Khorasan.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "1289401#10",
"score": 0.6469683647155762,
"text": "Khorasan was the largest province of Iran until it was divided into three provinces on September 29, 2004. The provinces approved by the parliament of Iran (on May 18, 2004) and the Council of Guardians (on May 29, 2004) were Razavi Khorasan, North Khorasan, and South Khorasan.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "599079#0",
"score": 0.6433209180831909,
"text": "Ahvaz (Persian: اهواز, romanized:Ahvāz or Ahwaz) is a city in the southwest of Iran and the capital of Khuzestan province. Ahvaz's population is about 1,300,000[2] and its built-up area with the nearby town of Sheybani is home to 1,136,989 inhabitants. It is home to Persians, Arabs, Lurs (Bakhtiaris), Dezfulis, Shushtaris, etc.[3] and different languages are spoken in it, such as Persian, Arabic,[4][5] the Persian dialects of Luri (Bakhtiari), Dezfuli, Shushtari, etc.[6]",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "23118387#0",
"score": 0.6408486366271973,
"text": "Sistani Persian people or Sistanis are a Persian speaking ethnic Persian group who primarily inhabit Sistan in southeastern Iran. They live in the northern part of Sistan and Balouchistan province, where they form a minority after Baluchis. Since recent decades many also have migrated to other parts of Iran such as Tehran and Golestan provinces in northern Iran. The largest city of Sistan region is Zabol. Sistanis speak a dialect of Persian known as Zaboli or Sistani.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
12
|
When was Guitar Hero Live first released?
|
[
{
"id": "46408645#0",
"score": 0.7780872583389282,
"text": "Guitar Hero Live is a music video game developed by FreeStyleGames and published by Activision. It was released for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Wii U, Xbox 360, and Xbox One in October 2015 and to iOS devices including Apple TV in November 2015. As with previous games in the series, the goal is to use a special guitar controller to match fret patterns displayed on a scrolling note pattern on screen in time with the music."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "21908296#5",
"score": 0.7245262861251831,
"text": "\"Guitar Hero: On Tour\" was officially announced on September 7, 2007, at the Austin GDC '07, and released on June 22, 2008. During a conference call on May 8, 2008, Activision revealed that the game would be sold as an individual game (along with the \"Guitar Grip\") as well as bundled with the DS hardware itself. In North America, Nintendo released a bundle which included \"Guitar Hero: On Tour\" and a limited edition Silver/Black Nintendo DS Lite branded with the \"Guitar Hero\" logo. This bundle was available with the release of \"Guitar Hero: On Tour\" in the United Kingdom. This is the first third-party DS game to be included in such a bundle. When pre-ordered in certain stores, the consumer received either a special Guitar Hero: On Tour set of headphones, Nintendo DS Lite \"wrap\" pack (two stickers for use on the console) or an exclusive guitar pick stylus. The headphones and stylus feature the Guitar Hero: On Tour logo. On June 14, Toys \"R\" Us stores across the US hosted a \"First to Play\" event, where players tried out the game more than a week before its release. Also at the event, anyone who attended received a free Guitar Hero sticker, a temporary tattoo, and a special dog tag.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "46408645#19",
"score": 0.7213211059570312,
"text": "In February 2015, rumors surfaced that new entries in both the Guitar Hero and Rock Band franchises for eighth generation consoles were in development; Harmonix announced Rock Band 4 on 5 March 2015.[48][49] On 14 April 2015, Activision officially announced a reboot of the Guitar Hero franchise, Guitar Hero Live, with development by FreeStyleGames.[12]",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "18541778#9",
"score": 0.684492290019989,
"text": "The song is featured as a playable track in \"\" and \"Guitar Hero Live\".",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "13110319#0",
"score": 0.6836661100387573,
"text": "Guitar Hero World Tour (initially referred to as Guitar Hero IV or Guitar Hero IV: World Tour) is a music rhythm game developed by Neversoft, published by Activision and distributed by RedOctane. It is the fourth main entry in the \"Guitar Hero\" series, the sixth on home consoles and the seventh overall. The game was launched in North America in October 2008 for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Wii, and Xbox 360 consoles, and a month later for Europe and Australia. A version of \"World Tour\" for Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh was later released.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "2051328#7",
"score": 0.6786512136459351,
"text": "The song was released on the \"\" spinoff track list on December 22, 2009. It was later made available as downloadable content for \"Guitar Hero Live\", containing the music video.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "4791958#19",
"score": 0.6719717383384705,
"text": "RedOctane stated that the Xbox 360 version of \"Guitar Hero II\" \"planned to feature more downloadable content than any other 360 title\" utilizing the Xbox Live Marketplace, including many of the songs from the original \"Guitar Hero\" a week after the release of the game. Four such packs have been released since April 11, 2007. Additionally, two packs featuring new content to the \"Guitar Hero\" series have also been released, including songs from My Chemical Romance, Protest the Hero, Trivium, and Atreyu. There have also been individual track downloads featuring songs from bands Los Rodríguez, Pleymo, and Soilwork.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "9422233#13",
"score": 0.6672606468200684,
"text": "Rhythm-gaming was primarily centered in the arcade with popular games such as \"Dance Dance Revolution\" and \"Beatmania\". Many of these franchises have been popular since the late-nineties, but it wasn't until \"Guitar Hero\"s release in 2005 that the genre really affected popular culture. Most games in this category will feature a set list of songs that a player can choose to perform. They also tend to come with a unique controller, usually shaped like a musical instrument. The success of Guitar Hero lead to the creation of other similar game franchises such as \"Rock Band\" and \"DJ Hero\". Coincidentally, the game has been cited as inspiration for people seeking to actually play instruments and has led to a revival of interest in classic rock nostalgia.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "149216#81",
"score": 0.667197585105896,
"text": "In the fields of technology and video games, Aerosmith has achieved several feats. In 1994, Aerosmith released the song \"Head First\" on the CompuServe online service, which is considered to be the first full-length commercial product available online. In 2008, Aerosmith became the first artist to have an entire \"Guitar Hero\" video game based around them with \"\". \"Guitar Hero: Aerosmith\" is considered to be the best-selling band-centric video game across both the \"Guitar Hero\" and \"Rock Band\" platforms.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "12337815#6",
"score": 0.6669332981109619,
"text": "The Xbox 360 version of the game allows for the use of downloadable content available through Xbox Live Marketplace. These are typically released as packs of three, or as single song. These packs include songs from the original \"Guitar Hero\" for the PlayStation 2. Additional packs consist of songs that have not been featured in \"Guitar Hero\" before, and are masters, even though some are indicated as covers in the game. As of March 31, 2014, these songs are no longer available in the Xbox Live Marketplace.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "4791958#6",
"score": 0.6647358536720276,
"text": "When Activision purchased RedOctane in , the company expressed strong interest in bringing the \"Guitar Hero\" series to \"every significant new format\" in order to take advantage of the next generation of consoles. The Xbox 360 version was announced on September 27, 2006 at Microsoft's X06. Dusty Welch of RedOctane stated that the Xbox 360 \"provides an incredible platform for facilitating downloadable content\" due to the integrated hard drive on the console. The Xbox 360 version of the game included 10 exclusive songs and additional content available for purchase through the Xbox Live Marketplace.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "17601372#26",
"score": 0.6643040180206299,
"text": "The release of \"Rock Band 2\" was originally exclusive to the Xbox 360 console for a one-month period. The game software and individual instruments were made available on September 14, 2008. The \"Special Edition\" bundle packaging the game software and peripherals was released on October 19, 2008, when the PlayStation 3 version of the game software was released.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "46857184#2",
"score": 0.6623954176902771,
"text": "On 15 June 2015, the song was premiered via MonsterEnergy.com in addition to rock radio stations around the country. The song is part of a video created to promote their tour in late 2015 with Papa Roach, In This Moment and From Ashes to New. The music video and song are playable in the video game \"Guitar Hero Live\".",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "21908296#6",
"score": 0.6611944437026978,
"text": "\"Guitar Hero On Tour: Decades\" was announced on July 15, 2008, at the 2008 E3 conference, and released on November 16, 2008. Executive Producer David Nathanielsz stated that the short time between releases was to help give DS players the same depth of content as available to the console players of \"Guitar Hero\". Additionally, Vicarious Visions incorporated the ability to share songs between different versions of the game through the wi-fi capabilities of the DS in order to expand the number of potential songs to more than 50.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "1163522#10",
"score": 0.6608160138130188,
"text": "Their second single from \"Head for the Door\", \"Hey You\", is part of the PlayStation 2 video game, \"Guitar Hero\", released in 2005. It is also part of the Xbox 360 game \"Guitar Hero II\" via download through Xbox Live, along with \"\" on various consoles.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "881586#0",
"score": 0.6606947183609009,
"text": "Xbox Live is an online multiplayer gaming and digital media delivery service created and operated by Microsoft. It was first made available to the Xbox system in November 2002. An updated version of the service became available for the Xbox 360 console at the system's launch in November 2005, and a further enhanced version was released in 2013 with the Xbox One.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "21500850#4",
"score": 0.6587483286857605,
"text": "\"Guitar Hero: Smash Hits\" was one of three new titles for the Guitar Hero series announced in early 2009. Though the game was initially called \"Guitar Hero: Greatest Hits\", cover art for the game in North America had shown the title had changed to \"Guitar Hero: Smash Hits\". The game was still released as \"Guitar Hero: Greatest Hits\" in Europe and Australia.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "575490#7",
"score": 0.656340479850769,
"text": "At this time, RedOctane, a peripheral manufacturing company who had enjoyed Harmonix' previous games, approached Harmonix about developing the software for a game that would be based on a guitar-shaped controller, inspired by the \"GuitarFreaks\" which was popular in Japan. This relationship led to the creation of \"Guitar Hero\", published by RedOctane in 2005. The game features similar gameplay elements to \"FreQuency\" and \"Amplitude\". \"Guitar Hero\" uses a guitar-shaped controller designed uniquely for the game. Specifically, the \"Guitar Hero\" controller was designed with five color-coded \"fret\" buttons and a \"strum bar\". \"Guitar Hero\" became largely successful, both critically and commercially, resulting in the well-received 2006 sequel \"Guitar Hero II\", also developed by Harmonix.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "18946731#1",
"score": 0.6554522514343262,
"text": "Guitar Rockstar was launched in the UK with eight licensed pre-programmed rock songs:Guitar Rockstar was launched in Europe in 2008, and a competition in association with MTV was used to launch the product.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "17530769#1",
"score": 0.6543479561805725,
"text": "The Xbox Live Arcade version was released on February 20, 2008 and three expansion packs were released later that year on July 23, September 10, and October 15. The handheld versions were released on August 26, 2008.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "12171158#17",
"score": 0.6506142616271973,
"text": "Activision called \"Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock\" its \"largest product launch ever\", selling more than 1.4 million copies, and making over $100 million in its first week of release in North America; another 1.9 million copies were sold in the following month. Subsequently, the company was concerned that they were unable to meet the game's demand for the 2007 holiday season. As of July 15, 2008, the game has sold more than eight million copies. During the first seven months of 2008, the game sold 3.037 million units in the United States, 412,000 in the United Kingdom, and 26,000 in Japan, for a total of 3.475 million units, according to the NPD Group, GfK Chart-Track, and Enterbrain. More than two million copies of the game were sold for the Wii platform, making it the best-selling third-party title for the platform. Game sales during the first 12 months after the game's release were over $750 million. At the 2009 Consumer Electronics Show, Activision CEO Mike Griffith stated that \"Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock\" is the first retail video game to exceed one billion dollars in sales. According to accumulated data from NPD Group in January 2010, \"Guitar Hero III\" is the second best-selling video game in the United States since 1995, following \"Wii Play\". In March 2011, the title had become the top selling game with $830.9 million in lifetime sales.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
13
|
When were bluebonnets named the state flower of Texas?
|
[
{
"id": "30876840#2",
"score": 0.8345223069190979,
"text": "On March 7, 1901, Lupinus subcarnosus became the only species of bluebonnet recognized as the state flower of Texas;[2] however, Lupinus texensis emerged as the favorite of most Texans. So, in 1971, the Texas Legislature made any similar species of Lupinus that could be found in Texas the state flower.[3][4]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "29810#22",
"score": 0.7717840671539307,
"text": "During the spring Texas wildflowers such as the state flower, the bluebonnet, line highways throughout Texas. During the Johnson Administration the first lady, Lady Bird Johnson, worked to draw attention to Texas wildflowers.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "45303352#0",
"score": 0.7499500513076782,
"text": "Alamo Fire or Texas Maroon are names given to a maroon hybrid cultivar of \"Lupinus texensis\" (or bluebonnet), Texas' state flower. ",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "57924291#3",
"score": 0.6936822533607483,
"text": "The plant was operated by the National Gypsum Company but overseen by the military and was one of the four Ordnance plants in the United States during World War II. The army engineers were in charge of all plant construction while the Gypsum personnel and others worked out other strategies. Bluebonnet Ordnance Plant got its name from Major Paul Van Tuyl, who named the plant after the state flower of Texas (Bluebonnet).",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "9085354#9",
"score": 0.6718641519546509,
"text": "Each 2007 Longhorn football helmet featured a Texas bluebonnet decal. The decal was chosen to honor President Lyndon B. Johnson, Lady Bird Johnson and the Johnson family. Brown said President Johnson used to enjoy discussing football with former UT coach Darrell K Royal, while the first lady was known for her conservation efforts, particularly the spread of native wildflowers.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "473281#0",
"score": 0.662131130695343,
"text": "\"Texas, Our Texas\" is the official state song of Texas. It was written in 1924 by William J. Marsh, who was born in Liverpool, England, and emigrated to Texas as a young man, and Gladys Yoakum Wright, a native of Fort Worth, Texas, and selected as the state song by a concurrent resolution of the Texas Legislature in 1929 following a statewide competition. Older songs, such as \"The Yellow Rose of Texas\" and \"Dixie\", were also considered but ultimately it was decided a new song should be composed. At times, there have been movements to replace \"Texas, Our Texas\" with the better known \"The Eyes of Texas\".",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "25457#0",
"score": 0.6609769463539124,
"text": "The Republic of Texas (Spanish: República de Tejas) was a sovereign state in North America that existed from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846. It was bordered by Mexico to the west and southwest, the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast, the two U.S. states of Louisiana and Arkansas to the east and northeast, and United States territories encompassing parts of the current U.S. states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico to the north and west. The citizens of the republic were known as Texians.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "5983832#13",
"score": 0.658398449420929,
"text": "Between 1950 and 1990, a large and fractious argument was waged over the state flower of Louisiana. Eventually, in 1990 a compromise was reached, the Southern magnolia would be the state flower and \"Iris giganticaerulea\" was declared as the official state wildflower of Louisiana in 1990.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "36846889#2",
"score": 0.6540105938911438,
"text": "In 1990, the Louisiana iris was voted the state wildflower. The state flower is the magnolia blossom.\nThe \"Hexagonae\" series name is derived from the first Louisiana iris species to inhabit the series, \"Iris hexagona\". The name \"Louisiana iris\" comes from the naturalist and artist John James Audubon. In the 1821, a Louisiana flag (\"Iris fulva\") was painted by his assistant Joseph Mason, then Audubon added his pair of parula warblers. He then used the term 'Louisiana Flag' to describe the painting.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "234889#0",
"score": 0.6486566662788391,
"text": "Texas is a state of the United States of America, formerly the Republic of Texas.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "7097306#2",
"score": 0.6476632952690125,
"text": "The festival began in 1891, when local women decorated carriages, baby buggies and bicycles with live flowers, met in front of the Alamo, and threw the blossoms at one another, thus inspiring the name \"Battle of Flowers.\" Soon, other activities were added to the flower parade, including balls, parties and a carnival. The celebration's name changed over the years from Carnival to Spring Carnival to Fiesta San Jacinto and, in 1960, to Fiesta San Antonio.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "448611#1",
"score": 0.6437467932701111,
"text": "Founded largely by immigrants from the southern United States, Washington-on-the-Brazos is known as \"the birthplace of Texas\" because it was here that, on March 1, 1836, Texas delegates met to formally announce Texas' intention to separate from Mexico and to draft the constitution of the new Republic of Texas. They organized an interim government to serve until a government could be elected and inaugurated.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "49638892#1",
"score": 0.6425179839134216,
"text": "This species was discovered in 1967 in Texas and formally named in 1980. It was rediscovered again in North America in 2016.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "150924#19",
"score": 0.6410720944404602,
"text": "In 1884 Lamborn suggested that Ohio should make the carnation a state emblem. In 1904, three years after President McKinley's assassination, the Ohio General Assembly designated the scarlet carnation as the official state flower as a \"token of love and reverence to the memory of William McKinley\". On 29 January of each year (President McKinley's birth anniversary), a bouquet of red carnations is placed in the hands of McKinley's statue at the Capitol in Columbus.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "34700#24",
"score": 0.6390235424041748,
"text": "In 1844, James K. Polk was elected the United States president after promising to annex Texas. Before he assumed office, the outgoing president, John Tyler, entered negotiations with Texas. On February 26, 1845, six days before Polk took office, the U.S. Congress approved the annexation. The Texas legislature approved annexation in July 1845 and constructed a state constitution. In October, Texas residents approved the annexation and the new constitution, and Texas was officially inducted into the United States on December 29, 1845 as the 28th U.S. state.. Mexico still considered Texas to be a renegade Mexican state, and never considered land south of the Nueces River to be part of Texas. This border dispute between the newly-expanded United States and Mexico triggered the Mexican–American War. ",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "7194439#8",
"score": 0.6386841535568237,
"text": "During the summer of 1845, Anson Jones, Houston's successor as president, called a constitutional convention meeting in Austin, approved the annexation of Texas to the United States and named Austin the state capital until 1850, at which time the voters of Texas were to express their preference in a general election. After resuming its role as the seat of government in 1845, Austin officially became the state capital on February 19, 1846, the date of the formal transfer of authority from the republic to the state.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "29810#1",
"score": 0.637353241443634,
"text": "Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S., while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas–Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country, respectively. Other major cities include Austin, the second-most populous state capital in the U.S., and El Paso. Texas is nicknamed \"The Lone Star State\" to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the state's struggle for independence from Mexico. The \"Lone Star\" can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texan state seal. The origin of Texas's name is from the word \"taysha\", which means \"friends\" in the Caddo language.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "54533#126",
"score": 0.6367874145507812,
"text": "The Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston was renamed the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in 1973. Texas created a legal state holiday to be observed on August 27 to mark Johnson's birthday, known as Lyndon Baines Johnson Day. The Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac was dedicated on April 6, 1976.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "46393610#0",
"score": 0.6351107358932495,
"text": "Nemophila phacelioides is a flowering forb native to Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Alabama. The plant has medium-sized blue or purple flowers, and is an annual plant. The flower is known commonly as baby blue eyes, Texas baby blue eyes, largeflower baby blue eyes, or flannel breeches.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "29907341#2",
"score": 0.6337065696716309,
"text": "Among the cool, sheltered rock formations along Booth Creek search for the blooms of Columbine. The Blue columbine, Aquilegia caerulea, is the state flower of Colorado. Columbine is named after the Latin for dove, columba, for its delicate winged petals that often hover over pools of water.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "46611998#0",
"score": 0.6336134076118469,
"text": "The term bluebonnet refers to the two species of Australian parrots in the genus Northiella. The genus name honours Australian ornithologist Alfred John North.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
14
|
Who created the series Clannad?
|
[
{
"id": "983972#0",
"score": 0.7118518352508545,
"text": "Clannad(クラナド,Kuranado) is a Japanese visual novel developed by Key and released on April 28, 2004 for Windows PCs. While both of Key's first two previous works, Kanon and Air, had been released first as adult games and then censored for the younger market, Clannad was released with a rating for all ages. It was later ported to the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch consoles. An English version for Windows was released on Steam by Sekai Project in 2015. The story follows the life of Tomoya Okazaki, an average high school student who meets many people in his last year at school, including five girls, and helps resolve their individual problems."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "44087237#1",
"score": 0.6572355031967163,
"text": "Sekai Project originated in 2007 as a fan translation group translating the visual novel \"School Days\". They later partnered with publisher JAST USA, turning their fan translation into the official English version of the game. Sekai Project began publishing games on Steam in 2014; their first title was \"World End Economica episode.01\", released in June. Sekai Project has used the crowdfunding platform Kickstarter to fund many of their projects. In November 2014, they launched a Kickstarter campaign to fund an English release of the visual novel \"Clannad\". The campaign exceeded its goal of US$140,000 and ended up raising over US$500,000. In July 2015, Sekai Project announced that they would be localizing manga in addition to video games, starting with \"Gate\".",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "983972#29",
"score": 0.6463268995285034,
"text": "There have also been four sets of manga anthologies produced by different companies and drawn by a multitude of different artists. The first volume of the earliest anthology series, released by Ohzora under the title Clannad, was released in June 2004 under their Twin Heart Comics imprint.[81] Volumes for this series continued to be released until April 2005 with the fifth volume.[82] The second anthology was released in a single volume by Jive on January 25, 2005 titled Clannad Comic Anthology: Another Symphony.[83] The third anthology series was released in two volumes by Ichijinsha on June 25, 2004 and July 24, 2004 under their DNA Media Comics;[84][85] a third special volume was released much later on December 25, 2007.[86] The first volume of the last anthology series, a collection of four-panel comic strips released by Enterbrain under the title Magi-Cu 4-koma Clannad, was released on February 25, 2008 under their MC Comics imprint; the tenth volume in the series was released on August 26, 2009.[87] Each of the anthology series are written and drawn by an average of 20 people per volume.[87]",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "983972#24",
"score": 0.6371641755104065,
"text": "A set of 14 illustrated short stories which added to Clannad's story were serialized between the September 2004 and October 2005 issues of ASCII Media Works' Dengeki G's Magazine.[46][47] Titled Official Another Story Clannad: Hikari Mimamoru Sakamichi de(Official Another Story Clannad 光見守る坂道で,Official Another Story Clannad: On the Hillside Path that Light Watches Over), there were 13 regular chapters and one extra bonus chapter. The installments were written by Key's scenario staff and each story was accompanied by illustrations by Japanese artist GotoP. Two more stories were included when they were collected into a 103-page bound volume released on November 25, 2005.[48]",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "16701789#17",
"score": 0.6266478896141052,
"text": "\"Rewrite\" marked the first time since Key's third game \"Clannad\" that Itaru Hinoue was staffed as the sole art director and character designer in a Key visual novel. The school uniforms for the heroines in the game are old designs that Hinoue created and used before in \"dōjinshi\" (self-published work). In particular, Hinoue spent much time on drawing the character art in \"Rewrite\" due in part to the design of the school uniforms, the fact that most of the female characters have long hair, and because of the increased aspect ratio. Six more graphic artists worked on \"Rewrite\": Torino headed the background art, Ryou Shigawa designed and illustrated the monsters, and the computer graphics in the game were done by Na-Ga, Shinory, Mochisuke, and Minimo Tayama. The game's soundtrack was composed by Key's signature composers Jun Maeda and Shinji Orito, in addition to Maiko Iuchi of I've Sound, Sōshi Hosoi, and Ryō Mizutsuki. Maeda also contributed on the quality control for the game.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "10124234#0",
"score": 0.6260278224945068,
"text": "Magome Togoshi began working as a music arranger for music in visual novels starting with Key's first title \"Kanon\" in 1999. He was first credited with the arrangement on the remix album \"Anemoscope\" released in June 1999. Following this, Togoshi composed music for Key's second game \"Air\" in 2000. Following the success of \"Air\" and the game's soundtrack, Togoshi became a well-known composer to visual novel enthusiasts. Production for Key's next game \"Clannad\" began in 2001 and while the game was still in production, Togoshi composed music for other brands under VisualArt's, which Key is attached under. These include the now-defunct Words brand with their game \"Sakura no Ki Shita de\" released in 2002, and Bonbee!'s \"Alma: Zutto Soba ni...\" released in 2003.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "12962104#4",
"score": 0.6254623532295227,
"text": "Of the 24 episodes planned for release by Kyoto Animation,[1] 23 were aired on television with the first 22 being regular episodes, followed by an additional extra episode. The last episode was released as an original video animation on the eighth DVD on July 16, 2008 and is set in an alternate universe from the anime series in which Tomoya and Tomoyo are dating.[1] The OVA episode was previewed on May 31, 2008 for an audience of four-hundred people picked via a mail-in postcard campaign.[1] The broadcast time was first announced on August 11, 2007 at the TBS festival Anime Festa, which is also when the first episode was showcased. The episodes aired between October 4, 2007 and March 27, 2008 on the TBS Japanese television network in 4:3 aspect ratio.[7] The anime also aired in 16:9 aspect ratio between October 26, 2007 and April 4, 2008 on the BS-i Japanese television network. The anime series was released in a set of eight DVD compilations in Japan released between December 19, 2007 and July 16, 2008 by Pony Canyon, with each compilation containing three episodes.[1] A Blu-ray Disc box set of Clannad was released on April 30, 2010 in Japan.[8]",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "53985422#36",
"score": 0.6174830794334412,
"text": "An OVA series dubbed \"\" was produced and released between 1997 and 1998. Created by Animate and Radix Ace Entertainment, it told a series of stories around events mentioned in \"Sakura Wars\" as well as origin stories for the Flower Division members. An anime series of the same name was broadcast in 2000 over a six-month period. Co-produced by Red Company, Madhouse and Studio Matrix, Ryutaro Nakamura directed the anime series. While following the basic plot of \"Sakura Wars\" and preserving Hiroi's original vision, several elements such as depictions of the main antagonist's past, Sakura's childhood memories and scenes within the Flower Division before Ogami's arrival were added. A major issue was being faithful to both the video game and OVAs while keeping within the restrictions of a television format.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "319589#50",
"score": 0.6149582862854004,
"text": "Anime based on eroge and visual novels increased in popularity in the 2000s, building on a trend started in the late 1990s by such works as \"Sentimental Journey\" (1998) and \"To Heart\" (1999). Examples of such works include \"Green Green\" (2003), \"SHUFFLE!\" (2006), \"Kanon\" (2002 and 2006), \"Fate/Stay Night\" (2006), \"Higurashi no Naku Koro ni\" (2006), \"\" (2007), \"True Tears\" (2008), and \"Clannad\" (2008 and 2009).",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "202547#1",
"score": 0.6115580797195435,
"text": "Formed by siblings Ciarán Brennan, Pól, and Moya Brennan and their twin uncles Noel and Pádraig Duggan, the band were initially known as Clann as Dobhar; in 1973 they shortened their name to Clannad. By 1979 they had released three albums and completed a successful US tour. From 1980 to 1982, they recorded and toured as a six-piece group with Enya on additional keyboards and vocals, before she left the group to pursue a solo career.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "202547#26",
"score": 0.6110883951187134,
"text": "On 18 June 2013, Clannad announced that their brand new studio album Nádúr (their first new album since the release of Landmarks in 1998) was to be released worldwide in September 2013. An international tour commenced in October 2013 starting in Australia and New Zealand.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "47121823#5",
"score": 0.6089600324630737,
"text": "An anime adaptation was announced through a wrap-around jacket on the sixth tankōbon volume in Japan. It was later confirmed through the series' official Twitter account for the drama CD and anime project that it would be a TV anime, and would be produced by Manglobe as their final anime television series before succumbing to bankruptcy. The series is directed by Shukō Murase, with character designs by Yōichi Ueda and music by Tsutchie. Shinichi Inotsume is in charge of series composition, while Koichi Hatsumi serves as series director. Additional crew include Masahiro Kubota (art design), Masatoshi Kai (art direction), Yuuko Saitou (color design), and Shinobu Tsuneki (prop design). Yuuichirou Nagata from Asahi Production serves as the series' director of photography. Tomoki Nagasaka is the series' editor, and Yukio Nagasaki serves as sound director. The cast from the audio drama return to voice their characters in the anime. The opening theme song is \"Renegade\" by STEREO DIVE FOUNDATION, while the ending theme song, performed by Annabel, is .",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "4370406#0",
"score": 0.6089161038398743,
"text": "Pól Brennan (, ; born 22 April 1956) is an Irish singer, songwriter and producer. He is the brother of Enya, Moya Brennan, Brídín Brennan and Ciarán Brennan. He is a member of the family band Clannad, and co-wrote the hit song \"Theme from Harry's Game\". He left the group in 1990, but rejoined in 2011. Since the early 1990s, Pól has gained critical acclaim as a solo artist when he joined Japanese musician Joji Hirota and Chinese musician Guo Yue, and released an album, \"Trísan\".",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "1880353#1",
"score": 0.6038624048233032,
"text": "The series was directed by David Richardson, written and presented by Frank Delaney, produced by the British Broadcasting Corporation, and broadcast on BBC Two. The series was released on DVD in Europe and North America in 2004. Delaney also wrote a six-chapter companion book, extended with four tales from Irish mythology.\nThe series introduced the music of Irish singer Enya to a wider audience. Enya, formerly a member of the Celtic music group Clannad, was commissioned by David Richardson to compose the score for the series.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "2073875#0",
"score": 0.598778486251831,
"text": "It was created by Mitsuru Kaneko, and was directed by Masaaki Ōsumi (episodes 1-26) and Yoshiyuki Tomino (episodes 27-39). It was written by Sōji Yoshikawa, while the character designer was Akio Sugino. The music for the series was composed by Shunsuke Kikuchi.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "9455483#0",
"score": 0.5983543395996094,
"text": "Lore is a 1996 studio album by the Irish folk group Clannad. It was re-issued in 2005 with the Cantoma mix bonus track of \"Croí Cróga\". \"Lore\" was greeted with great acclaim by music critics worldwide, often stating that this was one of Clannad's greatest recordings. This has the most Gaelic songs of all Clannad albums since 1982, and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best New Age Album, the band's second nomination, although it lost to \"The Memory of Trees\" by Enya (Eithne Ní Bhraonaín), who was once a member of Clannad and is the sister of band members Moya Brennan, Ciarán Brennan and Pól Brennan as well as niece to Noel Ó Dúgáin and Pádraig Ó Dúgáin.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "273451#6",
"score": 0.5977822542190552,
"text": "\"Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle\" began with an inspiration of the four-member team, Clamp, to link their works set in a realistic world with their works set in different fantasy worlds. Prior to beginning work on \"Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle\", Clamp had created the manga \"Cardcaptor Sakura\", from which the two main characters are taken. Clamp decided to draw \"Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle\" by using a style first conceived by Osamu Tezuka, named the \"father of manga\" and often credited as the \"father of anime\", known as Osamu Tezuka's Star System. In this system, characters with the same name and design are used in different settings, drawing mostly from the vast character pool of its own works and occasionally from others' works. Unlike characters under the Star System, three months prior to the release of \"Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle\", the \"Young Magazine\" began serializing Clamp's \"xxxHolic\", a manga whose two main characters, Kimihiro Watanuki and Yūko Ichihara, are two of the same characters used in \"Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle\"; both series run in parallel. Like many of their other works, each member of Clamp had a role different from their other projects instead of retaining set roles. For \"Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle\", Mokona drew the main characters, whereas Tsubaki Nekoi and Satsuki Igarashi drew the side characters and backgrounds; Nanase Ohkawa was the sole person in charge of the storyline; the other members of Clamp were not told in advance how the plot would unfold. The word \"Tsubasa\" was used so that the title would be easy to read. However, believing \"Tsubasa\" only would be too short, they added the words \"Chronicle\" and \"Reservoir\" from Nekoi's notes.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "15464754#2",
"score": 0.5974591374397278,
"text": "Hiroyuki Yoshino also served as the assistant to main series composer Ichiro Okouchi during both seasons of the \"Code Geass\" TV series. Among other projects for different animation studios, he has written \"Macross Frontier\", \"Denpa teki na Kanojo\", \"Sound of the Sky\", \"Dance in the Vampire Bund\" and \"Guilty Crown\".",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "49937745#1",
"score": 0.5973913669586182,
"text": "The series was announced in July 2015 as a collaboration between Sunrise and NHK. It is animated by Sunrise, directed by Yoichi Fujita and written by Miya Asakawa, Tsuyoshi Kida, Kyo Kogure, and Shū Matsubara, with Ichirō Sakaki and Michihiro Tsuchiya handling series composition. It features original character designs by Makoto Tsuchibayashi, adapted character designs by Seiichi Hashimoto, music by Masashi Hamauzu, and musical renditions by Daisuke Asakura, Tomoyasu Hotei, tofubeats and Tsunku for Liszt, Beethoven, Mozart and Bach, respectively. NHK and BN Pictures are the series' producers.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "983972#1",
"score": 0.5957722663879395,
"text": "The gameplay of Clannad follows a branching plot line which offers pre-determined scenarios with courses of interaction, and focuses on the appeal of the five female main characters by the player character. The game was ranked as the best-selling PC game sold in Japan for the time of its release, and charted in the national top 50 several more times afterwards. Key went on to produce an adult spin-off titled Tomoyo After: It's a Wonderful Life in November 2005, which expanded on the scenario of Tomoyo Sakagami, one of the five heroines from Clannad.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "202553#3",
"score": 0.5941590070724487,
"text": "It was during this time in 1970 that Brennan joined her two brothers Pól and Ciarán and their mother's twin brothers Noel and Pádraig Ó Dúgáin and eventually formed Clannad. They were identified and introduced to television by Tony MacMahon. After enjoying a decade of being among the world's foremost Irish musical groups, Clannad graduated to chart success in 1982 with the album \"Magical Ring\". Brennan was at the forefront of the group's success and her voice suddenly became synonymous with Celtic music and Irish music at the time. Brennan recorded 17 albums with Clannad and has won a Grammy, a BAFTA and an Ivor Novello award with the quintet. Her sister Eithne Ní Bhraonáin, who spent a while with Clannad, continues to pursue a very successful solo career under the name Enya.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
15
|
When was the USS Taylor built?
|
[
{
"id": "1439912#1",
"score": 0.6947116851806641,
"text": "Taylor's keel was laid down by Bath Iron Works Corp., Bath, Maine, on May 5, 1983. She was launched November 5, 1983, and commissioned December 1, 1984 in Bath, Maine. Taylor was sponsored by Barbara A. Taylor, the widow of the ship's namesake, and Diane Taylor-Oeland as matron of honor."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "955480#3",
"score": 0.6579026579856873,
"text": "She had a standard displacement of an overall length of , a beam of and a draught of . On trials, \"Taylor\" reached a speed of . She was armed with four 4\"/50 caliber guns, one 3\"/23 caliber gun, and twelve torpedo tubes for torpedoes. She had a regular crew complement of 122 officers and enlisted men. She was coal-powered, and driven by two Curtis steam turbines powered by four Yarrow boilers with an indicated horsepower of .",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "23977292#19",
"score": 0.6495646238327026,
"text": "The \"Lexington\"-class ships had an overall length of , a beam of , and a draft of . They displaced at normal load and at deep load. Because the demand for extreme speed necessitated a long hull with maximum freeboard, the forecastle was extended down 75 percent of the total length of the hull. For this class, Rear Admiral David W. Taylor, who served as Chief Constructor for the Bureau of Construction and Repair, used a relatively new kind of bow called the bulbous bow or Taylor bow. The result of a series of towing tests begun in 1910, this bow reduced water resistance by an average of six percent, supported the forecastle and reduced bending stress on the hull. At speeds of more than 25 knots, test results were highly favorable. A disadvantage was the formation of a heavy layer of water which would creep up along the outer plating of the forecastle at higher speeds. However, this tendency could be reduced to some degree by careful design of the frames. Taylor first introduced this bow, also known as a bulbous forefoot, in his design of , which entered service in 1910.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "233888#8",
"score": 0.6448806524276733,
"text": "The keel was laid down on 9 December 2000. The ship was launched on 12 July 2003 and christened on 19 July by Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison of Texas. She was originally scheduled to be commissioned 17 July 2002, but was delayed by problems at the Avondale shipyard, which resulted in her being towed from New Orleans to the Northrop Grumman shipyard at Pascagoula, Mississippi, in December 2004 for completion.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "4176579#1",
"score": 0.6439374685287476,
"text": "Built in 1824 for Meek and Co., \"Simon Taylor\" was constructed at the Blackwall Yard on the River Thames in London. On completion, she was registered to S. Taylor. She weighed 431 tons, the passenger deck was long, and there was a height of between decks. Between 1829 and 1837, \"Simon Taylor\" made a number of voyages to Jamaica; a voyage to Mauritius in 1833 is also recorded. Records indicate that the ship's captain in 1830 was a Mr. Christie. In 1837 ownership of \"Simon Taylor\" was transferred to R. Taylor, and over the next two years she was restored. Once restored, she was transferred to Thomson and Co. In 1840 she made a voyage under a Captain whose name is recorded as Mr. Slater. From 1841 the Captain was Thomas Brown.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "128791#2",
"score": 0.6426005363464355,
"text": "Taylor is located at .",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "7765360#1",
"score": 0.639634370803833,
"text": "The keel for USS \"Davidson\" was laid down 30 September 1963 at Avondale Shipyards. The ship was launched and christened 2 October 1964, with Mrs. Lyal A. Davidson, widow of the ship's namesake, as ship sponsor. \"Davidson\" was commissioned on 7 December 1965 in Charleston, South Carolina, CDR. Henry L. Stanfield in command. She was homeported in Pearl Harbor. She deployed to the Western Pacific in support of the Vietnam War. She was redesignated, along with the rest of her class, as a frigate in 1975 with the new hull number FF-1045.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "8061514#1",
"score": 0.6385495662689209,
"text": "\"Bolivar\" was laid down on 13 May 1942 at San Francisco, California, by the Western Pipe and Steel Company under a Maritime Commission contract (MC hull 269); launched as SS \"Sea Angel\" on 7 September 1942; sponsored by Mrs. Robert W. Ethen; originally designated a transport, AP-79; reclassified APA-34 on 1 February 1943; transferred to the Navy on 15 March 1943; commissioned that same day, as \"Bolivar\", Lieutenant Commander R. E. Perry in command; moved to Hoboken, New Jersey; decommissioned there on 23 April; converted to an attack transport by Todd Shipbuilding Company; and recommissioned on 1 September, Capt. Joseph A. Gainard in command.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "25790011#1",
"score": 0.6373403668403625,
"text": "The ship was built by the Brown Shipbuilding Company in Houston, Texas and was commissioned into the United States Navy (USN) as USS \"LSM-547\" on 25 January 1946. She was decommissioned on 11 March 1947 and laid up in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. Recommissioned on 22 September 1950 and served during the Korean War between 1951 and 1953. She was decommissioned on 5 July 1955 and laid up in the Pacific Reserve Fleet.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "58603463#5",
"score": 0.6356343626976013,
"text": "Taylor received a new command, of the destroyer , which was commissioned on 9 February 1943, with the rank of captain from 20 May 1943. \"Bennett\" sailed to the South Pacific, where she supported the landings at Cape Torokina in November 1944 and on Green Islands in February 1944, and bombarded the Japanese base at Kavieng on New Ireland on 18 February 1944 and at Rabaul on New Britain 29 February. He was awarded the Bronze Star. His citation read:\nTaylor commanded Destroyer Division 90 from August 1943 to May 1944, participating in the Empress Augusta Bay, and Destroyer Squadron 45 from May 1944 to November 1944. He was awarded the Silver Star for the Battle of the Philippine Sea. In December 1944, he became the naval aide to the Secretary of the Navy, James Forrestal.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "1200993#6",
"score": 0.633804202079773,
"text": "In the fall of 1899, Taylor was detached from \"Indiana\" and assigned to shore duty. In March 1900, he became a member of the General Board and, 11 months later on 11 February 1901, he was promoted to rear admiral. On 29 April 1902, he assumed the post of Chief of the Bureau of Navigation, which he held until his death.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "45628966#0",
"score": 0.632011890411377,
"text": "MV \"Cape Taylor\" (T-AKR-113) is a Roll-on/Roll-off (RO/RO) ship with the Ready Reserve Force (RRF) of the\nUnited States Department of Transportation's Maritime Administration (MARAD). , her homeport is the Port of Houston in Houston, Texas and she is on ROS-5 status; she is able to be fully operational within 5 days of being activated. When activated, she becomes part of the United States Navy's Military Sealift Command (MSC).",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "2603427#2",
"score": 0.6313072443008423,
"text": "\"David W. Taylor\" escorted a convoy of merchantmen from Charleston, South Carolina to Pearl Harbor arriving on 20 January 1944. Three days later she got underway to screen a support convoy to the Gilbert and Marshall Islands, returning to Pearl Harbor on 29 February. After escorting the aircraft carrier to San Francisco, she sailed from Pearl Harbor 1 April to patrol in the Marshall Islands until 12 May. Returning to Pearl Harbor 18 May, she had training duties there until 7 June.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "1113519#5",
"score": 0.629671573638916,
"text": "During the Spanish–American War, Taylor served as a battery commander aboard the \"Olympia\" and took part in the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898. Taylor was commissioned a Lieutenant after the \"Olympia's\" return to the U.S. in 1899.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "1574666#3",
"score": 0.6252183318138123,
"text": "On 17 December, the warship cleared Hampton Roads in company with Task Force 13 (TF 13) on her way to duty with the Pacific Fleet. After transiting the Panama Canal and stopping at Tutuila in the Samoan Islands, the destroyer reported at Noumea, New Caledonia, on 20 January 1943 for duty in the South West Pacific Area. From Nouméa, \"Taylor\" continued west to Efate in the New Hebrides group, entering Havannah Harbor on the 26th. There, she became a unit of Destroyer Squadron 21's Destroyer Division 41 (DesDiv 41), one of two four-destroyer divisions screening Rear Admiral Robert C. Giffen's Task Force 18, comprising three heavy cruisers, three light cruisers, and two escort carriers.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "12242729#1",
"score": 0.6226671934127808,
"text": "She was named in honor of Lieutenant (junior grade) Allison Phidel Rhodes who was killed in action as fought her last battle, the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, on 13 November 1942. She was laid down by the Brown Shipbuilding Company at Houston, Texas on 19 April 1943, and was launched 29 June 1943. Her sponsor was Mrs. C. E. Rhodes, mother of Lieutenant (junior grade) Rhodes, and was commissioned on October 1943, Lieutenant Commander E. A. Coffin of the United States Coast Guard in command.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "762635#1",
"score": 0.6221351027488708,
"text": "She was laid down on 6 May 1943 as \"Bridgeport\", Maritime Commission (MARCOM) hull 1465, and originally classified as patrol gunboat, PG-166, on 6 May 1943, at the Globe Shipbuilding Company in Superior, Wisconsin. She was launched on 21 August 1943, sponsored by Mrs. Thomas F. Rogers; acquired by the Navy on 31 May 1944; renamed \"Abilene\", reclassified a patrol frigate, and assigned hull number PF-58 on 28 June 1944; and commissioned on 28 October 1944 with Lieutenant Commander Chester I. Steel, USCG, in command.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "545396#1",
"score": 0.6217100620269775,
"text": "\"Leary\"s keel was laid down by the Consolidated Steel Corporation at Orange, Texas on 11 August 1944. The ship was launched on 20 January 1945 and was christened by Mrs. Theodore S. Wilkinson, wife of Vice Admiral Theodore S. Wilkinson. \"Leary\" was commissioned by the United States Navy on 7 May 1945. On 23 June 1945 \"Leary\" completed her shakedown off the US Naval base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba and proceeded to her home port of Norfolk, Virginia.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "58603463#2",
"score": 0.619839072227478,
"text": "Taylor graduated on on 4 June 1925, and was commissioned as an ensign. He joined the crew of the battleship , but returned to Annapolis in August 1926 as an assistant coach of the football team. On 1 September 1926, he married a local girl, Elizabeth Fay Valiant. They had two children, a daughter and a son. In 1929, he returned to sea duty on the battleship , where he was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade) on 4 June 1928. He joined the crew of the destroyer in April 1929, and then the destroyer in January 1931. In June 1932 he returned to Annapolis as an instructor in gunnery and an assistant coach of football and lacrosse. He was promoted to lieutenant on 1 August 1934. In June 1935, he became executive officer of the destroyer and then, in December 1936, of the destroyer . From June 1937 to May 1939, he was a flag lieutenant on the staff of the commander of Destroyers, Battle Force.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "1039947#1",
"score": 0.6192663311958313,
"text": "All ships were built at the Navy Main Yard in Horten, Norway between 1964 and 1966. The construction of the vessels was part of the Navy rebuilding program, approved by the Norwegian government in 1960. Half of the project expenses were funded by the United States as a part of the Mutual Defense Assistance Program (MDAP) (a program that ran from when it was passed by the Congress in October 1949 until 1967–68).",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "29266376#0",
"score": 0.6189062595367432,
"text": "Taylor Anderson is a gunsmith, re-enactor, and history professor. As a gun maker and forensic ballistic archaeologist, he has advised numerous museums as well as the National Parks Service and the United States Army. He's also a technical and dialogue consultant for movies and documentaries involving18th, 19th and early 20th century combat. He's even done some acting. He is the author of the \"Destroyermen\" book series, about the USS \"Walker\" (DD-163), USS \"Mahan\" (DD-102), and USS \"S-19\" (SS-124), and their fight against the Grik.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
16
|
What's the difference between man-slaughter and homicide?
|
[
{
"id": "26346214#0",
"score": 0.6506443619728088,
"text": "In the United States, the law regarding murder varies by jurisdiction. In most U.S. jurisdictions there is a hierarchy of acts, known collectively as homicide, of which first degree murder and felony murder are the most serious, followed by second degree murder, followed by voluntary manslaughter and involuntary manslaughter which are not as serious, and ending finally in justifiable homicide, which is not a crime at all. However, because there are at least 52 relevant jurisdictions, each with its own criminal code, this is a considerable simplification.[1]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "3520048#76",
"score": 0.6180809140205383,
"text": "Chapter 9 of Tractate Sanhedrin in the Mishnah and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of murder in (20:13 in the NJPS) and (5:17 in the NJPS). The Mishnah taught that one who intended to kill an animal but killed a person instead was not liable for murder. One was not liable for murder who intended to kill an unviable fetus and killed a viable child. One was not liable for murder who intended to strike the victim on the loins, where the blow was insufficient to kill, but struck the heart instead, where it was sufficient to kill, and the victim died. One was not liable for murder who intended to strike the victim on the heart, where it was enough to kill, but struck the victim on the loins, where it was not, and yet the victim died.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "899541#2",
"score": 0.6179678440093994,
"text": "Flaying of humans is used as a method of torture or execution, depending on how much of the skin is removed. This is often referred to as \"flaying alive\". There are also records of people flayed after death, generally as a means of debasing the corpse of a prominent enemy or criminal, sometimes related to religious beliefs (e.g. to deny an afterlife); sometimes the skin is used, again for deterrence, esotheric/ritualistic purposes, etc. (e.g. scalping).",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "135327#1",
"score": 0.6178470253944397,
"text": "According to Weiss-Wendt, any attempts to develop a universally accepted terminology describing mass killings of non-combatants was a complete failure Below are listed the terms used by genocide scholars to describe mass killings.Benjamen Valentino, who sees ruler's motives as the key factor explaining the onset of mass killings, outlines two major category of mass killings, dispossessive mass killings and coercive mass killings. The first category included ethnic cleansing, killings that accompany agrarian reforms in some states led by communists, mass killings during colonial expansion, etc. The second category includes mass killings during counter-guerilla warfare, killings during the Axis imperialist conquests during the World War II, etc. Although Valentino does not consider ideology or regime type as an important factor that explains mass killings, he outlines communist mass killings as a subtype of dispossessive mass killings, which is considered as a complication of original theory his book is based on.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "52540001#12",
"score": 0.6171411275863647,
"text": "Two people were killed in the state.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "32587#81",
"score": 0.6166900396347046,
"text": "The violence connection is not limited to sexual acts, however. It is a common fact the prevalence of violence against animals are more defined in those with psychopathic disorders. This mirroring of violence against animals and violence against weaker animals lead the pioneers of feminist veganism to suggest that there is a correspondence between violence against humans and animals, supporting feminist veganism.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "9585510#2",
"score": 0.6166889667510986,
"text": "The use of a sharpened blade for the slaughtering of livestock has been practiced throughout history. Prior to the development of electric stunning equipment, some species were killed by simply striking them with a blunt instrument, sometimes followed by exsanguination with a knife.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "4845933#2",
"score": 0.6165750622749329,
"text": "Nevertheless, physical altercation resulting from cutting is rare. It was reported that an 18-year-old National Serviceman in Malaysia was bludgeoned to death after he attempted to jump the queue at a food counter. Another notable incident occurred in New York City at The Halal Guys food cart, resulting in the death of the man who cut in line. The man who killed him was found not guilty by reason of self-defense.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "2530137#31",
"score": 0.6161866784095764,
"text": "Humanist tragedy took two distinct directions:",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "95356#35",
"score": 0.6156057119369507,
"text": "Lawful killing includes lawful self-defence. There is no material difference between an accidental death verdict and one of misadventure.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "1260772#24",
"score": 0.6150729060173035,
"text": "Compromises in countries with animal cruelty laws that prohibit such practices involve stunning the animal to lessen the suffering that occurs while the animal bleeds to death. However, the use of electric shocks to daze the animal is often not accepted by some markets as producing meat that is kosher.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "168227#3",
"score": 0.6147498488426208,
"text": "In \"Controversial Issues in Criminology\", Fuller and Hickey write that \"[t]he element of time involved between murderous acts is primary in the differentiation of serial, mass, and spree murderers\", later elaborating that spree killers \"will engage in the killing acts for days or weeks\" while the \"methods of murder and types of victims vary\". Andrew Cunanan is given as an example of spree killing, while Charles Whitman is mentioned in connection with mass murder, and Jeffrey Dahmer with serial killing.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "27416933#4",
"score": 0.6147289872169495,
"text": "The difficulty of prosecuting cases of anatomy murders arises because of the difficulty of obtaining evidence. The victims are generally marginal and do not have anyone to report their disappearance. The cadavers, which may show evidence of homicide, are destroyed by dissection. Those dissecting the bodies may believe that they have been obtained legitimately, or may have a vested interest in keeping their practices quiet.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "23837122#6",
"score": 0.6145949363708496,
"text": "The district and commune level instigators created their own brutal and lawless way of organizing the massacres in their areas. Prior to the executions they would often hold a short “trial” (lasting only a few minutes) in the lawlessly created “Supreme Court of the Poor and Lower-middle Peasants”. The “judges” were unsurprisingly the local leaders who prearranged the killings. If the victims were sentenced to death (and they almost always were amid the corruption and lawlessness), they were trussed up by armed militia and taken to a mass rally for denouncing their “crimes.” Then, they were killed in public or by the public. Sometimes the local CCP and militia officials considered that it might be dangerous to take the victims to the public. They would then quietly send a team of armed militia to the victims’ homes to carry out the slaughter. The victims would often be informed while away from home that an issue had risen requiring them to return, in order to lure the victims back home where their killers would be waiting. Victims were killed in a number of ways, ranging from shooting to beating to decapitation. Those directly involved in the \"executions\" were rewarded for their work with higher salaries than they earned by their regular employment in the commune or district, an incentive that was a major factor for the high number of people who participated in the killings; a number of local CCP and militia officials personally led the killings. Perhaps unsurprisingly, given the lack of law enforcement, local criminals also joined in the violence. Most of those in the militias were social outcasts and little respected people who sought to earn honor by participating in the killings.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "36294632#6",
"score": 0.6138830184936523,
"text": "The following day, during a breaking news bulletin, they found out that Dodi murdered men at the gym and held his partner hostage. Dodi, looking insane, kills his partner and himself with a piece of broken glass. Seth and her neighbors discussed if there's a pattern of deaths. Ruben annoys his wife Greta that she's going to die next, much to Greta's anger.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "3768697#69",
"score": 0.6138702034950256,
"text": "Aggravated murder",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "38089600#1",
"score": 0.6138270497322083,
"text": "\"Serial Killers\" is divided into three parts: \nPart one covers the history of serial murder from its ancient roots to approximately the mid-1960s, when Vronsky argues it became viral in its postmodernity. Vronsky proposes that modern culture, media, and society degrade certain classes of people in the perception of homicidal psychopaths, who serially target and murder them in an attempt to satisfy increasingly addictive sexual, hedonistic fantasies. Vronsky points to the high proportion of street prostitutes, runaway youths, cruising homosexuals, or people who are homeless, impoverished, disabled, or elderly among serial killer victims; i.e., victims who are often characterized as society's \"throwaways\". Vronsky argues that only the presence of children and young college girls among preferred victims of serial killers raise concerns about these predators in society at large. He reviews several sources of statistical data on serial homicide, its patterns, and trends, particularly in the United States, and explores the myth of the recent “serial killer epidemic”.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "83945#5",
"score": 0.6137702465057373,
"text": "Intoxicants and alcoholic beverages[1] Carrion (carcasses of dead animals which weren't killed by men or pets trained for that purpose, like dogs or falcons)[2] Blood[3] Pork[2] Any food blasphemously dedicated to another God[2][3] An animal that has been strangled, beaten (to death), killed by a fall, gored (to death), or savaged by a beast of prey [3]",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "267603#15",
"score": 0.6132394671440125,
"text": "The causes of the massacres are a matter of controversy. Morris considers that the killings and massacres occurred \"[l]ike [in] most wars involving built-up areas.\" According to Ilan Pappé, these took place in the context of an ethnic cleansing that \"carr[ied] with it atrocious acts of mass killing and butchering of thousands of Palestinians were killed ruthlessly and savagely by Israeli troops of all backgrounds, ranks and ages.\"",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "20433927#17",
"score": 0.6126903295516968,
"text": "Following the decline of the Roman Empire, ecclesiastical courts held wide jurisdiction throughout Europe. According to Donald DeMarco, PhD, the Church treated the killing of an unformed or \"unanimated\" fetus as a matter of \"anticipated homicide\", with a corresponding lesser penance required. In the Catechism of the Catholic Church, the following statement regarding the beginning of human life and personhood is provided:",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "999204#41",
"score": 0.6119906306266785,
"text": "not guilty of premeditated genocide, but he was guilty of contributing to the deaths of thousands of innocent people. The law calls his offence criminal negligence. Yet in light of all the deaths, the almost complete annihilation of the Mandans, and the terrible suffering the region endured, the label criminal negligence is benign, hardly befitting an action that had such horrendous consequences.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
17
|
When did DC comics first introduce the Guardians of the Universe?
|
[
{
"id": "144157#0",
"score": 0.8094746470451355,
"text": "The Guardians of the Universe are a fictional race of extraterrestrials appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly in association with Green Lantern. They first appeared in Green Lantern Vol. 2, Issue 1 (July 1960), and were created by John Broome and Gil Kane.[1] The Guardians of the Universe have been adapted to a number of films, television programs, and video games."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "144157#40",
"score": 0.6918565034866333,
"text": "The Guardians of the Universe make a brief appearance in the Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe video game with Ganthet voiced by Michael McConnohie and two unnamed Guardians voiced by Christopher Corey Smith and Joe J. Thomas. In the story mode on the DC Universe part, they inform Green Lantern, Lex Luthor, and Catwoman about the merging of the universes when the hero and villains arrive on Oa. The Guardians of the Universe are featured in Green Lantern: Rise of the Manhunters. Like the comics, the Guardians of the Universe are responsible for creating the Manhunters some time before the creation of the Green Lantern Corps. The Guardians of the Universe make two cameo appearances in Injustice: Gods Among Us. During Green Lantern's Super Move, he transports himself and his enemy to OA and proceeds to attack his opponent with constructs in front of the central power battery, and The Guardians. In one of the final scenes of game, Green Lantern hands over his counterpart and Sinestro to the Guardians of the Universe to stand trial. The Guardians of the Universe appear as NPCs in Lego DC Super-Villains, with Ganthet voiced by Brian George.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "1018479#13",
"score": 0.6876860857009888,
"text": "In the 1992 prestige format graphic novel Green Lantern: Ganthet's Tale, Hal Jordan first encounters Ganthet, one of the Guardians of the Universe. He asks Hal to help Ganthet battle a renegade Guardian who has attempted to use a time machine to change history.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "294237#0",
"score": 0.6867096424102783,
"text": "The DC Universe (DCU) is the fictional shared universe where most stories in American comic book titles published by DC Comics take place. DC superheroes such as Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman are from this universe, and it also contains well known supervillains such as Lex Luthor, the Joker, and Darkseid. In context, the term \"DC Universe\" usually refers to the main DC continuity.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "301382#0",
"score": 0.6808511018753052,
"text": "The Teen Titans, also known as the New Teen Titans or simply the Titans, are a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, often in an eponymous monthly series. As the group's name suggests, its members are teenage superheroes, many of whom have acted as sidekicks to DC's premiere superheroes in the Justice League. First appearing in 1964 in \"The Brave and the Bold\" #54, the team was founded by Kid Flash (Wally West), Robin (Dick Grayson), and Aqualad (Garth), with the team adopting the name Teen Titans in issue 60 following the addition of Wonder Girl (Donna Troy) to its ranks.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "20927427#1",
"score": 0.6793129444122314,
"text": "They debuted in Green Lantern vol. 4 #25 (December 2007) and were created by Geoff Johns and Ethan Van Sciver. Some of their characteristics were inspired by 28 Days Later, which is one of Van Sciver's favorite films.[1]",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "32020267#32",
"score": 0.6790682077407837,
"text": "\"Justice League\" was the first book of the relaunch, with the first issue released on August 31, 2011. The first story arc takes place five years in the past, detailing the first meeting of the Justice League members and the formation of the team.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "4844527#0",
"score": 0.6779322624206543,
"text": "The Justice League, also called the Justice League of America or JLA, is a fictional superhero team that appears in comic books published by DC Comics. Since their first appearance in \"The Brave and the Bold\" #28 (February/March 1960), various incarnations of the team have appeared in film, television, and video game adaptations.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "5642202#1",
"score": 0.6767277717590332,
"text": "The creators of the Green Lantern Corps, the Guardians of the Universe, had planned to create their successors, a race of new Guardians. The Guardians foresaw that their successors were destined to originate on the planet Earth, so they channeled their vast powers into the \"Millennium Project,\" gathering ten individuals together, teaching them about the nature of the cosmos and endowing them with immortality and metahuman powers. One of these was Celia Windward, a young Jamaican woman living in Great Britain, to whom the Guardians gave the power to control electromagnetic energies. She became Jet, and joined the other heroes the Guardians had made in the team named (appropriately enough) the New Guardians. Jet fought many foes, but contracted HIV fighting the \"Hemo-Goblin\". As her symptoms worsened into AIDS, she used her last bit of energy to repel an alien invasion, an act which claimed her life.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "436734#8",
"score": 0.6719597578048706,
"text": "In the 31st century of Earth-691, Firelord is an ally of the Guardians of the Galaxy. He is known as \"Protector of the Universe\", but does not wear the Quantum Bands traditionally assigned to the holder of the role. He soon joins the sub-group, the Galactic Guardians.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "32020267#33",
"score": 0.6715676188468933,
"text": "The initial run of first issues show a universe in which superheroes have only appeared within the last five years and are viewed with suspicion and hostility, with Superman and Batman being pursued by the police five years ago at the start of their careers. In the present day, organizations such as the United Nations and the United States government seek to exploit and control the superheroes through groups such as the Justice League International and the Justice League of America.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "75822#0",
"score": 0.6714764833450317,
"text": "Oa is a fictional planet that lies at the center of the DC Comics universe. Since its inception, Oa has been the planetary citadel of the Guardians of the Universe and the headquarters of the Green Lantern Corps. It first appeared in Green Lantern vol 2 #1, when the Guardians summoned Hal Jordan's \"energy duplicate\" so they could hear of his origin.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "8841611#4",
"score": 0.6709211468696594,
"text": "Starting in the early 1960s, DC Comics maintained some aspects of its continuity through the use of a multiverse system of parallel Earths. A cosmic event in the 1985 limited series \"Crisis on Infinite Earths\" merged all of these realities and their respective characters into one universe, allowing writers to rewrite from scratch such long-running characters as Batman, Superman and Wonder Woman and also as an attempt at simplifying the DC Universe. In some ways, this helped revitalize DC's characters, though some fans debated (and continue to debate) whether such changes were necessary to begin with or truly beneficial. Events such as the deaths of Supergirl and Barry Allen augmented debate with many fans.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "3565931#0",
"score": 0.6693957448005676,
"text": "History of the DC Universe is a two–issue comic book limited series created by writer Marv Wolfman and artist George Pérez which was published by DC Comics following the end of \"Crisis on Infinite Earths\".",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "2560694#11",
"score": 0.6689713001251221,
"text": "He co-created the Justice League members Fire and Ice in the \"Super Friends\" series and introduced the Global Guardians in \"DC Comics Presents\" #46 (June 1982).",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "8841611#27",
"score": 0.6671625375747681,
"text": "DC / Marvel",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "20966#11",
"score": 0.6659448146820068,
"text": "The first modern comic books under the Marvel Comics brand were the science-fiction anthology \"Journey into Mystery\" #69 and the teen-humor title \"Patsy Walker\" #95 (both cover dated June 1961), which each displayed an \"MC\" box on its cover. Then, in the wake of DC Comics' success in reviving superheroes in the late 1950s and early 1960s, particularly with the Flash, Green Lantern, and other members of the team the Justice League of America, Marvel followed suit.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "713814#5",
"score": 0.665611207485199,
"text": "The teaming of Robin, Kid Flash, and Aqualad in issue #54 (June–July 1964) by writer Bob Haney and artist Bruno Premiani led to the creation of the Teen Titans. The three heroes subsequently appeared under the name \"Teen Titans\" in issue #60 (June–July 1965) by Haney and artist Nick Cardy and were joined by Wonder Woman's younger sister Wonder Girl in her first appearance.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "2784621#1",
"score": 0.66352379322052,
"text": "In the 2000s the term came to refer to the Star Sapphires, an organization whose members in part include women previously depicted as the singular Star Sapphire in DC titles. Not clearly defined as superheroes or supervillains, the Star Sapphires debuted as a corps in \"Green Lantern\" vol. 4 #20 (July 2007). They were created by writer Geoff Johns and artist Ethan Van Sciver.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "144157#37",
"score": 0.6633216738700867,
"text": "The Guardians of the Universe appear in the Superman: The Animated Series episode \"In Brightest Day...\" voiced by Pat Musick and Peter Mark Richman. They approach Superman for him to help Kyle Rayner in defeating Sinestro. There is only one female Oan, who appears to be head of the council (this predates the actual appearance of female Guardians in the mainstream DC Universe). The Guardians of the Universe appear in the Justice League episode \"In Blackest Night\" voiced by René Auberjonois. In this show, they appear in the same red robes as their comic counterparts, as opposed to the black and green uniforms they wore in Superman: The Animated Series. Representatives of the Guardians of the Universe attended John Stewart's trial where they spoke in his defense when John Stewart was supposedly responsible for causing a planet to explode when he fired a beam from his ring during his pursuing of Kanjar Ro. After the trial when the planet was revealed to not be destroyed and was revealed to be cloaked by Kanjar Ro in collaboration with the Manhunters, Superman and the other Justice League members present demanded answers about the Manhunters. The lead Guardian present stated that the Manhunters were their first law enforcement agents before they started the Green Lantern Corps. The Guardians of the Universe later tried to defend Oa from an attack by the Manhunters. The Justice League came to their aid as John Stewart uses the power of his ring combined with the Central Power Ring to destroy the Manhunters. The Guardians of the Universe appear briefly in the beginning of the Justice League Unlimited episode \"The Return\" voiced by an uncredited Clancy Brown. They deny Stewart's request to leave Earth and take a tour of duty on Oa. They even denied John's request to have Kyle Rayner cover for him. Ganthet appears in the Duck Dodgers episode \"The Green Loontern\". The other Guardians are oddly absent from this episode. The Guardians of the Universe briefly appeared without dialogue at the end of the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode \"The Eyes of Despero\". They have been placed in Hal Jordan's ring for safe keeping while he fought Despero. The Guardians of the Universe were later fully featured in the episode \"Revenge of the Reach\" voiced by J.K. Simmons and Armin Shimerman. They explain the connection between the Blue Beetle's scarab and the Reach. The Guardians of the Universe appear in Green Lantern: The Animated Series with Ganthet voiced by Ian Abercrombie, Appa Ali Apsa voiced by Brian George, Sayd voiced by Susan Blakeslee, and Scar voiced by Sarah Douglas.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "144157#29",
"score": 0.6630805134773254,
"text": "During the height of their species civilization on their homeworld of Maltus and after being tutored about the emotional spectrum energy, the Guardians of the Universe created an unknown number of artifacts before finally creating the power rings which were given to the Green Lantern Corps. The known artifact are as follows:",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
18
|
What is the largest parrot in New Zealand?
|
[
{
"id": "89074#10",
"score": 0.680526077747345,
"text": "The kakapo is a large, rotund parrot; the adult can measure from 58 to 64cm (23 to 25in) in length, and weight can vary from 0.95 to 4kg (2 to 9lb) at maturity.[13][14] Males are larger than females. Twenty-eight males were found to average 2kg (4.4lb) in one study, and 39 males were found to average 2.06kg (4.5lb) in another. In the same studies, 28 females were found to average 1.5kg (3.3lb) and 18 females were found to average 1.28kg (2.8lb), respectively.[15][16] Kakapo are the heaviest living species of parrot and on average weigh about 400g (14oz) more than the largest flying parrot, the hyacinth macaw.[15]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "41561707#1",
"score": 0.6460459232330322,
"text": "In New Zealand, the species is exotic and present in the wild.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "10919365#9",
"score": 0.6445066332817078,
"text": "The albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses from the genus \"Diomedea\" have the largest wingspans of any extant birds.Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Procellariidae",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "10940608#3",
"score": 0.6445066332817078,
"text": "The albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses from the genus \"Diomedea\" have the largest wingspans of any extant birds.Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Procellariidae",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "160167#27",
"score": 0.6441888809204102,
"text": "The islands hold important seabird breeding colonies, among them albatrosses, penguins and several small petrels, with a million pairs of sooty shearwater. Landbirds include red-fronted and yellow-crowned parakeet, New Zealand falcon, tui, bellbirds, pipits and an endemic subspecies of tomtit. ",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "347713#4",
"score": 0.6441863179206848,
"text": "The huia is one of New Zealand's best-known extinct birds because of its bill shape, its sheer beauty and special place in Māori culture and oral tradition. The bird was regarded by Māori as \"tapu\" (sacred), and the wearing of its skin or feathers was reserved for people of high status.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "62366#0",
"score": 0.6439329385757446,
"text": "Moa were nine species (in six genera) of now-extinct flightless birds endemic to New Zealand. The two largest species, \"Dinornis robustus\" and \"Dinornis novaezelandiae\", reached about in height with neck outstretched, and weighed about . It is estimated that, when Polynesians settled New Zealand circa 1280, the moa population was about 58,000.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "12246757#1",
"score": 0.6429645419120789,
"text": "Te Tai Tonga is by far the largest of the seventy-one electorates of New Zealand, covering all of the South Island, Stewart Island, the Chatham Islands, all the islands in the Southern Ocean and a large part of the Wellington urban area, namely Wellington City as far as Johnsonville, and Petone, Lower Hutt and Eastbourne from the Hutt Valley. Besides Wellington, the main centres in te Tai Tonga are Nelson, Christchurch, Timaru, Oamaru, Dunedin, Queenstown, and Invercargill.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "617571#10",
"score": 0.6422674655914307,
"text": "The island is home to a number of native birds, mostly re-introduced. These include takahe, North Island kōkako, brown teal, stitchbird (hihi), North Island saddleback (tieke), tomtit (miromiro), fantail (piwakawaka), morepork (ruru), weka and North Island robin (toutouwai). The brown kiwi and little-spotted kiwi were released on the island between 1890 and 1910, and the island is now the stronghold for the latter species. Rat eradication has led to increases in red-fronted parakeets, North Island robin, bellbirds, and saddlebacks and the island is considered one of New Zealand's most important sites for bird recovery, as well as a major breeding site, for seabirds. In April 2005, the critically endangered short-tailed bat was introduced to the island from a threatened population in the Tararuas, providing them with a separate, safer habitat.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "18775097#0",
"score": 0.641860842704773,
"text": "The amazon parrots are about 30 species of parrots that comprise the genus \"Amazona\". They are native to the New World, ranging from South America to Mexico and the Caribbean. Amazon parrots range in size from medium to large, and have relatively short, rather square tails. They are predominantly green, with accenting colours that are quite vivid in some species.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "8232041#0",
"score": 0.6414815187454224,
"text": "The red-fronted parrot (\"Poicephalus gulielmi\"), also known as the Jardine's parrot, is a medium-sized mainly green parrot endemic across wide areas of Africa. It has three subspecies. The extent and shade of the red or orange plumage on its head, thighs, and bend of wings vary depending on the subspecies.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "51910210#24",
"score": 0.6407939195632935,
"text": "Albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses from the genus \"Diomedea\" have the largest wingspans of any extant birds.Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Oceanitidae",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "10113655#6",
"score": 0.6403149366378784,
"text": "Due to habitat loss, their historical use as a food source by Māori, and predation by introduced species, many birds have become extinct and numerous more are threatened with extinction. Huge conservation efforts are being made to save the takahe, kakapo, mohua, kokako and the kiwi. One well documented conservation success story, due in a large part to the efforts of Don Merton, is the saving of the black robin on the Chatham Islands.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "1272009#1",
"score": 0.6384401917457581,
"text": "Tawa trees produce small inconspicuous flowers followed by 2 - 3.5 cm long fruit of a dark red plum colour. With such large fruits the tawa is notable for the fact that it relies solely on the New Zealand pigeon (kereru) and (where present) the North Island kokako for dispersal of its seed. These are the only remaining birds from New Zealand's original biota large enough to eat the fruits of this tree and pass the seeds through their guts and excrete them unharmed. Tawa can also support significant epiphyte gardens in their canopies, which are one of the few habitats known to be frequented by the enigmatic, arboreal striped skink.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "10931052#5",
"score": 0.6381861567497253,
"text": "The albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses from the genus \"Diomedea\" have the largest wingspans of any extant birds. There are 21 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in South Korea.Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Procellariidae",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "4597516#0",
"score": 0.6379209756851196,
"text": "The New Zealand fernbird or simply fernbird (\"Poodytes punctatus\") is an insectivorous bird endemic to New Zealand. The Māori names are kōtātā or mātātā. ",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "14102037#0",
"score": 0.6379026174545288,
"text": "The giant nukupuu (\"Hemignathus vorpalis\") is an extinct species of finch in the Fringillidae family, which is only known from fossil remains. It was endemic to Hawaii. Its extinction is believed to have occurred within the last 3000 years, but exact timing and reasons remain unclear. It was larger and had a different bill morphology than the remaining members of the genus \"Hemignathus\".",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "10910319#35",
"score": 0.6377155184745789,
"text": "The albatrosses are among the largest flying birds, and the great albatrosses from the genus \"Diomedea\" have the largest wingspans of any extant birds. Four species have been recorded in Ecuador.Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Procellariidae",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "25647966#16",
"score": 0.6376400589942932,
"text": "The heaviest of this widespread, varied complex of insects is the giant weta, Deinacrida heteracantha, of New Zealand. This formidable insect can weigh over 75g (2.6oz) and measure up to nearly 10cm (3.9in), rivaling the huge beetles in size.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "1248758#12",
"score": 0.6369612812995911,
"text": "The lowland areas are quite highly populated and therefore urban development, agriculture and forestry are a major threat to natural habitats there. One block of lowland forest remains in and around Whanganui National Park and large areas of the uplands are protected either by Maori tradition or in national parks of which Te Urewera is the largest. The four North Island national parks, which surround the plateau, are Te Urewera, Whanganui, Egmont and New Zealand's first national park, the World Heritage listed Tongariro National Park. Introduced species and livestock grazing are now major threats to some endemic species. Rats, cats and stoats prey on native reptiles and birds (including the kokako, blue duck and brown kiwi), while imported plants such as old man’s beard, banana passionfruit and gorse can take over from indigenous species. Finally grazing by goats and possums can eradicate others such as kamahi, kaikawaka (\"Libocedrus bidwillii\") and mountain tōtara. Therefore, smaller islands off the coast of Wellington have been used as a refuge for North Island birds and reptiles whose habitats may be threatened now or in the future.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "2118630#6",
"score": 0.6367656588554382,
"text": "Great spotted kiwis are the largest of the kiwis; the male is tall, while the female is tall. Bill length ranges from , while weight ranges between for males and for females. The body is pear-shaped, while the head and neck is small with a long slender ivory bill. The great spotted kiwi, along with the other kiwi species, is the only bird with nostrils at the end of its bill. The eyes are small and do not see well, as it relies mostly on its sense of smell. The legs are short, with three toes per foot. It has a plumage composed of soft, hair-like feathers, which have no . The plumage can range from charcoal grey to light brown. They have large vibrissae around the gape, and they have no tail, only a small pygostyle. The common name of this bird comes from black spots on its feathers. They use their powerful legs and claws for defence against predators like stoats or ferrets. Kiwis are flightless birds, and hence lack hollow bones, lack a keel to which wing muscles anchor, and have tiny wings. This species also has a low body temperature compared to other birds. Average lifespan is 30 to 40 years.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
19
|
When was the first Assassin's Creed released?
|
[
{
"id": "23903477#1",
"score": 0.6788501143455505,
"text": "The video game series took inspiration from the novel Alamut by the Slovenian writer Vladimir Bartol,[1] while building upon concepts from the Prince of Persia series.[2] It begins with the self-titled game in 2007, and has featured eleven main games. The most recent released game is 2018's Assassin's Creed Odyssey."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "25198689#28",
"score": 0.6443047523498535,
"text": "Jean-François Boivin of Ubisoft also stated that each numbered title in the series will introduce a new lead character and a new setting. Patrice Désilets, former series' creative director, said that the series has always been planned as a trilogy. He also commented on the story of \"Assassin's Creed III\", saying that it would focus on Assassins' quest to prevent the end of the world in 2012, and their race against time to find temples and Apples of Eden built by \"Those Who Came Before\". Desmond would be searching for clues as to the locations of these temples, by exploring memories of one (or more) of his other ancestors.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "39058787#1",
"score": 0.6403148174285889,
"text": "The game was released on 30 April 2013, for PlayStation 3 via the PlayStation Network and on 1 May 2013, for Microsoft Windows and for Xbox 360 via Xbox Live Arcade. The game received generally positive reviews upon release. The Windows and Xbox 360 versions of the game were available for free on as part of Ubisoft's 30th Birthday Anniversary and Microsoft's Games with Gold program, respectively in November 2016. The PlayStation 3 version of the game was also available for free as part of the PS Plus monthly games offering in December 2016.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "3926606#0",
"score": 0.6402029395103455,
"text": "Tomb Raider is an action-adventure video game developed by Core Design and published by Eidos Interactive. It was released in 1996 for Sega Saturn, PlayStation and MS-DOS. Tomb Raider was released for N-Gage devices in 2003, and for the PlayStation Network in North America in August 2009, and in Europe in August 2010. Tomb Raider follows the exploits of Lara Croft, an English archaeologist in search of ancient treasures.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "23903477#46",
"score": 0.639297366142273,
"text": "Assassin's Creed Recollection is a real-time board game developed for iOS. The game delivers a new experience to the Assassin's Creed world in which fans and new players alike go head-to-head in real-time political battles with characters from the franchise. Players can also unlock a collection of artwork, spanning the series. The game features over 280 Memories, reconnecting with characters from Assassin's Creed II and Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood. The single-player Story Mode has 10+ hours of gameplay, with 20 missions taking place from Barcelona to Constantinople and 10 challenge missions. In Versus Mode, players can challenge their friends and people from around the world, pitting their strategies and abilities against one another. The game supports Game Center, allowing players to track achievements, challenge friends, and play against the world over. Go behinds the scenes with the Art Gallery, a collection of artwork spanning the entire franchise (Assassin's Creed, Assassin's Creed II, Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood, Assassin's Creed: Revelations and Assassin's Creed III) showcasing the high level of quality in character design as well as the attention to detail in the locations. Through the Store, players have the option to Buy Packs for the in-game currency, Animus Credits (Animus Credits may also be purchased through an In-App Purchase), or to Buy/Sell Memories from/to other players in the Market. The short film Assassin's Creed: Embers is also featured within the game.[31]",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "54003770#21",
"score": 0.639125645160675,
"text": "In August 2017, Square Enix announced a promotional crossover between the \"Assassin's Creed\" franchise and \"Final Fantasy XV\". Taking the form of an in-game event, it introduced \"Assassin's Creed\"-themed content to the game. \"Assassin's Creed\"-themed content was also made available in other Ubisoft games such as \"Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Wildlands\" and \"\".",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "2413446#67",
"score": 0.6390331983566284,
"text": "On June 12, 2003, the first game for the Nintendo GameCube, , was released by \"STARCUBE\".\nAs of May 2016, there are more than 3100 NGC releases released in the scene.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "13958578#12",
"score": 0.6388524770736694,
"text": " (often abbreviated as KotOR) is the first installment in the \"Knights of the Old Republic\" series. \"KotOR\" is the first computer role-playing game set in the \"Star Wars\" universe. The game was released on the Xbox on July 15, 2003 in North America and on September 12, 2003 in Europe. The PC version was released on November 19, 2003 in North America and on December 5, 2003 in Europe. The iOS version was released on May 30, 2013, and an Android release followed on December 28, 2014.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "27309565#32",
"score": 0.6385606527328491,
"text": "\"Copernicus Conspiracy\" is a free downloadable content pack for \"Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood\", initially released exclusively for the PlayStation 3 on the game's release, later receiving official support on the PC via a patch on 23 May 2017 on both Steam and Uplay and later being automatically being available in the Ezio Trilogy Collection on the PS4 and Xbox One. It focuses on the famed astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, who gets into trouble with the Vatican, who do not want Copernicus educating the public about astronomy. The pack consists of eight optional missions, ranging from courier, assassination and protection objectives.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "57560480#24",
"score": 0.6382410526275635,
"text": "Within its first week on sale in Japan, the PlayStation 4 version of \"Assassin's Creed Odyssey\" sold 45,166 copies. In the US the first week of sales were pacing better than any other title of the series on the current generation of consoles.\nUbisoft said that digital sales of the game was 45% of all sales which is up by 10% over last year’s Assassins Creed Origins.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "25214406#2",
"score": 0.6343472003936768,
"text": "Ubisoft took the idea to develop Altaïr from Radawan Kasmiya, an Arab videogame industry veteran and the founder of Afkar Media (1998), the first Arab computer game studio. As a result it was considered the best example of an Arab depiction.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "1857155#4",
"score": 0.634257972240448,
"text": "The game was developed by the Ultimation Inc. and released by Ubisoft in 2002. Due to problems with the game a patch (ver 4.10) was released in March 2002 by the developer for download.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "8487#25",
"score": 0.6328849792480469,
"text": "He appears as a minor antagonist in the 2015 video game \"Assassin's Creed Syndicate\" as a scientist working for the game's opposing faction. He is assassinated by one of the protagonists, Evie Frye.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "40277054#6",
"score": 0.6298640370368958,
"text": "Assassin's Creed Chronicles India, which was released in January 2016 is a sequel to Brahman.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "17194529#14",
"score": 0.6294552087783813,
"text": "Proof of conception for \"Prince of Persia\" was found in September 2006, when a file that was leaked to the internet was found to contain concept art for the game, although Ubisoft didn't announce the game until May 2008. They stated that they expected to release the game towards the fourth quarter of 2008, and gave details about the plot and game play. In one such preview of the game, they revealed that the general staples of the game play remained intact, although altered drastically. These staples are platforming, combat, and puzzle-solving. It was also revealed that the game's combat would be one-on-one fights, similar to the original \"Prince of Persia\" trilogy, rather than fighting hordes of enemies at any time, as in the \"Sands of Time\" series. Producer Ben Mattes stated that the intent in changing the combat so drastically was to give players the impression that each enemy was a unique and dramatic experience in itself. \"Prince of Persia\" utilizes a heavily modified version of the Scimitar engine, which was also used in \"Assassin's Creed\". \nDevelopers chose to use this engine because it would allow them to enhance the game by adding more expansive worlds, and less linearity. In May 2008, Ubisoft released two official videos of a concept artist designing the Prince character and Elika. One video shows the Prince character being drawn, while the other details Elika. Yet another fast-forward concept art emerged in July 2008, this time depicting an antagonist: the Hunter. Unlike previous Ubisoft games such as \"Assassin's Creed\", the PC version of \"Prince of Persia\" contains no digital rights protection.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "36042325#1",
"score": 0.6289219856262207,
"text": "The plot is set in a fictional history of real world events and follows the centuries-old struggle between the Assassins, who fight for peace with free will, and the Templars, who desire peace through control. The game is set between 1765 and 1777, and primarily features the series' first female protagonist, Aveline de Grandpré, an African-French Assassin around the end of the French and Indian War, in 18th century New Orleans.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "46686931#4",
"score": 0.6287278532981873,
"text": "\"Assassin's Creed Syndicate\" is an action-adventure, stealth game played from a third-person perspective, that features similar gameplay elements to the previous games in the series. Players complete quests—linear scenarios with set objectives—to progress through the story. Outside of quests, the player can freely roam the open world. Composed of the greater area of Victorian London, consisting of seven boroughs, the world of \"Assassin's Creed Syndicate\" is much larger than previous entries in the series. The player can also perform side missions, which were designed to reflect the fight for power in London, and are cohesive to the game's main story. In keeping with a historical context that more closely resembles the modern day, the city guard of previous iterations is replaced by a Victorian-era police force, who will rarely attack the player unless a crime is committed in their presence; the player's main enemy is instead a Templar-controlled street gang called the \"Blighters.\"\nThe game lets the player control two characters: twins Jacob and Evie Frye. Jacob is a hot-headed brawler, specializing in close-ranged combat, while Evie is strong in stealth and relies on her intelligence and wit. Additionally, Evie is the first playable female protagonist of the main series. The main weapons of \"Syndicate\" include brass knuckles, a compact revolver, a cane-sword, and the traditional Nepalese curved kukri knife. The game also introduces new systems to navigate the world: a rope launcher, which allows the player to rappel up structures, or create a zip-line between buildings; carriages, which can be piloted or simply occupied by the player, and can be the setting of fights and parkour chases; and a train, which serves as the main base for the player throughout the game. Unlike its predecessor, the game has no multiplayer mode, and does not feature a companion app, which was introduced in \"Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag\".\nIn 1868, at the tail end of the Second Industrial Revolution, with the Assassin Brotherhood all but eradicated in Victorian London, twins Jacob (Paul Amos) and Evie Frye (Victoria Atkin) leave Crawley for London and arrive to find a city controlled by the Templars, with both the Church and the Monarchy losing their power. Raised as Assassins to follow the Creed, Jacob and Evie aim to take back the city from Templar control by infiltrating and uniting London's criminal underworld, aided by notable figures of the era such as novelist Charles Dickens, biologist Charles Darwin, inventor Alexander Graham Bell, political theorist Karl Marx, nurse Florence Nightingale, Duleep Singh (the last maharajah of the Sikh Empire), Sergeant Frederick Abberline of the Metropolitan Police Service (known for his investigation of Jack the Ripper), and Queen Victoria. Additionally, Jacob's granddaughter, Lydia Frye (Lisa Norton), appears in a separate World War I segment, where she aids Winston Churchill in defending London against a new enemy espionage faction.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "31795249#0",
"score": 0.6280404329299927,
"text": "Grand Theft Auto V is an action-adventure video game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. It was released in September 2013 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, in November 2014 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, and in April 2015 for Microsoft Windows. It is the first main entry in the \"Grand Theft Auto\" series since 2008's \"Grand Theft Auto IV\". Set within the fictional state of San Andreas, based on Southern California, the single-player story follows three criminals and their efforts to commit heists while under pressure from a government agency. The open-world design lets players freely roam San Andreas' open countryside and the fictional city of Los Santos, based on Los Angeles.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "23903477#95",
"score": 0.6275944113731384,
"text": "Assassin's Creed: Forsaken is a continuation of the Assassin's Creed series written by Oliver Bowden. It covers the life of Haytham Kenway during his years before and during the events of Assassin's Creed III.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "22366161#38",
"score": 0.6270671486854553,
"text": "After much complaining from \"Assassin's Creed II\" fans that they were unable to complete the game due to the need to complete the three Templar Lairs (only available on the \"White\" or \"Black Editions\") to earn 100% synchronisation, Ubisoft released \"Assassin's Creed II: The Complete Edition\". Included in the package are download codes for the two DLCs, \"Battle of Forlì\" and \"Bonfire of the Vanities\" and the three Templar Lairs. Later \"Assassin's Creed II: The Game of the Year Edition\" was released, containing the extra content incorporated on the game disc. Both versions also have the Bonus Skin, however, it needs to be unlocked through the game code.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "23903477#79",
"score": 0.6254615187644958,
"text": "Assassin's Creed Volume 2: Aquilus is a French-language graphic novel written by Eric Corbeyran and drawn by Djilalli Defaux. The story opens with a young Desmond recalling his conversation with his father. He wakes up and has a conversation with Lucy. After meeting Rebecca, Shaun and other assassins, they get into a truck and drive to Monteriggioni.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
22
|
When was the Battle of Suoi Chau Pha fought?
|
[
{
"id": "28633525#0",
"score": 0.8088908195495605,
"text": "The Battle of Suoi Chau Pha (6 August 1967) was fought during the Vietnam War between Australian troops and the Viet Cong. The battle took place during Operation Ballarat, an Australian search and destroy operation in the eastern Hat Dich area, north-west of Nui Dat in Phuoc Tuy province. Following a covert insertion the day before which had caught a number of Viet Cong sentries by surprise, A Company, 7th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (7 RAR) had patrolled forward unaware of the presence of a large Viet Cong main force unit nearby. Clashing with a reinforced company from the Viet Cong 3rd Battalion, 274th Regiment, a classic encounter battle ensued between two forces of roughly equal size. Fought at close quarters in dense jungle amid a heavy monsoon rain, both sides suffered heavy casualties as neither was able to gain an advantage. Finally, after a battle lasting several hours, the Australian artillery proved decisive and the Viet Cong were forced to withdraw, dragging many of their dead from the battlefield after having suffered crippling losses."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "32611#0",
"score": 0.6757540106773376,
"text": "The Vietnam War (), also known as the Second Indochina War, and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America () or simply the American War, was a conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975, with U.S. involvement ending in 1973. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist allies; the South Vietnamese army was supported by the United States, South Korea, the Philippines, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war by some US perspectives. The war would last approximately 19 years and would also form the Laotian Civil War as well as the Cambodian Civil War, which resulted in all three countries becoming communist states in 1975.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "22131105#0",
"score": 0.6745525598526001,
"text": "Suối Nghệ is a commune (xã) and village in Châu Đức District, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu Province, in Vietnam.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "26191167#0",
"score": 0.6708319783210754,
"text": "The Battle of Suoi Bong Trang (23–24 February 1966) was an engagement fought between US, Australian and New Zealand forces, and the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army during the Vietnam War. The battle occurred during Operation Rolling Stone, an American security operation to protect engineers building a tactically important road in the vicinity of Tan Binh, in central Binh Duong Province, north-west of Bien Hoa airbase. During the fighting, soldiers from the US 1st Brigade, 1st Infantry Division and the 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (1 RAR), which had been attached for the operation, fought off a regimental-sized Viet Cong night assault. Repulsed by massed firepower from artillery and tanks, the Viet Cong suffered heavy casualties and were forced to withdraw by morning. After the attack, the Americans and Australians made no attempt to pursue the Viet Cong, focusing on securing the battlefield and evacuating their own casualties. The Viet Cong continued to harass the American sappers with occasional sniper and mortar fire, but these tactics proved ineffective, and the road was completed by 2 March.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "1008120#0",
"score": 0.6658155918121338,
"text": "The Battle of Đồng Xoài () was a major battle fought during the National Liberation Front Summer Offensive of 1965 as part of the Vietnam War. The battle took place in Phước Long Province, South Vietnam, between June 9 and 13, 1965.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "22131116#0",
"score": 0.6592249870300293,
"text": "Suối Rao is a commune (xã) and village in Châu Đức District, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu Province, in Vietnam.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "45478410#13",
"score": 0.6404870748519897,
"text": "On the morning of 17 August 3/5 Marines and BLT 2nd Battalion 7th Marines attacked a suspected PAVN base near Chau Phong southeast of the Liberty Bridge killing 53 PAVN for no losses. The following morning the Marines engaged more PAVN units near Chau Phong resulting in 13 Marines killed and 49 PAVN killed.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "8870295#5",
"score": 0.6384267807006836,
"text": "While combats intensified on July 25, 1948; the battle of Phu Tong Hoa took place. The combat company of Captain Cardinal resisted heroically and held the line for 9 hours against non-stop assaults of the Việt Minh. In 1950, chef de battalion commander Forget and behind him following the total of the 3rd battalion disappeared at Cao Bằng on route colonial 4 in a traditional Foreign Legion battlefield. Nevertheless, the regiment was still found combatting at Đông Khê, Bac Khan and Dien Bien Phu in 1954. The regiment had already lost the equivalent of 5 battalions in Indochina. With four new citations, the 3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment obtained a fourragère with ruban colors of the Médaille militaire, with colors of the ruban of the Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures. In the Indochina campaign, the regiment had lost seventy-seven officers, three hundred and sixty-four NCOs, three-thousand three-hundred and ninety-six other ranks, a total of three-thousand eight-hundred and thirty-seven Legionnaires.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "28010917#0",
"score": 0.6379332542419434,
"text": "The Battle of Prek Klok I occurred on February 28, 1967 during Operation Junction City, a search and destroy mission by American military forces in Tay Ninh Province of South Vietnam, to the west of the capital Saigon. A few days before the battle, the 1st Battalion, 16th Infantry Regiment was brought into the area near Suoi Da and Prek Klok to defend a highway, airfield, and artillery base in the area, and to carry out search and destroy operations around it. On the morning of 28 February, elements of the battalion headed east, and were attacked from the front by Viet Cong (VC) infantry with gunfire, rockets and mortars. Soon after, they were attacked from all fronts as the VC tried to surround them with a battalion-sized force. However, with superior firepower available, the Americans called in air strikes and artillery, and by mid afternoon, had repelled the VC attacks. The Americans lost 25 killed while the VC lost 167.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "1664190#17",
"score": 0.637791097164154,
"text": "As Kampuchean forces soon resumed their attacks across the border, the Vietnamese launched another limited counter-attack in June, forcing the Kampucheans to retreat. Again the Vietnamese withdrew and the Kampucheans resumed their attacks. Vietnam had enough; in December 1978, Vietnam launched a full-scale invasion. Phnom Penh was captured in January 1979, the ruling Khmer Rouge were driven from power and a pro-Vietnamese government was installed.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "2090980#1",
"score": 0.6359609365463257,
"text": "Vietnam War – Cold War-era proxy war that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War (1946–54) and was fought between North Vietnam—supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies—and the government of South Vietnam—supported by the United States, Philippines and other anti-communist allies. The Viet Cong (also known as the National Liberation Front, or NLF), a South Vietnamese communist common front aided by the North, fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region. The People's Army of Vietnam, also known as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA), engaged in a more conventional war, at times committing large units to battle.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "13835140#9",
"score": 0.6357845664024353,
"text": "Vietnamese policymakers finally opted for a military solution and, on 22 December 1978, Vietnam launched its offensive with the intent of overthrowing Democratic Kampuchea. An invasion force of 120,000, consisting of combined armour and infantry units with strong artillery support, drove west into the level countryside of Cambodia's southeastern provinces. After a seventeen-day blitzkrieg, Phnom Penh fell to the advancing Vietnamese on 7 January 1979. The retreating Armed Forces of Democratic Kampuchea (RAK) and Khmer Rouge cadres burned rice granaries, which, along with other causes, provoked a severe famine all over Cambodia beginning in the last half of 1979 and which lasted until mid-1980.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "4590074#0",
"score": 0.635409951210022,
"text": "Đồng Xoài () is the capital city of Bình Phước Province in the Southeast region of Vietnam. The city was the site of the 1965 Battle of Đồng Xoài during the Vietnam War. As of 2009, the district had a population of 88,380, and a total area of 168 km². The district capital lies at Đồng Xoài.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "59756#0",
"score": 0.634661078453064,
"text": "South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam (RVN, ; ), was a country that existed from 1955 to 1975 and comprised the southern half of what is now the Socialist Republic of Vietnam or Vietnam. It received international recognition in 1949 as the \"State of Vietnam\" (a self-governing entity in the French Empire), which was a constitutional monarchy (1949–1955). This became the \"Republic of Vietnam\" in 1955. Its capital was Saigon, also known as Ho Chi Minh City nowadays. South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest, and the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia across the South China Sea to the east and southeast.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "8273618#0",
"score": 0.63450026512146,
"text": "The Hill Fights (also known as the First Battle of Khe Sanh) was a battle during the Vietnam War between the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) 325C Division and United States Marines on several hill masses north of the Khe Sanh Combat Base in the I Corps Tactical Zone.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "55503492#1",
"score": 0.630717396736145,
"text": "The south of Quảng Ngãi Province formed the boundary between I Corps which was the responsibility of the III Marine Expeditionary Force and II Corps which was the responsibility of the U.S. Army. Đức Phổ District, located in the south of Quảng Ngãi Province had been under the control of the Viet Cong (VC) since the beginning of the war. On 28 January the 3rd Battalion, 7th Marines began an operation in the Đức Phổ District, joined in late February by the 1st Battalion, 4th Marines and 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines. By early March only the 3/7th Marines remained in Đức Phổ and it was needed further north in I Corps. On 6 April the 1st Cavalry Division was ordered to move a Battalion and then a Brigade into Đức Phổ to take over from the 3/7th Marines.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "26308905#0",
"score": 0.6286267638206482,
"text": "The New Year's Day Battle of 1968 was a military engagement during the Vietnam War that began on the evening of 1 January 1968. It involved units assigned to the U.S. 25th Infantry Division and a regiment of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN).",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "66049#24",
"score": 0.6283567547798157,
"text": "The tense standoff between the Vietnamese government and the French occupiers escalated dramatically on 23 October when the French commander Argenlieu ordered the cruiser \"Suffren\" to bombard Haiphong in response to repeated skirmishes with Vietnamese forces as they tried to bring arms and contraband into the port. Around six thousand people were killed, and fourteen thousand wounded in the bombardment. Giáp, acting as de facto President in the absence of Ho Chi Minh, tried to maintain some kind of peace but by the time Ho returned in November, both sides were on a war footing. Local fighting broke out repeatedly and on 27 November, Ho's government, concluding that it could not hold Hanoi against the French, retreated back up into the northern hills where it had been based two years previously. On 19 December, the Vietnamese government officially declared war on France and fighting erupted all over the country. After this time, detailed information on Giáp's personal life becomes much scarcer and in most sources the emphasis is on his military achievements and, later, on his political roles.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "3881263#6",
"score": 0.6273685097694397,
"text": "On March 9, 1966, the 95th Regiment of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) 325th Division attacked the Special Forces camp in the A Shau Valley about 30 miles (50 km) southwest of Hue in Thua Thien Province. It was strategically important for the PAVN as a major infiltration route because it was adjacent to the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Defending the camp were 10 Green Berets and 210 South Vietnamese Civilian Irregular Defense Group, supported by Air Commando units equipped with vintage A-1 Skyraiders and AC-47 Spooky gunships. The squadron flew over 2,000 flight hours in ten days during the battle in which 190 survivors were rescued from enemy capture. They did this in the face of heavy enemy anti-aircraft fire. During the battle, 21 of the 24 aircraft assigned to the squadron suffered \"major damage\" including the two that were shot down.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "1796408#0",
"score": 0.6267423033714294,
"text": "Reunification Day (), Victory Day () or Liberation Day ( or ) or the official name of Day of liberating the South for national reunification () is a public holiday in Vietnam that marks the event when Việt Cộng and North Vietnamese troops captured Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City) on April 30, 1975. This signalled the end of the Vietnam War, known in Vietnamese as (Vietnam War) or (\"Resistance War Against American invasion\"). It was the start of the transition period toward reunification, which occurred in the national election for national reunification on July 2, 1976, when the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam and Democratic Republic of Vietnam merged, forming the modern-day Socialist Republic of Vietnam.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "209824#148",
"score": 0.6266225576400757,
"text": "In March 1975 the North Vietnamese began their final military offensive in South Vietnam, which by the end of April carried them to victory with the fall of Saigon. Thirteen days earlier the Khmer Rouge army had captured Phnom Penh. The Pathēt Lao now knew that victory was within reach, and with the Vietnam War over the North Vietnamese authorised the seizure of power in Laos. Pathēt Lao forces on the Plain of Jars supported by North Vietnamese heavy artillery and other units began advancing westward.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
23
|
How old was Cho Namchul when he died?
|
[
{
"id": "3966377#0",
"score": 0.775833010673523,
"text": "Cho Namchul (November 30, 1923 - July 2, 2006, alternately Cho Namcheol) was a professional Go player (Baduk in Korean). He died of natural causes in Seoul at the age of 83."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "49580042#3",
"score": 0.6740279793739319,
"text": "Chor has three daughters, two sons, three grandsons and two great-grandsons. A year before his death, Chor was diagnosed with aplastic anemia. Chor died on July 21, 2016 at Singapore General Hospital, aged 86.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "154099#20",
"score": 0.6536288261413574,
"text": "On 8 July 1994, Kim il-sung died at the age of 82 from a heart attack.[31] Although Kim Jong-il had been his father's designated successor as early as 1974[32] and had been named commander-in-chief in 1991,[33] it took him some time to consolidate his power.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "24969735#2",
"score": 0.6513200998306274,
"text": "He died on , his 94th birthday, in Bundang-gu.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "83621#21",
"score": 0.6471254825592041,
"text": "After this sudden spate of activity, Smoke Imix continued to rule until almost the end of the 7th century; he dedicated another nine known monuments and made important changes to the architecture of Copán, including the construction of Structure 2, which closes the northern side of the Great Plaza, and a new version of Temple 26, nicknamed Chorcha. Smoke Imix ruled Copán for 67 years and died on 15 June 695 at the age of 79, an age that was so distinguished that it is used to identify him in place of his name on Altar Q. His tomb had already been prepared in the Chorcha phase of Temple 26 and he was buried just two days after his death.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "15625178#2",
"score": 0.643469512462616,
"text": "In 1962, at the age of 22, Cho entered the Korean army for compulsory military service; during that time, he taught taekwondo to special forces in the Korean, Indian, and US armies. In 1968, Cho emigrated from South Korea to the United States of America. At the time, he held the rank of 6th \"dan\". He initially moved to Chicago, but did not stay for long, moving through South Bend, Milwaukee, and Providence, before settling in Los Angeles in 1975. Cho was based in Los Angeles for around 25 years, before moving to Albuquerque, and a few years later, to Hawaii.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "3534769#3",
"score": 0.6422727704048157,
"text": "Cho broke through to shodan after beating Michihiko Azuma in May 1968. He became one of the youngest professionals ever in modern go history, at 11 years and 8 months. In the same year, he was promoted to 2 dan and was looking very promising. Within a mere two years, he climbed to 4 dan after winning almost every Oteai game possible. He reached 5 dan in 1971, at just 15 years of age.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "5455281#2",
"score": 0.6400717496871948,
"text": "Throughout his life, Kim maintained a special bond with the Gangwon area and compiled a book of poetry called \"Tangyugwandongnok\" which was based on family history and experiences he had in the area. Kim was an extremely gifted child and had picked up reading ability at eight months of age. At five years of age, he was able to read and comprehend The Great Learning and the Doctrine of the Mean. Kim was a devout Buddhist and at twenty-one years of age protesting King Sejo usurping of the throne from his nephew Danjong of Joseon (eventually murdering him), he decided to skip government service and become a Buddhist monk.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "43689436#4",
"score": 0.6395648121833801,
"text": "On March 11, 2010, at the age of 77, in the 55th year of his monkhood, he died from chronic lung cancer in Gilsangsa () in Seoul.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "3534769#1",
"score": 0.6383011341094971,
"text": "His grandfather taught him Go when he was young. Seeing great talent in Cho, his father sent him to Japan in 1962. His rise to becoming one of the greatest Go players began when he joined Minoru Kitani's Go school. He was accompanied by his uncle Cho Namchul and his brother Cho Shoen on his way to the Haneda airport in Japan in August 1962. He was only six years old at the time. At the airport he met Minoru Kitani and his wife, another pupil Kobayashi Chizu, and the master's daughter, Reiko Kitani (who as an adult married Cho's future rival Koichi Kobayashi). The day after arriving in Japan Cho beat Rin Kaiho in a five stone handicap game at a party held at the Kitani School to celebrate the total dan ranks of Kitani students reaching a sum of 100. A large crowd watched intensely, as if it were a professional game.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "27315280#2",
"score": 0.6380245685577393,
"text": "Konchog died at the age of 84 in 2001. Tenzin Nyudrup (Phuntsok Rinpoche) was recognized by the Dalai Lama to be Konchog's reincarnation. Konchog's funeral rites, and the search for his subsequent reincarnation by his close disciple Tenzin Zopa, are documented in the 2008 film, \"Unmistaken Child\".",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "55309495#2",
"score": 0.6375376582145691,
"text": "Nan Rendong died from lung cancer in Boston on 15 September 2017. He was 72 years old. Asteroid 79694 Nanrendong was named in his memory. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 ().",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "65212#25",
"score": 0.636737585067749,
"text": "Doju Chang passed away peacefully in his sleep on February 23, 2018, at the age of 77 as a result of Hypertensive Cardiovascular Disease.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "9442835#7",
"score": 0.6363680362701416,
"text": "Kim Yong-chun died on 16 August 2018 from myocardial infarction, aged 82. On his funeral committee were:",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "183906#38",
"score": 0.6355016827583313,
"text": "She went through the pain of suddenly losing Yongden on 7 October 1955. According to Jacques Brosse, Yongden, seized by a strong fever and sickness, which David-Néel attributed to a simple indigestion, fell into a coma during the night and died carried off by kidney failure according to the doctor's diagnosis. Just having turned 87, David-Néel found herself alone. Yongden's ashes were kept safe in the Tibetan oratory of Samten Dzong, awaiting to be thrown into the Ganges, together with those of David-Néel after her death.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "15026786#2",
"score": 0.6326339840888977,
"text": "Kobong never held a position at any temple or established a temple of his own. When he was elderly, his student Seungsahn brought him to Hwagyesa in Seoul, South Korea where Kobong died at the temple in 1962. A large granite monument was built in his honor on the hillside overlooking Hwagyesa.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "4826753#1",
"score": 0.6318910121917725,
"text": "He became a monk at Muryangsa Temple at the age of nine, and passed the Seon national examination at 22; at 54 he was given the rank of Great Teacher. When he was seventy-eight, King Chungnyeol offered him a position of rank and tried to make him National Preceptor, but Iryeon declined. The king again appointed him National Preceptor, and Iryeon came down to the capital Kaesong (then Gaegyeong), but soon returned to the mountains on the pretext that his aged mother was sick. On the eighth day of the seventh month in 1289, he held an interview with various monks, and then died.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "4217589#3",
"score": 0.6302265524864197,
"text": "From there he helped lead a Tang-sponsored military campaign into Goguryeo with hopes of regaining power. This campaign ultimately destroyed Goguryeo in 668. He died in the domains of the Tang-established Protectorate General to Pacify the East, or Andong Duhufu (安東都護府), the Chinese administration established in Pyongyang following the fall of Goguryeo in 668 and meant to administer the former Goguryeo domains. Namsaeng was buried on Mt. Mang in Luoyang, Tang’s eastern capital.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "15160869#9",
"score": 0.6294637322425842,
"text": "On 16 April 2003, SSC officials discovered Ong at his home, where he had suffered a bad fall and had been unattended for several days. He was taken to Changi General Hospital, where he died on 17 April. He was 80 years old. His funeral was attended by officials from the SSC and the Singapore Badminton Association (SBA). He was buried at Choa Chu Kang Christian Cemetery.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "47825677#10",
"score": 0.6267397403717041,
"text": "Chung died July 3, 1998, at the Aloha Nursing and Rehabilitation Center in Kaneohe. He was 95 years old at the time of his death.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "35991378#17",
"score": 0.6251131296157837,
"text": "He died in Seoul National University Hospital on 22 November 2015, from heart failure, at the age of 87. On 26 November 2015, a televised state funeral was held for Kim at the National Assembly lawn, during which Prime Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn delivered the opening remarks. Later that day, Kim was buried in the Seoul National Cemetery.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
24
|
What is the Navy's military mascot?
|
[
{
"id": "3137690#0",
"score": 0.7423659563064575,
"text": "Bill the Goat is the mascot of the United States Naval Academy. The mascot is a live goat and is also represented by a costumed midshipman. There is also a bronze statue of the goat in the north end zone of Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium.[1] This statue also plays a role in \"Army Week\" traditions."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "44357703#10",
"score": 0.6737818121910095,
"text": "Naval",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "25075429#23",
"score": 0.6737818121910095,
"text": "NAVAL",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "6301509#4",
"score": 0.6666738390922546,
"text": "Regiments of the British Army have long been prone to adopt members of the animal world as their mascots: dogs, goats and ponies are just a few that have graced ceremonial parades. When the custom of having regimental mascots first started is not clear; the earliest record is that of a goat belonging to the Royal Welsh Fusiliers in the 1775 American War of Independence. Some mascots in the British Army are indicative of the recruiting area of a regiment, such as the Derbyshire Ram, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, Irish Wolfhounds and Welsh Goats.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "11683042#0",
"score": 0.6642611026763916,
"text": "USS \"Gannet\" is a name used more than once by the U.S. Navy to name its vessels:",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "1081063#9",
"score": 0.6637224555015564,
"text": "It was during these years, whilst on exercise in Oman that the Squadron was presented with their new mascot. He was affectionately named Jonesy, after one of the Flt Cdrs of the time. It was rather unfortunate when, in 1975 the Deputy OC ran Jonesy over, ending the short stint of 16 Squadron's mascot. There have been many attempts to acquire a new Squadron mascot but none have succeeded.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "9782501#8",
"score": 0.6602868437767029,
"text": "MONUR enjoyed a healthy rivalry with its larger counterpart, MUR. All new inductees to the Officer Cadet's Mess (named in honour of Lieutenant David Sabben, MG) were required to denounce any allegiance to the sister unit. The regiment's mascot was a black sheep (ram) indicative of the status and culture of the Regiment as a historical formation within MUR. The unofficial mascot of MONUR's Cadet Company was a comical orange stuffed toy known as \"The Muppet\", with the worthiest Officer Cadet guarding this revered figure at all times.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "15326424#0",
"score": 0.659572184085846,
"text": "Two ships of the United States Navy have been named Cockatoo, after the cockatoo family of parrots.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "1724758#0",
"score": 0.6585997343063354,
"text": "USS \"Sea Devil\" has been the name of more than one United States Navy ship, and may refer to:",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "402377#11",
"score": 0.6558408737182617,
"text": "The ship was named in memory of the World War I Battle of Belleau Wood, in which United States soldiers and Marines of the American Expeditionary Forces, defeated German troops after nearly four weeks of intense fighting. According to United States Marine Corps lore, the German defenders referred to them as \"Teufelshunde\" (literally, \"Devil Dogs\") and it was this moniker that became the ship's mascot, and one of the nicknames for US Marines (Devil Dog).",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "7463694#11",
"score": 0.653261125087738,
"text": "USN: United States Navy",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "282250#90",
"score": 0.6524619460105896,
"text": "Vanderbilt's intercollegiate athletics teams are nicknamed the Commodores, in honor of the nickname given to Cornelius Vanderbilt, who made his fortune in shipping. The term \"commodore\" was used by the Navy during the mid-to-late 19th century. A commodore was the commanding officer of a task force of ships, and therefore higher in rank than a captain but lower in rank than an admiral. The rank is still used by the British Royal Navy and other Commonwealth countries, but the equivalent modern-day rank in the U.S. Navy is rear admiral lower half. Since the term was used most during the 19th century, Vanderbilt's mascot, \"Mr. C\", is usually portrayed as a naval officer from the late 19th century, complete with mutton chops, cutlass, and uniform.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "42170349#3",
"score": 0.6520063281059265,
"text": "United States Navy:",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "6257339#3",
"score": 0.6500357985496521,
"text": "Naval Airforce: ",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "12153180#1",
"score": 0.6496443152427673,
"text": "Navy\nAir Force",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "4253178#89",
"score": 0.6464727520942688,
"text": "The coat of arms of the Navy is a field \"azur\" with a dolphin \"argent\", a naval crown \"or\", a scroll with the war cry \"São Jorge\" (Saint George) on the top and a scroll with the motto \"Talant de bien faire\" (Talent to make good) on the bottom. This coat of arms, including its external elements, but represented in a round shield flanked by a laurel wreath in \"dexter\" and an oak laurel in \"sinister\", constitutes the badge of the Navy.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "12370371#2",
"score": 0.64572674036026,
"text": "Naval squadrons:",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "51425638#3",
"score": 0.6440337896347046,
"text": "The Regiments of Staffordshire have had a Staffordshire Bull Terrier as their mascot since 1882. The Watchman name is a modern addition to the tradition, started after the Second World War. There have been five Watchman since 1949, the current mascot is Sgt Watchman V, who took up his duties on 5 October 2009.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "39975094#0",
"score": 0.6427080631256104,
"text": "Four ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS \"Mallard\", after the species of duck, the Mallard:",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "18427709#0",
"score": 0.6425508856773376,
"text": "Six ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS \"Racoon\", after the raccoon:",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "32513875#0",
"score": 0.641677975654602,
"text": "Several ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS \"Doterel\", after the wading bird more often spelled \"dotterel\":",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
25
|
How many permanent members of the United Nations Security Council are there?
|
[
{
"id": "36480350#0",
"score": 0.7916063070297241,
"text": "The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (also known as the Permanent Five, Big Five, or P5) are the five states which the UN Charter of 1945 grants a permanent seat on the UN Security Council: China (formerly the Republic of China), France, Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), the United Kingdom, and the United States. These countries were all allies in World War II, which they won. They are also all nuclear weapons states. A total of 15 UN member states serve on the UNSC, the remainder of which are elected. Any one of the five permanent members have the power of veto, which enables them to prevent the adoption of any \"substantive\" draft Council resolution, regardless of its level of international support.[1]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "1443731#2",
"score": 0.7437155842781067,
"text": "Quotas for the five regional groups ensure that for most elections to UN bodies the number of seats available to members of the WEOG is set. For example, two of the ten non-permanent seats of the Security Council are reserved for states from the WEOG. Similarly, 13 of ECOSOC's 54 members come from the WEOG. Seven of the 47 seats on the United Nations Human Rights Council go to the WEOG.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "13583493#1",
"score": 0.7407929301261902,
"text": "The resolution was the last to be adopted by 11 member states. The following year, membership of the Security Council increased to 15 members.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "178970#0",
"score": 0.7401490211486816,
"text": "A United Nations Security Council resolution is a UN resolution adopted by the fifteen members of the Security Council; the UN body charged with \"primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security\".",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "31969#0",
"score": 0.7370587587356567,
"text": "The United Nations member states are the sovereign states that are members of the United Nations (UN) and have equal representation in the UN General Assembly. The UN is the world's largest intergovernmental organization.\nThe criteria for admission of new members to the UN are set out in Chapter II, Article 4 of the UN Charter:A recommendation for admission from the Security Council requires affirmative votes from at least nine of the council's fifteen members, with none of the five permanent members using their veto power. The Security Council's recommendation must then be approved in the General Assembly by a two-thirds majority vote.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "36480350#11",
"score": 0.7289304137229919,
"text": "The following are the heads of state and government that represent the permanent members of the UN Security Council as of 2019:",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "12819377#5",
"score": 0.7229223251342773,
"text": "A founding member of the United Nations, Brazil has a long tradition of contributing to peacekeeping operations. Brazil has participated in 33 United Nations peacekeeping operations and contributed with over 27,000 troops. Currently, Brazil contributes with more than 2,200 troops, military observers and police officers in three continents.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "31956#9",
"score": 0.7229117155075073,
"text": "The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 upon ratification of the Charter by the five then-permanent members of the Security Council and by a majority of the other 46 signatories.[19] On 17 January 1946, the Security Council met for the first time at Church House, Westminster, in London, United Kingdom.[22]",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "635790#7",
"score": 0.7222949266433716,
"text": "The UNHRC has 47 members, selected each year by the UN General Assembly for staggered three-year terms on a regional group basis. No member may occupy a seat for more than two consecutive three-year terms. The seats are distributed among the UN's regional groups as follows: 13 for Africa, 13 for Asia, six for Eastern Europe, eight for Latin America and the Caribbean (GRULAC), and seven for the Western European and Others Group (WEOG). ",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "84617#18",
"score": 0.7142291069030762,
"text": "The United Nations Charter stipulates that to assist in maintaining peace and security around the world, all member states of the UN should make available to the Security Council necessary armed forces and facilities. Since 1948, about 130 nations have contributed military and civilian police personnel to peace operations. While detailed records of all personnel who have served in peacekeeping missions since 1948 are not available, it is estimated that up to one million soldiers, police officers and civilians have served under the UN flag in the last 56 years. As of March 2008, 113 countries were contributing a total 88,862 military observers, police, and troops.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "31286977#0",
"score": 0.7087952494621277,
"text": "The United Nations Economic and Social Council has 54 member states which are elected by the United Nations General Assembly for overlapping three-year terms, with terms ending on 31 December of the third year. Seats on the Council are based on United Nations Regional Groups, with fourteen seats allocated to the African Group, eleven to the Asia-Pacific Group, six to the Eastern European Group, ten to the Latin American and Caribbean Group, and thirteen to the Western European and Others Group.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "39537339#7",
"score": 0.7061663269996643,
"text": "Due to these limitations, in 2016, the maximum number of state ratifications that a multilateral treaty can have is usually going to be 197; this total consists of all 193 UN member states; both UN observers, the Holy See and State of Palestine; and the Cook Islands and Niue. If supranational or other international organizations ratify the treaty, the total number of ratifications may exceed 197.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "30485297#1",
"score": 0.7060704827308655,
"text": "WIPO currently has 191 member states. 186 of the UN Members as well as the Holy See, Niue and the Cook Islands are Members of WIPO. Non-members are the states of Kosovo, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, Palau, Solomon Islands, South Sudan, and the states with limited recognition. Palestine has observer status.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "216034#4",
"score": 0.7007675170898438,
"text": "The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the principal organs of the United Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security. Its powers, outlined in the United Nations Charter, include the establishment of peacekeeping operations, the establishment of international sanctions, and the authorization of military action. Its powers are exercised through United Nations Security Council resolutions.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "31957#3",
"score": 0.7001398801803589,
"text": "During the 1980s, the Assembly became a forum for the \"North-South dialogue\": the discussion of issues between industrialized nations and developing countries. These issues came to the fore because of the phenomenal growth and changing makeup of the UN membership. In 1945, the UN had 51 members. It now has 193, of which more than two-thirds are developing countries. Because of their numbers, developing countries are often able to determine the agenda of the Assembly (using coordinating groups like the G77), the character of its debates, and the nature of its decisions. For many developing countries, the UN is the source of much of their diplomatic influence and the principal outlet for their foreign relations initiatives.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "253129#26",
"score": 0.698426365852356,
"text": "International convention since the end of the Cold War has come to distinguish two distinct circumstances where such privileges are sought by such a successor state, in only the first of which may such successor states assume the name or privileged international position of their predecessor. The first set of circumstances arose at the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1991. One of this federation's constituent republics, the Russian Federation has declared itself to be \"the continuator state of the USSR\" on the grounds that it contained 51% of the population of the USSR and 77% of its territory. In consequence, Russia agreed that it would acquire the USSR's seat as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. This was also accepted by the rest of the former states of the USSR; in a letter dated 24 December 1991, Boris Yeltsin, at the time President of the Russian Federation, informed the Secretary-General that the membership of the Soviet Union in the Security Council and all other United Nations organs was being continued by the Russian Federation with the support of the 11 member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. All Soviet embassies became Russian embassies.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "40568649#9",
"score": 0.6980617642402649,
"text": "The election of non-permanent members to the Security Council for 2015–2016 was held on 16 October 2014. Outgoing members were: Angola, Malaysia, New Zealand, Spain, and Venezuela.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "31956#1",
"score": 0.6974593997001648,
"text": "The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN),[1] charged with the maintenance of international peace and security[2] as well as accepting new members to the United Nations[3] and approving any changes to its United Nations Charter.[4] Its powers include the establishment of peacekeeping operations, the establishment of international sanctions, and the authorization of military action through Security Council resolutions; it is the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions to member states. The Security Council held its first session on 17 January 1946.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "349284#2",
"score": 0.6969817876815796,
"text": "From 1946 to 1965, the security council included six non-permanent members. The regional grouping at that time was:\nThere were some exceptions to this grouping: Liberia took the place of a Western European country in 1961; the Ivory Coast substituted a member of the Commonwealth in 1964–1965; and the Eastern Europe group included Asian countries from 1956.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "3216133#19",
"score": 0.6941120624542236,
"text": "In 2017, it was reported that the G4 nations were willing to temporarily forgo veto power if granted a permanent UNSC seat. As of 2013, the current \"P5\" members of the Security Council, along with the \"G4\", account for eight of the world's ten largest defense budgets, according to SIPRI. They also account for 9 of the 10 largest economies by both nominal GDP and Purchasing Power Parity GDP.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "37721782#12",
"score": 0.6930872201919556,
"text": "The election of non-permanent members to the Security Council for 2014–2015 was held in October 2013. Outgoing members were: Morocco, Togo, Guatemala, Pakistan and Azerbaijan. Incoming members are Chad, Nigeria, Lithuania and Chile. While Saudi Arabia were elected they declined to take the role citing \"double standards\" and calling the body ineffective in dealing with the Syrian civil war. Jordan then took its place.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
26
|
Who created the Gundam animated series?
|
[
{
"id": "50709#0",
"score": 0.7531647682189941,
"text": "Gundam(Japanese:ガンダム,Hepburn:Gandamu), also known as the Gundam series(ガンダムシリーズ,Gandamu Shirīzu), is a science fiction media franchise created by Sunrise that features giant robots (mecha) with the name \"Gundam\" (after the original titular mecha). The franchise began on April 7, 1979 with Mobile Suit Gundam, a TV series that defined the \"real robot\" mecha anime genre by featuring giant robots called mobile suits in a militaristic setting. The popularity of the series and its merchandise spawned a franchise that includes television series, OVAs, films, manga, novels and video games, as well as a whole industry of model robots known as Gunpla (plastic Gundam model)."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "49739048#0",
"score": 0.7000049352645874,
"text": ", also referred to as , is a 2014 Japanese science fiction anime television series and the thirteenth incarnation of Sunrise's long-running Gundam mecha metaseries. Created for the Gundam 35th Anniversary celebration, it is the first Gundam TV series to be written and directed by Yoshiyuki Tomino since \"Turn A Gundam\" in 1999 and features character designs by Kenichi Yoshida of \"Overman King Gainer\" & \"Eureka Seven\" fame. Airing in the MBS/TBS networks' Animeism block starting in October 2014, it is the first traditional Gundam TV series to be initially released as a late night anime.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "253053#0",
"score": 0.696282148361206,
"text": "Mobile Fighter G Gundam, also known in Japan as , is a 1994 Japanese animated television series produced by Sunrise and the fifth installment in the long running \"Gundam\" franchise. The series is set in the \"Future Century\", where space colonies representing countries have agreed to hold an organized fighting tournament known as the \"Gundam Fight\" every four years to settle their political differences in place of war. Each colony sends a representative fighter piloting a giant, humanoid mecha called a Gundam to battle on Earth until only one is left, and the winning nation earns the right to govern over all the colonies until the next tournament. The events of \"G Gundam\" follow Domon Kasshu, the pilot of Neo Japan's Shining Gundam during the 13th Gundam Fight. Domon's mission is to both win the tournament and to track down his older brother, who is believed to have stolen the mysterious Devil Gundam (AKA the Dark Gundam outside of Japan/Asia) from the Neo Japan government.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "24018020#0",
"score": 0.6934333443641663,
"text": "\"Mobile Suit Victory Gundam\" is a 1993 Japanese science fiction anime television series created and directed by Yoshiyuki Tomino and produced by Bandai Visual, Sotsu Agency, Sunrise, and TV Asahi with music production by Starchild Records and Apollon. Spanning 51 episodes, \"Mobile Suit Victory Gundam\" is the final television series following the Universal Century timeline in the Gundam franchise. The series premiered in Japan on TV Asahi on April 2, 1993 and concluded on March 25, 1994.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "11552846#10",
"score": 0.6825854778289795,
"text": "The staff, consisting of over 300 people, spent roughly two years planning the series. Compared to other anime shows, Gundam 00 has more main staff members, partly due to the detailed mobile suit designs.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "1460257#0",
"score": 0.6819759607315063,
"text": ", is a 2004 Japanese anime television series produced by Sunrise. The series was released to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Gundam media franchise, and was the first Gundam series to be entirely animated in cel-shaded 3D computer graphics (3DCG), and the first full-3DCG series to be broadcast on Japanese television. The show was directed by Yūichi Abe.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "49657602#0",
"score": 0.6747872829437256,
"text": ", also referred to as , is a 2015 Japanese mecha drama Anime series and the fourteenth incarnation to Sunrise's long-running Gundam franchise. It is directed by Tatsuyuki Nagai and written by Mari Okada, a team which previously collaborated on \"Toradora!\" and \"\". It aired in Japan on MBS and other JNN stations on October 4, 2015, making this the first Gundam series to return to a Sunday late afternoon time slot since \"Mobile Suit Gundam AGE\". On American television, the series began airing on Adult Swim's Toonami block on June 4, 2016, making it the first Gundam series to air in the US since \"Mobile Suit Gundam 00\".",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "163481#0",
"score": 0.674406886100769,
"text": "Tomino, began his career in 1963 with Osamu Tezuka's company, Mushi Productions, scripting the storyboards and screenplay of the first Japanese anime television series, \"Tetsuwan Atomu\" (also known as \"Astro Boy\"). He later became one of the most important members of the anime studio Sunrise, going on to direct numerous anime through the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. Tomino is perhaps best known for his transformation of the \"Super Robot\" mecha anime genre into the \"Real Robot\" genre with 1979's \"Mobile Suit Gundam\", the first in the \"Gundam\" franchise. He has also won numerous awards, including the \"Best Director\" award at the recent 2006 Tokyo International Anime Fair (for the 2005 film \"\"). Two anime series directed by Tomino (\"Mobile Suit Gundam\" in 1979–\n80 and \"Space Runaway Ideon\" in 1980) won the Animage Anime Grand Prix award.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "104619#9",
"score": 0.6734971404075623,
"text": "Originally proposed in 1980 and greatly inspired by Mobile Suit Gundam (1979-1980), the show created by Studio Nue (from an original concept by newcomer member Shoji Kawamori) was initially sponsored by a group called the \"Wiz\" (\"Uizu\") Corporation that was prepared to fund a 48-episode run. \"Wiz\" wanted to produce the Sci-Fi show as an outer space comedy, but this clashed with Studio Nue's original idea of a more serious and epic \"space opera\" storyline. The resulting animosity between both companies made the initial pre-production of the series very difficult and full of delays.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "4226195#0",
"score": 0.6702058911323547,
"text": "This is a list of episodes from the anime series Mobile Suit Gundam Wing, as well as the OVA . The series originally aired on TV Asahi in Japan from April 7, 1995 to March 29, 1996, and later aired on Cartoon Network's Toonami block in the United States from March 6 to May 11, 2000.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "11435208#7",
"score": 0.668901264667511,
"text": "Shinou Gundam (新凰頑駄無)",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "40338600#2",
"score": 0.6660717725753784,
"text": "The Gundam franchise covers nine universes that comprise a dozen TV series, over twenty animated movies, and dozens of novels and manga. Bandai is the fourth largest toy manufacturer in the world and \"Gundam\" merchandise makes up 20% of its sales. In 2004, Gundam sales resulted in profits of , growing to annual profit by 2007, and annual revenue per year by 2014. The franchise had sales of 11.9million home video units by February 2006.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "7601834#0",
"score": 0.6641104221343994,
"text": "An anime adaptation was produced by Sunrise as a seven-episode original video animation series and released between March 12, 2010 and June 6, 2014 on DVD and Blu-ray Disc. It was directed by Kazuhiro Furuhashi. A television rebroadcast of the anime adaptation titled \"Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn RE:0096\" began airing on April 3, 2016, replacing \"Brave Beats\", and becoming the first Gundam series to air on TV Asahi since \"After War Gundam X\" which ended in 1996. \"Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn RE:0096\" premiered on Adult Swim's Toonami block on January 7, 2017.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "1460257#1",
"score": 0.6626089811325073,
"text": "A Japan/America co-production, 26 episodes of \"Superior Defender Gundam Force\" initially aired on the Cartoon Network in the U.S., and later 52 episodes were broadcast on TV Tokyo in Japan, making it the longest Gundam series ever broadcast. \nThe TV show was the first Japanese anime not to be released on VHS; its home video releases are only available on DVD with each containing three episodes. Though the final 26 episodes were not aired on television in America, fans petitioned for the second half of the series to be released and the last 26 episodes were released in an English-dubbed DVD set in 2008.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "8846166#0",
"score": 0.6600079536437988,
"text": "Respect Gundam (リスペクト ガンダム) is a mini compilation of Gundam-related work created by Hiroyuki Tamakoshi, Kenki Fujioka, Tohru Fujisawa, Hiro Mashima, Minoru Sugiyama. It was published on the Gundam Magazine bundled with the November 2006 issue of Comic Bom Bom.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "2931650#9",
"score": 0.6572110056877136,
"text": "\"G.I. Joe\" was a co-production between Marvel Productions and Sunbow Productions. Sunbow's staff would write the scripts based on the character and vehicle designs provided by Hasbro, while the artists at Marvel Productions would draw storyboards based on the scripts and record voiceovers. The animation was outsourced to Toei in Japan, who worked on all 95 episodes, as well as the movie.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "11204110#14",
"score": 0.6519964933395386,
"text": "Kouryuu Gundam (紅龍頑駄無)",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "61045#3",
"score": 0.6516181826591492,
"text": "Sunrise has been involved in many popular and acclaimed anime television series, including \"Mobile Suit Gundam\" (and its spin-offs and sequels since 1979), the \"Mashin Eiyūden Wataru\" series (1988–1997), the \"Yūsha\" series (1990–1997), the \"Eldran\" series (1991–1993) which has now become part of the Yūsha series since the Takara Tomy merger, and the \"Crest of the Stars\" series (1999–2001). They produced the apocalyptic \"Space Runaway Ideon\" in 1980.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "20559#10",
"score": 0.649871826171875,
"text": "In Japan, \"robot anime\" (known as \"mecha anime\" outside Japan) is one of the oldest genres in anime. Robot anime is often tied in with toy manufacturers. Large franchises such as Zoids and Gundam have hundreds of different model kits.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "426833#11",
"score": 0.6498256325721741,
"text": "On March 24, 2010, Toei Animation announced the release of the new Harlock movie, they announced a completed pilot for its planned computer-graphics remake of Leiji Matsumoto and Toei's Space Pirate Captain Harlock manga and anime franchise, and it has revealed a preliminary image and the project's staff. Mobile Suit Gundam UC author Harutoshi Fukui, \"Appleseed\" director Shinji Aramaki, Appleseed mechanical designer Atsushi Takeuchi, and Ninja Scroll character designer Yutaka Minowa worked on the new Space Pirate Captain Harlock pilot with Marza Animation Planet (formerly known as Sega Sammy Visual Entertainment).",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "9167839#0",
"score": 0.6486817002296448,
"text": "Dynasty Warriors: Gundam, originally released in Japan as , is a video game based on the \"Gundam\" anime series. It was developed by Omega Force and published by Bandai Namco Games. Its gameplay is derived from Koei's \"Dynasty Warriors\" and \"Samurai Warriors\" series. The \"Official Mode\" of the game is based primarily on the Universal Century timeline, with mecha from \"Mobile Suit Gundam\", \"Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam\", and \"Mobile Suit Gundam ZZ\" appearing in the game, as well as a few units from Mobile Suit Variations \"\" and \"\" appearing as non-playable ally and enemy units. The \"Original Mode\" of the game also features mecha from the non-UC series \"Mobile Fighter G Gundam\", \"Mobile Suit Gundam Wing\" and \"Turn A Gundam\". A newly designed non-SD Musha Gundam designed by Hajime Katoki is also included.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
27
|
Are steam locomotives more powerful than diesel?
|
[
{
"id": "2802175#6",
"score": 0.8039745092391968,
"text": "Dieselisation took place largely because of the tremendous reduction in operating costs it allowed. Steam locomotives require large pools of labour to clean, load, maintain and run. They also require extensive service, coaling and watering facilities. This was their biggest inferior measure as compared to the diesel locomotive in the number of ton-miles or passenger traffic miles either could run. Diesels could and did have a significantly higher initial price per unit-horsepower delivered. However, their far greater range between fueling stops, the absence of water stops, and the much higher unit availability between inspection repair and maintenance stops, were far better than steam. Diesels simply required significantly less time and labour to operate and maintain. Diesel power was also more scalable to power requirements, owing to the control systems that allowed multiple units to be controlled by one operator. \"Double header\" steam power required a crew for each locomotive. Initially, diesel locomotives were less powerful than the typical steam locomotives. Between the late 1930s and the late 1950s the power available with diesel locomotive engines roughly doubled, although the most powerful steam locomotives ever built still exceeded the power of the most powerful diesel locomotives from the late Twentieth Century."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "8540#85",
"score": 0.75544273853302,
"text": "Diesel engines have eclipsed steam engines as the prime mover on all non-electrified railroads in the industrialized world. The first diesel locomotives appeared in the early 20th century, and diesel multiple units soon after. While electric locomotives have replaced the diesel locomotive for some passenger traffic in Europe and Asia, diesel is still today very popular for cargo-hauling freight trains and on tracks where electrification is not feasible. Most modern diesel locomotives are actually diesel-electric locomotives: the diesel engine is used to power an electric generator that in turn powers electric traction motors with no mechanical connection between diesel engine and traction. After 2000, environmental requirements has caused higher development cost for engines, and it has become common for passenger multiple units to use engines and automatic mechanical gearboxes made for trucks. Up to four such combinations might be used to achieve enough power in a train.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "389950#107",
"score": 0.7404848337173462,
"text": "Steam engines required large quantities of coal and water, which were expensive variable operating costs. Further, the thermal efficiency of steam was considerably less than that of diesel engines. Diesel's theoretical studies demonstrated potential thermal efficiencies for a compression ignition engine of 36% (compared with 6–10% for steam), and an 1897 one-cylinder prototype operated at a remarkable 26% efficiency.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "2224535#0",
"score": 0.733673632144928,
"text": "A steam turbine locomotive is a steam locomotive which transmits steam power to the wheels via a steam turbine. Numerous attempts at this type of locomotive were made, mostly without success. In the 1930s this type of locomotive was seen as a way both to revitalize steam power and challenge the diesel locomotives then being introduced.\nThere are two ways to drive the wheels: either directly via gears, or using generator-driven traction motors.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "454911#23",
"score": 0.7324017286300659,
"text": "With power and reliability of new Diesel units improved with the 2000 hp GM 567 powered E3 model in 1938, the advantages of Diesel became compelling enough for a growing number of rail lines to select Diesel over steam for new passenger equipment. The power and top speed advantages of state-of-the-art steam locomotives were more than offset by Diesel's advantages in service flexibility, downtime, maintenance costs, and economic efficiency for most operators. The American Locomotive Company (ALCO), builder of the Hiawatha speedsters, saw Diesel as the future of passenger service and introduced streamlined locomotives influenced by the design of the E units in 1939. The replacement of steam with Diesel power was interrupted by the US entry into World War II, with a military premium on Diesel technology that stopped all production of Diesel locomotives for passenger service between September 1942 and January 1945.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "196788#106",
"score": 0.7311072945594788,
"text": "A steam-electric locomotive is similar in concept to a diesel-electric locomotive, except that a steam engine instead of a diesel engine is used to drive a generator. Three such locomotives were built by the French engineer Jean Jacques Heilmann in the 1890s.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "164671#27",
"score": 0.7286891341209412,
"text": "Union Pacific continues to use a small number of \"heritage\" steam locomotives and early streamlined diesel locomotives. This equipment is used on special charters as well as the \"Cheyenne Frontier Days Express\" special train. Union Pacific also maintains a single DDA40X locomotive, the most powerful diesel locomotive in the world.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "4316410#1",
"score": 0.7281738519668579,
"text": "Locomotives",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "16270210#2",
"score": 0.7220808267593384,
"text": "The railway has six steam locomotives for passenger trains and five diesel locomotives that usually haul only works trains. It is unusual for all steam locomotives to be operable at one time, as there is usually at least one locomotive undergoing overhaul.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "8840#10",
"score": 0.7200502753257751,
"text": "Generally diesel traction has several downsides compared to electric traction, namely higher fuel costs, more noise and exhaust as well as worse acceleration and top speed performance. The power to weight ratio also tends to be worse.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "28996180#6",
"score": 0.7192214727401733,
"text": "The Class 31-000 had a huge impact on SAR motive power. In terms of speed and acceleration, they were superb and it didn’t take long for the diesels to become a common sight on mainline working. Their unqualified success played a large part in the eventual demise of SAR steam traction.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "30598#1",
"score": 0.7182290554046631,
"text": "Motive power for a train is provided by a separate locomotive or individual motors in a self-propelled multiple unit. Although historically steam propulsion dominated, the most common types of locomotive are diesel and electric, the latter supplied by overhead wires or additional rails. Trains can also be hauled by horses, pulled by engine or water-driven cable or wire winch, run downhill using gravity, or powered by pneumatics, gas turbines or batteries.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "18992981#5",
"score": 0.7171817421913147,
"text": "The steam locomotives which can be seen include the following:",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "869553#5",
"score": 0.7145878076553345,
"text": "Diesel-electric locomotives followed, and over the decades bigger and more powerful diesels replaced smaller ones just as was the case with the steam locomotives that had preceded them. ",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "2101077#9",
"score": 0.7124268412590027,
"text": "The term 'rebuilding' is also often used by railway companies; a steam locomotive may be rebuilt with a new boiler or a diesel locomotive may be rebuilt with a new engine. This saves money (by re-using the frame, and some other components, which still have years of useful life) and allows the incorporation of improved technology. For example, a new diesel engine may have lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust emissions and better reliability. Recent examples include British Rail Class 57 and British Rail Class 43.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "196788#174",
"score": 0.7110524773597717,
"text": "Dramatic increases in the cost of diesel fuel prompted several initiatives to revive steam power.[111][112] However none of these has progressed to the point of production and, as of the early 21st century, steam locomotives operate only in a few isolated regions of the world and in tourist operations.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "51147580#4",
"score": 0.7098198533058167,
"text": "Due to their unique aspects, the safe operation of steam locomotives on the mainline is governed by its own Railway Group Standard, Steam Locomotive Operation, in addition to all other applicable standards. Depending on wheel diameter, locomotives on the mainline are permitted to operate up to maximum speeds ranging from 35 to 75 mph - the maximum permitted on minor and heritage lines normally being 25 mph.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "56946047#1",
"score": 0.7096688151359558,
"text": "In the 1920s, there was a search for alternatives to the steam locomotive for railway traction, to reduce cost and improve efficiency. The main alternatives were railway electrification or the use of an internal combustion engine, such as the diesel engine.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "1211238#6",
"score": 0.7075168490409851,
"text": "As dieselization progressed the M1 locomotives were assigned heavier trains, while the diesels were assigned the high-speed freight trains previously the M1s' preserve. Their final years of service saw them hauling heavier trains than ever. Many remained in service until the withdrawal of steam from the PRR in mid 1957.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "17717#16",
"score": 0.7074326872825623,
"text": "In a diesel–electric locomotive, the diesel engine drives either an electrical DC generator (generally, less than net for traction), or an electrical AC alternator-rectifier (generally net or more for traction), the output of which provides power to the traction motors that drive the locomotive. There is no mechanical connection between the diesel engine and the wheels. The vast majority of diesel locomotives today are diesel-electric.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "19604189#15",
"score": 0.706246554851532,
"text": "Modern diesel and electric locomotives need very little maintenance thanks to a large number of maintenance-light and non-wearing components. For that reason there are only a few \"Bahnbetriebswerke\" today compared with those in the steam era and they often concentrated on the maintenance and repair of an entire locomotive class. ",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
28
|
Can the DC character Nightwing fly?
|
[
{
"id": "335590#5",
"score": 0.6627408266067505,
"text": "To disguise themselves, Superman and Jimmy Olsen create vigilante identities inspired by Batman and Robin. Because neither bats nor robins lived on Krypton, Superman chooses the names of two birds owned by his Kandorian friend Nor-Kan: Nightwing for himself, and Flamebird for Jimmy. Nightwing and Flamebird rename Nor-Kan's underground laboratory as the \"Nightcave\", and use it as their secret headquarters. They also convert Nor-Kan's automobile into their \"Nightmobile\", and use \"jet-belts\" to fly into battle."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "42106513#15",
"score": 0.6291667222976685,
"text": "\"Arkham Knight\" features a large ensemble cast of characters from the history of Batman comics. The main character is Batman (Kevin Conroy)—a superhero trained to the peak of human physical and mental perfection and an expert in martial arts. He is supported by his allies, Robin (Matthew Mercer), Nightwing (Scott Porter), Catwoman (Grey DeLisle), Barbara Gordon (Ashley Greene)—who assists Batman covertly as the hacker Oracle—and her father police commissioner James Gordon (Jonathan Banks). Batman's loyal butler Alfred Pennyworth and Wayne Enterprises colleague Lucius Fox (Dave Fennoy) provide Batman with tactical support, and the holy warrior Azrael (Khary Payton) aims to replace Batman as Gotham's protector.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "847770#0",
"score": 0.6289920210838318,
"text": "Wing How is a fictional character in the DC Comics universe. He is the Asian sidekick and valet to the Crimson Avenger, one of the first costumed heroes of the Golden Age of Comics. He bears more than a slight resemblance to Kato, the sidekick of The Green Hornet. Wing first appeared in \"Detective Comics\" #20 (October, 1938).",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "8017675#8",
"score": 0.6288890242576599,
"text": "The first Blackwing is an expert trainer of bats, with which he has a highly developed empathic rapport. He has a number of specially mutated bats bred for abnormal strength, size, and intelligence. Blackwing wears a costume consisting of synthetic stretch fabric over chain mail body armor. Devices in his costume give him the power of flight for short distances, via directed motion hovering. Blackwing is also a skilled marksman.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "369214#29",
"score": 0.6287322640419006,
"text": "The \"Nightwing\" title concluded in April 2014 at issue #30, and was replaced with a new title, \"Grayson\", which depicts Dick having given up his life as Nightwing at age 22 and going undercover as an agent of the Spyral organization where the former Batwoman Kathy Kane works. Written by Tim Seeley and former CIA counter-terrorism officer Tom King, the career change for Dick Grayson comes from the urging of Batman himself, who convinces him to remain dead to the world. Seeley stated that the series will be \"leaning into\" Grayson's sex symbol status. The character's look also is redesigned with no mask, but a blue-and-black outfit calling back to his pre-New 52 Nightwing counterpart with an addition of a \"G\" on his chest, said to be reminiscent of the Robin \"R\".",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "809020#12",
"score": 0.6269034147262573,
"text": "The DC Comics incarnation of Fly-Girl has no inherent superpowers, giving her Kim Brand persona the strength of a young woman in her prime engaging in moderate-to-strenuous physical exercise. Instead, she relies on an overtly technological suit. As per the original design of the \"Web Host #22\" suit she was given upon accepting the \"Web Host\" program, her suit was originally endowed with several abilities, including but not limited to flight, bullet-proof armor, HUD interface connected to a GPS tracker and enhanced strength., along with an up-link to the \"Web Lair\", enabling The Web to track her and remotely disable her powers.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "22373167#27",
"score": 0.6264732480049133,
"text": "Saved by the Justice Society, Nightwing recovers with Barbara at his side. As soon as he's able to walk again, Batman asks him to join him and Robin in retracing Bruce's original journey in becoming the Dark Knight. While Nightwing is hesitant, due to his engagement with Barbara, she encourages him to go and returns his engagement ring so he can make an honest decision for himself. Barbara feels that it is important he rediscover himself, and until he does they're not yet ready to be married. They part on good terms, though before he departs Dick leaves her an envelope containing a photograph of them as Robin and Batgirl, along with the engagement ring on a chain and a note promising he'll come back to her one day.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "3194941#3",
"score": 0.6255490183830261,
"text": "A \"Throwing Bird\"—colloquially referred to as a \"\"Birdarang\"\"—is a roughly bird-shaped throwing weapon used by the DC Comics superhero Robin as a non-lethal ranged attack alternative to firearms. They are similar to batarangs. They first gained prominence in the 1997 live-action film \"Batman & Robin\". The Throwing Birds in that particular film have silver edges with a red design. As with Batman, Robin can launch his weapon with a launcher located on his lower arm. They are also used by Robin in non-Batman media such as \"Teen Titans Go!\" where they appear under the name Birdarangs. ",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "1642411#10",
"score": 0.6254813075065613,
"text": "The most recent Vigilante appeared in \"Nightwing\" #133–137. While he wears a costume similar to Adrian Chase's, it is a new depiction under the mask. Note that Marv Wolfman has pointed out the \"321 Days\" arc was cut short by two issues due to \"Batman R.I.P.\" which required the \"Nightwing\" title to feature in it, so the final story as seen ended without any clear closure for any of the characters.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "369214#27",
"score": 0.6239558458328247,
"text": "Later, the \"Nightwing\" series changes its setting to Chicago, Illinois. Sonia Branch reveals to Dick an e-mail that indicates that her father Zucco is still alive. After giving the address to Red Robin to try and track down who sent it, Robin uncovers that Zucco is residing in Chicago. Nightwing moves to Chicago in order to find and arrest Zucco, who is now living under the assumed identity of Billy Lester, an assistant to the mayor. Soon after arriving in Chicago, Dick meets his new roommates, a photojournalist named Michael and a computer specialist named Joey. After leaving the apartment to meet with Johnny Spade, a borderline criminal who steals and sells information, their meeting is interrupted by the police. A short chase results in the accidental destruction of a newly rebuilt subway. Meanwhile, a criminal hacker called the Prankster tortures, maims and kills criminal con men who are untouchable by the police.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "335590#63",
"score": 0.6233015060424805,
"text": "During the events of Death of the Family, a Batman Family crossover, Haly's circus is targeted by the Joker. As a result, the circus is burnt down and the circus members leave. Dick is left feeling depressed and lost as a result of this and the death of Damian Wayne, the new Robin, and is at a loss for what to do with his life. However, when Sonia Branch reveals to him that she believes her father, Tony Zucco, is alive and living in Chicago, Dick makes the decision to take him down. Therefore, in 2013 Nightwing relocated to Chicago to hunt down Tony Zucco and also take down The Prankster, a new supervillain hacker in Chicago.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "33019804#3",
"score": 0.6230408549308777,
"text": "Batwing first appeared in \"Batman\" #250 and then in \"Batman of Africa\", in \"Batman Incorporated\" #5 (May 2011), written by Grant Morrison. He was designed by Chris Burnham, but was first drawn by Yanick Paquette.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "47729033#13",
"score": 0.622796356678009,
"text": "Catwoman was adapted for \"\" and \"The New Batman Adventures\", set in the same continuity from the DC Animated Universe, voiced by Adrienne Barbeau. A spin-off focused on the character was in production before being cancelled; it was reconsidered years later as a dual spin-off also focused on Nightwing.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "21936099#0",
"score": 0.6223695874214172,
"text": "Thara Ak-Var is a fictional character appearing in comic books published by DC Comics, created by Geoff Johns and James Robinson. The character first appeared during the storyline in \"Superman\" #681 (October 2008). She is the latest character to take on the role of Flamebird. Along with the new Nightwing, Thara is the feature character in \"Action Comics\" beginning with issue #875 (May 2009). Thara Ak-Var's name is a reference to Ak-Var, who was the second pre-Crisis Flamebird, and his wife, Thara.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "21855996#66",
"score": 0.6221894025802612,
"text": "Starman is a hero of which the abilities comes from his inventions, the gravity rod and the cosmic rod. These devices channel an unknown form of stellar radiation, which Starman is able to manipulate through the rod. As Starman, he possesses the ability to fly, project bursts of stellar energy, light, and heat, create force fields and simple energy constructs, and levitate objects.Kamandi is a human hero of a post-apocalyptic future where animals have evolved into sentient beings. Kamandi and Dr. Canus help Batman escape from the ratmen that inhabit New York City. Dr. Canus helped Batman find bacteria for a vaccine that Batman needed to save Gotham City, and Kamandi helps Batman return to his time by locating the time portal he came through. Batman does not want to leave Kamandi and Canus to the mercy of the ratmen, and instead leaves a time-capsule in the Statue of Liberty's left nostril that contained a superweapon to fight off the ratmen. Kamandi and Dr. Canus later appear in \"Last Bat on Earth!\" helping Batman find and defeat Gorilla Grodd, who has traveled to their future. Kamandi and Dr. Canus come to the present, briefly, in \"The Malicious Mr. Mind!\".Dr. Canus is a highly evolved dog that is Kamandi's companion.Prince Tuftan is a highly evolved tiger who is the son of Great Caesar of the Tiger People and a friend of Kamandi.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "710662#11",
"score": 0.6219328045845032,
"text": "Indigo's presence would prove to be a major sticking point for Arsenal's last recruit: Nightwing. The Titans' former leader was completely unwilling to renew his involvement in a team after such a devastating loss. Arsenal argued that the Outsiders were the next logical step for them beyond the Titans, and that perhaps a team of strangers would operate more efficiently than a team with so many emotional attachments. Nightwing, while still reluctant, agreed to join and lead the Outsiders shortly after defeating Gorilla Grodd.\nArsenal was shot in the chest while attempting to stop Brother Blood from activating a global network of sleeper agents. He survived, but was sidelined for months. In the interim, he assigned the Huntress as his replacement. He was hesitant to resume active duty, feeling afraid of his own limitations, but returned with encouragement from Nightwing.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "14344037#38",
"score": 0.6214792728424072,
"text": "The episode \"Artifacts\" features her adult incarnation using a wheelchair (under unknown circumstances) using her Oracle identity. Oracle manages the cyber realms and has a joking yet more adult-like relationship to Nightwing. The distant future shows Batgirl, Batman and Robin are now legends similar to Robin Hood and his Merry Men and she's also known in these stories as \"Batwoman\".",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "25471166#43",
"score": 0.6212067604064941,
"text": "Additional DLC packs were later released. The \"Nightwing\" pack, released on November 1, 2011, includes Batman's ally Nightwing as a playable character for the game's challenge maps, an \"Animated Series\" alternative skin for the character, and two more challenge maps: \"Wayne Manor\" and \"Main Hall\". The \"Robin\" pack was released on November 22, 2011, and contains the Robin pre-order content. A \"Skins\" pack containing all of the alternate Batman pre-order skins was released on December 6, 2011. Another pack was announced for release on December 20, 2011, containing the pre-order \"Iceberg Lounge\" and \"Joker's Carnival\" challenge maps, and a completely new challenge map: \"Batcave\". On December 19, 2011, a new Batman skin was released—based on the character's outfit from \"Batman Incorporated\"—to download for free on all platforms.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "699761#3",
"score": 0.6210500001907349,
"text": "The series is firmly entrenched in the DC Universe. Batman, The Joker, Green Lantern, Catwoman, Etrigan the Demon, and Superman all guest star at various points, and joking references are frequently made to then-current DC happenings (such as the long-haired Superman). The series also crossed over with many DC events, including \"Final Night\", \"One Million\", and \"No Man's Land\". Monaghan also teamed with Lobo and has made a few appearances outside the series (see below).",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "548725#3",
"score": 0.6204864382743835,
"text": "In early 1939, DC's success with the seminal superhero Superman in \"Action Comics\" prompted editors to scramble for more such heroes. In response, Bob Kane conceived \"the Bat-Man.\" Kane said his influences for the character included actor Douglas Fairbanks' film portrayal of the swashbuckler Zorro; Leonardo da Vinci's diagram of the ornithopter, a flying machine with huge bat-like wings; and the 1930 film \"The Bat Whispers\", based on Mary Rinehart's mystery novel \"The Circular Staircase\" (1908).",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "6597957#5",
"score": 0.6196108460426331,
"text": "The Batsub (or Bat-Sub) is another fictional watercraft along with the Batboat used by the comic superhero Batman for alternative transportation purposes. In the 1995 film \"Batman Forever\", a version of the Batwing is shown to have a cockpit that can transform into a submersible vehicle should the air vehicle be shot down. This mini submarine does not have armament and is only equipped with a search headlight.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
29
|
How long has Lucha Libre been around?
|
[
{
"id": "1015304#0",
"score": 0.7279126644134521,
"text": "Lucha libre (Spanish pronunciation:[ˈlut͡ʃa ˈliβɾe], meaning \"freestyle wrestling\"[1] or literally translated as \"free fight\") is the term used in México for professional wrestling. Since its introduction to Mexico in the early 20th century, it has developed into a unique form of the genre, characterized by colorful masks, rapid sequences of holds and maneuvers, as well as \"high-flying\" maneuvers, some of which have been adopted in the United States and elsewhere. The wearing of masks has developed special significance, and matches are sometimes contested in which the loser must permanently remove his mask, which is a wager with a high degree of weight attached. Tag team wrestling is especially prevalent in lucha libre, particularly matches with three-member teams, called trios."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "37778864#1",
"score": 0.6863660216331482,
"text": "The 1972 Anniversary show commemorated the 39th anniversary of the Mexican professional wrestling company \"Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre\" (Spanish for \"Mexican Wrestling Promotion\"; EMLL) holding their first show on September 22, 1933 by promoter and founder Salvador Lutteroth. EMLL was rebranded early in 1992 to become \"Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre\" (\"World Wrestling Council\"; CMLL) signal their departure from the National Wrestling Alliance. With the sales of the Jim Crockett Promotions to Ted Turner in 1988 EMLL became the oldest, still-operating wrestling promotion in the world. Over the years EMLL/CMLL has on occasion held multiple shows to celebrate their anniversary but since 1977 the company has only held one annual show, which is considered the biggest show of the year, CMLL's equivalent of WWE's WrestleMania or their Super Bowl event. CMLL has held their Anniversary show at Arena México in Mexico City, Mexico since 1956, the year the building was completed, over time Arena México earned the nickname \"The Cathedral of Lucha Libre\" due to it hosting most of EMLL/CMLL's major events since the building was completed. Traditionally EMLL/CMLL holds their major events on Friday Nights, replacing their regularly scheduled \"Super Viernes\" show.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "50973929#2",
"score": 0.6852824687957764,
"text": "The Mexican \"lucha libre\" or professional wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG; at times referred to as \"Grupo Internacional Revolución\" in Mexico) holds almost all of their major wrestling shows in Arena Naucalpan, in Naucalpan, State of Mexico, an arena owned and operated by the Moreno family who also owns and operates IWRG. The most prestigious match type in \"lucha libre\" is the \"Lucha de Apuestas\" (literally \"Bet match\") where each competitors \"bets\" either their wrestling mask or their hair on the outcome of the match. The \"Lucha de Apuestas\" format was created in 1940, with the first match of its type held on July 14, 1940 where the unmasked Octavio Gaona defeated the masked El Murciélago Enmascarado (\"The Masked Bat\"), forcing El Murciélago to unmask. Since then the \"Luchas de Apuestas\" match has become more important, more prestigious than championship matches with the \"Lucha de Apuestas\" matches normally headlining major \"lucha libre\" shows.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "50973940#2",
"score": 0.6851796507835388,
"text": "The Mexican \"lucha libre\" or professional wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG; at times referred to as \"Grupo Internacional Revolución\" in Mexico) holds almost all of their major wrestling shows in Arena Naucalpan, in Naucalpan, State of Mexico, an arena owned and operated by the Moreno family who also owns and operates IWRG. The most prestigious match type in \"lucha libre\" is the \"Lucha de Apuestas\" (literally \"Bet match\") where each competitors \"bets\" either their wrestling mask or their hair on the outcome of the match. The \"Lucha de Apuestas\" format was created in 1940, with the first match of its type held on July 14, 1940 where the unmasked Octavio Gaona defeated the masked El Murciélago Enmascarado (\"The Masked Bat\"), forcing El Murciélago to unmask. Since then the \"Luchas de Apuestas\" match has become more important, more prestigious than championship matches with the \"Lucha de Apuestas\" matches normally headlining major \"lucha libre\" shows.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "735092#25",
"score": 0.6841558218002319,
"text": "Mexican professional wrestling, also known as \"lucha libre\", is a style of wrestling using special holds. Most performers, known as \"luchadores\" (singular \"luchador\"), begin their careers wearing masks, but most will lose their masks during their careers. Traditionally a match involves the best of three rounds, with no time limit. Each luchador uses his own special wrestling style or \"estilo de lucha\" consisting of aerial attack moves, strikes and complex submission holds. Popular \"luchadores\" in Mexico and Puerto Rico are El Santo, Blue Demon, Mil Máscaras, Perro Aguayo, Carlos Colón, Konnan, La Parka and Místico. Several wrestlers who performed in Mexico also had success in the United States, including Eddie Guerrero, Rey Mysterio (Jr.) and Dos Caras Jr./Alberto Del Rio.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "24399614#1",
"score": 0.6791921854019165,
"text": "The 2008 CMLL Anniversary Shows commemorated the 75th anniversary of the Mexican professional wrestling company \"Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre\" (Spanish for \"World Wrestling Council\"; CMLL) holding their first show on September 22, 1933 by promoter and founder Salvador Lutteroth. CMLL, originally known as \"Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre\" (\"Mexican Wrestling Company\"; EMLL) it would change its name to Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre in 1992 to signal their departure from the National Wrestling Alliance. With the sales of the Jim Crockett Promotions to Ted Turner in 1988 CMLL became the oldest, still-operating wrestling promotion in the world. Over the years CMLL has on occasion held multiple shows to celebrate their anniversary but since 1977 the company has only held one annual show, which is considered the biggest show of the year, CMLL's equivalent of WWE's WrestleMania or their Super Bowl event. CMLL has held their Anniversary show at Arena México in Mexico City, Mexico since 1956, the year the building was completed, over time Arena México earned the nickname \"The Cathedral of Lucha Libre\" due to it hosting most of CMLL's major events since the building was completed. Traditionally CMLL holds their major events on Friday Nights, replacing their regularly scheduled \"Super Viernes\" show.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "39296622#1",
"score": 0.675519585609436,
"text": "Promoter Adolfo Moreno had promoted \"Lucha Libre\", or professional wrestling in Naucalpan, State of Mexico, Mexico prior to financing the building of Arena Naucalpan that opened in late 1976. Originally Moreno worked together with the Universal Wrestling Association (UWA) and then later Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) as a local promoter. On January 1, 1996 Moreno created International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG) as an independent promotion. IWRG celebrates the anniversary of Arena Naucalpan each year in December with a major show, making it the second oldest, still promoted show series in the world. pre-dating WrestleMania by eight years. Only the CMLL Anniversary Show series has a longer history. The 2010 Arena Naucalpan anniversary show marked the 33rd Anniversary of Arena Naucalpab. The Anniversary show, as well as the majority of the IWRG shows in general are held in Arena Naucalpan.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "37779791#1",
"score": 0.6744514107704163,
"text": "The 1975 Anniversary show commemorated the 42nd anniversary of the Mexican professional wrestling company \"Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre\" (Spanish for \"Mexican Wrestling Promotion\"; EMLL) holding their first show on September 22, 1933 by promoter and founder Salvador Lutteroth. EMLL was rebranded early in 1992 to become \"Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre\" (\"World Wrestling Council\"; CMLL) signal their departure from the National Wrestling Alliance. With the sales of the Jim Crockett Promotions to Ted Turner in 1988 EMLL became the oldest, still-operating wrestling promotion in the world. Over the years EMLL/CMLL has on occasion held multiple shows to celebrate their anniversary but since 1977 the company has only held one annual show, which is considered the biggest show of the year, CMLL's equivalent of WWE's WrestleMania or their Super Bowl event. CMLL has held their Anniversary show at Arena México in Mexico City, Mexico since 1956, the year the building was completed, over time Arena México earned the nickname \"The Cathedral of Lucha Libre\" due to it hosting most of EMLL/CMLL's major events since the building was completed. Traditionally EMLL/CMLL holds their major events on Friday Nights, replacing their regularly scheduled \"Super Viernes\" show.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "58213748#3",
"score": 0.6740013360977173,
"text": "When Jim Crockett Promotions was bought by Ted Turner in 1988 EMLL became the oldest still active promotion in the world. In 1991 EMLL was rebranded as \"Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre\" and thus held the CMLL 59th Anniversary Show, the first under the new name, on September 18, 1992. Traditionally CMLL holds their major events on Friday Nights, replacing their regularly scheduled Super Viernes show.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "27619009#2",
"score": 0.6736658215522766,
"text": "The 1999 CMLL Anniversary Shows commemorated the 66th anniversary of the Mexican professional wrestling company \"Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre\" (Spanish for \"World Wrestling Council\"; CMLL) holding their first show on September 22, 1933 by promoter and founder Salvador Lutteroth. CMLL, originally known as \"Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre\" (\"Mexican Wrestling Company\"; EMLL) it would change its name to Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre in 1992 to signal their departure from the National Wrestling Alliance. With the sales of the Jim Crockett Promotions to Ted Turner in 1988 CMLL became the oldest, still-operating wrestling promotion in the world. Over the years CMLL has on occasion held multiple shows to celebrate their anniversary but since 1977 the company has only held one annual show, which is considered the biggest show of the year, CMLL's equivalent of WWE's WrestleMania or their Super Bowl event. CMLL has held their Anniversary show at Arena México in Mexico City, Mexico since 1956, the year the building was completed, over time Arena México earned the nickname \"The Cathedral of Lucha Libre\" due to it hosting most of CMLL's major events since the building was completed. Traditionally CMLL holds their major events on Friday Nights, replacing their regularly scheduled \"Super Viernes\" show.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "58619913#4",
"score": 0.670298159122467,
"text": "In September 1933 Salvador Lutteroth González founded Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL), which would later be renamed Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. Over time Lutteroth would become responsible for building both Arena Coliseo in Mexico City and Arena Mexico, which became known as \"The Cathedral of Lucha Libre\". Over time EMLL became the oldest wrestling promotion in the world, with 2018 marking the 85th year of its existence. Lutteroth has often been credited with being the \"father of Lucha Libre\" introducing the concept of masked wrestlers to Mexico as well as the \"Luchas de Apuestas\" match. Lutteroth died on September 5, 1987. EMLL, late CMLL, remained under the ownership and control of the Lutteroth family as first Salvador's son Chavo Lutteroth and later his grandson Paco Alonso took over ownership of the company.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "37778666#1",
"score": 0.6688466668128967,
"text": "The 1966 Anniversary show commemorated the 33rd anniversary of the Mexican professional wrestling company \"Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre\" (Spanish for \"Mexican Wrestling Promotion\"; EMLL) holding their first show on September 22, 1933 by promoter and founder Salvador Lutteroth. EMLL was rebranded early in 1992 to become \"Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre\" (\"World Wrestling Council\"; CMLL) signal their departure from the National Wrestling Alliance. With the sales of the Jim Crockett Promotions to Ted Turner in 1988 EMLL became the oldest, still-operating wrestling promotion in the world. Over the years EMLL/CMLL has on occasion held multiple shows to celebrate their anniversary but since 1977 the company has only held one annual show, which is considered the biggest show of the year, CMLL's equivalent of WWE's WrestleMania or their Super Bowl event. CMLL has held their Anniversary show at Arena México in Mexico City, Mexico since 1956, the year the building was completed, over time Arena México earned the nickname \"The Cathedral of Lucha Libre\" due to it hosting most of EMLL/CMLL's major events since the building was completed. Traditionally EMLL/CMLL holds their major events on Friday Nights, replacing their regularly scheduled \"Super Viernes\" show.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "37756067#1",
"score": 0.6684090495109558,
"text": "The 1963 Anniversary show commemorated the 30th anniversary of the Mexican professional wrestling company \"Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre\" (Spanish for \"Mexican Wrestling Promotion\"; EMLL) holding their first show on September 22, 1933 by promoter and founder Salvador Lutteroth. EMLL was rebranded early in 1992 to become \"Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre\" (\"World Wrestling Council\"; CMLL) signal their departure from the National Wrestling Alliance. With the sales of the Jim Crockett Promotions to Ted Turner in 1988 EMLL became the oldest, still-operating wrestling promotion in the world. Over the years EMLL/CMLL has on occasion held multiple shows to celebrate their anniversary but since 1977 the company has only held one annual show, which is considered the biggest show of the year, CMLL's equivalent of WWE's WrestleMania or their Super Bowl event. CMLL has held their Anniversary show at Arena México in Mexico City, Mexico since 1956, the year the building was completed, over time Arena México earned the nickname \"The Cathedral of Lucha Libre\" due to it hosting most of EMLL/CMLL's major events since the building was completed. Traditionally EMLL/CMLL holds their major events on Friday Nights, replacing their regularly scheduled \"Super Viernes\" show.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "55218303#3",
"score": 0.6674456596374512,
"text": "When Jim Crockett Promotions was bought by Ted Turner in 1988 EMLL became the oldest still active promotion in the world. In 1991 EMLL was rebranded as \"Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre\" and thus held the CMLL 59th Anniversary Show, the first under the new name, on September 18, 1992. Traditionally CMLL holds their major events on Friday Nights, replacing their regularly scheduled \"Super Viernes\" show. The 2017 show will commemorate the 84th anniversary of CMLL and will, against tradition, be held on a Saturday instead of a Friday. The September 16 date coincides with the Mexican Independence day celebrations.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "1015304#14",
"score": 0.6649134755134583,
"text": "Masks (máscaras) have been used dating back to the beginnings of lucha libre in the early part of the 20th century, and have a historical significance to Mexico in general, dating to the days of the Aztecs.[15] Early masks were very simple with basic colors to distinguish the wrestler. In modern lucha libre, masks are colorfully designed to evoke the images of animals, gods, ancient heroes and other archetypes, whose identity the luchador takes on during a performance. Virtually all wrestlers in Mexico will start their careers wearing masks, but over the span of their careers, a large number of them will be unmasked. Sometimes, a wrestler slated for retirement will be unmasked in his final bout or at the beginning of a final tour, signifying loss of identity as that character. Sometimes, losing the mask signifies the end of a gimmick with the wrestler moving on to a new gimmick and mask. The mask is considered sacred to a degree, so much so that fully removing an opponent's mask during a match is grounds for disqualification.[16]",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "37573485#1",
"score": 0.6645748019218445,
"text": "The 1982 Anniversary show commemorated the 49th anniversary of the Mexican professional wrestling company \"Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre\" (Spanish for \"Mexican Wrestling Promotion\"; EMLL) holding their first show on September 22, 1933 by promoter and founder Salvador Lutteroth. EMLL was rebranded early in 1992 to become \"Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre\" (\"World Wrestling Council\"; CMLL) signal their departure from the National Wrestling Alliance. With the sales of the Jim Crockett Promotions to Ted Turner in 1988 EMLL became the oldest, still-operating wrestling promotion in the world. Over the years EMLL/CMLL has on occasion held multiple shows to celebrate their anniversary but since 1977 the company has only held one annual show, which is considered the biggest show of the year, CMLL's equivalent of WWE's WrestleMania or their Super Bowl event. CMLL has held their Anniversary show at Arena México in Mexico City, Mexico since 1956, the year the building was completed, over time Arena México earned the nickname \"The Cathedral of Lucha Libre\" due to it hosting most of EMLL/CMLL's major events since the building was completed. Traditionally EMLL/CMLL holds their major events on Friday Nights, replacing their regularly scheduled \"Super Viernes\" show.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "26282454#4",
"score": 0.6636953949928284,
"text": "When Jim Crockett Promotions was bought by Ted Turner in 1988 EMLL became the oldest still active promotion in the world. In 1991 EMLL was rebranded as \"Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre\" and thus held the CMLL 59th Anniversary Show, the first under the new name, on September 18, 1992. Traditionally CMLL holds their major events on Friday Nights, replacing their regularly scheduled \"Super Viernes\" show. The 2001 show commemorated the 68th anniversary of CMLL. Between 1998 and 2002 CMLL broadcast 11 of their major shows on pay-per-view (PPV) television to viewers in Mexico, starting with the 1998 \"Ruleta de la Muerte\" tournament. The 68th Anniversary show was the first CMLL Anniversary show to be offered on PPV, something that was not offered again until the CMLL 73rd Anniversary Show in 2006. The 2001 event was the first time the very conservative CMLL would hold a steel cage match on their anniversary show.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "48865120#1",
"score": 0.6627400517463684,
"text": "Roberto Estrada began his professional wrestling career in 2000, working as the \"enmascarado\" character El Chupacabras. Estrada was around 13 years old when he wrestled his first match, something that is not unheard of in \"Lucha Libre\"",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "37397823#1",
"score": 0.6623713970184326,
"text": "The 1941 Anniversary show commemorated the 8th anniversary of the Mexican professional wrestling company \"Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre\" (Spanish for \"Mexican Wrestling Promotion\"; EMLL) holding their first show on September 22, 1933 by promoter and founder Salvador Lutteroth. EMLL was rebranded early in 1992 to become \"Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre\" (\"World Wrestling Council\"; CMLL) signal their departure from the National Wrestling Alliance. With the sales of the Jim Crockett Promotions to Ted Turner in 1988 EMLL became the oldest, still-operating wrestling promotion in the world. Over the years EMLL/CMLL has on occasion held multiple shows to celebrate their anniversary but since 1977 the company has only held one annual show, which is considered the biggest show of the year, CMLL's equivalent of WWE's WrestleMania or their Super Bowl event. CMLL has held their Anniversary show at Arena México in Mexico City, Mexico since 1956, the year the building was completed, over time Arena México earned the nickname \"The Cathedral of Lucha Libre\" due to it hosting most of EMLL/CMLL's major events since the building was completed. EMLL held their first anniversary show at Arena Modelo in 1933 and returned to that building in 1937 through 1943. From 1934 through 1936 EMLL rented Arena Nacional for their shows, but in 1944 they began holding their anniversary shows at Arena Coliseo, an arena they owned. From 1944 through 1955 EMLL held all their anniversary shows at Arena Coliseo. Traditionally EMLL/CMLL holds their major events on Friday Nights, replacing their regularly scheduled \"Super Viernes\" show.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "37398041#1",
"score": 0.660368800163269,
"text": "The 1943 Anniversary show commemorated the 10th anniversary of the Mexican professional wrestling company \"Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre\" (Spanish for \"Mexican Wrestling Promotion\"; EMLL) holding their first show on September 22, 1933 by promoter and founder Salvador Lutteroth. EMLL was rebranded early in 1992 to become \"Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre\" (\"World Wrestling Council\"; CMLL) signal their departure from the National Wrestling Alliance. With the sales of the Jim Crockett Promotions to Ted Turner in 1988 EMLL became the oldest, still-operating wrestling promotion in the world. Over the years EMLL/CMLL has on occasion held multiple shows to celebrate their anniversary but since 1977 the company has only held one annual show, which is considered the biggest show of the year, CMLL's equivalent of WWE's WrestleMania or their Super Bowl event. CMLL has held their Anniversary show at Arena México in Mexico City, Mexico since 1956, the year the building was completed, over time Arena México earned the nickname \"The Cathedral of Lucha Libre\" due to it hosting most of EMLL/CMLL's major events since the building was completed. EMLL held their first anniversary show at Arena Modelo in 1933 and returned to that building in 1937 through 1943. From 1934 through 1936 EMLL rented Arena Nacional for their shows, but in 1944 they began holding their anniversary shows at Arena Coliseo, an arena they owned. From 1944 through 1955 EMLL held all their anniversary shows at Arena Coliseo. Traditionally EMLL/CMLL holds their major events on Friday Nights, replacing their regularly scheduled \"Super Viernes\" show.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "37754009#1",
"score": 0.6578118205070496,
"text": "The 1959 Anniversary show commemorated the 26th anniversary of the Mexican professional wrestling company \"Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre\" (Spanish for \"Mexican Wrestling Promotion\"; EMLL) holding their first show on September 22, 1933 by promoter and founder Salvador Lutteroth. EMLL was rebranded early in 1992 to become \"Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre\" (\"World Wrestling Council\"; CMLL) signal their departure from the National Wrestling Alliance. With the sales of the Jim Crockett Promotions to Ted Turner in 1988 EMLL became the oldest, still-operating wrestling promotion in the world. Over the years EMLL/CMLL has on occasion held multiple shows to celebrate their anniversary but since 1977 the company has only held one annual show, which is considered the biggest show of the year, CMLL's equivalent of WWE's WrestleMania or their Super Bowl event. CMLL has held their Anniversary show at Arena México in Mexico City, Mexico since 1956, the year the building was completed, over time Arena México earned the nickname \"The Cathedral of Lucha Libre\" due to it hosting most of EMLL/CMLL's major events since the building was completed. Traditionally EMLL/CMLL holds their major events on Friday Nights, replacing their regularly scheduled \"Super Viernes\" show.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
30
|
When was special relativity developed?
|
[
{
"id": "30001#2",
"score": 0.7843139171600342,
"text": "Albert Einstein published the theory of special relativity in 1905, building on many theoretical results and empirical findings obtained by Albert A. Michelson, Hendrik Lorentz, Henri Poincaré and others. Max Planck, Hermann Minkowski and others did subsequent work."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "91100#35",
"score": 0.7423129081726074,
"text": "Albert Einstein formulated the theory of special relativity by 1905, deriving the Lorentz transformation and thus length contraction and time dilation from the relativity postulate and the constancy of the speed of light, thus removing the \"ad hoc\" character from the contraction hypothesis. Einstein emphasized the kinematic foundation of the theory and the modification of the notion of space and time, with the stationary aether no longer playing any role in his theory. He also pointed out the group character of the transformation. Einstein was motivated by Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism (in the form as it was given by Lorentz in 1895) and the lack of evidence for the luminiferous aether.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "1608886#9",
"score": 0.7057616710662842,
"text": "Eventually, Albert Einstein (1905) drew the conclusion that established theories and facts known at that time only form a logical coherent system when the concepts of space and time are subjected to a fundamental revision. For instance:The result is special relativity theory, which is based on the constancy of the speed of light in all inertial frames of reference and the principle of relativity. Here, the Lorentz transformation is no longer a mere collection of auxiliary hypotheses but reflects a fundamental Lorentz symmetry and forms the basis of successful theories such as Quantum electrodynamics. Special relativity offers a large number of testable predictions, such as:",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "28758#18",
"score": 0.7035366296768188,
"text": "Other physicists and mathematicians at the turn of the century came close to arriving at what is currently known as spacetime. Einstein himself noted, that with so many people unraveling separate pieces of the puzzle, \"the special theory of relativity, if we regard its development in retrospect, was ripe for discovery in 1905.\"\nAn important example is Henri Poincaré, who in 1898 argued that the simultaneity of two events is a matter of convention. In 1900, he recognized that Lorentz's \"local time\" is actually what is indicated by moving clocks by applying an explicitly \"operational definition\" of clock synchronization assuming constant light speed. In 1900 and 1904, he suggested the inherent undetectability of the aether by emphasizing the validity of what he called the principle of relativity, and in 1905/1906 he mathematically perfected Lorentz's theory of electrons in order to bring it into accordance with the postulate of relativity. While discussing various hypotheses on Lorentz invariant gravitation, he introduced the innovative concept of a 4-dimensional space-time by defining various four vectors, namely four-position, four-velocity, and four-force. He did not pursue the 4-dimensional formalism in subsequent papers, however, stating that this line of research seemed to \"entail great pain for limited profit\", ultimately concluding \"that three-dimensional language seems the best suited to the description of our world\". Furthermore, even as late as 1909, Poincaré continued to believe in the dynamical interpretation of the Lorentz transform. For these and other reasons, most historians of science argue that Poincaré did not invent what is now called special relativity.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "5186343#7",
"score": 0.6994633674621582,
"text": "In 1982 Oxford University Press published \"Introduction to Special Relativity\", with the second edition in 1991. A reviewer noted that other books provide a better introduction and intuitive understanding, but that it \"should provide a useful reference for most applications of special relativity: kinematics, optics, particle mechanics, electromagnetism and mechanics of continua.\"",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "1790788#50",
"score": 0.698948323726654,
"text": "Today special relativity is seen as an application of linear algebra, but at the time special relativity was being developed the field of linear algebra was still in its infancy. There were no textbooks on linear algebra as modern vector space and transformation theory, and the matrix notation of Arthur Cayley (that unifies the subject) had not yet come into widespread use. Cayley's matrix calculus notation was used by Minkowski (1908) in formulating relativistic electrodynamics, even though it was later replaced by Sommerfeld using vector notation.[87] According to a recent source the Lorentz transformations are equivalent to hyperbolic rotations.[88] However Varicak (1910) had shown that the standard Lorentz transformation is a translation in hyperbolic space.[89]",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "310474#2",
"score": 0.6989306807518005,
"text": "This view of special relativity was first proposed by Albert Einstein's former professor Hermann Minkowski and is known as Minkowski space. The purpose was to create an invariant spacetime for all observers. To uphold causality, Minkowski restricted spacetime to non-Euclidean hyperbolic geometry.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "736#75",
"score": 0.6947529315948486,
"text": "Einstein's \"\"Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper\"\" (\"On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies\") was received on 30 June 1905 and published 26 September of that same year. It reconciled conflicts between Maxwell's equations (the laws of electricity and magnetism) and the laws of Newtonian mechanics by introducing changes to the laws of mechanics. Observationally, the effects of these changes are most apparent at high speeds (where objects are moving at speeds close to the speed of light). The theory developed in this paper later became known as Einstein's special theory of relativity.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "26962#4",
"score": 0.6869529485702515,
"text": "The theory is \"special\" in that it only applies in the special case where the spacetime is flat, i.e., the curvature of spacetime, described by the energy-momentum tensor and causing gravity, is negligible. In order to include gravity, Einstein formulated general relativity in 1915. Special relativity, contrary to some outdated descriptions, is capable of handling accelerations as well as accelerated frames of reference.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "52920749#54",
"score": 0.6862566471099854,
"text": "1905: Albert Einstein derived the equations of motions on the basis of his special theory of relativity, which represent the relation between equally valid inertial frames without the action of a mechanical aether. Einstein concluded, that in a momentary inertial frame formula_127 the equations of motion retain their Newtonian form:",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "4022767#0",
"score": 0.6825801730155945,
"text": "Albert Einstein presented the theories of special relativity and general relativity in publications that either contained no formal references to previous literature, or referred only to a small number of his predecessors for fundamental results on which he based his theories, most notably to the work of Hendrik Lorentz for special relativity, and to the work of Carl F. Gauss, Bernhard Riemann, and Ernst Mach for general relativity. Subsequently, claims have been put forward about both theories, asserting that they were formulated, either wholly or in part, by others before Einstein. At issue is the extent to which Einstein and various other individuals should be credited for the formulation of these theories, based on priority considerations.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "11694610#18",
"score": 0.6809815764427185,
"text": "In his special theory of relativity, Albert Einstein showed that the distance \"ds\" between two spatial points is not constant, but depends on the motion of the observer. However, there is a measure of separation between two points in space-time — called \"proper time\" and denoted with the symbol dτ — that \"is\" invariant; in other words, it doesn't depend on the motion of the observer.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "18406#34",
"score": 0.6791446805000305,
"text": "Similarly the Sagnac effect, observed by G. Sagnac in 1913, was immediately seen to be fully consistent with special relativity. In fact, the Michelson-Gale-Pearson experiment in 1925 was proposed specifically as a test to confirm the relativity theory, although it was also recognized that such tests, which merely measure absolute rotation, are also consistent with non-relativistic theories.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "36563#14",
"score": 0.6769657135009766,
"text": "The twentieth century extended electrodynamics to include relativity and quantum mechanics. Albert Einstein, in his paper of 1905 that established relativity, showed that both the electric and magnetic fields are part of the same phenomena viewed from different reference frames. (See moving magnet and conductor problem for details about the thought experiment that eventually helped Albert Einstein to develop special relativity.) Finally, the emergent field of quantum mechanics was merged with electrodynamics to form quantum electrodynamics (QED).",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "2292225#2",
"score": 0.6766053438186646,
"text": "Einstein's theory of special relativity provides the solution to the Fizeau Experiment, which demonstrates the effect termed Fresnel drag whereby the velocity of light is modified by travelling through a moving medium. Einstein showed how the velocity of light in a moving medium is calculated, in the velocity-addition formula of special relativity.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "54239906#12",
"score": 0.6757587790489197,
"text": "In his famous 1905 'Special Relativity' paper, Albert Einstein showed that Maxwell's equations were invariant under a Lorentz transformation (as opposed to a Galilean transformation) and, inter alia, used this evidence to support his 'relativity theory' that the Lorentz transformation was the true transformation of Nature (between the viewpoints of two observers, one moving at a constant speed and direction relative to each other).",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "9426#37",
"score": 0.6738173365592957,
"text": "One rule is obeyed regardless of circumstances: EM radiation in a vacuum travels at the speed of light, \"relative to the observer\", regardless of the observer's velocity. (This observation led to Einstein's development of the theory of special relativity.)",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "48740#40",
"score": 0.6706168055534363,
"text": "Einstein's first paper on relativity was published three months after Poincaré's short paper, but before Poincaré's longer version. Einstein relied on the principle of relativity to derive the Lorentz transformations and used a similar clock synchronisation procedure (Einstein synchronisation) to the one that Poincaré (1900) had described, but Einstein's paper was remarkable in that it contained no references at all. Poincaré never acknowledged Einstein's work on special relativity. However, Einstein expressed sympathy with Poincaré's outlook obliquely in a letter to Hans Vaihinger on 3 May 1919, when Einstein considered Vaihinger's general outlook to be close to his own and Poincaré's to be close to Vaihinger's. In public, Einstein acknowledged Poincaré posthumously in the text of a lecture in 1921 called \"Geometrie und Erfahrung\" in connection with non-Euclidean geometry, but not in connection with special relativity. A few years before his death, Einstein commented on Poincaré as being one of the pioneers of relativity, saying \"Lorentz had already recognised that the transformation named after him is essential for the analysis of Maxwell's equations, and Poincaré deepened this insight still further ...\"",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "28736#5",
"score": 0.6695314645767212,
"text": "The speed of light in vacuum is usually denoted by a lowercase , for \"constant\" or the Latin (meaning \"swiftness, celerity\"). In 1856, Wilhelm Eduard Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch had used for a different constant later shown to equal times the speed of light in vacuum. Historically, the symbol \"V\" was used as an alternative symbol for the speed of light, introduced by James Clerk Maxwell in 1865. In 1894, Paul Drude redefined with its modern meaning. Einstein used \"V\" in his original German-language papers on special relativity in 1905, but in 1907 he switched to , which by then had become the standard symbol for the speed of light.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "1784313#3",
"score": 0.6686834692955017,
"text": "Albert Einstein proposed three tests of general relativity, subsequently called the classical tests of general relativity, in 1916:In the letter to the London \"Times\" on November 28, 1919, he described the theory of relativity and thanked his English colleagues for their understanding and testing of his work. He also mentioned three classical tests with comments:",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "24372574#36",
"score": 0.6685450673103333,
"text": "A sychronisation scheme proposed by Reichenbach and Grünbaum, which they called ε-synchronization, was further developed by authors such as Edwards (1963), Winnie (1970), Anderson and Stedman (1977), who reformulated the Lorentz transformation without changing its physical predictions. For instance, Edwards replaced Einstein's postulate that the one-way speed of light is constant when measured in an inertial frame with the postulate:",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
31
|
Why do witches have pointed hats?
|
[
{
"id": "19069450#1",
"score": 0.7775452733039856,
"text": "The origins of the witch hat as displayed today is disputed. A common theory is that it is an exaggeration of the edgeless hats associated with the Welsh and later the Puritans, or an exaggeration of the conical hats believed to stimulate the brain of the wearer. These \"thinking caps\" are the precursors to the modern dunce cap.[1] Church despised pointy hats given that the points were often related to those of the devil's horns.[1] The witch hat is a more brimmed version of the cone-shaped hats commonly worn by male-gendered wizards and magicians, as the hat was more brimmed for it to be female-appropriate.[1] As of the Victorian era, fairy tales began depicting black-colored conical hats and crones as symbols of wickedness in their illustrations.[1] Another possibility is that in Luna, a town of the Etruscan civilization, there were coins on one side depicting a goddess commonly associated with witches, named Diana, wearing a brimless, cone-shaped hat.[1]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "19069450#8",
"score": 0.7005810737609863,
"text": "List of headgear Pointed hat",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "24964298#22",
"score": 0.675223708152771,
"text": "In Roald Dahl's novel \"The Witches\" the titular creatures, the Witches, are effectively evil demons which assume human form. In their human form, they do not really fit comfortably within their human disguises, and even when they disguise themselves as human, they have several giveaway clues which can only be identified by truly observant individuals. Such individuals have formed an organization called \"Witchophiles\" who are dedicated to hunting down and killing the evil demons. In their human forms, witches have unnatural eyes, which flash ice and fire, and also they have long felinstic claws which they disguise with gloves. Their most notable feature is their bald heads, which they disguise with first-class wigs.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "455664#10",
"score": 0.6572392582893372,
"text": "Witches were said to fly mounted on forks, poles, and especially brooms; in each case, the flying object was first anointed with an unguent provided by the Devil. It was said that, because in the past witches were always persecuted and garroted with brooms, the Devil had given them this particular power in order to be able to escape. While they fly, they supposedly would repeat, over and over\"\"Per ací, per allà, cap ací, cap allà\",\" (\"Here, there, hence, thence\") as if they were in a cavalcade of animals.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "11758236#3",
"score": 0.647759199142456,
"text": "Individuality in women's costume was expressed through their hair and headdress. One distinctive feature of women's headwear was the barbette, a chin band to which a hat or various other headdress might be attached. This hat might be a \"woman's coif\", which more nearly resembled a pillbox hat, severely plain or fluted. The hair was often confined by a net called a crespine or crespinette, visible only at the back. Later in the century the barbette and coif were reduced to narrow strips of cloth, and the entire hairdress might be covered with the crespine, the hair fashionable bulky over the ears. Coif and barbettes were white, while the crespine might be colored or gold. The wimple and veil of the 12th century still seen on nuns today was still worn, mainly by older women and widows.\nThe Fourth Council of the Lateran of 1215 ruled that Jews and Muslims must be distinguishable by their dress, beginning the process that transformed the conical or pointed Jewish hat from something worn as a voluntary mark of difference to an enforced one. Previously it had been worn but had been regarded by European Jews as \"an element of traditional garb, rather than an imposed discrimination\". A law in Breslau in 1267 said that since Jews had stopped wearing the pointed hats they used to wear, this would be made compulsory. The Yellow badge also dates from this century, although the hat seems to have been much more widely worn.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "5219405#51",
"score": 0.6433258056640625,
"text": "A finial from Chapelton House or possibly a 'wheat sheaf' from the old Monks' Well is used as a feature in the gardens. Apart from pure ornamentation the finial can also function as a lightning rod, and was once believed to act as a deterrent to witches on broomsticks attempting to land on one's roof. On making her final landing approach to a roof, the witch, spotting the obstructing finial, was forced to sheer off and land elsewhere. An old lintel from a door is recorded in 1939 as being built into a wall in the garden with the inscription 'S.M. 1740', possibly standing for one of the 'Miller' family'.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "495809#1",
"score": 0.6410518288612366,
"text": "Witch magic is very different from the wizard magic taught in the Unseen University, and consists largely of finding the right lever that makes everything else work. Witches rarely do any magic, in fact, relying more on common sense, hard work, and a peculiar brand of psychology known as \"headology\". This can be taken very far—a witch's way of magically setting fire to a log of wood consists of staring at the log until it burns up from pure embarrassment. As a result, it is less energy-intensive, which means that a witch can do more than a technically equally powerful wizard. The same zen-like knowledge that gives them this ability generally discourages them from making a big deal about it, beyond refusing to take wizards seriously. Headology is more commonly used on people, like the placebo effect. Witches unironically acting with melodrama, of which cackling is an early sign, is often an indication of \"going to the bad\" and becoming a stereotypically wicked witch.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "455664#28",
"score": 0.6396411657333374,
"text": "Another time of year when witches were specifically to be warded off was the Eve of the Feast of Saint John the Baptist, a night associated with the gathering of herbs: supposedly, herbs gathered on that night were particularly powerful. On this night, witches were also said to take the form of partridges or of flies, and also to fly overhead and pour their poisonous brews onto the heads of those whom they wished to harm. ",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "149031#26",
"score": 0.6356947422027588,
"text": "Hats (and gloves) were crucial to a respectable appearance for both men and women. To go bareheaded was simply not proper. The top hat, for example, was standard formal wear for upper- and middle-class men. For women, the styles of hats changed over time and were designed to match their outfits.\nDuring the early Victorian decades, voluminous skirts held up with crinolines, and then hoop skirts, were the focal point of the silhouette. To enhance the style without distracting from it, hats were modest in size and design, straw and fabric bonnets being the popular choice. Poke bonnets, which had been worn during the late Regency period, had high, small crowns and brims that grew larger until the 1830s, when the face of a woman wearing a poke bonnet could only be seen directly from the front. They had rounded brims, echoing the rounded form of the bell-shaped hoop skirts.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "495809#43",
"score": 0.6309979557991028,
"text": "Perspicacia Tick is a \"\"Witch Finder\"\", a travelling witch with the responsibility of finding young girls who have the potential to be witches. She makes a living as a teacher, a role which has given her a habit of correcting spelling, grammar and punctuation. Since she often finds herself in areas where witches are unwelcome, she has a spring-operated hat that only grows a point when she wants it to, although her name still provides a fairly obvious clue as to her real profession (\"Miss Tick\" = \"Mystic\").",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "39829353#7",
"score": 0.6295230984687805,
"text": "Headgear indicate a woman's relationship status. Unmarried girls wear a skullcap scarf and a warm, fur-edged cap. Wealthier girls' hats are made of bright velvet fabric and embroidered with golden thread.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "4475055#1",
"score": 0.6247475147247314,
"text": "These appear from about 1430 onwards, especially after the mid-century, initially only among aristocratic women, though later spreading more widely, especially in the truncated form. Typically, the hennin was 30 to 45 cm high, but might be considerably higher, as much as 80 cm according to some sources. The tops of some of these conical hats were pointed while others were truncated, ending in a flat top. It was generally accompanied by a veil, formally termed a cointoise, that usually emerged from the top of the cone and was allowed to fall onto the woman's shoulders or even to the ground, or was pulled forward over the hennin, often reaching over the woman's face.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "16761537#23",
"score": 0.6245529055595398,
"text": "Nothing is known yet about her or her personality, except that she has short, spiky dark hair, has a sword thrust through her belt, and her Witch form (or what appears to be it) includes long, sharp claws. She created Tail, and may possibly have been on good terms with Selluriah. Despite this, she was shown to have had a small fight with Selluriah in the second book. She also seems to be the only one of the four Witches who doesn’t wear a pair of glasses. Thus far, she has only been shown in shadow and silhouette.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "27232780#2",
"score": 0.6245056390762329,
"text": "The origin of the style is unclear. Drawings as early as the 17th century show day laborers wearing this sort of hat. The style became more widespread in the late 19th and early 20th century.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "288514#2",
"score": 0.6228483319282532,
"text": "In traditional regional lore, pixies are generally benign, mischievous, short of stature and attractively childlike; they are fond of dancing and gather outdoors in huge numbers to dance or sometimes wrestle, through the night, demonstrating parallels with the Cornish plen-an-gwary and Breton Fest Noz (Cornish: troyl) folk celebrations originating in the medieval period.\nIn modern times they are usually depicted with pointed ears, and often wearing a green outfit and pointed hat although traditional stories describe them wearing dirty ragged bundles of rags which they happily discard for gifts of new clothes. Sometimes their eyes are described as being pointed upwards at the temple ends. These, however, are Victorian era conventions and not part of the older mythology.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "22509614#26",
"score": 0.6228377819061279,
"text": "Separate hoods also made an appearance. They were loose with, as C. Cunnington describes, a “pointed cowl” and were attached to a robe stretching to the shoulders. The cape was usually a single piece of material and thus had to be put on over the head. C. Cunnington states that the “pointed Phrygian cap,” or the “small, round cap with stalk or with a rolled brim and with or without the stalk” or the “stalked soft cap, resembling a beret” were worn. Travelers wore “hats with large brims and low crowns…over the hood” which tied under the chin (. Small hats with round crowns and, C. Cunnington says, “turned-down brim, decorated with a knob instead of a stalk” were also worn, as were coifs, which was a “close fitting plain linen bonnet which covered the ears and confined the hair” and tied under the chin. The coif could be worn with other hats or hoods.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "1059971#7",
"score": 0.6193227767944336,
"text": "Ornamentation, such as bows or buckles, are attached on the left side. Historically this had a practical purpose. Because the majority of people are right-handed, in the absence of a wide brim, bows or feathers on the right side of headwear could interfere with the use of weapons.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "6549753#0",
"score": 0.6183127760887146,
"text": "A Dutch cap or Dutch bonnet is a style of woman's hat associated with the various traditional Dutch woman's costumes. Usually made of white cotton or lace, it is sometimes characterized by triangular flaps or wings that turn up on either side. It can resemble some styles of nurse's hat.\nMany parts of the Netherlands have their own traditional costumes.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "8959035#0",
"score": 0.6161487102508545,
"text": "Witchcraft is a supposed supernatural means of making magic.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "1860367#6",
"score": 0.6160961389541626,
"text": "In the Ozark Mountains, another kind of witch ball is made from black hair that is rolled with beeswax into a hard round pellet about the size of a marble and is used in curses. In Ozark folklore, a witch that wants to kill someone will take this hair ball and throw it at the intended victim; it is said that when someone in the Ozarks is killed by a witch's curse, this witch ball is found near the body.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "8761514#15",
"score": 0.6158776879310608,
"text": "A variety of hats and headdresses were worn in Europe in the 15th century. The \"crespine\" of Northern Europe, originally a thick hairnet or snood, had evolved into a mesh of jeweler's work that confined the hair on the sides of the head by the end of the 14th century. Gradually the fullness at the sides of head was pulled up to the temples and became pointed, like horns (\"à corné\"). By mid-15th century, the hair was pulled back from the forehead, and the crespine, now usually called a \"caul\", sat on the back of the head. Very fashionable women shaved their foreheads and eyebrows. Any of these styles could be topped by a padded roll, sometimes arranged in a heart-shape, or a veil, or both. Veils were supported by wire frames that exaggerated the shape and were variously draped from the back of the headdress or covered the forehead.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
36
|
Who was the last Han Dynasty Emperor?
|
[
{
"id": "343618#0",
"score": 0.726872980594635,
"text": "Emperor Xian of Han (2 April 181 – 21 April 234), personal name Liu Xie, courtesy name Bohe, was the 14th and last emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty in China. He reigned from 28 September 189 until 11 December 220.[4][5]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "343460#0",
"score": 0.6837719678878784,
"text": "The Marquess of Beixiang (; died 10 December 125), personal name Liu Yi, also referred to as Emperor Shao (少帝, literally \"young emperor\"), was an emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty. He was selected to succeed Emperor An after Emperor An's sudden death in 125, but died soon after he became emperor and a eunuch coup in favour of Emperor Shun overthrew the regime of Empress Dowager Yan, who put him on the throne.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "459351#26",
"score": 0.6824770569801331,
"text": "In late 220, Cao Cao's son and successor Cao Pi usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, ended the Eastern Han dynasty and established the state of Cao Wei (or Wei) with himself as the emperor. This event marked the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period in China.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "338378#18",
"score": 0.6821869611740112,
"text": "In 202 BCE, Liu Bang was enthroned as the emperor with support from his subjects even though he expressed reluctance to take the throne. He named his dynasty \"Han\", and was historically known as \"Emperor Gaozu\" (or \"Emperor Gao\"). He established the capital in Luoyang (later moved to Chang'an) and instated his official spouse Lü Zhi as the empress and their son Liu Ying as the crown prince.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "34368#39",
"score": 0.6810487508773804,
"text": "The legendary first emperor of China was called the Yellow Emperor. The last emperor of China, Puyi (1906–67), described in his memoirs how every object which surrounded him as a child was yellow. \"It made me understand from my most tender age that I was of a unique essence, and it instilled in me the consciousness of my 'celestial nature' which made me different from every other human.\"",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "25310#0",
"score": 0.6793256402015686,
"text": "The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing (), was the last imperial dynasty of China. It was established in 1636, and ruled China proper from 1644 to 1912. It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted for almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for modern China. It was the fifth largest empire in world history.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "9224103#1",
"score": 0.6782746315002441,
"text": "Cao Cao (155–220 CE) was a warlord who rose to power towards the end of the Han Dynasty and became the \"de facto\" head of the Han government. He established the foundation of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms era.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "481537#27",
"score": 0.6773784160614014,
"text": "Liu Shan died in 271 in Luoyang, and was given the posthumous name \"Duke Si of Anle\" (安樂思公; literally \"the deep-thinking duke of Anle\"). His dukedom lasted several generations during Wei's successor state, the Jin Dynasty, before being extinguished in the turmoils caused by the Wu Hu. Liu Yuan, the founder of Han Zhao, one of the states in the Sixteen Kingdoms, claimed to be a legitimate successor of the Han Dynasty. He gave Liu Shan the posthumous name \"Emperor Xiaohuai\" (孝懷皇帝; literally: \"the filial and kind emperor\").",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "20155#0",
"score": 0.6751142740249634,
"text": "Marcus Aurelius ( or ; ; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180), called the Philosopher, was Roman emperor from . He ruled the Roman Empire with his adoptive brother, Lucius Verus, until Lucius' death in 169. He was the last of the rulers traditionally known as the Five Good Emperors. He is also seen as the last emperor of the Pax Romana, an age of relative peace and stability for the Empire.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "338378#24",
"score": 0.674216628074646,
"text": "After establishing the Han dynasty, Emperor Gaozu appointed princes and vassal kings to help him govern the Han Empire and gave each of them a piece of land. There were seven vassal kings who were not related to the imperial clan: Zang Tu, the King of Yan; Hán Xin, the King of Hán; Han Xin, the King of Chu; Peng Yue, the King of Liang; Ying Bu, the King of Huainan; Zhang Er, the King of Zhao; Wu Rui, the King of Changsha. However, later, the emperor became worried that the vassal kings might rebel against him because they after all had no blood relations with him. Han Xin and Peng Yue were (falsely) accused of treason, arrested and executed along with their families. Ying Bu and Zang Tu rebelled against him but were defeated and killed. Only Wu Rui and Zhang Er were left.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "690514#0",
"score": 0.6718015074729919,
"text": "Ahmad Shah Qajar (; 21 January 1898 – 21 February 1930) was Shah (King) of Persia from 16 July 1909 to 15 December 1925, and the last ruling member of the Qajar dynasty.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "157837#26",
"score": 0.6716371178627014,
"text": "Shortly after Guan Yu's death, Cao Cao died of a brain tumour in Luoyang. His son and successor, Cao Pi, forced Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne to him and established the state of Cao Wei to replace the Han dynasty. About a year later, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and founded the state of Shu Han as a continuation of the Han dynasty. While Liu Bei was planning to avenge Guan Yu, Zhang Fei was assassinated in his sleep by his subordinates.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "277560#2",
"score": 0.6706693768501282,
"text": "Cao Cao died on 15 March 220 and his vassal king title was inherited by his son Cao Pi. Later that year, on 11 December, Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian to abdicate in his favour and took over the throne, establishing the state of Wei. However, Liu Bei immediately contested Cao Pi's claim to the Han throne and declared himself \"Emperor of Shu Han\" a year later. Sun Quan was nominally a vassal king under Wei, but he declared independence in 222 and eventually proclaimed himself \"Emperor of Wu\" in 229.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "836237#1",
"score": 0.6700186729431152,
"text": "The last named inscription of his predecessor, Huvishka, was in the year 60 = 187 CE, and the Chinese evidence suggests he was still ruling as late as 229 CE. He was the last great Kushan emperor, and the end of his rule coincides with the invasion of the Sassanians as far as northwestern India, and the establishment of the Indo-Sassanians or Kushanshahs from around 240 CE.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "285552#0",
"score": 0.6697542071342468,
"text": "The Xin dynasty (; ) was a Chinese dynasty (termed so despite having only one emperor) which lasted from 9 to 23 AD. It is often considered an interregnum period of the Han dynasty, dividing it into the Former or Western Han and the Latter or Eastern Han.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "15903063#1",
"score": 0.6696549654006958,
"text": "Liu Ruyi was the third son of Liu Bang, the founder of China's Han dynasty who became posthumously known as Emperor Gaozu (\"High Ancestor\"). He was the only son of the concubine Qi. ",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "240653#12",
"score": 0.6686926484107971,
"text": "Around late 219, Xiahou Dun, along with Chen Qun, Huan Jie and others, urged Cao Cao to take the throne from Emperor Xian. Xiahou Dun said, \"Everyone in the Empire knows that the Han dynasty's lifespan has come to an end and that there are many contenders seeking to replace it. Since ancient times, whoever succeeds in eliminating the people's troubles will win the hearts of the people and become their ruler. As of now, Your Highness has been fighting battles for over 30 years, you've made outstanding achievements and the hearts of the people are with you. You should follow the will of Heaven and the people. What's there to hesitate about?\" Cao Cao replied, \"'These qualities are displayed in government. This then also constitutes the exercise of government.' If the Mandate of Heaven does belong to me, I'll be like King Wen of Zhou.\"",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "42713813#7",
"score": 0.6676930785179138,
"text": "The last marquis was Zhu Yuxun. In September 1924, Zhu met Reginald Johnston, the British tutor of Puyi, the last Qing emperor. Although China had been a republic since 1912, Puyi was still holding his imperial court in the Forbidden City at this time. Even though Zhu was living in a hovel and had only rags to wear, Johnston described him as \"still a true Chinese gentleman.\" The business card Zhu gave Johnston said he was a descendant of the Ming imperial family and lived in Yangguan Alley, a hutong near Dongzhi Gate (明裔延恩侯朱煜勳炳南東直門北小街羊管胡同). After Puyi was evicted from the Forbidden City in the Beijing Coup in October, Zhu visited him at the Japanese concession in Tianjin. Zhu later followed Puyi to the northeast. Puyi reigned as emperor of Manchukuo (Manchuria) in 1934-1945.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "43464#10",
"score": 0.667340099811554,
"text": "The last Zhou king is traditionally taken to be Nan, who was killed when Qin captured the capital Wangcheng in 256 BC. A \"King Hui\" was declared, but his splinter state was fully removed by 249 BC. Qin's unification of China concluded in 221 BC with Qin Shihuang's annexation of Qi.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "4157991#7",
"score": 0.6650288105010986,
"text": "Emperor Duzong died shortly thereafter from overindulgence in wine but Richard Davis and other sources claim that, Duzong died suddenly from a severe negligence of a Palace Doctor. In any case, he was succeeded by his sixth son, Zhao Xian (Emperor Gong), who was then only four years old. Although Emperor Duzong was technically not the last emperor of the Song dynasty, historians see him as the last Song emperor who could have made decisions that would've significantly halted or even prevented the fall of the dynasty.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "34476548#23",
"score": 0.6642627716064453,
"text": "In 202BC, the former peasant Liu Bang emerged victorious from the Chu–Han Contention that followed the rebellion that toppled the Qin dynasty, and proclaimed himself Emperor of the Han dynasty, becoming known as Emperor Gaozu of Han (r.202–195BC) to posterity. Unable to address the problem of the resurgent Xiongnu in the Ordos region through military means, Emperor Gaozu was forced to appease the Xiongnu. In exchange for peace, the Han offered tributes along with princesses to marry off to the Xiongnu chiefs. These diplomatic marriages would become known as heqin, and the terms specified that the Great Wall (determined to be either the Warring States period Qin state wall[52] or a short stretch of wall south of Yanmen Pass[53]) was to serve as the line across which neither party would venture.[54] In 162BC, Gaozu's son Emperor Wen clarified the agreement, suggesting the Xiongnu chanyu held authority north of the Wall and the Han emperor held authority south of it.[55] Sima Qian, the author of the Records of the Grand Historian, describes the result of this agreement as one of peace and friendship: \"from the chanyu downwards, all the Xiongnu grew friendly with the Han, coming and going along the Long Wall\".[56] However, Chinese records show that the Xiongnu often did not respect the agreement, as the Xiongnu cavalry numbering up to 100,000 made several intrusions into Han territory despite the intermarriage.[57]",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
38
|
Who was the first ruler of the Tang dynasty?
|
[
{
"id": "1065789#0",
"score": 0.7749772071838379,
"text": "Emperor Gaozu of Tang (7 April 566 – 25 June 635), born Li Yuan, courtesy name Shude, was the founder of the Tang Dynasty of China, and the first emperor of this dynasty from 618 to 626. Under the Sui dynasty, Li Yuan was the governor in the area of modern-day Shanxi, and was based in Taiyuan."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "446594#0",
"score": 0.7351743578910828,
"text": "Tang dynasty art () is Chinese art made during the Tang dynasty (618–907). It is best known for the development of many forms—painting, sculpture, calligraphy, music, dance and literature.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "41579001#11",
"score": 0.7344841361045837,
"text": "Li was the imperial surname of the Tang dynasty, founded by Li Yuan in 618 AD. One of the most prosperous and influential dynasties in Chinese history, Tang was ruled by 20 emperors surnamed Li. The Tang dynasty imperial family belonged to the northwest military aristocracy prevalent during the Sui dynasty and claimed to be paternally descended from Laozi, the Qin general Li Xin, the Han dynasty general Li Guang, and Western Liang ruler Li Gao.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "13594173#16",
"score": 0.7231722474098206,
"text": "The manhua features the following rulers and government officials from the Tang Dynasty:",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "21478413#53",
"score": 0.718362033367157,
"text": "The Tang dynasty was another golden age, beginning in the ruins of the Sui. By 630, the Tang had conquered the powerful Gokturk Khagnate, preventing threats to China's borders for more than a century. A series of strong and efficient rulers, beginning with the founder and including a woman, expanded the Tang Empire to the point that it rivalled the later Yuan, Ming and Qing. The Tang was a period of rapid economic growth and prosperity, seeing the beginnings of woodblock printing. Tang rulers issued large amounts of currency to facilitate trade and distributed land under the equal-field system. The population recovered to and then surpassed Han levels, reaching an estimated 80 million. Although the state weakened after the disastrous An Shi Rebellion, and withdrew from managing the economy in the 9th century, this withdrawal encouraged economic growth and helped China's economy to develop into the mercantile economy of the Song and Ming Dynasties.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "8052859#1",
"score": 0.7038223743438721,
"text": "After the unification wars, the Tang Dynasty established territories in the former Goguryeo, and began to administer and establish communities in Baekje. Silla attacked the Chinese in Baekje and northern Korea in 671.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "1444046#13",
"score": 0.7024743556976318,
"text": "The original Tang Code was promulgated in 624, by the founding Emperor (Gaozu) of the Tang Dynasty. It would become in modern times the earliest fully preserved legal code in the history of Chinese law. It was endowed with a commentary, known as Tanglu Shuyi, incorporated in 653, the fourth year of the reign of Perpetual Splendour, as part of the Tang Code of Perpetual Splendour.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "3781487#0",
"score": 0.6972758173942566,
"text": "Wu Zetian (624–705), also known as Empress Wu of Zhou, was an empress consort and empress dowager of the Tang dynasty, and the only regnant of her Zhou state. She was the only empress regnant of China's history.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "2067052#1",
"score": 0.6959014534950256,
"text": "Emperor Daizong was the eldest son of Emperor Suzong – the first Emperor of the Tang dynasty to succeed as the eldest child, and during the Anshi Rebellion (which Emperor Suzong's entire reign was dedicated to fighting), he served as a general of Tang and Huige joint operations that recaptured the capital Chang'an and the eastern capital Luoyang from the rebel state of Yan, and the Anshi Rebellion was finally put down early in his own reign, in 763. However, thereafter, the Tang state was plagued by warlords such as Tian Chengsi, Li Baochen, and Liang Chongyi who essentially governed their realms as independent states while only pledging nominal loyalty to the emperor. This would prove disastrous for future generations as subsequent Tang emperors would be unable to remove or control these warlords and the central government's power was thus slowly eroded and diminished. The power of the warlords would not prevent the Tang western territories from being overrun by Tibetan invasions and eventually lost to the Tibetan Empire, which even managed to capture Chang'an in 763 for a short period before being expelled.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "6934277#20",
"score": 0.6951100826263428,
"text": "When the Tang dynasty was overthrown in 907 by the Later Liang dynasty, Youzhou remained independent and its military governor Liu Shouguang declared himself emperor of the Yan dynasty in 911. This regime was ended in 913 by Shatuo Turk general Li Cunxu who went on to found the Later Tang dynasty in 923. The disintegration of the Tang dynasty into the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms paved the way for Khitan expansion into northern China, which prompted the rise of Beijing in Chinese history.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "42517963#3",
"score": 0.6923905611038208,
"text": "Maps of the Chinese Tang dynasty",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "19833316#0",
"score": 0.6865695118904114,
"text": "Tang Jian (579–656), courtesy name Maoyue, posthumously known as Duke Xiang of Ju, was a Chinese official who lived in the early Tang dynasty and rose to prominence during the reign of Emperor Taizong.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "56111035#2",
"score": 0.6857214570045471,
"text": "The temple was first established in the Tang dynasty (618-907) and initially called Shanzhu Geyuan (). ",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "889845#4",
"score": 0.6851654648780823,
"text": "Tang Chinese historical records give Yeon Gaesomun's surname as Cheon (泉, \"Quán\" in Chinese, meaning \"water spring\"), because Yeon (淵, \"Yuān\" in Chinese, meaning \"riverhead\") was the given name of Emperor Gaozu (Lǐ Yuān, 李淵), the founding emperor of Tang, and thus subject to the naming taboo by Chinese tradition. Yeon Gaesomun is also sometimes referred to as Gaegeum (개금/蓋金). In the Nihon Shoki, he appears as Iri Kasumi (伊梨柯須彌).",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "21431793#7",
"score": 0.6844325661659241,
"text": "When China entered the Sui Dynasty, the government changed and expanded in its borders as the many separate bureaucracies unified under one banner. This evolved into the Tang Dynasty when Li Yuan took control of China in 626. By now, the Chinese borders had expanded from eastern China, up north into the Tang Empire. The Tang Empire fell apart in 907 and split into ten regional kingdoms and five dynasties with vague borders. Fifty-three years after the separation of the Tang Empire, China entered the Song Dynasty under the rule of Chao K'uang, although the borders of this country expanded, they were never as large as those of the Tang dynasty and were constantly being redefined due to attacks from the neighboring Tartar(Mongol) people known as the Khitan tribes.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "1492656#0",
"score": 0.6840924620628357,
"text": "Emperor Zhongzong of Tang (26 November 656 – 3 July 710), personal name Li Xian, and at other times Li Zhe or Wu Xian, was the fourth Emperor of the Tang dynasty of China, ruling briefly in 684 and again from 705 to 710.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "57396751#1",
"score": 0.6835397481918335,
"text": "The original temple dates back to the 7th century, during the Zhenguan period (627–649) of the Tang dynasty (618–907). At that time it initially called \"Jianyuan Temple\" (). Then Emperor Xuanzong (847–860) renowned it \"Zhaojue Temple\".",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "43996101#7",
"score": 0.6832478046417236,
"text": "The Tang dynasty (618–907) did not occupy the prefecture until December 611, when the Tang army under Li Fuwei destroyed Li Zitong's defense in Yuhang. The Tang renamed Yuhang Commandery to Hang Prefecture.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "2066210#5",
"score": 0.6805599927902222,
"text": "In a series of campaigns in 618–620 the Tang, led by the talented Li Shimin, managed to eliminate their rivals in the northwest and repel an attack by Liu Wuzhou, who had taken control of Shanxi, but they still had to expand their control to the northeastern plain and the modern provinces of Hebei and Henan, which, in the words of historian Howard J. Wechsler, would decide whether the new dynasty \"would remain a regional regime or whether they would succeed in uniting the country under its control\". By early 620, two major regimes had established themselves over this region. Henan was controlled by the Luoyang-based Wang Shichong, a former Sui general who declared himself the first emperor of the Zheng dynasty after defeating another rebel leader, Li Mi, at the Battle of Yanshi and absorbing his army and territories. Hebei was ruled by the one-time bandit leader Dou Jiande, who had risen in revolt against the Sui already in 611. From his base at Mingzhou in south-central Hebei he had expanded his control south towards the Yellow River, claiming the title of \"King of Xia\". Like Wang and the Tang, he too made use of the pre-existing Sui officialdom and administrative apparatus to maintain his realm.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "43460#5",
"score": 0.6798874735832214,
"text": "China's first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC). The Qin unified the Chinese Warring States by conquest, but their empire became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huang. Within four years, the dynasty's authority had collapsed in the face of rebellion. Two former rebel leaders, Xiang Yu (d. 202 BC) of Chu and Liu Bang (d. 195 BC) of Han, engaged in a war to decide who would become hegemon of China, which had fissured into 18 kingdoms, each claiming allegiance to either Xiang Yu or Liu Bang. Although Xiang Yu proved to be a capable commander, Liu Bang defeated him at Battle of Gaixia (202 BC), in modern-day Anhui. Liu Bang assumed the title \"emperor\" (\"huangdi\") at the urging of his followers and is known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu (r. 202–195 BC). Chang'an (known today as Xi'an) was chosen as the new capital of the reunified empire under Han.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "52408985#2",
"score": 0.6779460906982422,
"text": "Although some materials show that Tibet has long been established as a political entity, no concrete historic evidence has recorded the situation before the end of sixth century. In the late period of sixth century A.D, the leader of a tribe called Yalongxibuye in Shannan Prefecture of Tibet, Namri Songtsen, started to launch an unification war and then conquered a tribe named Supi. Thereafter Songzain Gambo, the son of Namri Songtsen established capital in Luoxie after defeating the tribe of Yangtong, Bailan, Dangxiang and Fuguo successively, building a strong Tibet kingdom then, which made him be regarded as the first person who has successfully united Tibet.Tang dynasty, at that time, was also in its prime.In the year of 630 A.D, Li Shi-min, the second emperor of Tang, was called respectfully as Heavenly king by leaders from western areas of China.Since then, Tang and Tibet started an unavoidable relationship in economy, politics and other areas.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
39
|
When was the first web page released?
|
[
{
"id": "4192777#11",
"score": 0.7736403942108154,
"text": "The first web page may be lost, but Paul Jones of UNC-Chapel Hill in North Carolina revealed in May 2013 that he has a copy of a page sent to him in 1991 by Berners-Lee which is the oldest known web page. Jones stored the plain-text page, with hyperlinks, on a floppy disk and on his NeXT computer.[15] CERN put the oldest known web page back online in 2014, complete with hyperlinks that helped users get started and helped them navigate what was then a very small web.[16][17]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "33920120#6",
"score": 0.730976939201355,
"text": "No screenshots were kept of the very first website. The website featured at Digital Archaeology is believed to be the earliest available copy, from 1992.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "4192777#22",
"score": 0.7276138067245483,
"text": "The Web was first popularized by Mosaic,[25] a graphical browser launched in 1993 by Marc Andreessen's team at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (UIUC).[26] The origins of Mosaic date to 1992. In November 1992, the NCSA at the University of Illinois (UIUC) established a website. In December 1992, Andreessen and Eric Bina, students attending UIUC and working at the NCSA, began work on Mosaic with funding from the High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative, a US-federal research and development program.[27] Andreessen and Bina released a Unix version of the browser in February 1993; Mac and Windows versions followed in August 1993.[14] The browser gained popularity due to its strong support of integrated multimedia, and the authors’ rapid response to user bug reports and recommendations for new features.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "34635#1",
"score": 0.7272821068763733,
"text": "1990 was an important year in the Internet's early history. In the fall of 1990, Tim Berners-Lee created the first web server and the foundation for the World Wide Web. Test operations began around December 20 and it was released outside CERN the following year. 1990 also saw the official decommissioning of the ARPANET, a forerunner of the Internet system and the introduction of the first content search engine, Archie on September 10.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "2342095#1",
"score": 0.726009726524353,
"text": "As the design of the World Wide Web was not inherently dynamic, early hypertext consisted of hand-coded HTML that was published on web servers. Any modifications to published pages needed to be performed by the pages' author. In 1993, the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) standard was introduced for interfacing external applications with web servers, to provide a dynamic web page that reflected user inputs.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "13443#9",
"score": 0.7242317199707031,
"text": "The term hypertext was coined by Ted Nelson in 1965 in the Xanadu Project, which was in turn inspired by Vannevar Bush's 1930s vision of the microfilm-based information retrieval and management \"memex\" system described in his 1945 essay \"As We May Think\". Tim Berners-Lee and his team at CERN are credited with inventing the original HTTP, along with HTML and the associated technology for a web server and a text-based web browser. Berners-Lee first proposed the \"WorldWideWeb\" project in 1989—now known as the World Wide Web. The first version of the protocol had only one method, namely GET, which would request a page from a server. The response from the server was always an HTML page.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "12840543#6",
"score": 0.7227352261543274,
"text": "In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee, working at CERN in Switzerland, wrote a proposal for \"a large hypertext database with typed links\". The following year, he specified HTML, the hypertext language, and HTTP, the protocol. These concepts became a world-wide information system known as the World Wide Web (WWW). Operating on the Internet, it allows documents to be created for reading or accessing services with connections to other documents or services, accessed by clicking on hypertext links, enabling the reader to navigate from one document or service to another.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "29033738#14",
"score": 0.7181808948516846,
"text": "In 1992, Lynx was born as an early Internet web browser. Its ability to provide hypertext links within documents that could reach into documents anywhere on the Internet began the creation of the Web on the Internet.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "19526118#14",
"score": 0.7181133031845093,
"text": "The first web portal, designed by MTnet (former Internet service provider of Makedonski Telekom), was released on December 7, 1999. At that time, it was a combination of MTnet product and general Internet content portal. It was the first portal of that kind, offering mostly daily updated news and information to Internet users in Macedonia.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "6422823#17",
"score": 0.7155379056930542,
"text": "The World Wide Web Wanderer, developed by Matthew Gray in 1993 was the first robot on the Web and was designed to track the Web's growth. Initially, the Wanderer counted only Web servers, but shortly after its introduction, it started to capture URLs as it went along. The database of captured URLs became the Wandex, the first web database.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "20097586#4",
"score": 0.7150581479072571,
"text": "The development of the web desktop was started by iCUBE Network Solutions in 2005, followed by the first beta releases in 2006. Hence, together with YouOS and eyeOS, it can be considered to be one of the first publicly available systems of its kind. The first full version including core-level multi-language support, the file system and a basic set of applications was released to the public in March 2007 on the occasion of a national exhibition (ITnT Austria) and has left beta state half a year later in October 2007. The first release considered stable (1.0.0) was published in July 2007. The project itself and the contained applications have received several national innovation awards (see,) and have gained attention mainly due to the comprehensive approach taken (see,).",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "9097253#18",
"score": 0.7116750478744507,
"text": "The World Wide Web became publicly accessible in 1991, which had been available only to government and universities. In 1993 Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina introduced Mosaic, the first web browser capable of displaying inline images and the basis for later browsers such as Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer. Stanford Federal Credit Union was the first financial institution to offer online internet banking services to all of its members in October 1994.. In 1996 OP Financial Group, also a cooperative bank, became the second online bank in the world and the first in Europe. The Internet expanded quickly, and by 1996, it was part of mass culture and many businesses listed websites in their ads. By 1999 almost every country had a connection, and nearly half of Americans and people in several other countries used the Internet on a regular basis. However throughout the 1990s, \"getting online\" entailed complicated configuration, and dial-up was the only connection type affordable by individual users; the present day mass Internet culture was not possible.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "33139#0",
"score": 0.7097709774971008,
"text": "The World Wide Web, also known as the WWW and the Web, is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), interlinked by hypertext links, and accessible via the Internet.[1] English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989. He wrote the first web browser in 1990 while employed at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland.[2][3] The browser was released outside CERN in 1991, first to other research institutions starting in January 1991 and to the general public on the Internet in August 1991.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "46821647#30",
"score": 0.7085917592048645,
"text": "1992: The first audio and video were distributed over the Internet. The phrase \"surfing the Internet\" was very popular.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "13636250#1",
"score": 0.7074636816978455,
"text": "One of the early pioneers on the internet, Best Reservations launched its first website in August, 1995. At that time the internet was still in its infancy and even Yahoo! had only been around for little more than 6 months. Although the early website was used primarily to offer information and to generate calls to its offices, the landscape of how travel reservations were booked was about to undergo a major paradigm shift.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "5897742#5",
"score": 0.7073129415512085,
"text": "GeoCities was one of the Internet's earliest social networking websites, appearing in November 1994, followed by Classmates in December 1995 and Six Degrees in May 1997. According to CBS news, Six Degrees is \"widely considered to be the very first social networking site\", as it included \"profiles, friends lists and school affiliations\" that could be used by registered users. Open Diary was launched in October 1998; LiveJournal in April 1999; Ryze in October 2001; Friendster in March 2002; the corporate and job-oriented site LinkedIn in May 2003; hi5 in June 2003; MySpace in August 2003; Orkut in January 2004; Facebook in February 2004; Yahoo! 360° in March 2005; Bebo in July 2005; the text-based service Twitter, in which posts, called \"tweets\", were limited to 140 characters, in July 2006; Tumblr in February 2007; and Google+ in July 2011. As operating systems with a graphical user interface, such as Windows 95 and Mac OS begin to emerge and gain popularity, this created an environment that allows for early social media platforms to thrive and exist.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "50999276#10",
"score": 0.7064881920814514,
"text": "Website history:",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "48772907#0",
"score": 0.706246018409729,
"text": "Webcomics predate the World Wide Web and the commercialization of the internet by a few years, with the first webcomic being published through CompuServe in 1985. Though webcomics require a larger online community to gain widespread popularity through word-of-mouth, various webcomics pioneered the style of self-publishing in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In \"A History of Webcomics\", cartoonist T. Campbell stated that \"few strips from this period are remembered. But a few are notable early explorers of the art form.\"",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "1789628#8",
"score": 0.7046431303024292,
"text": "After five years of development, the first stable version of the browser was released on 19 May 2007 to coincide with the Wakefield RISC OS show. Version 1.0 was made available for download from the project's web site and the software was sold on CD at the show. After the release of NetSurf 1.0 there were two point-releases, which largely comprised bug fixes. NetSurf 1.1 was released in August 2007 and in March 2008 the NetSurf 1.2 release was made available.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "24763762#3",
"score": 0.70390784740448,
"text": "CRS4 made the first Italian Website (www.crs4.it) in August 1993 (this is the real date, not the one cited in the press article), and collaborated to the creation of the first European web newspaper in 1994 (L'Unione Sarda) and to one of the first and largest internet providers (Video On Line). In this sense CRS4 has been crucial for the development of the Internet and Web in Sardinia and Italy.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "46821647#29",
"score": 0.7038451433181763,
"text": "1991: CERN introduces the World Wide Web to the public.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
40
|
When did Iain M. Banks create The Culture?
|
[
{
"id": "58623#130",
"score": 0.6986801028251648,
"text": "Banks says he conceived the Culture in the 1960s, and that it is a combination of wish fulfilment and a reaction against the predominantly right-wing science fiction produced in the United States.[71] In his opinion, the Culture might be a \"great place to live\", with no exploitation of people or AIs, and whose people could create beings greater than themselves.[72]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "11680186#2",
"score": 0.6442704796791077,
"text": "BANK's contribution to UK contemporary art was a series of curated group shows, often with comical, and sometimes offensive, titles. As a group they adopted an aggressive stance towards the mainstream contemporary art scene of the time.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "14858#4",
"score": 0.6428040266036987,
"text": "Banks decided to become a writer at the age of 11. He completed his first novel \"The Hungarian Lift-Jet\" at 16 and his second novel \"TTR\" (aka \"The Tashkent Rambler\") during his first year at Stirling University in 1972. Though he considered himself primarily a science fiction author, his lack of success at being published as such led him to pursue mainstream fiction, resulting in his first published novel \"The Wasp Factory\", which was published in 1984 when he was thirty. After the publication and success of \"The Wasp Factory\", Banks began to write full-time. His editor at Macmillan, James Hale, advised him to write one book a year and Banks agreed to this schedule.",
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{
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"text": "CultureMap was founded in 2002. The organisation partnered with BMRB and the Durham Business School to develop the Business Culture Index (BCI).",
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{
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"text": "The Idiran–Culture War is a major fictional conflict between the Idiran Empire and the Culture in the midst of which Iain M. Banks' science fiction novel \"Consider Phlebas\" is set. His later book, \"Look to Windward\", contains many references to the war: particularly the induced supernovae of two stars, which resulted in the deaths of billions of sentient creatures. References to the war can also be found in \"Excession\", \"Matter\", \"The Player of Games\", \"Surface Detail\", and \"The Hydrogen Sonata\".",
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"text": "A non-property system is the name of an economic system appearing in the futuristic fictional books and short stories by Iain Banks called the Culture series, in which there is no concept of property. No individual or group is given superior rights to control any particular resource. The system is maintained by agreement within the society to encourage normative behaviors governing resource creation and distribution, conflict resolution, and support and protection of the elderly, infirm, and children. Within this system, there is no incentive to own resources aside from personal possessions because owning resources would serve no social function and cannot be sold for money in a market.",
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{
"id": "1478662#44",
"score": 0.6335034966468811,
"text": "In the Culture universe in the books by Iain M. Banks (1987-2012), reality is described as being formed of nested 5-dimensional (4 space and one time) hypersurfaces. The 'real space' of our forms a 4-dimensional layer, enclosing a younger and slightly smaller antimatter universe and in turn enclosed by an older and slightly larger universe. The gap between our universe and the smaller universe 'below' it is called infraspace, and the gap between our universe and the larger universe 'above' it is called ultraspace; collectively these are referred to as hyperspace. The boundary between hyperspace and other universes is called the energy grid, and is usually impassible (though in \"Excession\" one group of aliens are able to travel between universes in order to escape the heat death or big crunch of their original home). In the book \"Consider Phlebas\" it is described, as viewed from a ship, as a \"vast and glittering ocean seen from a great height. The sun burning on a billion tiny wavelets.\" It is then described as having a smooth black blanket of cloud, suspended high above the ocean. The reader is then told to keep the sparkle of the sea despite the fact that there is no Sun. The cloud is then described as having \"many sharp and tiny lights, scattered on the base of the inky overcast like glinting eyes: some singular some in pairs, or in larger groups\".",
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"id": "58622#12",
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"text": "\"Consider Phlebas\", Iain M. Banks, London: Macmillan, 1987, (paperback )",
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{
"id": "41546912#2",
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"text": "A native of New Zealand, Banks lives in St Paul, Minnesota, where he has been working as a brand manager and production specialist for Atlas Games since February 2013. Before this he was a line developer at Margaret Weis Productions, where he led the development of the \"Smallville Roleplaying Game\", \"\", and \"Marvel Heroic Roleplaying\" in addition to continuing with Margaret Weis' historical properties, leading the development of the \"Big Damn Heroes\" supplement for the \"Serenity Role Playing Game\", and working on the Dragonlance setting.",
"topk_rank": 7
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{
"id": "58622#1",
"score": 0.6279577016830444,
"text": "The novel revolves around the Idiran–Culture War, and Banks plays on that theme by presenting various microcosms of that conflict. Its protagonist Bora Horza Gobuchul is an enemy of the Culture.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "5703#4",
"score": 0.6148682236671448,
"text": "The origins of cyberpunk are rooted in the New Wave science fiction movement of the 1960s and 70s, where \"New Worlds\", under the editorship of Michael Moorcock, began inviting and encouraging stories that examined new writing styles, techniques, and archetypes. Reacting to conventional storytelling, New Wave authors attempted to present a world where society coped with a constant upheaval of new technology and culture, generally with dystopian outcomes. Writers like Roger Zelazny, J.G. Ballard, Philip Jose Farmer, and Harlan Ellison often examined the impact of drug culture, technology, and the sexual revolution with an avant-garde style influenced by the Beat Generation (especially William S. Burroughs' own SF), Dadaism, and their own ideas. Ballard attacked the idea that stories should follow the \"archetypes\" popular since the time of Ancient Greece, and the assumption that these would somehow be the same ones that would call to modern readers, as Joseph Campbell argued in \"The Hero with a Thousand Faces\". Instead, Ballard wanted to write a new myth for the modern reader, a style with \"more psycho-literary ideas, more meta-biological and meta-chemical concepts, private time systems, synthetic psychologies and space-times, more of the sombre half-worlds one glimpses in the paintings of schizophrenics.\"",
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{
"id": "14858#20",
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"text": "Banks met his first wife, Annie, in London before the 1984 release of his first book. The couple lived in Faversham in the south of England, then split up in 1988. Banks returned to Edinburgh and dated another woman for two years until she left him. Iain and Annie reconciled a year later and moved to Fife. They got married in Hawaii in 1992; in 2007, after 15 years of marriage, they announced their separation.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "44054874#2",
"score": 0.6108314990997314,
"text": "The site was conceived and founded by New Zealand music industry historian and pioneer Simon Grigg. Grigg first conceived an online database of New Zealand music in the late 2000s and spent much of the next few years seeking funding and gathering support from the music industry in New Zealand. Backed by Recorded Music New Zealand he approached various funding bodies but was repeatedly turned down. Finally, in 2012 NZ On Air agreed to fund the site. AudioCulture was placed under the wing of the same trust that's in charge of the sibling project NZ On Screen but the content was curated and directed by Grigg, now named as Creative Director. Under Grigg, content was created by some 35 writers and contributed to by a large number of photographers.",
"topk_rank": 11
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{
"id": "41831802#44",
"score": 0.6044970154762268,
"text": "The modern anthropological concept of culture has its origins in the 19th century with German anthropologist Adolf Bastian's theory of the \"psychic unity of mankind,\" which, influenced by Herder and von Humboldt, challenged the identification of \"culture\" with the way of life of European elites, and British anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor's attempt to define culture as inclusively as possible. Tylor in 1874 described culture in the following way: \"Culture or civilization, taken in its wide ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.\" Although Tylor was not aiming to propose a general theory of culture (he explained his understanding of culture in the course of a larger argument about the nature of religion), American anthropologists have generally presented their various definitions of culture as refinements of Tylor's. Franz Boas's student Alfred Kroeber (1876–1970) identified culture with the \"superorganic,\" that is, a domain with ordering principles and laws that could not be explained by or reduced to biology. In 1973, Gerald Weiss reviewed various definitions of culture and debates as to their parsimony and power, and proposed as the most scientifically useful definition that \"culture\" be defined \"\"as our generic term for all human nongenetic, or metabiological, phenomena\"\" (italics in the original).\nFranz Boas founded modern American anthropology with the establishment of the first graduate program in anthropology at Columbia University in 1896. At the time the dominant model of culture was that of cultural evolution, which posited that human societies progressed through stages of savagery to barbarism to civilization; thus, societies that for example are based on horticulture and Iroquois kinship terminology are less evolved than societies based on agriculture and Eskimo kinship terminology. One of Boas's greatest accomplishments was to demonstrate convincingly that this model is fundamentally flawed, empirically, methodologically, and theoretically. Moreover, he felt that our knowledge of different cultures was so incomplete, and often based on unsystematic or unscientific research, that it was impossible to develop any scientifically valid general model of human cultures. Instead, he established the principle of cultural relativism and trained students to conduct rigorous participant observation field research in different societies. Boas understood the capacity for culture to involve symbolic thought and social learning, and considered the evolution of a capacity for culture to coincide with the evolution of other, biological, features defining genus Homo. Nevertheless, he argued that culture could not be reduced to biology or other expressions of symbolic thought, such as language. Boas and his students understood culture inclusively and resisted developing a general definition of culture. Indeed, they resisted identifying \"culture\" as a thing, instead using culture as an adjective rather than a noun. Boas argued that cultural \"types\" or \"forms\" are always in a state of flux. His student Alfred Kroeber argued that the \"unlimited receptivity and assimilativeness of culture\" made it practically impossible to think of cultures as discrete things.",
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},
{
"id": "671657#0",
"score": 0.6032902002334595,
"text": "Permission culture is a term often employed by Lawrence Lessig and other copyright activists such as Luis Villa and Nina Paley to describe a society in which copyright restrictions are pervasive and enforced to the extent that any and all uses of copyrighted works need to be explicitly leased. This has both economic and social implications: in such a society, copyright holders could require payment for each use of a work and, perhaps more importantly, permission to make any sort of derivative work.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "19719089#3",
"score": 0.6028521060943604,
"text": "In 2012, Lundborg's latest and largest writing project was launched with the publication of \"Psychedelia - An Ancient Culture, A Modern Way Of Life\" (Lysergia 25-12, ). Unlike Lundborg's earlier works, the \"Psychedelia\" book is expanded to cover a much wider field than music. Psychedelic culture is traced from its beginnings with the hallucinogenic celebrations at Eleusis 2,500 years ago, acknowledging in parallel the ancient shamanic plant drug cultures of South America and Mexico. A permanent alternative spiritual culture of the West is outlined as Lundborg follows the impulse from Eleusis through the Neoplatonism and pantheism of the Middle Ages, the rise of hermeticism and esoteric alchemy during the Renaissance, up to the highly visible psychedelic scenes of the modern world. Certain representative works and artists are selected for detailed analysis, such as William Shakespeare's \"The Tempest\", Francis Coppola's \"Apocalypse Now\", William Blake, Eden Ahbez, the 13th Floor Elevators, the Mel Lyman Family, Terence McKenna, Grateful Dead, Philip K Dick, Father Yod & The Source Family, and several more. Broader cultural developments given close scrutiny include the ayahuasca religions of Amazonia, the rich hallucinogenic culture of the Aztec, the 1960s Haight-Ashbury scene, the 1970s interest in homegrowing psilocybin mushrooms, the Electronic Dance Music scenes of acid house, Goa PsyTrance and Psybient, and several more.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "60310#7",
"score": 0.6023226380348206,
"text": "Banks portrays the cult largely sympathetically, especially given its publication shortly after the Waco Siege in 1993 (which Yolanda discusses within the novel). Banks ensures that the Luskentyrian theology (in which Isis fervently believes at the start of the book) has coherence and consistency, even as events cause her to start to doubt.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "27224946#4",
"score": 0.601954996585846,
"text": "Holbæk-Hanssen was active in the anthroposophical movement, and was one of the founders of what has since evolved into Cultura Bank. In 2009, a collection of his writings titled \"Økonomi og samfunn - når mennesket blir viktigst\" was published by Antropos Forlag. Professor Ove Jakobsen at Bodø Graduate School of Business/University of Nordland, one of Holbæk-Hanssen's Dr. Oecon. students was an important mentor in this work.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "22416866#83",
"score": 0.6016600728034973,
"text": "Bennett, T., Savage, M., Silva, E., Warde, A., Gayo-Cal, M. & Wright, D. 2006, Media Cultures: A Report on the Organisation of the Media Field in Contemporary Britain, London: British Film Institute.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "34737892#4",
"score": 0.6015827059745789,
"text": "Castells then discusses new media and communication technologies based around networks, arguing that they are contributing to a fundamental change in culture. The new development is a 'culture of real virtuality', which describes a culture that is organized around electronic media. He says that 'the \"space of flows\" and \"timeless time\" are the material foundations of a new culture', that of the network society. The concept of 'timeless time' refers to the collapsing of time in global informational networks, for example automated financial transactions.Castells, Manuel (1996, second edition, 2009). The Rise of the Network Society, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture Vol. I. Malden, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell. .",
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},
{
"id": "34761458#11",
"score": 0.6008293628692627,
"text": "Grant Morrison and Iain Spence have split views on the subject of hostile strength played out through youth culture. Morrison suggests that the trend has come and gone with the film \"The Matrix\" (1999) along with commanding symbolism in the nu metal scene. Spence meanwhile suggests that the mood is yet to materialise within pop culture as a major trend but acknowledges that hostile strength symbolism has already emerged through the more commanding aspects of hip hop, gabber and metal sub-cultures. Morrison already has a link to the film having influenced the story with his mythology of \"The Invisibles\".",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
41
|
How many people died during WW1?
|
[
{
"id": "33111#0",
"score": 0.8405177593231201,
"text": "The total number of military and civilian casualties in World War I were about 40 million: estimates range from 15 to 19million deaths and about 23million wounded military personnel, ranking it among the deadliest conflicts in human history."
}
] |
[
{
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"text": "The Indian Army during World War I contributed a large number of divisions and independent brigades to the European, Mediterranean and the Middle East theatres of war in World War I. Over one million Indian troops served overseas, of whom 62,000 died and another 67,000 were wounded. In total at least 74,187 Indian soldiers died during the war.",
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{
"id": "13890#160",
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"text": "One million Indian troops served abroad during the war. In total, 74,187 died, and another 67,000 were wounded. The roughly 90,000 soldiers who lost their lives fighting in World War I and the Afghan Wars are commemorated by the India Gate.",
"topk_rank": 1
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{
"id": "1876147#70",
"score": 0.7705211043357849,
"text": "One million Indian troops served abroad during the war. In total, 74,187 died, and another 67,000 were wounded. The roughly 90,000 soldiers who lost their lives fighting in World War I and the Afghan Wars are commemorated by the India Gate.",
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},
{
"id": "1211527#66",
"score": 0.768822968006134,
"text": "In the post war publication \"Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920\" (The War Office, ), the official report lists 908,371 'soldiers' as being either killed in action, dying of wounds, dying as prisoners of war or missing in action in the World War. (This is broken down into Britain and its colonies 704,121; British India 64,449; Canada 56,639; Australia 59,330; New Zealand 16,711; South Africa 7,121.) Listed separately were the Royal Navy (including the Royal Naval Air Service until 31 March 1918) war dead and missing of 32,287 and the Merchant Navy war dead of 14,661. The figures for the Royal Flying Corps and the nascent Royal Air Force were not given in the War Office report.",
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},
{
"id": "33111#23",
"score": 0.7662391662597656,
"text": "The territory of Transylvania was part of Austria-Hungary during World War I. The following estimates of Romanian deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead: 748,000, including military losses of 220,000 with the Romanian forces, 150,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 48,000. Civilian dead were as follows due to famine and disease: 200,000, killed in military operations 120,000 and 10,000 dead in Austrian prisons. [47]",
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{
"id": "33111#3",
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"text": "Casualty statistics for World War I vary to a great extent; estimates of total deaths range from 9 million to over 15million.[1] Military casualties reported in official sources list deaths due to all causes, including an estimated 7 to 8 million combat related deaths (killed or died of wounds) and another two to three million military deaths caused by accidents, disease and deaths while prisoners of war. Official government reports listing casualty statistics were published by the United States and Great Britain.[2][3] These secondary sources published during the 1920s, are the source of the statistics in reference works listing casualties in World War I.[4][5][6][7][8] This article summarizes the casualty statistics published in the official government reports of the United States and Great Britain as well as France, Italy, Belgium, Germany, Austria and Russia. More recently the research of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) has revised the military casualty statistics of the UK and its allies; they include in their listing of military war dead personnel outside of combat theaters and civilians recruited from Africa, the Middle East and China who provided logistical and service support in combat theaters.[9][10][11][12][13] The casualties of these support personnel recruited outside of Europe were previously not included with British war dead, however the casualties of the Labour Corps recruited from the British Isles were included in the rolls of British war dead published in 1921.[14] The methodology used by each nation to record and classify casualties was not uniform, a general caveat regarding casualty figures is that they cannot be considered comparable in all cases.[15]",
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{
"id": "73321#42",
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"text": "During World War I, an estimated 40,000 to 80,000 soldiers died as a result of avalanches during the mountain campaign in the Alps at the Austrian-Italian front, many of which were caused by artillery fire. Some 10,000 men, from both sides, lost their lives in avalanches in December 1916.",
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},
{
"id": "34562#3",
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"text": "The world population in the 20th century experienced a large amount of death due to two major world wars. World War II was responsible for the most war related deaths in the 1900s with a death toll between 40,000,000 and 85,000,000 deaths. Other predominate wars in the 1900s include World War I with up to 65,000,000 deaths, the Russian Civil War with up to 9,000,000 deaths, the Afghan Civil War with up to 2,000,000 deaths, and the Mexican Revolution with up to 2,000,000 deaths. Several other major wars took place in the 20th century, such as the Iran–Iraq War, the Soviet–Afghan War, the second Sudanese civil war, the Korean War and the Vietnam war.",
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{
"id": "33111#46",
"score": 0.7424705624580383,
"text": "Sources for total Serbian casualties range from 750,000 to 1,250,000.[51][134] A demographic study in 1927, put total the war dead for Serbia and Montenegro at 750,000 (300,000 military and 450,000 civilians). The overall population loss from 1912 to 1920, based on the pre-war level was 1,236,000 persons (including 750,000 in World War I; 150,000 killed in the Balkan Wars and a decline in the number of births of 336,000), in addition there were 47,000 war related deaths during 1914–1920, that are included with deaths by natural causes.[51] According to Frédéric Le Moal, Serbian historian Dušan T. Bataković puts their losses at 1,250,000 (450,000 military and 800,000 civilians). These losses are from 1912 to 1918 and include the Balkan Wars.[134] In July 2014, Serbian poet and academic Matija Bećković said \"that 402,435 Serbian soldiers have been killed and 845,000 civilians hanged or exterminated in concentration camps during WWI.[135] At a September 2014 conference sponsored by the Serbian Ministry of Defense, Dr. Alexander Nedok put Serbian war dead at 1,247,435 persons.[136] According to the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis regarding Serbia \"it is particularly difficult to ascertain the number of killed\". Based on a demographic analysis of the population, Urlanis estimated total Serbian and Montenegrin casualties of 728,000 including military dead: 278,000 (140,000 killed in action; 25,000 died of wounds; 50,000 disease; 60,000 POW and 3,000 from other causes) and total civilian dead of 450,000.[137] In 1924, the Serbian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office, an agency of the League of Nations, reported 1,008,240 men mobilized and 365,164 dead and missing in World War I.[44] United States War Dept. figures for Serbian casualties are: total mobilized force 707,343; total casualties 331,106 (including killed and died 45,000; wounded 133,148; prisoners and missing 152,958).[31] The report of the UK War Office listed military casualties of 331,106 including 45,000 killed, 133,148 wounded and 70,243 prisoners and 82,535 missing.[38] A Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century, estimated 120,000 Serbian civilian deaths due to military activity and 30,000 executed (казнено и убито) by the Austro-Hungarians. His estimate for total Yugoslav civilian casualties including Austro-Hungarian territory was 550,000.[138]",
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},
{
"id": "7485346#2",
"score": 0.7421722412109375,
"text": "Among the 5 million, 771,844 were military casualties killed in action and other causes. The military only covers 15% of the total casualties. The main question is what happened to 85% (spread over all millets) of the casualties, which is more but not less than 4,000,000. Ottoman statistics analyzed by Turkish Kamer Kasim (Manchester University, Ph.D.), claims that cumulative percentage was 26.9% (higher than 25% reported by western sources) of the population, which this size stands out among the countries that took part in World War I. To understand the size of the issue, Kamer Kasım's %1.9 increase on the totals adds 399,000 civilians to the total number, which has not been reported in western sources.",
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},
{
"id": "33111#60",
"score": 0.7399727702140808,
"text": "United States War Dept. figures for total British Empire casualties including the UK were: total mobilized force 8,904,467; total casualties 3,190,255 (including killed and died: 908,371; wounded: 2,090,212; prisoners and missing 191,652).[31] The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total UK military deaths are 624,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds.[105] According to a demographic study, there were 292,000 indirect deaths in the UK (109,000 deaths due to wartime privations and 183,000 in the Spanish Flu pandemic).[25] Another estimate of the demographic loss of the civilian population in the UK during the war, put total excess deaths at 181,000 not including an additional 100,000 Spanish Flu deaths.[151] The 1922 War Office report detailed the deaths of 1,260 civilians and 310 military personnel due to air and sea bombardment of the UK[152] Losses at sea were 908 UK civilians and 63 fisherman killed in U-Boat attacks.[24] Overseas labor units serving with the British and French forces. The UK employed about 300,000 Indian, Chinese, native South African, Egyptian and other nations as laborers during the war. By the end of 1917, there were 50,000 Chinese workers in France, rising to 96,000 by August 1918 (with another 30,000 working for the French). 100,000 Egyptians were working in France and the Middle East, alongside 21,000 Indians and 20,000 South Africans, who were also in East Africa.[12] A total of about 140,000 Chinese workers recruited in the Beiyang government, served on the Western Front during and after the war with the British and French Armed Forces.[153][154] According to the Commonwealth war Graves Commission \"In all, nearly 2,000 men from the Chinese Labour Corps died during the First World War, some as a direct result of enemy action, or of wounds received in the course of their duties, but many more in the influenza epidemic that swept Europe in 1918–19\"[13] One historical controversy is the number who died in the war. Some Chinese scholars say the number was as high as 20,000 but records kept by the British and French recruiters, show just under 2,000 lost their lives, many from the flu pandemic that swept the world starting in 1919.[155] According to the Commonwealrh War Graves Commission, \"The African combatant troops raised for the East African campaign numbered 34,000. The non-combatant porters, stevedores and followers of the Military Labour Corps 600,000. Almost 50,000 of these men were lost, killed in action died of sickness or wounds\"[11] According to The Africa Research Institute official British figures the death toll exceeded 105,000 native African troops and military carriers[156]",
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{
"id": "33111#30",
"score": 0.7366926074028015,
"text": "The conflict in East Africa caused enormous civilian casualties. The Oxford History of World War One notes that \"In east and central Africa the harshness of the war resulted in acute shortages of food with famine in some areas, a weakening of populations, and epidemic diseases which killed hundreds of thousands of people and also cattle.\"[79] According to the 1914–1918 Online Encyclopedia \"In addition to losses suffered by African military personnel and the laborers supporting their operations, very large, but unknown numbers of African civilians perished during the war.\" They made an estimate of civilian losses in Africa of 750,000[26] The following estimates of civilian deaths in East Africa during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century: Kenya 30,000; Tanzania 100,000; Mozambique 50,000; Rwanda 15,000; Burundi 20,000 and the Belgian Congo 150,000.[83] The military casualties of the UK, France, Germany, Belgium and Portugal include Africans who served with their armed forces, the details are noted above in the list of the various colonies.",
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{
"id": "14471456#1",
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"text": "World War I – major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred on the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred on the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy). More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of great technological advances in firepower without corresponding advances in mobility. It was the sixth deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.",
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{
"id": "58921#3",
"score": 0.7343121767044067,
"text": "During World War I, an estimated 40,000 to 80,000 soldiers died as a result of avalanches during the mountain campaign in the Alps at the Austrian-Italian front. Many of the avalanches were caused by artillery fire.",
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},
{
"id": "49526792#0",
"score": 0.7343012690544128,
"text": "World War I impacted on many aspects of everyday life in Queensland, Australia. Over 58,000 Queenslanders fought in World War I and over 10,000 of them died.\nThe outbreak of war created a heightened sense of patriotism; the recruitment call for Queenslanders to volunteer for the Australian Imperial Force met its initial quota of 2500 enlisted men by September 1914.",
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{
"id": "34915981#8",
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"text": "One result of this style of warfare was a level of casualties unknown in previous conflicts. Approximately 2 million Germans and 1.3 million Frenchmen died during the war; 720,000 British soldiers died, along with 61,000 Canadian, 60,000 Australian and 18,000 New Zealand servicemen. On the Eastern front, 300,000 Romanians alone died. The war had a global impact, and at least 2,000 Chinese died in the European theatre of the conflict alone. Many of the deaths occurred within a short period of time, or affected particular groups: half of France's casualties occurred during the first 17 months of the war, for example, while the French middle and upper classes suffered disproportionate losses. Many of those who survived were injured in the course of the fighting; some injuries, such as facial traumas, resulted in the victim being shunned by wider society and banned from public events. These losses also left large numbers of widows and orphans – 1.36 million in France alone – and affected most families in some way: in Australia, every second family had lost a relative. Even those left at home had suffered extensively from stress, anxiety and grief.",
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{
"id": "240900#0",
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"text": "World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history. An estimated total 70-85 million people perished, which was about 3% of the 1940 world population (est. 2.3 billion).",
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{
"id": "12830255#1",
"score": 0.7242964506149292,
"text": "He was killed in action during World War I.",
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{
"id": "182259#53",
"score": 0.7227271795272827,
"text": "The intensity of World War I trench warfare meant about 10% of all fighting soldiers were killed. This compared to 5% killed during the Second Boer War and 4.5% killed during World War II. For British and Dominion troops serving on the Western Front, the proportion of troops killed was 12.5%, while the total proportion of troops who became casualties (killed or wounded) was 56%.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "38647970#17",
"score": 0.7212194800376892,
"text": "More than 146,000 whites, 83,000 blacks and 2,500 people of Coloured and Asian descent served in South African military units during the war, including 43,000 in German South-West Africa and 30,000 on the Western Front. An estimated 3,000 South Africans also joined the Royal Flying Corps. The total South African casualties during the war was about 18,600 with over 12,452 killed – more than 4,600 in the European theater alone.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
42
|
How old is the town of Wolfstein in Germany?
|
[
{
"id": "4238935#15",
"score": 0.7624670267105103,
"text": "Wolfstein was founded in 1275 on Habsburg King Rudolph I's orders, which called for a “fortified and free” town near his castle, “Woluisstein”, now known as the Alt-Wolfstein (“Old Wolfstein”) ruin. Rudolph forthwith granted the new town the same town rights and freedoms as the town of Speyer. As an “everlasting marketplace”, it was to be a sanctuary for commerce, trade and dealing. The first townsmen and -women came from the surrounding, much older villages."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "4238935#11",
"score": 0.7074982523918152,
"text": "Beginning in 1970, work shifted to what had until recently been a self-administering, neighbouring village, and building began in Roßbach on formerly agricultural lands east of the railway line between Sandfeld (Immetshausen) and Eisenknopf (Schlettweg, Barbarossastraße, Habsburgerstraße, Kurpfalzstraße, Stauferstraße, Wingerstbergstraße, Hahnbach and Sandfeld). By 2000, 78 residential buildings had arisen here, mostly one- and two-family houses. The amalgamation increased Wolfstein's area by 616ha to 1377ha.[5]",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "4238935#40",
"score": 0.707201361656189,
"text": "Living in Wolfstein about 1600, according to the townsmen’s register in the Stattbuch (“town book”), which was begun in 1599, were some 150 people in 36 households. In 1618, there were 50 families with some 200 persons, but this is estimated to have dropped to only 50 inhabitants by the time the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) ended. The 1618 population level was once again reached in 1684. Thereafter, the population figures kept rising. No records of Roßbach's population from the 17th century are available. In 1885 – only “present” persons were counted, while soldiers and the wandering musicians for which the region was then famous were left out of the total – there were 471 inhabitants (95 houses, no rented dwellings, no multi-family houses with separated living areas; occupancy per dwelling 4.95 persons). In 1900, there were 577 inhabitants (Kuhbrücke 78, Immetshausen 55, Roßbach main centre 381, Stahlhausen 63). In 1905, after the Kuhbrücke had been transferred to Wolfstein, there were 489 inhabitants. In 1918 there were 466 in 100 dwellings. In 1925, there were 504 in 98 houses. In 1933, there were 483 and in 1939, 515 (263 male and 252 female). In 1969, just before amalgamation with Wolfstein, there were 541 inhabitants.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "4238935#22",
"score": 0.7012037038803101,
"text": "The town’s days as an Electoral Palatinate holding came to an end when French Revolutionary troops occupied the lands on the Rhine’s left bank, including the town itself; by 1801, this territory had been annexed under the terms of the Treaty of Lunéville by the soon to be Napoleonic France. As early as 1797, Wolfstein became, in the course of administrative reform carried out by the French, a cantonal seat in the Arrondissement of Kaiserslautern and the Department of Mont-Tonnerre (or Donnersberg in German). Belonging to the canton were 32 municipalities with 8 mayors and roughly 8,000 inhabitants. The Mairie (“Mayoralty”) of Wolfstein comprised four municipalities with roughly 1,300 inhabitants; in the town itself lived 37 families and 311 persons. In 1814, the French withdrew from the Canton of Wolfstein.[10]",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "4238935#52",
"score": 0.6977466940879822,
"text": "From the late 17th century, the Catholic parish of Wolfstein grew into a broad, scattered community taking in the villages of Rutsweiler, Kreimbach, Kaulbach, Olsbrücken, Neumühle, Katzweiler, Hirschhorn, Obersulzbach, Untersulzbach, Tiefenbach, Oberweiler and Roßbach, with all together 381 souls. For church services, they used the old Saint George's Chapel at the castle, and from time to time, in simultaneum, the Reformed church on Wassergasse. In 1776 they acquired the newly built, stylistically pleasing Baroque church on Obergasse.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "4238935#32",
"score": 0.6880574822425842,
"text": "In the “Bavarian Rhine District” (Bayerischer Rheinkreis – that is, the Bavarian Palatinate), Wolfstein was grouped into the Landkommissariat of Kusel (from 1862 Bezirksamt and from 1939 Landratsamt).",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "12989142#36",
"score": 0.6840490102767944,
"text": "In 1972, Jettenbach was grouped into the newly formed \"Verbandsgemeinde\" of Wolfstein.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "16068329#0",
"score": 0.6838194131851196,
"text": "Ludwigstein Castle () is a 15th-century castle overlooking the river Werra and surrounded by beautiful woodland. It stands southwest of the town of Witzenhausen in North Hesse and can easily be reached by car or train and bus. Founded in 1415 the castle's buildings today were built in the 16th and 20th centuries.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "5897024#2",
"score": 0.6832481622695923,
"text": "About 1200 the Passau bishop Wolfger von Erla had Wolfstein Castle erected to control the surrounding estates he had received from the hands of the Hohenstaufen emperor Henry VI. A settlement was laid out beneath the castle which in 1301 was mentioned as \"Purchstol zu Wolferstein\". The later name \"Freiung\" denoted the fact that the first settlers were exempt from taxes (cf. \"Freihaus\"). The nearby village of Kreuzberg received market rights in 1354, which were transferred to Freyung in 1523.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "4238935#83",
"score": 0.6821523308753967,
"text": "In the town itself, farming, somewhat limited by the steep slopes and the lean soils, always played a subordinate role. Now, however, even the outlying centre of Roßbach is purely residential, although some 90ha of its cropland and meadowland is worked by the CJD. The last full-time farming operation within Wolfstein's limits is run by the family Sonn at the Reckweilerhof.[28]",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "12989385#7",
"score": 0.6753705739974976,
"text": "In the 16th and 17th centuries, both Oberweiler and Tiefenbach shared a history with the \"Unteramt\" of Einöllen within the County Palatine of Zweibrücken, which later was usually called a duchy. During the Thirty Years' War, both villages were utterly destroyed, were empty of people and had to be settled all over again. Two decades before the collapse of the old feudal order (1768), the \"Unteramt\" of Einöllen passed under the terms of the Treaty of Schwetzingen, or Treaty of Selz-Hagenbach, to Electoral Palatinate. At the same time, this decision brought about a split from the Palatinate-Zweibrücken \"Oberamt\" of Meisenheim and the \"Unteramt\" was then grouped into the Electoral Palatinate \"Amt\" of Wolfstein, which itself belonged to the \"Oberamt\" of Kaiserslautern. It was at about this time that the two villages must have merged into one. The Electoral Palatinate geographer Goswin Widder described Oberweiler and Tiefenbach thus in 1788 (he wrongly refers to Tiefenbach as \"Tiefenthal\"): “These two little villages make up only one municipality, and lie a quarter hour from each other, both on the river Lauter downstream from Wolfstein. Running westwards by both villages is the Lauter, which near Oberweiler drives one of the gristmills answerable to the Electoral Court Chamber (\"Kurfürstliche Hofkammer\"). In \"Tiefenthal\" a toll is levied.”",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "4238935#54",
"score": 0.6747890114784241,
"text": "The denominational shares of the population in Wolfstein in 1802 were as follows: roughly 66% Reformed, 22% Lutheran, 12% Catholic. In 2000 the figures were as follows: roughly 20.9% Catholic, 65.2% Protestant, 13.9% other.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "4238935#14",
"score": 0.6729384064674377,
"text": "Until 1768, the river Lauter was a border, cleaving today's unified town into the town of Wolfstein on the one side, which was held by Electoral Palatinate, and the village of Roßbach on the other, which lay within territory held by the Duchy of Palatinate-Zweibrücken. The Reckweilerhof belonged as an either Ducal or Electoral fief to the holdings of the Offenbach am Glan Benedictine Monastery. These three centres, therefore, did not share a common history until that date, and accordingly, they are treated separately for the time up to the 18th century.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "4238935#31",
"score": 0.6699546575546265,
"text": "After the new post-Napoleonic order imposed by the Congress of Vienna in 1814, Wolfsteiners became Bavarian nationals, which until 1918 meant the Bavarian king’s subjects; after monarchy was overthrown in 1918, they belonged to the Free State of Bavaria in the days of the Weimar Republic. Only in 1947, after the Second World War, did the Palatinate formally cease to be a Bavarian exclave, whereupon it was incorporated into the then newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The break with Bavaria was confirmed by referendum on 22 April 1956.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "4238935#66",
"score": 0.6642951965332031,
"text": "Saint Philip’s and Saint James’s Catholic Parish Church (Pfarrkirche St. Philippus und Jakobus), Schloßgasse 16 – aisleless church with half-hipped roof and onion tower, 1774–1776 Town centre, Am Ring, Enggasse, Im Eck, Mühlgasse, Schlossgasse (monumental zone) – enclosed-construction area within the former town wall, of which bits at the millrace and behind the building at Im Eck 11 are preserved; built-up area mainly from the 19th century with individual timber-frame houses, which go back as far as the 16th century, former Lutheran chapel (Im Eck 3/5), former Protestant rectory (Am Ring 6), former Catholic rectory (Am Ring 10), former town mill (Am Ring 24), former dyer’s house (Am Ring 8) Protestant parish church, Am Ring 1 – Gothic Revival aisleless church, 1866–1868, architects Ferdinand Beyschlag, August von Voit, (1835), Emil Morgens, Kaiserslautern; Late Gothic Sacrament house Alt-Wolfstein castle ruin (monumental zone) – hill castle, possibly about 1160/1170 founded by Frederick I Barbarossa, destroyed in 1504; ward and outer castle, neck ditch, keep, partly shrouded, wall remnants of the dwelling building, remnants of a gate complex Alt-Wolfstein castle ruin (monumental zone) – outer walls of the spur complex, only outer walls preserved; begun between 1313 and 1323, destroyed in 1688 and 1713; warriors’ memorial 1930 Am Horst, graveyard – graveyard hall at the graveyard dating from 1612; wooden construction with hipped roof, renovation 1876; two epitaphs, 1613 and 1735 Am Ring 6a, Mühlgasse 1 – timber-frame house, partly solid, 17th century, in the back timber-frame workshop building; characterizes town's appearance Am Ring 11 – former town hall; middle building, partly timber-frame, 1581, three-floor front building with two timber-frame upper floors, 1590, walkway arcade closed in 1811; in the back dance hall, 1608 or 1689 Am Ring 24 – Alte Stadtmühle (“Old Town Mill”); four-floor mill building, 1888, former bakehouse, commercial building; wedge-shaped, three-floor house, Swiss chalet style, 1909; characterizes street's appearance Near Am Ring 52 – hall of mirrors, Baroque Revival, 1903 Bahnhofstraße 3 – bungalow, plastered building on stone-block pedestal, about 1903 Bahnhofstraße 16 – railway station; hewn-stone-framed stone-block building, goods shed, 1882, dispatcher's signal box with original safety technology, 1938 Hauptstraße 2 – former Amtskellerei (see above under Modern times); today the town hall, spacious Late Baroque building with half-hipped roof, 1753, architect Heinrich Heyler; vaulted cellar Hauptstraße 28/30 – former Amt court; hewn-stone-framed sandstone-block building, Renaissance Revival, 1900; belonging thereto no. 30 prison: three-floor stone-block building, hipped roof, 1901 Hauptstraße 48 – chalk mine; underground chalk mine of the firm Otto Kappel, in operation from 1880 to 1967, since 1980 open to the public as an attraction (see also below) Rathausplatz 2 – former school; sophisticated plastered building on pedestal, gable risalto, 1890/1891, architect embanking and section engineer Weil, Bamberg",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "4238935#41",
"score": 0.662645161151886,
"text": "The following table shows population development over the centuries for Wolfstein, with some figures broken down by religious denomination:[16]",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "12989033#2",
"score": 0.6606802940368652,
"text": "Heinzenhausen borders in the east on the municipality of Hohenöllen, in the south on the town of Wolfstein and in the west and north on the municipality of Lohnweiler. Heinzenhausen also meets the municipality of Oberweiler-Tiefenbach at a single point in the southeast.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "9309264#3",
"score": 0.6561218500137329,
"text": "Trier, on the banks of the Moselle River, is the oldest city in Germany, a great metropolis founded in or before 16 BC. The best-known survival from that period is probably the Porta Nigra, the best-preserved ancient city gate. There are also remains of thermal spas, a Roman bridge and the (reconstructed) Constantine basilica.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "57408594#10",
"score": 0.6494720578193665,
"text": "It is said that there is an underground passage from the ruined castle which leads under the Königsberg to Wolfstein. It has yet to be found. However, until the 1950s, mercury and barite were actively mined in the Königsberg, so there are many tunnels in the area.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "234933#0",
"score": 0.6491430997848511,
"text": "Speyer (, older spelling \"Speier\", known as \"Spire\" in French and formerly as \"Spires\" in English) is a town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, with approximately 50,000 inhabitants. Located beside the river Rhine, Speyer is south of Ludwigshafen and Mannheim. Founded by the Romans, it is one of Germany's oldest cities. \nSpeyer is dominated by the Speyer Cathedral, a number of churches and the Altpörtel (\"old gate\"). In the cathedral, beneath the high altar, are the tombs of eight Holy Roman Emperors and German kings.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "3189774#1",
"score": 0.6460415124893188,
"text": "The oldest mention of Burghausen is documented in the year 1025 as Imperial real property. Emperor Conrad II would later appoint the Counts of Burghausen as the financial administrators of the locality. But, as latest excavations have shown, the area around the main court of Burghausen's castle has at least been inhabited since the Bronze Age. With Archaeologists finding artifacts of the pre-metal Celtic, Iron Age, and Roman era, it is hard to pinpoint a \"founding\" date. The town has developed over thousands of years, but it is not yet possible to say how long there has been a permanent settlement.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
45
|
What is within a nucleus of a cell?
|
[
{
"id": "6235#1",
"score": 0.8187503218650818,
"text": "Cell nuclei contain most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in a complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these chromosomes are the cell's nuclear genome and are structured in such a way to promote cell function. The nucleus maintains the integrity of genes and controls the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression—the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell. The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm, and the nuclear matrix (which includes the nuclear lamina), a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, much like the cytoskeleton, which supports the cell as a whole."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "4103495#1",
"score": 0.722612202167511,
"text": "The majority of the proteins of a cell are the product of messenger RNA transcribed from nuclear genes, including most of the proteins of the organelles, which are produced in the cytoplasm like all nuclear gene products and then transported to the organelle. Genes in the nucleus are arranged in a linear fashion upon chromosomes, which serve as the scaffold for replication and the regulation of gene expression. As such, they are usually under strict copy-number control, and replicate a single time per cell cycle.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "12840258#4",
"score": 0.7178802490234375,
"text": "The inner nuclear membrane encloses the nucleoplasm, and is covered by the nuclear lamina, a mesh of intermediate filaments which stabilizes the nuclear membrane as well as being involved in chromatin function and entire expression. It is connected to the outer membrane by nuclear pores which penetrate the membranes. While the two membranes and the endoplasmic reticulum are linked, proteins embedded in the membranes tend to stay put rather than dispersing across the continuum. It is lined with a fiber network called as nuclear lamina which is 10-40 nm thick and provide strength.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "9127632#17",
"score": 0.7174565196037292,
"text": "DNA is found as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones. The set of chromosomes in a cell and any other hereditary information found in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, or other locations is collectively known as a cell's genome. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is localized in the cell nucleus, or with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete assemblage of this information in an organism is called its genotype.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "21958#0",
"score": 0.7154771685600281,
"text": "The nucleolus (, plural: nucleoli ) is the largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is best known as the site of ribosome biogenesis. Nucleoli also participate in the formation of signal recognition particles and play a role in the cell's response to stress. Nucleoli are made of proteins, DNA and RNA and form around specific chromosomal regions called nucleolar organizing regions. Malfunction of nucleoli can be the cause of several human conditions called \"nucleolopathies\" and the nucleolus is being investigated as a target for cancer chemotherapy.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "6339#5",
"score": 0.708608090877533,
"text": "Cells contains specialized sub-cellular compartments including cell membrane, cytoplasm,mitochondria, and ribosomes. See organelle.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "29847460#1",
"score": 0.7066678404808044,
"text": "The shape, size, protein composition, and texture of the nucleus are often altered in malignant cells. The nucleus may acquire grooves, folds or indentations, chromatin may aggregate or disperse, and the nucleolus can become enlarged. In normal cells, the nucleus is often round or ellipsoid in shape, but in cancer cells the outline is often irregular. Different combinations of abnormalities are characteristic of different cancer types, to the extent that nuclear appearance can be used as a marker in cancer diagnostics and staging.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "6235#12",
"score": 0.7063173055648804,
"text": "In animal cells, two networks of intermediate filaments provide the nucleus with mechanical support: The nuclear lamina forms an organized meshwork on the internal face of the envelope, while less organized support is provided on the cytosolic face of the envelope. Both systems provide structural support for the nuclear envelope and anchoring sites for chromosomes and nuclear pores.[6]",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "1590640#2",
"score": 0.7018142938613892,
"text": "Nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA differ in many ways, starting with location and structure. Nuclear DNA is located within the nucleus of eukaryote cells and usually has two copies per cell while mitochondrial DNA is located in the mitochondria and contains 100-1,000 copies per cell. The structure of nuclear DNA chromosomes is linear with open ends and includes 46 chromosomes containing 3 billion nucleotides. Mitochondrial DNA chromosomes usually have closed, circular structures, and contain for example 16,569 nucleotides in human. Nuclear DNA is diploid, ordinarily inheriting the DNA from two parents, while mitochondrial DNA is haploid, coming only from the mother. The mutation rate for nuclear DNA is less than 0.3% while that of mitochondrial DNA is generally higher.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "9927#6",
"score": 0.6996418833732605,
"text": "The nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm. It has two membranes, each a lipid bilayer with associated proteins. The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and like that structure, features ribosomes attached to the surface. The outer membrane is also continuous with the inner nuclear membrane since the two layers are fused together at numerous tiny holes called nuclear pores that perforate the nuclear envelope. These pores are about 120 nm in diameter and regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm, permitting some to pass through the membrane, but not others. Since the nuclear pores are located in an area of high traffic, they play an important role in the physiology of cells. The space between the outer and inner membranes is called the perinuclear space and is joined with the lumen of the rough ER.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "21294842#13",
"score": 0.6978152394294739,
"text": "Within the CNS, nerve cell bodies are generally organized into functional clusters, called nuclei. Axons within the CNS are grouped into tracts.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "1100425#1",
"score": 0.6960386037826538,
"text": "It contains mostly myofibrils (which are composed of sarcomeres), but its contents are otherwise comparable to those of the cytoplasm of other cells. It has a Golgi apparatus near the nucleus, mitochondria just inside the cell membrane (sarcolemma), and a smooth endoplasmic reticulum (specialized for muscle function and called the sarcoplasmic reticulum).",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "19496009#1",
"score": 0.6949499845504761,
"text": "Transport of macromolecules between the cytoplasm and nucleus occurs through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) embedded in the nuclear envelope. NPCs are composed of subcomplexes, and NUP37 is part of one such subcomplex, Nup107-160.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "20826392#0",
"score": 0.6908682584762573,
"text": "Karyotin is the sustainable, reticular material of the cell nucleus. It is made up of eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. The word Karyotin is often times never used and Chromatin is used to replace the word; it is used as a synonym. Chromatin is made up of stands of DNA bound to a histone protein. The term chromatin means 'colored material' and refers to the fact that this material is easily stained for viewing with the microscope.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "10144966#3",
"score": 0.6898623704910278,
"text": "DNA in the nucleus is wrapped around nucleosomes, which are histone octamers formed of core histone proteins; two histone H2A-H2B dimers, two histone H3 proteins, and two histone H4 proteins. The primary chromatin structure, the least packed form, is the 11 nm, or “beads on a string” form, where DNA is wrapped around nucleosomes at relatively regular intervals, as Roger Kornberg proposed.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "9927#1",
"score": 0.6895115971565247,
"text": "The nuclear membrane contains a lipid bilayer that encompass the contents of the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells. The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell. Vacuoles, which are found in both plant and animal cells (though much bigger in plant cells), are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products. A vesicle is a relatively small, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances. The cell membrane is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi, and is connected with hyphal tip growth.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "8874156#26",
"score": 0.6854676604270935,
"text": "Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) assemble in a tightly orchestrated and regulated process that involves both the cell nucleus and cytoplasm.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "24188246#165",
"score": 0.6854541897773743,
"text": "Nucleus. The first part or beginning, as the apex in a gastropod shell.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "943321#7",
"score": 0.6853464245796204,
"text": "The nucleus is the set of elements that associate with all others: that is, the \"n\" in \"R\" such that",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "23317#1",
"score": 0.6845101714134216,
"text": "One or more protons are present in the nucleus of every atom; they are a necessary part of the nucleus. The number of protons in the nucleus is the defining property of an element, and is referred to as the atomic number (represented by the symbol \"Z\"). Since each element has a unique number of protons, each element has its own unique atomic number.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "11375187#29",
"score": 0.6823318600654602,
"text": "In general, the nucleus is centrally located and the nucleolus is often associated with the inner nuclear membrane. The chromosomes, as in other dinoflagellates, are seen as ‘permanently super-coiled’ DNA in transmission electron micrographs (TEM). The described species of \"Symbiodinium\" possess distinct chromosome numbers (ranging from 26 to 97), which remain constant throughout all phases of the nuclear cycle. However, during M-phase, the volume of each chromosome is halved, as is the volume of each of the two resulting nuclei. Thus, the ratio of chromosome volume to nuclear volume remains constant. These observations are consistent with the interpretation that the algae are haploid, a conclusion supported by molecular genetic data. During S-phase of the nuclear cycle the chromosomes do uncoil to facilitate DNA synthesis, and the volumes of both the chromosomes and the nucleus return to those seen in the G2 stage.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
46
|
What is the population of emperor penguins in Antarctica?
|
[
{
"id": "223204#16",
"score": 0.6975797414779663,
"text": "The total population was estimated in 2009 to be at around 595,000 adult birds, in 46 known colonies spread around the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic; around 35% of the known population lives north of the Antarctic Circle. Major breeding colonies were located at Cape Washington, Coulman Island in Victoria Land, Halley, Cape Colbeck, and Dibble Glacier.[41] Colonies are known to fluctuate over time, often breaking into \"suburbs\" which move apart from the parent group, and some have been known to disappear entirely.[4] The Cape Crozier colony on the Ross Sea shrank drastically between the first visits by the Discovery Expedition in 1902–03[2] and the later visits by the Terra Nova Expedition in 1910–11; it was reduced to a few hundred birds, and may have come close to extinction due to changes in the position of the ice shelf.[42] By the 1960s it had rebounded dramatically,[42] but by 2009 was again reduced to a small population of around 300.[41]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "23878#0",
"score": 0.6618061661720276,
"text": "Penguins (order Sphenisciformes, family Spheniscidae) are a group of aquatic flightless birds. They live almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere, with only one species, the Galapagos penguin, found north of the equator. Highly adapted for life in the water, penguins have countershaded dark and white plumage, and their wings have evolved into flippers. Most penguins feed on krill, fish, squid and other forms of sea life which they catch while swimming underwater. They spend roughly half of their lives on land and the other half in the sea.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "2716345#2",
"score": 0.6608631610870361,
"text": "The island has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports a breeding colony of about 6500 pairs of gentoo penguins, the largest for this species on the Antarctic Peninsula. Other birds nesting at the site include southern giant petrels and Antarctic shags.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "761796#10",
"score": 0.6601510643959045,
"text": "The island has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area. Over 30 species have been recorded, including gentoo penguins (750 breeding pairs), southern rockhopper penguins (60,000 pairs), macaroni penguins, Magellanic penguins, black-browed albatrosses (100,000 pairs), fairy prions (10,000 pairs), sooty shearwaters, Wilson's storm-petrels, grey-backed storm-petrels, common diving petrels, southern giant petrels, imperial shags (2500 pairs), striated caracaras (65 pairs), blackish cinclodes, Cobb's wrens and white-bridled finches. South American sea lions breed in small numbers on the island, which is a major haulout site for non-breeding animals.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "567526#0",
"score": 0.6589707732200623,
"text": "The Magellanic penguin (\"Spheniscus magellanicus\") is a South American penguin, breeding in coastal Argentina, Chile and the Falkland Islands, with some migrating to Brazil where they are occasionally seen as far north as Rio de Janeiro. It is the most numerous of the \"Spheniscus\" penguins. Its nearest relatives are the African, the Humboldt penguin and the Galápagos penguins. The Magellanic penguin was named after Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who spotted the birds in 1520. The species is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "41701568#4",
"score": 0.657639741897583,
"text": "Aside from causing the temporary closing of South Africa's ports and threats to species of gannets, cormorants, and seals, \"Treasure\" bunker oil spill was dubbed South Africa's worst environmental disaster, as it seriously threatened its population of African penguins. The spill mainly affected African penguin colonies inhabiting South Africa's Robben and Dassen Islands, which support the largest and third largest colonies of African penguins in the world. The worldwide population of African penguins is numbered at less than 180,000, and is declining. About 150,000 African penguins live off South Africa's coast, 19,000 of which live on Robben Island. The Robben Island nature reserve, home to about 14,000 endangered adult African penguins and 6,000 chicks, was hit badly during their breeding season by the oil spill. Over 20,000 penguins were oiled and approximately 2,000 died.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "39070352#17",
"score": 0.6572811007499695,
"text": "Seven pinniped species inhabit Antarctica. The largest, the elephant seal (\"Mirounga leonina\"), can reach up to , while females of the smallest, the Antarctic fur seal (\"Arctocephalus gazella\"), reach only . These two species live north of the sea ice, and breed in harems on beaches. The other four species can live on the sea ice. Crabeater seals (\"Lobodon carcinophagus\") and Weddell seals (\"Leptonychotes weddellii\") form breeding colonies, whereas leopard seals (\"Hydrurga leptonyx\") and Ross seals (\"Ommatophoca rossii\") live solitary lives. Although these species hunt underwater, they breed on land or ice and spend a great deal of time there, as they have no terrestrial predators.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "51804911#22",
"score": 0.6570150256156921,
"text": "The penguins are a group of flightless aquatic birds living almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere. Most penguins feed on krill, fish, squid, and other forms of sealife caught while swimming underwater.Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Diomedeidae",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "206928#6",
"score": 0.6568989753723145,
"text": "The penguins are a group of aquatic, flightless birds living almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere. Most penguins feed on krill, fish, squid, and other forms of sealife caught while swimming underwater.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "761801#4",
"score": 0.650241494178772,
"text": "Southern Rockhopper penguins are split into two subspecies and they are defined by their location of reproduction. The subspecies \"E. c. filholi\" (eastern) is known to reproduce in the sub-Antarctic around the Prince Edward Islands, Crozet Islands, Kerguelen Islands, Heard Island, Macquarie Island and Campbell, Auckland and Antipodes Islands. The subspecies \"E. c. chrysocome\", which may be referred to the true southern subspecies, reproduces at offshore islands in southern Chile, Argentina and at the Falkland Islands. The Falkland Islands are known to have one of the largest populations of Southern Rockhopper penguins.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "440076#7",
"score": 0.6488027572631836,
"text": "The range is circumpolar from close to the Antarctic ice pack to about 45°S. The most northerly confirmed sightings were 36°S in the South Atlantic Ocean and 33°S near Valparaíso, Chile, in the Pacific. Sightings have been made most commonly from the south of New Zealand, around the South Shetland Islands and off Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. The species is unlikely to be particularly densely populated close to these lands.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "29550913#1",
"score": 0.6480550169944763,
"text": "The peninsula, along with the nearby Graptolite Island, has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports a large breeding colony of about 91,000 pairs of Adélie penguins as well as 14,000 pairs of chinstrap penguins. Gentoo penguins were reported nesting on the peninsula in 1947.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "4156770#1",
"score": 0.6474748253822327,
"text": "These African penguins are only found on the coastlines of Southern Africa - (South Africa & Namibia). These penguins are currently on the verge of extinction. As a result, the penguins are under the protection of the Cape Nature Conservation.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "1597636#4",
"score": 0.6469190120697021,
"text": "The inner part of the peninsula is inhabited by rheas, guanacos and maras. A high diversity and range of birds live in the peninsula as well; at least 181 bird species, 66 of which migratory, live in the area, including the Antarctic pigeon.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "1209001#5",
"score": 0.6463276147842407,
"text": "No penguins live on the Antarctic Plateau, and no birds routinely fly over it. There are no land animals on Antarctic or Polar Plateau, except for nematodes, springtails, mites, midges, human beings and their laboratory animals.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "29516164#1",
"score": 0.6461756825447083,
"text": "The peninsula has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports a breeding colony of about 14,000 pairs of chinstrap penguins. Other birds nesting at the site in smaller numbers include Cape petrels (3800 pairs) and imperial shags (170 pairs).",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "1121600#20",
"score": 0.645259439945221,
"text": "Source: Australian Government Antarctica Division",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "22381089#6",
"score": 0.6441177725791931,
"text": "The population of the Lord Howe golden whistler has been estimated at about 2,000 breeding birds and stable. It has been listed as vulnerable by the Australian Government because of its small distribution. It is not listed anymore.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "16434578#2",
"score": 0.6426342129707336,
"text": "About 8,000 pairs of Adelie penguins nest in the Yalour Islands.Personal photographic account of the site in March 2007: bartosik.org",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "33372313#9",
"score": 0.6402909755706787,
"text": "Little penguins have been recorded on Reevesby Island. In 1907, the colony was mentioned by Douglas Mawson from the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: \"The cavities in the limestone, which have been hollowed out by the sea, were found to contain a very large number of penguins.\" In 2009 the population was estimated to be 1,857 breeding birds. The colony is believed to be in decline, based on unpublished data and declining results of pitfall trap surveys.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "21200802#4",
"score": 0.6397456526756287,
"text": "Most of Antarctica is covered with a thick layer of ice, with few species permanently living in the ice-covered areas. There are many species of penguins in the south polar region. Almost all animals in Antarctica find their food in the Southern Ocean surrounding the continent, and there is abundant marine life in the Southern Ocean.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
50
|
Who started human rights?
|
[
{
"id": "15195865#6",
"score": 0.6921920776367188,
"text": "Some historians suggest that the Achaemenid Persian Empire of ancient Iran established unprecedented principles of human rights in the 6th century BC under Cyrus the Great. After his conquest of the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 539 BC, the king issued the Cyrus cylinder, discovered in 1879 and seen by some today as the first human rights document.[11][12][13] The cylinder has been linked by some commentators to the decrees of Cyrus recorded in the Books of Chronicles, Nehemiah, and Ezra, which state that Cyrus allowed (at least some of) the Jews to return to their homeland from their Babylonian Captivity. Additionally it stated the freedom to practice one's faith without persecution and forced conversions.[14][15]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "4039177#0",
"score": 0.6574905514717102,
"text": "The first Judges of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights were elected on January 22, 2006 at the Eighth Ordinary Session of the Executive Council of the African Union, held in Khartoum, Sudan. The judges, hailing from 11 of the 53 member states of the African Union, are from varying backgrounds of judicial experience and knowledge of international and human rights law.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "29075684#6",
"score": 0.6568867564201355,
"text": "There was a conscious choice to include both human rights and development in the name. While most, if not all, organisations initially involved were human rights organisations, there was a recognition of the interconnectedness of the human rights concerns that many of the founding members worked on with socio-economic development, including developmental and economic inequality, and market globalisation. Throughout Forum-Asia's history so far though – that is till 2016 – the development part of its name has been overshadowed by the work on human rights.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "694740#32",
"score": 0.6566354036331177,
"text": "Smith advocates for human rights, serving on numerous committees that seek to impact both national and international laws and legislation. He has stated that the bills he introduces to the house are meant to make the U.S. take \"human rights seriously.\"",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "36665580#1",
"score": 0.6565714478492737,
"text": "According to founder Benjamin Harnwell, the motivation to create the DHI derived from a celebrated case in 2004 when Italian politician Rocco Buttiglione was vetoed for the position of the European Commission's Vice-President and Commissioner for Justice, Freedom, and Security apparently because of his Catholic beliefs. In 2008, as a response, a collection of Christian personalities formed the DHI to oversee the creation of several parliamentary human dignity working groups across a diverse number of legislatures.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "18731024#10",
"score": 0.6563014388084412,
"text": "The lack of success in shaping internationally binding charters on animal rights has not been for want of trying. People in modern times have attempted to identify and advance the rights of animals at least since the 18th century. Credit usually goes to Henry Stephens Salt (1851–1939) for writing the first book on animal rights, published in 1892 and subsequently. And Salt traces efforts back to John Lawrence (1753–1839), one of the earliest modern writers on animal rights and welfare. Lawrence argued in his 1796 book, A Philosophical and Practical Treatise on Horses and the Moral Duties of Man Towards Brute Creation (T N Longman: London), that we have to care for animals and common law should support this principle in practice",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "2710570#0",
"score": 0.6547016501426697,
"text": "Human Rights Party or similar may refer to:",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "5779069#42",
"score": 0.6541188359260559,
"text": "Nigerian Center for Human Rights and Development - founded in 1995 to promote democracy and enforcement of rights.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "21223083#22",
"score": 0.6539816856384277,
"text": "Zimeray has stated \"We face a frequent misunderstanding. Many people place human rights in some kind of moral area and wait for us to answer with symbols, declarations and gestures.One must have the courage to say that Human Rights are not morality, they are rights that exist or does not exist, that are applied or violated: the right to not be tortured, access to fair trial, equality between men and women. Our action does not only take place in some declaratory and narcissistic style.\"",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "31899#1",
"score": 0.6532060503959656,
"text": "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a historic document that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its third session on10 December 1948 as Resolution 217 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, France. Of the then 58 members of the United Nations, 48 voted in favor, none against, eight abstained, and two did not vote.[1]",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "551210#14",
"score": 0.652986466884613,
"text": "Dr. Luis Kutner's acceptance speech as the Chief Justice of the World Court of Human Rights:\nI am indeed honored by this appointment which I accept in all humility.\nThe international community has come to realize that human rights are not an issue to be left solely to the national jurisdiction of individual states. These rights obviously need protection at a higher level within the framework of international law. If the principal aim of society is to protect individuals in the enjoyment of what Blackstone termed \"absolute rights,\" then it follows that the aim of human laws should serve to promote and guard these rights,\nAs the World Coordinator rightly pointed out, this morning's trial dramatically exposed the dilemma faced by the sovereign state. While advocating human rights and even proclaiming them as a \"common standard of achievement,\" as does the Preamble to the Universal Declaration of human Rights, it prosecutes blindly – as the spokesman for the French Government so vividly revealed – a stateless person who, to provide a legitimate framework for his own rights, was obliged to found his own government.\nI wholly support this action as a logical corollary of 'the U.N.'s proclamation of' the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.\nIf we accept the legitimacy of individual choice in political matters-which is, after all, the essence of democracy-then the legitimacy of a world government chosen by millions of ordinary citizens cannot be in doubt. What began as a declaration of intent on December 10, 1948 has been slowly evolving into a global compact, a set of rules that proscribe and prescribe the behavior of governments toward their citizens.\nThere exists today a codified body of international human rights laws that include conventions and covenants on genocide, civil and political, economic and social rights, refugees' and women's rights and racial discrimination. The inter-national community is currently working on instruments to prevent torture, to protect the rights of children and to assure the freedom of religion.\nWhile these instruments are not self-enforcing, they do provide means for holding governments accountable. They lead inevitably to this assembly today, We are the citizens concerned, We are the ultimate arbiters of human rights as they are innate and inalienable . Our action today in founding a new court to which the single world citizen can appeal falls within the historical evolution of law itself as an evolving institution.\nAfter all, the standards and norms enumerated and outlined in international human rights instruments have not been imposed on any of the nations that are party to then. They are, instead, obligations that governments, having assumed freely and voluntarily, cannot afford to abrogate or disregard under any pretext.\nThe World Court of Human Rights, while not operating under any written world constitution, nonetheless can embody a \"world bill of rights\" which defines guarantees relating to deprivation of life, inhumane treatment, slavery and forced labor, personal liberty, determination of rights, including procedural safeguards in criminal cases, freedom of conscience, expression, peaceable assembly and movement, freedom from discrimination and prohibition against compulsory acquisition of property without adequate compensation.\nIndeed the very enunciation and acceptance of these basic human rights implies due process to insure their implementation and punishment to their violators. Such was the premise of the Nuremberg Court. No written world constitution sanctioned the Nuremberg Principles. Yet they were effectively used by the Allies to charge, convict and condemn those accused of the international crimes of war planning, war-making and genocide.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "6270464#25",
"score": 0.6526461839675903,
"text": "Human Rights Watch established its Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Rights Program in 2004, with Long as director. Bruce Rabb, a member of HRW's governing board, remembered that when Long spoke to the board, \"The depth of Scott's knowledge and the passion he had for his work, combined with the dramatic effectiveness of his research and advocacy in Egypt, made it clear to all present that, while setting up an LGBT program would break significant new ground for Human Rights Watch, Scott's program would be core to Human Rights Watch's mission and definitely should be undertaken.\"",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "1262142#3",
"score": 0.6526387333869934,
"text": "The organization was founded in 1988. Its membership consists of Israeli Rabbis and rabbinical students. RHR has a nineteen-member Board of Directors. Rabbi Arik Ascherman served as co-director of Rabbis For Human Rights, becoming executive director in 1998. Ayala Levi took over as Executive Director in 2010.\nIn the past, the organization received funds from the EU, UK and Spain.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "748026#9",
"score": 0.6524146199226379,
"text": "From the Universal Declaration of Human Rights",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "22116815#4",
"score": 0.6521238684654236,
"text": "The United Nations developed this guide to address the significant changes occurring in the international development community with the adoption of human rights in development work. Since the UN published their standards and steps to a rights-based approach to development, many bilateral donor agencies, such as CIDA and DFID, and international NGOs such as CARE and Oxfam have taken similar steps.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "13331756#1",
"score": 0.6518663763999939,
"text": "Ponická signed the Charter 77 human rights manifesto in 1977. Charter 77 was inspired by Václav Havel, a Czech dissident and playwright who later became president of the Czech Republic after the breakup of Czechoslovakia.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "40856186#0",
"score": 0.6517419815063477,
"text": "\"Women's rights are human rights\" is a phrase used in the feminist movement. The phrase was first used in the 1980s and early 1990s. Its most prominent usage is as the name of a speech given by Hillary Rodham Clinton, the First Lady of the United States, on 5 September 1995, at the United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing. In this speech she sought to closely link the notion of women's rights with that of human rights. In the speech, Clinton used the phrase within the longer, bidirectional refrain, \"human rights are women's rights and women's rights are human rights.\"",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "6825593#4",
"score": 0.6516984701156616,
"text": "In late August 2013 Prime Minister Shirdon established the first dedicated national Ministry for Human Rights. The federal authorities concurrently declared 27 August as Somalia's National Human Rights Day. It also endorsed a Human Rights Roadmap, which defines government duties and sets specific benchmarks to be achieved over a two-year timeframe.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "32359029#3",
"score": 0.6515068411827087,
"text": "Kean's Holocaust Resource Center, established in 1982, and Liberty Hall, founded in the eighteenth century at the dawn of the American Revolution by William Livingston, predate the institute in the fight for human rights at Kean and the institute has stated an intent to build on the Kean tradition of promoting human rights.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "6137103#2",
"score": 0.6514691710472107,
"text": "Lebanon ambassador to the UN, Charles Malik took part in the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which Lebanon adopted in 1948.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "4415748#34",
"score": 0.6513224244117737,
"text": "Local intersex activists have identified human rights violations including significant gaps in protection of rights to physical integrity and bodily autonomy, and protection from discrimination. A first national meeting of intersex people look place in early 2016, with support from the UNDP.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
51
|
When was the first Spanish Grand Prix?
|
[
{
"id": "526356#1",
"score": 0.6969258785247803,
"text": "The first Spanish Grand Prix in 1913 was not actually run to the Grand Prix formula of the day, but to touring car rules, taking place on a 300-kilometre road circuit at Guadarrama, near Madrid, on the road to Valladolid."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "6945729#1",
"score": 0.6620264053344727,
"text": "The Grand Prix was held on different circuits in its history: on the Charade Circuit (Puy-de-Dôme) between 1959 and 1967, Le Mans circuit on numerous occasions since 1969, alternating with the Paul Ricard Circuit at Le Castellet, used it for the first time in 1973, the Circuit Paul Armagnac in Nogaro in 1978 and 1982 and the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours once in 1992.\nSince 2000 the race is held at Le Mans on the Bugatti Circuit.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "1145979#0",
"score": 0.6615552306175232,
"text": "The Dutch Grand Prix () was a Formula One automobile race held at Circuit Zandvoort, North Holland, Netherlands, from 1948 to 1985. It was a part of the World Championship from 1952, and designated the European Grand Prix twice, 1962 and 1976, when this title was an honorary designation given each year to one Grand Prix race in Europe.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "52249193#0",
"score": 0.6610212326049805,
"text": "The 2006 International GT Open season was the inaugural season of the International GT Open, the grand tourer-style sports car racing founded by the Spanish GT Sport Organización. It began on 1 April at Autodromo Nazionale Monza and finished on 12 November, at Barcelona after five double-header meetings with one single race round.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "24169388#0",
"score": 0.6605216860771179,
"text": "The 2010 European Grand Prix (formally the 2010 Formula 1 Telefónica Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One motor race held on 27 June at the Valencia Street Circuit in Valencia, Spain. It was the ninth round of the 2010 Formula One season. The 57-lap race was won by Red Bull driver Sebastian Vettel who started from pole position. Lewis Hamilton finished second for the McLaren team and his teammate Jenson Button came in third. It was Vettel's second win of the season, and the seventh of his Formula One career.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "6218679#3",
"score": 0.6598899364471436,
"text": "After fifteen years without any women in the category, another Italian, Lella Lombardi, competed in three seasons, from to . She entered seventeen races and started twelve having her best result in the 1975 Spanish Grand Prix where Lombardi finished in sixth. With the race being stopped before three quarters of the scheduled race distance was completed, only half points were awarded. Lella became the first and so far only woman to score points in the World Championship.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "1226327#1",
"score": 0.6595470905303955,
"text": "Mass was born in Dorfen, Bavaria. He participated in 114 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 14 July 1973 at the British Grand Prix. He won one GP race (1975 Spanish Grand Prix), secured no pole positions, achieved 8 podiums and scored a total of 71 championship points.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "49060772#0",
"score": 0.6583427786827087,
"text": "The 2016 F4 Spanish Championship was the inaugural season of the Spanish F4 Championship, a motor racing series regulated according to FIA Formula 4 regulations, taking place in Spain and Portugal. The championship featured drivers competing in 1.4 litre Tatuus-Abarth single seat race cars that conform to the technical regulations for the championship. The series was organised by Koiranen GP and RFEDA. It began on 11 June at the Circuito de Navarra and finished on 16 October at the Circuito del Jarama after 20 races held across seven rounds.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "14221735#0",
"score": 0.6580592393875122,
"text": "The Royal Automobile Club International Grand Prix was a motor race held on 2 October 1948, at Silverstone Airfield, Northamptonshire, UK. It is commonly cited as the first British Grand Prix of the modern era.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "16017286#0",
"score": 0.6577656269073486,
"text": "The Spanish GT Championship / Iber GT (\"Campeonato de España de GT / Iber GT\") was a Spanish auto racing series founded in 1999 and organised by the GT Sport Organización. The series runs multiple classes of grand tourer cars in events around Spain and Portugal. The series later formed the basis for the International GT Open, a European-wide series which follows a similar structure.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "26358772#0",
"score": 0.6571550369262695,
"text": "The 2010 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix, officially the Gran Premio bwin de España, was the second round of the 2010 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 30 April–2 May 2010 at the Circuito de Jerez located in Jerez de la Frontera, Spain. Jorge Lorenzo snatched a last-lap win in the MotoGP race to move top of the world championship standings.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "349775#1",
"score": 0.6569594144821167,
"text": "Because West Germany was prevented from taking part in international events in the immediate post-war period, the German Grand Prix only became part of the Formula One World Championship in 1951. It was designated the European Grand Prix four times between 1954 and 1974, when this title was an honorary designation given each year to one Grand Prix race in Europe. It has been organised by the Automobilclub von Deutschland (AvD) since 1926.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "52198645#2",
"score": 0.6565945148468018,
"text": "Alexander Rossi entered the race as the defending champion. The event also featured Fernando Alonso, the first active Formula One World Championship driver to contest the race since Teo Fabi in 1984. Alonso was voted Rookie of the Year, having led 27 laps before retiring in the closing stages of the race.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "25126128#0",
"score": 0.6563497185707092,
"text": "Speed Factory Racing is an auto racing team based in Spain.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "30928805#0",
"score": 0.6557844877243042,
"text": "The Spanish Rally Championship is the most important rally championship in Spain. It was established in 1956.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "37497077#6",
"score": 0.655730128288269,
"text": "Luis Pérez-Sala was the team principal for Spanish team HRT, taking on the role in December 2011. As a driver Pérez-Sala raced with Minardi for the 1988 and 1989 seasons, finishing fewer than half the races and scoring one point for a sixth-place finish at the 1989 British Grand Prix.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "43647024#3",
"score": 0.6549509763717651,
"text": "In motorsport, the first Japanese Grand Prix took place at the Suzuka Circuit.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "4522177#4",
"score": 0.6545698642730713,
"text": "Spain played their first \"officially recognised\" match in 1929, winning 9–0 over Italy in the Estadi Olímpic de Montjuïc. During the 1930s the Spanish rugby team played sporadically in the 1930s, playing against the national teams of Italy, Morocco, Germany, and Portugal. Due to the outbreak of World War II, rugby in much of Europe was suspended, and this included Spain. Rugby operations throughout Europe were continued in the 1950s; through this decade the Spanish struggled to the likes of West Germany, Italy and Romania. This pattern of consistency continued somewhat in the 1960s and 1970s; Spain traditionally struggled versus more established opponents such as Romania and Italy, but beat other neighboring sides such as Portugal and Morocco. However, while no official games were played between Spain and the Home Nations or the SANZAR, some Spanish sides traveled to play against various foreign sides.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "31524805#2",
"score": 0.6544907093048096,
"text": "Spanish tournaments:",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "511451#2",
"score": 0.6530619263648987,
"text": "Motor racing has always been extremely popular in Italy, the first Italian Grand Prix motor racing championship took place on 4 September 1921 at a 10.7-mile (17.3 km) circuit near Brescia, which had been the site of the Gordon Bennett races in the early 1900s. However, the race is more closely associated with the course at Monza, a racing facility just outside the northern city of Milan, which was built in 1922 in time for that year's race, and has been the location for most of the races over the years.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "772092#4",
"score": 0.6523774862289429,
"text": "By the mid-1920s, the Targa Florio had become one of Europe's most important races, as neither the 24 Hours of Le Mans nor the Mille Miglia had been established yet. Grand Prix races were still isolated events, not a series like today's F1.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
52
|
Who is the Mayor of San Francisco?
|
[
{
"id": "3381306#2",
"score": 0.6594472527503967,
"text": "The current mayor is former District 5 Supervisor and President of the Board of Supervisors London Breed, who won a special election following the death of Mayor Ed Lee on December 12, 2017. Breed will serve out the remainder of Lee's uncompleted term (until January 8, 2020), after which she is eligible to run for two full terms of her own.[3][4]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "107931#34",
"score": 0.626274049282074,
"text": "Dr. Yxstian Guiterrez is the current Mayor. Victoria Baca is the current Mayor Pro Tem. The current City Manager is Thomas M. DeSantis.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "9623#93",
"score": 0.6253902912139893,
"text": "Mayor: Lucy Vinis",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "44448448#1",
"score": 0.6252195835113525,
"text": "Julian Castro, who was first elected mayor in the 2009 mayoral election, was selected in 2014 to become the next United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. Upon that announcement, State Representative Mike Villarreal immediately announced he would run to succeed Castro in the 2015 election. Once Castro was confirmed by the U.S. Senate, the San Antonio City Council selected Ivy Taylor as interim mayor by a third-round unanimous vote becoming the city's first African-American mayor.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "4152637#3",
"score": 0.6248965263366699,
"text": "Appointed by the mayor",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "21663419#1",
"score": 0.624622642993927,
"text": "Municipal elections in California are officially non-partisan, though most candidates in San Francisco do receive funding and support from various political parties. This was the last Board of Supervisors election in San Francisco to use the two-round system of elections.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "115660#10",
"score": 0.6245054602622986,
"text": "Mayor - Jimmy Watson",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "107610#60",
"score": 0.6239970922470093,
"text": "The mayor, selected by the council, is its presiding officer and serves a one-year term. In the mayor's absence, the mayor pro tempore assumes his or her responsibilities. City Council elections were held on a Tuesday after the first Monday in April until the 2017 election. Effective with the 2020 California Primary election, the elections will be held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in March of even-numbered years. Council members are elected to a four-year term and at-large.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "17454#85",
"score": 0.6236587166786194,
"text": "The Mayor, City Council, and City Manager are listed below:",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "301798#27",
"score": 0.62349933385849,
"text": "In San Francisco, California",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "25197229#1",
"score": 0.6224954724311829,
"text": "The Mayor of Pittsburgh is elected every 4 years. The current mayor is Bill Peduto. Since the 1950s the Mayor's Chief of Staff has assumed a large role in advising, long term planning and as a \"gatekeeper\" to the mayor.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "1042826#28",
"score": 0.6219446659088135,
"text": "Mayor of Treetown",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "32125035#10",
"score": 0.6217638254165649,
"text": "In 1987, \"City and State\" magazine named Feinstein the nation's \"Most Effective Mayor.\" Feinstein served on the Trilateral Commission during the 1980s while mayor of San Francisco.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "420719#10",
"score": 0.6217026710510254,
"text": "Gonzalez faced a difficult run-off election; only 3 percent of voters in San Francisco were registered to the Green Party, the party to which he belonged. Although Gonzalez was endorsed by several key local Democrats, including five members of the Board of Supervisors, national Democratic figures, concerned about Ralph Nader's role in the 2000 presidential election, campaigned on Newsom's behalf. Bill Clinton, Al Gore, Jesse Jackson, Dianne Feinstein, and Nancy Pelosi all campaigned for Newsom. Gonzalez said about his candidacy, \"They're scared, not of a Green being elected mayor, but of an honest person being elected mayor.\" Newsom won the runoff race by a margin of 11,000 votes, capturing 53 percent of the vote to Gonzalez's 47 percent",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "34518607#0",
"score": 0.6216803193092346,
"text": "Robert Garcia (born December 2, 1977) is a Peruvian-American politician who is the current Mayor of Long Beach, California. He previously represented the First Council District, which includes large areas of downtown, parts of the Port of Long Beach, and some of the densest and most diverse urban areas in the nation.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "5455639#8",
"score": 0.6212875843048096,
"text": "Newsom was married to Tessa in 1966 and their son Gavin was born the next year; a daughter followed in 1968. Newsom was divorced shortly afterwards and Tessa died in 2002. In 2004 he administered the oath of office to Gavin upon his appointment as mayor of San Francisco.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "53016259#15",
"score": 0.6211328506469727,
"text": "At the San Francisco International Airport (SFO), around 1,000 protesters showed up in support of refugees. Initially, US Customs and Border Protection denied holding any travellers at the airport. Five travellers had been detained and each was released by Sunday afternoon. The protest blocked the International arrival area in front of the airport and closed the street. California Lieutenant Governor Gavin Newsom and Google co-founder Sergey Brin attended the SFO protest. Around 60 people had gathered by 6am Sunday morning to demonstrate at SFO. By noon the crowd had returned to its earlier size of around 1,000 protesters.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "58745029#1",
"score": 0.6209878325462341,
"text": "President of Campania Vincenzo De Luca has been mayor for 5 terms. The current Mayor is Vincenzo Napoli from Democratic Party, De Luca's former deputy, who took office on 14 June 2016.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "40491615#0",
"score": 0.6208856701850891,
"text": "The November 2013 San Francisco general elections were held on November 5, 2013, in San Francisco, California. The elections included one seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, assessor-recorder, city attorney, and treasurer; and four ballot measures.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "2574969#2",
"score": 0.6208294034004211,
"text": "The Mayor of North Sydney Council is Cr. Jilly Gibson, an independent politician. Gibson was first elected on 8 September 2012 and was re-elected for a second term on 9 September 2017 at the same time as her daughter, Dr Alanya Drummond, who was elected as a Councillor for Tunks Ward.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "15655781#16",
"score": 0.6205702424049377,
"text": "High-profile mayoral elections are listed below:",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
53
|
When does Menopause start?
|
[
{
"id": "49611#0",
"score": 0.7630899548530579,
"text": "Menopause, also known as the climacteric, is the time in most women's lives when menstrual periods stop permanently, and they are no longer able to bear children.[2][8] Menopause typically occurs between 49 and 52 years of age.[3] Medical professionals often define menopause as having occurred when a woman has not had any vaginal bleeding for a year.[4] It may also be defined by a decrease in hormone production by the ovaries.[9] In those who have had surgery to remove their uterus but still have ovaries, menopause may be viewed to have occurred at the time of the surgery or when their hormone levels fell.[9] Following the removal of the uterus, symptoms typically occur earlier, at an average of 45 years of age.[10]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "49611#2",
"score": 0.7041961550712585,
"text": "Menopause is usually a natural change.[5] It can occur earlier in those who smoke tobacco.[4][13] Other causes include surgery that removes both ovaries or some types of chemotherapy.[4] At the physiological level, menopause happens because of a decrease in the ovaries' production of the hormones estrogen and progesterone.[2] While typically not needed, a diagnosis of menopause can be confirmed by measuring hormone levels in the blood or urine.[14] Menopause is the opposite of menarche, the time when a girl's periods start.[15]",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "88003#1",
"score": 0.6804524064064026,
"text": "The first period usually begins between twelve and fifteen years of age, a point in time known as menarche.[5] They may occasionally start as early as eight, and this onset may still be normal.[6] The average age of the first period is generally later in the developing world and earlier in developed world. The typical length of time between the first day of one period and the first day of the next is 21 to 45 days in young women and 21 to 35 days in adults (an average of 28 days[6][7][8]). Menstruation stops occurring after menopause which usually occurs between 45 and 55 years of age.[9] Bleeding usually lasts around 2 to 7 days.[6]",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "49611#4",
"score": 0.6766578555107117,
"text": "During early menopause transition, the menstrual cycles remain regular but the interval between cycles begins to lengthen. Hormone levels begin to fluctuate. Ovulation may not occur with each cycle.[17]",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "4682065#2",
"score": 0.6721359491348267,
"text": "On average, the ovaries supply a woman with eggs until age 51, the average age of natural menopause.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "25260227#8",
"score": 0.6684632897377014,
"text": "During menopause, there are drastic changes in the production of gonadal hormones. Most of the reproductive hormones, including the estrogens, progesterone and testosterone, diminish initially (perimenopause), becoming irregular, often showing wide and unpredictable fluctuations. As menopause progresses, there is cessation of estrogen production by the ovaries. Rosciszewska was one of the first researchers to report an increased risk of seizures during perimenopause, but found a marked decreased risk of seizures during menopause if there was a catamenial relationship. This difference may be associated with the radical fluctuations of estradiol and progesterone during the perimenopausal period than what is experienced during the menopausal period and menstrual cycles of reproductive years. Recall that estrone is the predominant estrogen present during menopause (from subcutaneous fat), and little is known about the effect of estrone specifically on epilepsy. Women with epilepsy who do not follow a catamenial pattern may have an unpredictable increase or decrease in seizure activity in perimenopause and menopause, but women with catamenial epilepsy typically follow a more predictable pattern.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "6746761#10",
"score": 0.668438196182251,
"text": "A secular trend has been observed in the age of onset of puberty (menarche/first menstruation and beginning of breast development) of girls around the world beginning roughly 4 months earlier each decade. This is largely believed to be caused by nutritional changes in children over time.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "49611#65",
"score": 0.6641845107078552,
"text": "It seems that Japanese women experience menopause effects, or konenki, in a different way from American women.[93] Japanese women report lower rates of hot flashes and night sweats; this can be attributed to a variety of factors, both biological and social. Historically, konenki was associated with wealthy middle-class housewives in Japan, i.e., it was a \"luxury disease\" that women from traditional, inter-generational rural households did not report. Menopause in Japan was viewed as a symptom of the inevitable process of aging, rather than a \"revolutionary transition\", or a \"deficiency disease\" in need of management.[93]",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "83859#8",
"score": 0.6587584018707275,
"text": "The major landmark of puberty for males is spermarche, the first ejaculation, which occurs, on average, at age 13. For females, it is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs, on average, between ages 12 and 13. The age of menarche is influenced by heredity, but a girl's diet and lifestyle contribute as well. Regardless of genes, a girl must have a certain proportion of body fat to attain menarche. Consequently, girls who have a high-fat diet and who are not physically active begin menstruating earlier, on average, than girls whose diet contains less fat and whose activities involve fat reducing exercise (e.g. ballet and gymnastics). Girls who experience malnutrition or are in societies in which children are expected to perform physical labor also begin menstruating at later ages.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "38203#0",
"score": 0.6565709710121155,
"text": "Menstruation, also known as a period or monthly,[1] is the regular discharge of blood and mucosal tissue (known as menses) from the inner lining of the uterus through the vagina.[2] The first period usually begins between twelve and fifteen years of age, a point in time known as menarche.[1] However, periods may occasionally start as young as eight years old and still be considered normal.[2] The average age of the first period is generally later in the developing world, and earlier in the developed world.[3] The typical length of time between the first day of one period and the first day of the next is 21 to 45 days in young women, and 21 to 31 days in adults (an average of 28 days).[2][3] Bleeding usually lasts around 2 to 7 days.[2] Menstruation stops occurring after menopause, which usually occurs between 45 and 55 years of age.[4] Periods also stop during pregnancy and typically do not resume during the initial months of breastfeeding.[2]",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "25211041#1",
"score": 0.655722439289093,
"text": "On average, girls begin puberty around ages 10–11 and end puberty around 15–17; boys begin around ages 11–12 and end around 16–17. The major landmark of puberty for females is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs on average between ages 12 and 13; for males, it is the first ejaculation, which occurs on average at age 13. In the 21st century, the average age at which children, especially girls, reach puberty is lower compared to the 19th century, when it was 15 for girls and 16 for boys. This can be due to any number of factors, including improved nutrition resulting in rapid body growth, increased weight and fat deposition, or exposure to endocrine disruptors such as xenoestrogens, which can at times be due to food consumption or other environmental factors. Puberty which starts earlier than usual is known as precocious puberty, and puberty which starts later than usual is known as delayed puberty.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "95250#10",
"score": 0.6556286215782166,
"text": "On average, girls begin puberty around ages 10–11 and end puberty around 15–17; boys begin around ages 11–12 and end around 16–17. The major landmark of puberty for females is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs on average between ages 12 and 13; for males, it is the first ejaculation, which occurs on average at age 13. In the 21st century, the average age at which children, especially girls, reach puberty is lower compared to the 19th century, when it was 15 for girls and 16 for boys. This can be due to any number of factors, including improved nutrition resulting in rapid body growth, increased weight and fat deposition, or exposure to endocrine disruptors such as xenoestrogens, which can at times be due to food consumption or other environmental factors. Puberty which starts earlier than usual is known as precocious puberty, and puberty which starts later than usual is known as delayed puberty.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "3337726#15",
"score": 0.650403618812561,
"text": "Menopause, the natural or surgical cessation of the menstrual cycle, is due to an overall decrease in ovarian production of the hormones estradiol and progesterone. These hormonal changes are also associated with an increase in WHR independent of increases in body mass.[28] Significantly, studies find that large premenopausal WHRs are associated with lower estradiol levels and variation in age of menopause onset.[29] Circulating estrogen preferentially stores lipid deposits in the gluteofemoral region, including the buttocks and thighs, and evidence suggests that menopause-associated estrogen deficiency results in an accumulation of adipose deposits around the abdomen.[30] These menopause-induced changes in body fat distribution can be counteracted with hormone replacement therapy.[31] In contrast, aging males gradually accumulate abdominal fat, and hence increased WHR, in parallel with declining androgen levels.[17]",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "691224#12",
"score": 0.6470674872398376,
"text": "Women who experience troublesome hot flashes are advised by some to try alternatives to hormonal therapies as the first line of treatment. If a woman chooses hormones, they suggest she take the lowest dose that alleviates her symptoms for as short a time as possible. The US Endocrine Society concluded that women taking hormone replacement therapy for 5 years or more experienced overall benefits in their symptoms including relief of hot flashes and symptoms of urogenital atrophy and prevention of fractures and diabetes.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "21919496#0",
"score": 0.6449728012084961,
"text": "Menopause is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of gynecology dealing with topics related to menopause. It was established in 1994 and is published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. The editor-in-chief is Isaac Schiff (Harvard Medical School). It is an official journal of the North American Menopause Society. According to the \"Journal Citation Reports\", the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 3.361.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "49611#25",
"score": 0.644461452960968,
"text": "Removal of the uterus without removal of the ovaries does not directly cause menopause, although pelvic surgery of this type can often precipitate a somewhat earlier menopause, perhaps because of a compromised blood supply to the ovaries.. The time between surgery and possible early menopause is due to the fact that ovaries are still producing hormones.[30]",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "32583935#2",
"score": 0.6423519253730774,
"text": "In 1994 NAMS launched \"Menopause\", a peer-reviewed scientific journal meant to provide a forum for clinical research, applied basic science, and practice guidelines on all aspects of menopause.The scope of \"Menopause\" encompasses many varied biomedical areas, including internal medicine, family practice, obstetrics, gynecology, medical subspecialties such as cardiology and geriatrics, epidemiology, pathology, sociology, psychology, anthropology, and pharmacology. Additional professional educational material provided by NAMS includes the textbook \"Menopause Practice: A Clinician's Guide\"; position statements on hormone therapy, management of menopausal symptoms, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, and other topics; an annual scientific conference; and the e-mail newsletters \"First to Know,\" \"Menopause Care Updates\", and \"Menopause e-Consult\".",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "49611#6",
"score": 0.642120897769928,
"text": "During the transition to menopause, menstrual patterns can show shorter cycling (by 2–7 days);[17] longer cycles remain possible.[17] There may be irregular bleeding (lighter, heavier, spotting).[17] Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is often experienced by women approaching menopause due to the hormonal changes that accompany the menopause transition. Spotting or bleeding may simply be related to vaginal atrophy, a benign sore (polyp or lesion), or may be a functional endometrial response. The European Menopause and Andropause Society has released guidelines for assessment of the endometrium, which is usually the main source of spotting or bleeding.[18]",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "40624233#8",
"score": 0.6360923051834106,
"text": "Hormone therapy also known as estrogen therapy is the most common treatment for menopausal symptoms.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "17763238#15",
"score": 0.6360145211219788,
"text": "On \"Loose Women\" on 21 September 2016, Andrea told viewers she would be undergoing a hysterectomy on 22 September 2016 and that she would be away from the show for a number of weeks whilst she recovers. This sent her into the menopause causing her to experience symptoms on air during Loose Women.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "53447849#14",
"score": 0.6352219581604004,
"text": "\"When Women Go Through Menopause, Where Do Men Go?\" 1996 56 min.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
54
|
When did Alfred die?
|
[
{
"id": "1640#95",
"score": 0.7512261271476746,
"text": "Alfred died on 26 October 899 at the age of 50 or 51.[134] How he died is unknown, although he suffered throughout his life with a painful and unpleasant illness. His biographer Asser gave a detailed description of Alfred's symptoms and this has allowed modern doctors to provide a possible diagnosis. It is thought that he had either Crohn's disease or haemorrhoidal disease.[8][135] His grandson King Eadred seems to have suffered from a similar illness.[136][lower-alpha 8]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "26354637#27",
"score": 0.7051661610603333,
"text": "King Alfred the Great, legendary Anglo-Saxon king",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "12569994#1",
"score": 0.6845827102661133,
"text": "When the Vikings invade England, Alfred (David Hemmings) is about to take his priesthood vows. However, his brother, King Æthelred of Wessex (Alan Dobie), summons him to his aid and Alfred leaves for battle, where he appears to be a great tactician. Æthelred dies shortly after Alfred marries the Mercian princess Aelhswith (Prunella Ransome). Torn between following intellect or passion, Alfred at first refuses to succeed Æthelred and consummate his marriage, but is forced to accept kingship after the Danes attack again.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "40243#0",
"score": 0.683754026889801,
"text": "Edward the Confessor ( ; ; 1003 – 5 January 1066), also known as Saint Edward the Confessor, was among the last Anglo-Saxon kings of England. Usually considered the last king of the House of Wessex, he ruled from 1042 to 1066.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "1377468#4",
"score": 0.6739055514335632,
"text": "To the flourishing state of learning thus introduced into England, and for a short time maintained, King Alfred appears to allude in the preface to his translation of Pope Gregory I's \"Liber Pastoralis Curae\", in the latter part of the ninth century, where he says that it often came into his mind what wise men there were in the country, both laymen and ecclesiastics, in a former age; how the clergy in those happy times were diligent both to teach and to study, and how foreigners then came hither to acquire learning and wisdom; whereas now, in his own day, if any Englishman desired to make himself a scholar, he was obliged to go abroad for instruction. Adrian, long surviving his friend the archbishop, is said to have lived for 39 years after he came to England, continuing till his death to preside over the monastery at Canterbury. (Bede, \"Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum\" iv. 1, 2.; and Vita Abbatum Wiramuth., in Smith's Beda, p. 293.; W. Malmes. De Pontif. p. 340.) He died on 9 January, which is now his feast day. He is buried in the church of the monastery.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "1640#2",
"score": 0.6671646237373352,
"text": "Alfred was born in the royal estate of Wantage, historically in Berkshire but now in Oxfordshire, between 847 and 849.[2][lower-alpha 4] He was the youngest of five sons of King Æthelwulf of Wessex by his first wife, Osburh.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "569484#25",
"score": 0.6638140082359314,
"text": "In \"\", an elderly Alfred still acts as Bruce's butler, mourning Bruce's diminished social contacts while continuing to loyally serve his master even after Bruce becomes Batman once again after a ten-year retirement. At the story's conclusion, having set Wayne Manor to self-destruct to protect Bruce Wayne's full secrets after his faked death during his fight with Superman, Alfred dies of a stroke, his last thoughts being to consider how utterly proper it is that he should die as Wayne Manor ceases to exist.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "14563195#3",
"score": 0.6628986597061157,
"text": "Alfred Hobday died in 1942. Ethel Hobday died 10 July 1947.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "1430477#1",
"score": 0.6625776886940002,
"text": "Early West Saxon was the language employed by King Alfred (849–899), used in the many literary translations produced under Alfred's patronage (and some by Alfred himself). It is often referred to as Alfredian Old English, or Alfredian. The language of these texts nonetheless sometimes reflects the influence of other dialects besides that of Wessex.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "1640#30",
"score": 0.6585431694984436,
"text": "Guthrum's passing changed the political landscape for Alfred. The resulting power vacuum stirred up other power-hungry warlords eager to take his place in the following years. The quiet years of Alfred's life were coming to a close and war was on the horizon.[43]",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "674828#6",
"score": 0.6571235656738281,
"text": "On 28 September 1913, Alfred East died at his London residence in Belsize Park. His body was taken back to Kettering and lay in state in the Art Gallery, where it was surrounded by the pictures he had presented to the town, and attracted crowds of several thousands.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "144570#15",
"score": 0.6568140983581543,
"text": "The Kingdom of England was formed in the mid 9th Century; for example, Alfred the Great issued laws as \"King of the West Saxons\", and what is now recognised as England came about in 927 AD when the last of the Heptarchy kingdoms fell under the rule of the \"King of the English\", Athelstan. On 14 October 1066, King Harold II of England was killed while leading his men in the Battle of Hastings against Duke William of Normandy. The event completely changed the course of English history. Until 1066, England was ruled by monarchs that were elected by the \"witan\", (meaning \"wise\"). There were various elements of democracy at a local level too, known as folkmoot.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "21201#7",
"score": 0.6559857726097107,
"text": "In 1888, Nobel was astonished to read his own obituary, titled \"The merchant of death is dead\", in a French newspaper. As it was Alfred's brother Ludvig who had died, the obituary was eight years premature. The article disconcerted Nobel and made him apprehensive about how he would be remembered. This inspired him to change his will. On 10 December 1896, Alfred Nobel died in his villa in San Remo, Italy, from a cerebral haemorrhage. He was 63 years old.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "13050629#2",
"score": 0.6556049585342407,
"text": "Æthelstan died on 10 February 1056. His death may have been from old age, or it may have been as a consequence of the burning of his cathedral by the Welsh shortly before. After his death, he was considered for sainthood.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "3268435#11",
"score": 0.654757559299469,
"text": "In later life, Alfred did not enjoy good health and he died after a short illness on 31 January 1918, aged 75. He was interred in the Willesden Jewish Cemetery in the North London suburb of Willesden.Regarding personal names: Freiherr is a title, translated as Baron, not a first or middle name. The female forms are Freifrau and Freiin.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "14938516#4",
"score": 0.6545037031173706,
"text": "Bachelors, the Chalon brothers lived together. In 1860, Alfred died at Campden Hill, in Kensington, London.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "22463188#21",
"score": 0.6536843776702881,
"text": "Jessie died in 1933 following many years of heart trouble. In January 1935, Alfred (then 78 years old) scandalised his family by marrying his third wife, May Evelyn Nott (née Wright). May was in her late fifties and was the widow of Frederick Lancelot Nott, a Queensland parliamentarian. However, many believed that, after Jessie's death, Alfred had become very lonely living on his own in his large house at River Terrace, as his children had by then all married and established their own homes. The marriage was short-lived however, as Alfred died that same year on 14 October 1935. He was buried in Toowong Cemetery with his second wife Jessie and their three young children: Ruby, Elsie and Wilfred.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "1722208#2",
"score": 0.6524890661239624,
"text": "Alfred Harvey retired in 1982, and his company was sold to HMH Communications in 1989 and renamed Harvey Comics Entertainment. He died at age 80 in July 1994 at a New Rochelle Hospital, and is buried in Mount Hope Cemetery in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "1640#80",
"score": 0.6513730883598328,
"text": "The last of the Alfredian works is one which bears the name Blostman ('Blooms') or Anthology. The first half is based mainly on the Soliloquies of St Augustine of Hippo, the remainder is drawn from various sources. The material has traditionally been thought to contain much that is Alfred's own and highly characteristic of him. The last words of it may be quoted; they form a fitting epitaph for the noblest of English kings. \"Therefore, he seems to me a very foolish man, and truly wretched, who will not increase his understanding while he is in the world, and ever wish and long to reach that endless life where all shall be made clear.\"[114] Alfred appears as a character in the twelfth- or thirteenth-century poem The Owl and the Nightingale where his wisdom and skill with proverbs is praised. The Proverbs of Alfred, a thirteenth-century work, contains sayings that are not likely to have originated with Alfred but attest to his posthumous medieval reputation for wisdom.[121]",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "12398741#1",
"score": 0.6474213600158691,
"text": "Werferth was consecrated either in 872 or between 869 and 872. A contemporary and friend of Alfred the Great, he was a significant translator, from Latin into Old English. His translations include the \"Dialogues of Gregory\", commissioned by Alfred. He died either in 915 or between 907 and 915.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "48585#10",
"score": 0.6469039916992188,
"text": "Æthelbald died in 860 and the \"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle\" gives him a reign of five years, dating the start to 855 when Æthelwulf left for Rome. Both Asser and the \"Annals of St Neots\" give Æthelbald a rule of two and a half years, and the \"Annals\" adds that he also ruled for two and a half years jointly with his father. Most modern historians date his reign as 855 to 860, but some as 858 to 860. Only the year of his death is known, but as his father died in January 858 and he ruled for two and a half years thereafter, he probably died in about July 860. He was buried at Sherborne in Dorset and he is not known to have had any children.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
55
|
What language do Chechens speak?
|
[
{
"id": "185118#0",
"score": 0.8401511907577515,
"text": "Chechen (нохчийн мотт , [ˈnɔx.t͡ʃiːn mu͜ɔt]) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by more than 1.4 million people, mostly in the Chechen Republic and by members of the Chechen diaspora throughout Russia, Jordan, Central Asia (mainly Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan), and Georgia."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "622772#11",
"score": 0.7793946862220764,
"text": "Most Chechens living in their homeland can understand Ingush with ease. The two languages are not truly mutually intelligible, but it is easy for Chechens to learn how to understand the Ingush language and vice-versa over time after hearing it for a while.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "155411#0",
"score": 0.7584308981895447,
"text": "Chechen may refer to:",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "185118#20",
"score": 0.750532329082489,
"text": "Chechen is an ergative, dependent-marking language using eight cases (absolutive, genitive, dative, ergative, allative, instrumental, locative and comparative) and a large number of postpositions to indicate the role of nouns in sentences.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "622772#0",
"score": 0.7465541362762451,
"text": "Chechens (/ˈtʃɛtʃən/; Chechen: Нохчий Noxçiy; Old Chechen: Нахчой Naxçoy) are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group of the Nakh peoples originating in the North Caucasus region of Eastern Europe. They refer to themselves as Vainakhs (which means our people in Chechen) or Nokhchiy (pronounced [no̞xtʃʼiː]; singular Nokhchi, Nakhchuo or Nakhtche).[21] Chechen and Ingush peoples are collectively known as the Vainakh. The majority of Chechens today live in the Chechen Republic, a subdivision of the Russian Federation.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "185118#43",
"score": 0.7280877828598022,
"text": "Before the Russian conquest, most writing in Chechnya consisted of Islamic texts and clan histories, written usually in Arabic but sometimes also in Chechen using Arabic script. Those texts were largely destroyed by Soviet authorities in 1944. The Chechen literary language was created after the October Revolution, and the Latin script began to be used instead of Arabic for Chechen writing in the mid-1920s. In 1938, the Cyrillic script was adopted, in order to tie the nation closer to Russia. With the declaration of the Chechen republic in 1992, some Chechen speakers returned to the Latin alphabet.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "31954352#3",
"score": 0.7223774194717407,
"text": "As of 2010, one rural locality in the Chechen Republic bears this name:",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "32000560#4",
"score": 0.7216551303863525,
"text": "As of 2010, one rural locality in the Chechen Republic bears this name:",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "185118#4",
"score": 0.7206851243972778,
"text": "According to the Russian Census of 2010, 1,350,000 people reported being able to speak Chechen.[1]",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "16264661#3",
"score": 0.7110990285873413,
"text": "In Chechen, it is marked with the suffix \"-l\". For example, \"sha\" is 'ice', \"shiila\" is 'cold', and \"shal shiila\" is 'cold as ice'.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "7599382#0",
"score": 0.6993483901023865,
"text": "The Vainakh peoples (Russian: , apparently derived from Chechen , Ingush \"our people\"; also Chechen-Ingush) are the speakers of the Vainakh languages, chiefly the Chechen, Ingush and Kist peoples of the North Caucasus, including closely related minor or historical groups",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "57640314#2",
"score": 0.6939245462417603,
"text": "Today, the Chechen population in Turkish Kurdistan is scattered among the Kurdish population and has been assimilated into it. A local Chechen from Bağiçi village stated in 2010 that Chechens and Kurds live in harmony and that the later show Chechens love and respect.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "39167904#0",
"score": 0.691746711730957,
"text": "This is a partial list of notable Chechen people.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "2004119#1",
"score": 0.6827923655509949,
"text": "Their traditional language is the Kerek language, but it is no longer spoken. Kerek descendants speak Chukchi and Russian. The Kerek language, which belongs to the Chukchi–Kamchatka family (it is included in Paleoasiatic languages), is close to the Koryak language and is often considered a dialect of the latter.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "622772#26",
"score": 0.6825767159461975,
"text": "Chechnya is predominantly Muslim.[59] Chechens are overwhelmingly adherents to the Shafi'i Madhhab of Sunni Islam,[60] the republic having converted to Islam between the 16th and the 19th centuries. Most of the population follows either the Shafi'i or the Hanafi,[61] schools of jurisprudence, fiqh. The Shafi'i school of jurisprudence has a long tradition among the Chechens,[62] and thus it remains the most practiced.[63] Some adhere to the mystical Sufi tradition of muridism, while about half of Chechens belong to Sufi brotherhoods, or tariqah. The two Sufi tariqas that spread in the North Caucasus were the Naqshbandiya and the Qadiriya (the Naqshbandiya is particularly strong in Dagestan and eastern Chechnya, whereas the Qadiriya has most of its adherents in the rest of Chechnya and Ingushetia). There are also small Christian and atheist minorities, although their numbers are unknown in Chechnya; in Kazakhstan, they are roughly 3% and 2% of the Chechen population respectively.[64]",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "1374866#0",
"score": 0.6820675730705261,
"text": "The Karachay-Balkar language (, or , ) is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia, European Russia, as well as by an immigrant population in Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey. It is divided into two dialects: Karachay-Baksan-Chegem, which pronounces two phonemes as and , and Balkar, which pronounces the corresponding phonemes as and . The modern Karachay-Balkar written language is based on the Karachay-Baksan-Chegem dialect. The language is closely related to Kumyk.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "33462688#48",
"score": 0.6770448684692383,
"text": "Chechens in Turkey are Turkish citizens of Chechen descent and Chechen refugees living in Turkey. Chechens and Ingush live in the provinces of Istanbul, Kahramanmaraş, Mardin, Sivas, and Muş.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "622772#14",
"score": 0.67586749792099,
"text": "The Nakh languages are a subgroup of Northeast Caucasian, and as such are related to Nakho-Dagestanian family, including the languages of the Avars, Dargins, Lezghins, Laks, etc. However, this relationship is not a close one: the Nakho-Dagestani family is of comparable or greater time-depth than Indo-European, meaning Chechens are only as linguistically related to Avars or Dargins as the French are to the Russians or Iranians.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "19930859#2",
"score": 0.6582854986190796,
"text": "The state language of Tajikistan is the Tajik Persian language. The Russian language is a language for inter-ethnic communication. All national and ethnic groups residing on the territory of the republic may freely use their native language.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "18118187#1",
"score": 0.6574214696884155,
"text": "The languages are:",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "4764826#1",
"score": 0.6574214696884155,
"text": "The languages are:",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
56
|
When were the Gallic Wars?
|
[
{
"id": "143229#0",
"score": 0.7652960419654846,
"text": "The Gallic Wars were a series of military campaigns waged by the Roman proconsul Julius Caesar against several Gallic tribes. Rome's war against the Gallic tribes lasted from 58 BC to 50 BC and culminated in the decisive Battle of Alesia in 52 BC, in which a complete Roman victory resulted in the expansion of the Roman Republic over the whole of Gaul (mainly present-day France and Belgium). While militarily just as strong as the Romans, the internal division between the Gallic tribes helped ease victory for Caesar, and Vercingetorix's attempt to unite the Gauls against Roman invasion came too late.[6][7] The wars paved the way for Julius Caesar to become the sole ruler of the Roman Republic."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "18133#13",
"score": 0.7071187496185303,
"text": "After about 275, Roman expansion into the La Tène areal began, at first with the conquest of Gallia Cisalpina.\nThe conquest of Celtic Gaul began in 121 BCE and was complete with the Gallic Wars of the 50s BCE.\nGaulish culture now quickly assimilated to Roman culture, giving rise to the hybrid Gallo-Roman culture of Late Antiquity.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "22235155#1",
"score": 0.6907594799995422,
"text": "The Gauls emerged around the 5th century BC as the bearers of the La Tène culture north of the Alps (spread across the lands between the Seine, Middle Rhine and upper Elbe). By the 4th century BC, they spread over much of what is now France, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Southern Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic and Slovakia by virtue of controlling the trade routes along the river systems of the Rhône, Seine, Rhine, and Danube, and they quickly expanded into Northern Italy, the Balkans, Transylvania and Galatia. Gaul was never united under a single ruler or government, but the Gallic tribes were \ncapable of uniting their forces in large-scale military operations. They reached the peak of their power in the early 3rd century BC.\nThe rising Roman Republic after the end of the First Punic War increasingly put pressure on the Gallic sphere of influence; the Battle of Telamon of 225 BC heralded a gradual decline of Gallic power over the 2nd century, until the eventual conquest of Gaul in the Gallic Wars of the 50s BC. \nAfter this, Gaul became a province of the Roman Empire, and the Gauls were ethnically and culturally largely assimilated into Latin (Roman settlers) majority, losing their tribal identities by the end of the 1st century AD.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "11427#0",
"score": 0.6862121820449829,
"text": "The First Punic War (264 to 241 BC) was the first of three wars fought between Ancient Carthage and the Roman Republic, the two great powers of the Western Mediterranean. For 23 years, in the longest continuous conflict and greatest naval war of antiquity, the two powers struggled for supremacy, primarily on the Mediterranean island of Sicily and its surrounding waters, and also in North Africa.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "99185#2",
"score": 0.6839349865913391,
"text": "Châlons is conjectured to be the site of several battles including the Battle of Châlons fought in 274 between Roman Emperor Aurelian and Emperor Tetricus I of the Gallic Empire. The Catalaunian Fields was the site of the battle of Châlons in 451 which turned back the westward advance of Attila.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "22235155#15",
"score": 0.6829554438591003,
"text": "In 58 BC Julius Caesar launched the Gallic Wars and had conquered the whole of Gaul by 51 BC. He noted that the Gauls (Celtae) were one of the three primary peoples in the area, along with the Aquitanians and the Belgae. Caesar's motivation for the invasion seems to have been his need for gold to pay off his debts and for a successful military expedition to boost his political career. The people of Gaul could provide him with both. So much gold was looted from Gaul that after the war the price of gold fell by as much as 20%. While they were militarily just as brave as the Romans, the internal division between the Gallic tribes guaranteed an easy victory for Caesar, and Vercingetorix's attempt to unite the Gauls against Roman invasion came too late. After the annexation of Gaul a mixed Gallo-Roman culture began to emerge.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "15924#89",
"score": 0.6814365983009338,
"text": "These narratives were written and published annually during or just after the actual campaigns, as a sort of \"dispatches from the front.\" They were important in shaping Caesar's public image and enhancing his reputation when he was away from Rome for long periods. They may have been presented as public readings.[152] As a model of clear and direct Latin style, The Gallic Wars traditionally has been studied by first- or second-year Latin students.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "143229#1",
"score": 0.6774196028709412,
"text": "Although Caesar portrayed this invasion as being a preemptive and defensive action, most historians agree that the wars were fought primarily to boost Caesar's political career and to pay off his massive debts. Still, Gaul was of significant military importance to the Romans, as they had been attacked several times by native tribes both indigenous to Gaul and farther to the north. Conquering Gaul allowed Rome to secure the natural border of the river Rhine. The Gallic Wars are described by Julius Caesar in his book Commentarii de Bello Gallico, which remains the most important historical source regarding the conflict.[8]",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "5082850#2",
"score": 0.6766034960746765,
"text": "Romans, Carthaginians and many other cultures frequently employed Gaul tribesmen as guides and translators. The Gauls frequently raided Roman territory, most spectacularly in 390/387 BC (390 BC being the traditional and 387 BC a probable year), seizing Rome itself after the Battle of the Allia and accepting a sizeable ransom for the release of the city. Gaul itself had strategic importance both because of its geographic position as well as a source of revenue, mercenaries and slaves.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "35611388#0",
"score": 0.6731431484222412,
"text": "This is a list of the Germanic Wars between various Germanic tribes, the Romans and their descendants between 113 BC and 600 AD. The nature of these wars varied through time between Roman and Byzantine conquest, Germanic uprisings and later Germanic invasions in the Roman Empire that started in the late 2nd century. The series of conflicts which began in the 5th century, under the Western Roman Emperor Honorius, led (along with internal strife) to the ultimate downfall of the Western Roman Empire.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "10724#3",
"score": 0.6726440191268921,
"text": "The Gallo-Roman conflict predominated from 60 BC to 50 BC, with the Romans emerging victorious in the conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar. After the decline of the Roman Empire, a Germanic tribe known as the Franks took control of Gaul by defeating competing tribes. The \"land of Francia,\" from which France gets its name, had high points of expansion under kings Clovis I and Charlemagne. In the Middle Ages, rivalries with England and the Holy Roman Empire prompted major conflicts such as the Norman Conquest and the Hundred Years' War. With an increasingly centralized monarchy, the first standing army since Roman times, and the use of artillery, France expelled the English from its territory and came out of the Middle Ages as the most powerful nation in Europe, only to lose that status to Spain following defeat in the Italian Wars. The Wars of Religion crippled France in the late 16th century, but a major victory over Spain in the Thirty Years' War made France the most powerful nation on the continent once more. In parallel, France developed its first colonial empire in Asia, Africa, and in the Americas. Under Louis XIV, France achieved military supremacy over its rivals, but escalating conflicts against increasingly powerful enemy coalitions checked French ambitions and left the kingdom bankrupt at the opening of the 18th century.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "7199620#0",
"score": 0.6698287129402161,
"text": "The Sicilian Wars, or Greco-Punic Wars, were a series of conflicts fought between Ancient Carthage and the Greek city-states led by Syracuse, Sicily, over control of Sicily and the western Mediterranean between 580–265 BC.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "8339943#3",
"score": 0.6690526604652405,
"text": "Belgae and Celts, known as Gauls, invaded Normandy in successive waves from the 4th to the 3rd centuries BC. Much of our knowledge about this group comes from Julius Caesar’s \"de Bello Gallico\". Caesar identified several different groups among the Belgae who occupied separate regions and lived in enclosed agrarian towns. In 57 BC, the Gauls united under Vercingetorix in an attempt to resist the onslaught of Caesar’s army. Even after their defeat at Alesia, the people of Normandy continued to fight until 51 BC, the year Caesar completed his conquest of Gaul.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "143229#36",
"score": 0.667586624622345,
"text": "The Gallic Wars have become a popular setting in modern historical fiction, especially that of France and Italy. Claude Cueni wrote a semi-historical novel, The Caesar's Druid, about a fictional Celtic druid, servant of Caesar and recorder of Caesar's campaigns. Morgan Llewelyn also wrote a book, Druids, about a Celtic druid who assisted Vercingetorix in his campaign against Julius Caesar. Similarly, Norman Spinrad's The Druid King follows the campaigns from Vercingetorix's perspective.[38] In addition, the comic Astérix is set shortly after the Gallic Wars, where the titular character's village is the last holdout in Gaul against Caesar's legions.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "596593#9",
"score": 0.6657882928848267,
"text": "Gaul was conquered for the Romans by Julius Caesar between 58 and 53 BC. His description, De Bello Gallico, is our principal written source of knowledge of pre-Roman Gaul, but there is no specific mention of this area.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "307781#5",
"score": 0.6631166934967041,
"text": "The first confrontations between a Roman army and the peoples of Germania Inferior occurred during Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars. Caesar invaded the region in 57 BC and in the next three years annihilated several tribes, including the Eburones and the Menapii, whom Caesar called \"Germanic\" but who probably were Celtic or at least mixed Celtic-Germanic. Germanic influence (mainly through the Tungri) increased during Roman times, leading to the assimilation of all Celtic peoples in the area.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "3053977#4",
"score": 0.6629519462585449,
"text": "The first known military conflict between Gallaeci and Romans is mentioned in Appian of Alexandria's book \"Iberiké\", narrating events during the Lusitanian War (155-139 BC). In 139 BC, after being cheated by the Lusitanian chief (Viriatus), Quintus Servilius Caepio's army devastated few Gallaecian and Vettonian regions. The attack on these Southern Gallaecian peoples, near the border with Vettones, was punishment for Gallaecian support to Lusitanians. Orosius later mentioned that Brutus surrounded the Gallaeci, who were unaware, and crushed sixty thousand of them who had come to the assistance of the Lusitani. The Romans were victorious only after a desperate and difficult battle and fifty thousand of them were slain in that battle, six thousand were captured, and only some escaped. The legates Antistius and Firmius fought appalling battles and subdued the further parts of Gallaecia, forested and mountainous and bordering the Atlantic.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "2647722#14",
"score": 0.6612976789474487,
"text": "A year after his arrival, Augustus had to retire to Tarragona, presumably because of sickness. The conflict, however, lasted more than ten years (it serves as a reference that the Roman Empire conquered all of Gallia in less than seven years). It was one of only two campaigns directed personally by Augustus against barbarians, the other being the one against the Illyrians from 35 to 33 BC.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "521555#14",
"score": 0.6589719653129578,
"text": "In the 4th century BC, Rome had come under attack by the Gauls, who now extended their power in the Italian peninsula beyond the Po Valley and through Etruria. On 16 July 390 BC, a Gallic army under the leadership of a tribal chieftain named Brennus, met the Romans on the banks of the Allia River just ten miles north of Rome. Brennus defeated the Romans, and the Gauls marched directly to Rome. Most Romans had fled the city, but some barricaded themselves upon the Capitoline Hill for a last stand. The Gauls looted and burned the city, then laid siege to the Capitoline Hill. The siege lasted seven months, and the Gauls then agreed to give the Romans peace in exchange for of gold. (According to later legend, the Roman supervising the weighing noticed that the Gauls were using false scales. The Romans then took up arms and defeated the Gauls; their victorious general Camillus remarked \"With iron, not with gold, Rome buys her freedom.\")",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "21984248#22",
"score": 0.6556791067123413,
"text": "Roman Gaul (from 52 BC to the end of the 5th century AD): as a result of the conquest of the Gaul by Julius Caesar, Gaul is integrated into the \" Roman Empire. Urbanization is advancing with the arrival of cities and the construction of public buildings; A road network is formed throughout Gaul.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "6824693#32",
"score": 0.6553114056587219,
"text": "The Romans allied firstly with the Massyle against Carthage. They defeated Carthage in 146 BC. But later, they also annexed Massyle to the Roman Empire.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
57
|
What is the oldest overseas U.S. military base?
|
[
{
"id": "13037#0",
"score": 0.64967280626297,
"text": "Guantanamo Bay Naval Base (Spanish: Base Naval de la Bahía de Guantánamo), officially known as Naval Station Guantanamo Bay or NSGB (also called GTMO because of the abbreviation of Guantanamo or Gitmo because of the common pronunciation of this word by the U.S. military[1]), is a United States military base and detention camp located on 120 square kilometers (45sqmi) of land and water at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, which the U.S. leased for use as a coaling station and naval base in 1903. The lease was $2,000 in gold per year until 1934, when the payment was set to match the value in gold in dollars;[2] in 1974, the yearly lease was set to $4,085.[3] The base is on the shore of Guantánamo Bay at the southeastern end of Cuba. It is the oldest overseas U.S. Naval Base.[4] Since the Cuban Revolution of 1959, the Cuban government has consistently protested against the U.S. presence on Cuban soil and called it illegal under international law, alleging that the base was imposed on Cuba by force."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "17349325#45",
"score": 0.6164594888687134,
"text": "Other important bases include air stations, recruit depots, logistics bases, and training commands. Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms in California is the Marine Corps' largest base and home to the Corps' most complex, combined-arms, live-fire training. Marine Corps Base Quantico in Virginia is home to Marine Corps Combat Development Command, and nicknamed the \"Crossroads of the Marine Corps\".",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "1127338#0",
"score": 0.6162949204444885,
"text": "Fort McIntosh was a U.S. Army base in Laredo, Webb County, Texas, that existed from 1849 to 1946.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "292333#4",
"score": 0.6157950162887573,
"text": "United States Air Force bases are often but not always named after a person of military or governmental significance. Examples include Edwards Air Force Base, Selfridge Air National Guard Base and General Mitchell Air Reserve Base. Sometimes bases are named after a nearby city. Examples include Little Rock Air Force Base, Dover Air Force Base, and Los Angeles Air Force Base. \"Air Force Station\" is usually used in the name of those with very little or no flight activity (e.g. Onizuka Air Force Station, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, or Clear Air Force Station), although there are cases where installations with no flight activity use the term Base instead of Station (e.g., Bolling Air Force Base and Los Angeles Air Force Base). USAF bases located in other countries are usually named after the city or region where they're located and are referred to as Air Bases rather than Air \"Force\" Bases (e.g. Spangdahlem Air Base in Germany).",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "57758138#0",
"score": 0.6156941056251526,
"text": "The Key West Bight, now known as the Key West Historic Seaport, is the site of a 200-year-old global maritime trade base in Key West, Florida, USA. A bend in the shoreline on the northwest side of the island created a bight, a wide bay and naturally protected harbor. Today, the Historic Seaport is the location of restaurants, bars, boutiques, art galleries, museums, hotels, boats, and watersports excursions.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "13581836#12",
"score": 0.6156663298606873,
"text": "The Federal regulation governing ADIZ areas also provides for an ADIZ around Guam. Though like Puerto Rico it is an unincorporated United States territory, the island is home to Andersen Air Force Base, which is one of two major U.S. Air Force strategic bomber bases in the Asia Pacific region, the other being Diego Garcia which is actually on British territory.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "750735#0",
"score": 0.6153374314308167,
"text": "Thule Air Base, or Thule Air Base/Pituffik Airport , is the United States Air Force's northernmost base, located north of the Arctic Circle and from the North Pole on the northwest coast of the island of Greenland.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "19125193#10",
"score": 0.6145104169845581,
"text": "On 3 January 1914, the Fixed Defense Regiment at Culebra Island, Puerto Rico, along with the Mobile Defense Force, formed the Advanced Base Force Brigade, under the command of Colonel George Barnett, who had commanded the Marine Barracks at the Philadelphia Navy Yard and the Advanced Base School. By 18 February 1914, it was redesignated as the 1st Regiment, Advanced Base Brigade. For the next two months, the regiment operated onboard ship off New Orleans and Algiers, Louisiana.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "53374700#1",
"score": 0.6145097017288208,
"text": "Boston Harbor's principal coastal fort of the colonial era was Castle William, whose site was first fortified in 1634 and called \"the Castle\" until 1692, when it was renamed for William III, the King of England at the time. It is one of the oldest continuously fortified sites in the northeastern United States; however, the site of Fort William and Mary near Portsmouth, New Hampshire was fortified at least two years previously. The fort was rebuilt and expanded many times (six times prior to the American Revolution, once during it, and twice afterward), and in 1797 was named Fort Independence. The fort is on Castle Island, which was connected to the mainland by a causeway in 1928.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "21646788#0",
"score": 0.6144411563873291,
"text": "Carlsen Air Force Base is a former United States Army Air Forces World War II airbase on Trinidad, consisting of two landing strips, \"Edinburgh\" and \"Xeres\". The airbase also included an emergency landing strip, \"Tobago\".",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "1167046#69",
"score": 0.6138191223144531,
"text": "Another historic event occurred on December 15, 2003, when Bravo Company of the 1st Battalion deployed from Fort Myer, Virginia, for duty in the US Central Command area of operations. This was the first deployment of an element of The Old Guard's 1st Battalion since World War II. Bravo Company, also called Task Force Bravo and Team Battlehard, arrived in the US Central Command area of operations to take up duty in Djibouti on the Horn of Africa on December 17, 2003. The soldiers of The Old Guard served in support of Combined Joint Task Force-Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) and Operation Enduring Freedom. Based at Camp Lemonnier, their missions in the region included force protection to civil affairs and engineer personnel, engaging in joint operations with other US and regional military forces and constant training to stay prepared. Team Battlehard redeployed back to Ft. Myer in July 2004.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "1393850#29",
"score": 0.6133015751838684,
"text": "Northeastern Brazil hosted at Natal the largest single American air base outside of its own territory, and at Recife, the U.S. 4th Fleet \"Headquarter\" under Admiral Ingram's command. The air base in Natal gave support to the North Africa campaign, and a route for USAAF airplanes to fly to India and China.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "5053131#0",
"score": 0.6131015419960022,
"text": "Sewart Air Force Base (1941–1971) is a former United States Air Force base located in Smyrna, about 25 miles southeast of Nashville, Tennessee. During World War II, it was known as Smyrna Army Airfield.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "8877547#13",
"score": 0.6130538582801819,
"text": "In 1945, a new air base was constructed in the Azores on the island of Terceira and is currently known as Lajes Field. This base is in an area called Lajes, a broad, flat sea terrace that had been a farm. Lajes Field is a plateau rising out of the sea on the northeast corner of the island. This Air Force base is a joint American and Portuguese venture. Lajes Field continues to support United States and Portuguese military operations. During the Cold War, the United States Navy P-3 Orion anti-submarine squadrons patrolled the North Atlantic for Soviet submarines and surface spy vessels.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "2641946#1",
"score": 0.6128705739974976,
"text": "The oldest part of the National Historic Site includes the lone surviving structure from the Buffalo Barracks compound. Due to tensions between the U.S. and Anglo-Canada, a military post was constructed to ensure border security. Built in 1839, the post encompassed all the land from Allen Street to North Street and Delaware Ave to Main Street. The structure that would later be incorporated into the Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site started life in 1840 as the Barrack's officer's quarters.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "462408#14",
"score": 0.6124058365821838,
"text": "First Army returned to the United States in late 1945; first to Fort Jackson (South Carolina), then to Fort Bragg, North Carolina, returning to Fort Jay, Governors Island, New York, in the spring of 1946. Twenty years later, in 1966, First Army relocated to Fort Meade, Maryland, and took over the responsibilities of Second Army, which was deactivated. In 1973, First Army's mission changed from training and preparation of active units to Army Reserve units. In a 1993 reorganization, five divisions carried out that training and support mission:",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "704778#18",
"score": 0.6122701168060303,
"text": "Located at the western end of Santa Rosa Island, Fort Pickens was completed in 1834 and used until WWII, when modern weapons made traditional coastal defenses obsolete. It is open to the public as part of the Gulf Islands National Seashore, with a fee required for entry; campsites are also available for a fee.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "1284255#0",
"score": 0.6116400361061096,
"text": "Fort Kearny was a historic outpost of the United States Army founded in 1848 in the western U.S. during the middle and late 19th century. The fort was named after Col. and later General Stephen Watts Kearny. The outpost was located along the Oregon Trail near Kearney, Nebraska. The town of Kearney took its name from the fort. The \"e\" was added to Kearny by postmen who consistently misspelled the town name. A portion of the original site is preserved as Fort Kearny State Historical Park by the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "843566#5",
"score": 0.6116079092025757,
"text": "Some examples of permanent military bases used by the navies and air forces of the world are the HMNB Portsmouth in Portsmouth, UK, the Naval Air Station Whidbey Island, Washington State, USA, or Ramstein Air Base, Germany (the last two are each designated as a Main Operating Base). Other examples of non- or semi-permanent military bases include a Forward Operating Base (FOB), a Logistics Base (Log base) and a Fire Base (FB).",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "39955261#12",
"score": 0.6115233898162842,
"text": "The bases were originally intended for vastly different missions than they are used for today. Some bases were originally located to protect the Pony Express from Indian attack, or protect ports from enemy ships using cannons. More recently, bases were opened in large numbers before and during World War II, yet many were closed after the war during the largest U.S. demobilization to date. Others were closed after the Vietnam era.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "9738064#0",
"score": 0.611516535282135,
"text": "Main Operating Base (MOB) is a term used by the United States military defined as a \"permanently manned, well protected base, used to support permanently deployed forces, and with robust sea and/or air access.\" This term was used to differentiate major strategic overseas military facilities versus smaller, less secure or temporarily manned contingency tactical locations such as Forward Operating Bases, Forward Operating Sites or Cooperative Security Locations. The differentiation was established as the Pentagon began to address regional threats primarily in Africa, Asia and Latin America following its 2004 global posture review.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
58
|
When did Michelangelo create the David?
|
[
{
"id": "36684#3",
"score": 0.7483494877815247,
"text": "The history of the statue begins before Michelangelo's work on it from 1501 to 1504.[3] Prior to Michelangelo's involvement, the Overseers of the Office of Works of Florence Cathedral, consisting mostly of members of the influential woolen cloth guild, the Arte della Lana, had plans to commission a series of twelve large Old Testament sculptures for the buttresses of the cathedral.[4] In 1410 Donatello made the first of the statues, a figure of Joshua in terracotta. A figure of Hercules, also in terracotta, was commissioned from the Florentine sculptor Agostino di Duccio in 1463 and was made perhaps under Donatello's direction.[5] Eager to continue their project, in 1464, the Operai contracted Agostino to create a sculpture of David. A block of marble was provided from a quarry in Carrara, a town in the Apuan Alps in northern Tuscany. Agostino only got as far as beginning to shape the legs, feet and the torso, roughing out some drapery and probably gouging a hole between the legs. His association with the project ceased, for reasons unknown, with the death of Donatello in 1466, and ten years later Antonio Rossellino was commissioned to take up where Agostino had left off."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "45143599#18",
"score": 0.7019326090812683,
"text": "The inner courtyard was originally decorated with a bronze copy of Donatello's \"David\", which was inspired by Michelangelo. Placed in 1509, the statue was given to Robertet by the Florentine Republic. As early as 1513, it was moved to his Château de Bury.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "36684#5",
"score": 0.6924546957015991,
"text": "On 25 January 1504, when the sculpture was nearing completion, Florentine authorities had to acknowledge there would be little possibility of raising the more than six-ton statue to the roof of the cathedral.[8] They convened a committee of 30 Florentine citizens that comprised many artists, including Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro Botticelli, to decide on an appropriate site for David.[9] While nine different locations for the statue were discussed, the majority of members seem to have been closely split between two sites. One group, led by Giuliano da Sangallo and supported by Leonardo and Piero di Cosimo, among others, believed that, due to the imperfections in the marble, the sculpture should be placed under the roof of the Loggia dei Lanzi on Piazza della Signoria; the other group thought it should stand at the entrance to the Palazzo della Signoria, the city's town hall (now known as Palazzo Vecchio). Another opinion, supported by Botticelli, was that the sculpture should be situated on or near the cathedral. In June 1504, David was installed next to the entrance to the Palazzo Vecchio, replacing Donatello's bronze sculpture of Judith and Holofernes, which embodied a comparable theme of heroic resistance. It took four days to move the statue the half mile from Michelangelo's workshop into the Piazza della Signoria. Later that summer the sling and tree-stump support were gilded, and the figure was given a gilded loin-garland.[10][11]",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "4801957#1",
"score": 0.6862257719039917,
"text": "The work took over four years to complete between 1536 and 1541 (preparation of the altar wall began in 1535). Michelangelo began working on it twenty-five years after having finished the Sistine Chapel ceiling, and was nearly 67 at its completion. Michelangelo originally accepted the commission from Pope Clement VII, but it was completed under Pope Paul III, whose stronger reforming views probably affected the final treatment.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "34095169#0",
"score": 0.682948112487793,
"text": "St. Matthew is a marble sculpture by Michelangelo which depicts Matthew the Apostle. The sculpture dates to 1506 and is held in the Galleria dell'Accademia in Florence.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "77698#26",
"score": 0.6702560186386108,
"text": "The northern wall houses the \"Stories of Jesus\", dating to 1481–1482. They include:Michelangelo was commissioned by Pope Julius II in 1508 to repaint the vault, or ceiling, of the Chapel. It was originally painted as golden stars on a blue sky. The work was completed between 1508 and 2 November 1512. He painted the \"Last Judgment\" over the altar, between 1535 and 1541, on commission from Pope Paul III Farnese.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "21019#0",
"score": 0.6690816879272461,
"text": "Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni or more commonly known by his first name Michelangelo (/ˌmaɪkəlˈændʒəloʊ/; Italian:[mikeˈlandʒelo di lodoˈviːko ˌbwɔnarˈrɔːti siˈmoːni]; 6 March 1475– 18 February 1564) was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet of the High Renaissance born in the Republic of Florence, who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art. Considered by many the greatest artist of his lifetime, and by some the greatest artist of all time, his artistic versatility was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, along with his rival, the fellow Florentine and client of the Medici, Leonardo da Vinci.[1]",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "21019#17",
"score": 0.668114960193634,
"text": "Also during this period, Michelangelo was commissioned by Angelo Doni to paint a \"Holy Family\" as a present for his wife, Maddalena Strozzi. It is known as the Doni Tondo and hangs in the Uffizi Gallery in its original magnificent frame, which Michelangelo may have designed.[33][34] He also may have painted the Madonna and Child with John the Baptist, known as the Manchester Madonna and now in the National Gallery, London.[35]",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "21019#10",
"score": 0.6672712564468384,
"text": "From 1490 to 1492, Michelangelo attended the Humanist academy the Medici had founded along Neo-Platonic lines. There his work and outlook were influenced by many of the most prominent philosophers and writers of the day, including Marsilio Ficino, Pico della Mirandola and Poliziano.[19] At this time, Michelangelo sculpted the reliefs Madonna of the Steps (1490–1492) and Battle of the Centaurs (1491–1492),[15] the latter based on a theme suggested by Poliziano and commissioned by Lorenzo de Medici.[20] Michelangelo worked for a time with the sculptor Bertoldo di Giovanni. When he was seventeen, another pupil, Pietro Torrigiano, struck him on the nose, causing the disfigurement that is conspicuous in the portraits of Michelangelo.[21]",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "36684#11",
"score": 0.6656404733657837,
"text": "The pose of Michelangelo's David is unlike that of earlier Renaissance depictions of David. The bronze statues by Donatello and Verrocchio represented the hero standing victorious over the head of Goliath, and the painter Andrea del Castagno had shown the boy in mid-swing, even as Goliath's head rested between his feet,[19] but no earlier Florentine artist had omitted the giant altogether. According to Helen Gardner and other scholars, David is depicted before his battle with Goliath.[20][21] Instead of being shown victorious over a foe much larger than he, David looks tense and ready for combat.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "16836322#25",
"score": 0.6615139245986938,
"text": "The brief High Renaissance (c. 1490–1520) of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael transformed Catholic art more fundamentally, breaking with the old iconography that was thoroughly integrated with theological conventions for original compositions that reflected both artistic imperatives, and the influence of Renaissance humanism. Both Michelangelo and Raphael worked almost exclusively for the Papacy for much of their careers, including the year of 1517, when Martin Luther wrote his Ninety-Five Theses. The connection between the events was not just chronological, as the indulgences that provoked Luther helped to finance the Papal artistic programme, as many historians have pointed out.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "21019#56",
"score": 0.6604929566383362,
"text": "In 1546 Michelangelo produced the highly complex ovoid design for the pavement of the Campidoglio and began designing an upper storey for the Farnese Palace. In 1547 he took on the job of completing St Peter's Basilica, begun to a design by Bramante, and with several intermediate designs by several architects. Michelangelo returned to Bramante's design, retaining the basic form and concepts by simplifying and strengthening the design to create a more dynamic and unified whole.[84] Although the late 16th-century engraving depicts the dome as having a hemispherical profile, the dome of Michelangelo's model is somewhat ovoid and the final product, as completed by Giacomo della Porta is more so.[84]",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "17888676#0",
"score": 0.6588245034217834,
"text": "The Madonna and Child with St John and Angels (c. 1497), also known as The Manchester Madonna, is an unfinished painting attributed to Michelangelo in the National Gallery, London. It is one of three surviving panel paintings attributed to the artist and is dated to his first period in Rome. The painting's attribution to Michelangelo was in doubt for much of the 19th and 20th centuries, but now most scholars are in agreement. The work first came to public attention in the Art Treasures Exhibition in Manchester in 1857, hence the title the “Manchester Madonna”.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "1334703#5",
"score": 0.6548174619674683,
"text": "The \"David\" in the Accademia is the original. There is a replica in the Piazza della Signoria.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "27104101#0",
"score": 0.6535786986351013,
"text": "Battle of the Centaurs is a relief by Italian Renaissance artist Michelangelo, created around 1492. It was the last work Michelangelo created while under the patronage of Lorenzo de' Medici, who died shortly after its completion. Inspired by a classical relief created by Bertoldo di Giovanni, the marble sculpture depicts the mythic battle between the Lapiths and the Centaurs. A popular subject of art in ancient Greece, the story was suggested to Michelangelo by the classical scholar and poet Poliziano.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "787701#3",
"score": 0.6532688736915588,
"text": "The adjacent (but unaffiliated) Galleria dell'Accademia houses the original \"David\" by Michelangelo. ",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "41524#74",
"score": 0.6521755456924438,
"text": "Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564) was one of the creative giants whose achievements mark the High Renaissance. He excelled in each of the fields of painting, sculpture and architecture and his achievements brought about significant changes in each area. His architectural fame lies chiefly in two buildings: the interiors of the Laurentian Library and its lobby at the monastery of San Lorenzo in Florence, and St Peter's Basilica in Rome.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "7772284#1",
"score": 0.6509687900543213,
"text": "The chronological position of this work has been the source of some dispute, although it is generally considered an early work. Some authorities believe that it may have been executed by one of Michelangelo's pupils from a drawing by the master or was a direct imitation of his work.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "17994139#2",
"score": 0.6486624479293823,
"text": "The work was commissioned by Napoleon orally in September 1804, and Jacques-Louis David started work on it on 21 December 1805 in the former chapel of the College of Cluny, near the Sorbonne, which served as a workshop. Assisted by his student Georges Rouget, he put the finishing touches in January 1808.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "31542591#11",
"score": 0.6468847990036011,
"text": "The earliest known depiction of the Star of David as a Jewish symbol appears on a Jewish tombstone in the Apulian town of Taranto. The Jews of Apulia were noted for their scholarship in Kabbalah, which has been assumed to be the genesis of the Star of David.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "19425526#6",
"score": 0.645486056804657,
"text": "“David”",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
59
|
When was the Nazi party founded?
|
[
{
"id": "21736#15",
"score": 0.6610494256019592,
"text": "Hitler's first DAP speech was held in the Hofbräukeller on 16 October 1919. He was the second speaker of the evening, and spoke to 111 people.[43] Hitler later declared that this was when he realised he could really \"make a good speech\".[30] At first, Hitler spoke only to relatively small groups, but his considerable oratory and propaganda skills were appreciated by the party leadership. With the support of Anton Drexler, Hitler became chief of propaganda for the party in early 1920.[44] Hitler began to make the party more public, and organised its biggest meeting yet of 2,000 people on 24 February 1920 in the Staatliches Hofbräuhaus in München. Such was the significance of this particular move in publicity that Karl Harrer resigned from the party in disagreement.[45] It was in this speech that Hitler enunciated the twenty-five points of the German Workers' Party manifesto that had been drawn up by Drexler, Feder and himself.[46] Through these points he gave the organisation a much bolder stratagem[44] with a clear foreign policy (abrogation of the Treaty of Versailles, a Greater Germany, Eastern expansion and exclusion of Jews from citizenship) and among his specific points were: confiscation of war profits, abolition of unearned incomes, the State to share profits of land and land for national needs to be taken away without compensation.[47] In general, the manifesto was antisemitic, anti-capitalist, anti-democratic, anti-Marxist and anti-liberal.[48] To increase its appeal to larger segments of the population, on the same day as Hitler's Hofbräuhaus speech on 24 February 1920, the DAP changed its name to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (\"National Socialist German Workers' Party\", or Nazi Party).[49][50] The word \"Socialist\" was added by the party's executive committee, over Hitler's objections, in order to help appeal to left-wing workers.[51]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "24300694#3",
"score": 0.6279879808425903,
"text": "Mahraun entered the political arena in 1928 when he formed the People's National Reich Association (\"Völksnationale Reichsvereiningung\") as an electoral arm of his movement, merging it with the German Democratic Party to form the German State Party in 1930. However the move was not a success as the new party performed very poorly at election. Mahraun's party and Jungdo were banned in 1933 and he was for a time imprisoned by the Gestapo.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "24450404#2",
"score": 0.6279504895210266,
"text": "With beginning of the Nazi era in Germany, both clubs were put in the newly founded Gauliga Bayern. In this period, Bayern suffered because many Jewish members, such as Kurt Landauer were forced to leave the club. In contrast, 1860 was less affected by the enforcement of the Aryan paragraph. Particularly during the war time, 1860 became successful: They won their first national trophy the \"Tschammerpokal\" (today known as the German Cup) in 1942. 1860 returned to the national playoffs in 1943, reaching the quarter-finals.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "929503#1",
"score": 0.6279199719429016,
"text": "During the first decades of Italy as a united country, the main parliamentary parties included liberals, but it was not until 1877 that the left-wing Radical Party was established as the first organized liberal party. The more centrist Liberal Union followed in 1913. Most liberal and radical parties were banned in 1926 under Benito Mussolini's Fascist government.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "2868946#3",
"score": 0.6279004216194153,
"text": "Müller had little real political experience and, as his actions would demonstrate to Adolf Hitler, little if any political aptitude. In the 1920s and early 1930s, before Hitler's assumption of the German chancellorship on 30 January 1933, he was a little-known pastor and a regional leader of the German Christians in East Prussia. However, he was an \"old fighter\" with Hitler () since 1931, when he joined the Nazi Party, and had a burning desire to assume more power. In 1932, Müller introduced Hitler to \"Reichswehr\" General Werner von Blomberg when Müller was chaplain of the East Prussian Military District and Blomberg was the district's commander.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "2869548#1",
"score": 0.6278939843177795,
"text": "The beginning of the club was in a local organization founded in Haifa in 1924. This organization included several branches related to sports, in addition to branches related to worker movements and the Histadrut. Their goal was to found the first ever labor football club in Palestine, like those around the world. The most acceptable version about the club's establishment says that during Passover, on April 24, 1924, the establishment meeting took place, in a house at the Hadar Neighborhood in Haifa, including 36 representatives of the different authorities. The meeting was led by Yehoshua Sherpstein and Yair Aharony.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "12512020#1",
"score": 0.6278899312019348,
"text": "The historical predecessor of the current Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy was the \"Reichswirtschaftsamt\" (Reich Economic Office), founded in 1917. In 1919, this became the \"Reichswirtschaftsministerium\" (Reich Ministry of Economy), which existed until 1945.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "10796483#3",
"score": 0.6278700232505798,
"text": "Both the CDU and the CSU were established after World War II and share a perspective based on Christian democracy and conservatism and hold the dominant centre-right position in the German political spectrum. The CSU is usually considered the de facto successor of the Weimar Republic–era Bavarian People's Party (BVP), which itself broke away from the all-German Catholic Centre Party (DZP) after World War I, but the CSU included also parts of the agrarian and liberal Bavarian Peasants' League and parts of the bavarian wing of the DVP. However the CDU's foundation was the result of a major re-organisation of the centre-right political camp compared to the Weimar Republic. Though the CDU was largely built as the \"de facto\" successor of the Centre Party, it successfully opened out to non-Catholic Christians (many of them affiliated with the German People's Party (DVP) until 1933) and successfully asserted itself as the only major conservative party (outside of Bavaria) against initial competition from other Catholic, Protestant or national conservative parties such as the German Party during the early years of the Federal Republic.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "21736#67",
"score": 0.6276965737342834,
"text": "The irregular Swiss branch of the Nazi Party also established a number of Party Gaue in that country, most of them named after their regional capitals. These included Gau Basel-Solothurn, Gau Schaffhausen, Gau Luzern, Gau Bern and Gau Zürich.[111][112][113] The Gau Ostschweiz (East Switzerland) combined the territories of three cantons: St. Gallen, Thurgau and Appenzell.[114]",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "153190#5",
"score": 0.6276589632034302,
"text": "The New Zealand Labour Party was an amalgamation of a number of early groups, the oldest of which was founded in 1901. The process of unifying these diverse groups into a single party was difficult, with tensions between different factions running strong.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "30873849#6",
"score": 0.6276382207870483,
"text": "Eschewing revolution, Hitler now demands that the party follow a democratic course to power. This declaration puts him into conflict with Röhm, but Hitler’s demand for complete subordination of the party to himself as Führer (Leader) wins the approval of most others, including an impressionable young agitator named Joseph Goebbels. During the late 1920s, the party’s political fortunes improve, with the National Socialists gaining more and more seats in the Reichstag with each election. Alarmed by the party’s growing popularity, Gerlich continues to write articles in opposition to Hitler and, when the paper’s editor fires him, forms his own newspaper. ",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "11018313#2",
"score": 0.6274646520614624,
"text": "On February 12, 1934 the new Austrofascist regime provoked the Austrian Civil War by ordering search warrants for the headquarters of the socialist party. At that time the socialist party structures were already weakened and the uprising of its supporters was quickly defeated. Subsequently, the socialist party and all its ancillary organisations were banned.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "33214777#25",
"score": 0.6274505257606506,
"text": "As a consequence of German industry's role in Hitler's rise to power in the early 1930s, party finance became an issue of political discourse in Germany after 1945. The concept of transparency was discussed in the constitutional convention (\"Parlamentarischer Rat\") in connection with a new article to be inserted into the constitution. As the assembly agreed, a transparent flow of funds into party coffers has been stipulated by the German constitution (\"Grundgesetz\") ever since. Article 21 of the new post-war constitution, the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, stipulated in 1949 that \"political parties must disclose the sources of their funds to the general public.\" However, between 1949 and 1966 this remained inconsequential because no legislative action provided for a binding schedule of party revenue to be revealed and a procedure for the disclosure of major donations.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "18951602#14",
"score": 0.6274253726005554,
"text": "The 1920 National Socialist Program stated as its first point, \"We demand the unification of all Germans in the Greater Germany on the basis of the people's right to self-determination.\" Hitler argued in a 1921 essay that the German Reich had had a single task of, \"incorporating the ten million German-Austrians in the Empire and dethroning the Hapsburgs, the most miserable dynasty ever ruling.\"[25] The Nazis aimed to re-unite all Germans either born or living outside of the Reich to create an \"all-German Reich\". Hitler wrote in Mein Kampf (1925) that he would create a union between his birth country Austria and Germany by any means possible.[26]",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "14569978#5",
"score": 0.6273427605628967,
"text": "The \"Thule Society\" originated as an offshoot of the \"Germanenorden\" in 1917, and notoriously became associated with the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei in 1919 and thus involved in the formative phase of the Nazi Party. By the rise of the Third Reich in 1933, the Thule society had been dissolved, and esoteric organisations (including völkisch occultists) were suppressed by the Nazi regime, many closed down by anti-Masonic legislation in 1935. Nevertheless, some elements of Germanic mysticism found reflection in the symbolism employed by the Nazis, mostly due to Heinrich Himmler's interest in the occult and sponsorship of the Austrian Ariosophist Karl Wiligut. As early as 1940, the occult scholar and folklorist Lewis Spence identified a neopagan undercurrent in Nazism, for which he largely blamed Alfred Rosenberg, and which he equated with \"satanism\". This notion of a Nazi occultism has been relativized as superficial. Heinz Höhne, an authority on the SS, observes that \"Himmler's neo-pagan customs remained primarily a paper exercise\". In Hamburg which was considered a stronghold, only 0.49% of the inhabitants identified as belonging to the neopagan faith movement (in 1937).",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "1281742#3",
"score": 0.6273425817489624,
"text": "At the beginning of World War II, he was drafted as an adjutant to a medical department of the army and took part in the attack on Belgium, France and the Netherlands. In November 1941, Poppendick was accepted into the \"Waffen-SS\". In 1943, Ernst-Robert Grawitz of the \"Reich\" Physician SS appointed him to lead his personal staff. Poppendick joined the NSDAP in 1932 (party member No. 998607) and the SS (No. 36345). He reached the rank of \"Oberführer\" in the SS.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "30821725#3",
"score": 0.6273195743560791,
"text": "The World War II expulsions took place within two specific political entities established by the Nazis, divided from each other by a closed border: one area outright annexed to the Reich in 1939–1941, and another called the General Government, a precursor to the further expansion of the German administrative settlement area. Eventually, as Adolf Hitler explained in March 1941, the General Government would be cleared of all Poles and the region turned into a \"purely German area\" within 15–20 years, and in place of 15 million Poles, 4–5 million Germans would live there. The area was to become \"as German as the Rhineland\".",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "13212#159",
"score": 0.6269919276237488,
"text": "Italy adopted an authoritarian system known as Fascism in 1922; it became a model for Hitler in Germany and for right wing elements in other countries. Historian Stanley G. Payne says Fascism in Italy was:",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "40722100#3",
"score": 0.6269676089286804,
"text": "78 family members joined the Nazi Party in the Third Reich, 35 of them before the Nazis had come to power.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "12273600#2",
"score": 0.6269250512123108,
"text": "Early in 1989, the Protestant theologians Markus Meckel and Martin Gutzeit took the initiative to revive a Social Democratic Party in the GDR. The two made organisational preparations and in April 1989 produced the first draft of the foundation appeal. In August, the appeal was presented at the \"Golgathagemeinde\" parish in Berlin. The appeal was signed by Meckel, Gutzeit, director and human rights advocate Ibrahim Böhme and theologian Arndt Noack.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "669058#0",
"score": 0.6268290877342224,
"text": "The Holocaust was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered approximately 6 million European Jews.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
60
|
Is the USS Hobson still in use?
|
[
{
"id": "3098949#2",
"score": 0.659721314907074,
"text": "In 1952, Hobson collided with the aircraft carrier USS<i>Wasp(CV-18) and sunk with the loss of 176 crew. The ships had been undertaking amphibious exercises in the Atlantic, with Wasp practicing night flying, when Hobson attempted to turn in front of the carrier and collided with Wasp. Hobson was broken in two and quickly sunk, causing the greatest loss of life on a US Navy ship since World War II."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "3310411#1",
"score": 0.6266655325889587,
"text": "The first ship entered service in November 1980, and two of the six ships are active as of 2018. \"Canberra\" and \"Adelaide\" were paid off in 2005 and 2008 respectively, and later sunk as dive wrecks: their decommissioning was to offset the cost of a A$1 billion weapons and equipment upgrade to the remaining four ships. \"Sydney\" was decommissioned in late 2015, after spending most of the year as a moored training ship and \"Darwin\" was decommissioned in late 2017. The \"Hobart\"-class air-warfare destroyers have been progressively replacing the last four frigates from 2016 onwards.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "47106576#25",
"score": 0.6260192394256592,
"text": "In 1991, she was removed from active naval service and placed in reserve in the Susin Bay Reserve Fleet in California. In 1994, she was struck from the Naval Register and awaited disposal. On 1 May 1999, she was transferred to MARAD and in April 2014 she was sold for scrap. She was removed from the National Defense Reserve Fleet for cleaning on 29 May 2014 at Mare Island and was removed from Mare Island on 11 June 2014. On 26 June 2014, she arrived at All Star Metals in Brownsville, Texas. Scrapping is expected to be complete by 2015.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "12185970#1",
"score": 0.6259061098098755,
"text": "She served New York until 30 January 1928, when she was taken over by the Commandant, 3rd Naval District, for disposal. She was decommissioned and her name was struck from the Navy List on 7 February 1928. On 5 March 1928, her hulk was sold to the Donahue Stratton Co. of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "9760497#2",
"score": 0.6255072355270386,
"text": "The following small diesel-powered ships were instrumented with tracking equipment: \"Sword Knot\", \"Rose Knot\", \"Timber Hitch\", \"Coastal Crusader\", \"Coastal Sentry\", and \"Sampam Hitch\". In 1964 three very highly advanced instrumented ships were added to the MTP inventory: the USAFS \"General H. H. Arnold\" and USAFS \"General Hoyt S. Vandenberg\" (both Type C4 ships), as well as the USAS \"American Mariner\" (a converted Liberty ship).",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "554044#11",
"score": 0.6254462599754333,
"text": "\"Shamrock Bay\" arrived at Boston on 1 March; underwent overhaul; and was decommissioned on 6 July 1946. Reclassified CVU-84 on 12 June 1955, she remained in the Reserve Fleet until struck from the Navy List on 27 June 1958. In May 1958, she was sold for scrapping to the Hyman-Michaels Co., of Chicago.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "37420715#5",
"score": 0.6253935098648071,
"text": "After the war \"Wheatland\" returned to Devonport and transferred to the Reserve Fleet. She stayed there until 1953 when she was towed to Gibraltar where she remained in reserve. In 1955 she was brought back to Harwich before being placed on the disposal list. She remained there until September 1957 when she was sold to BISCO for scrapping by McLennan. She arrived at their breakers yard in Bo'ness on 20 September 1959.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "14061103#3",
"score": 0.6250618100166321,
"text": "In late 1945 she was converted in Rotterdam to a Survey Ship. Until 1950 she operated in home waters, after which she was paid off into the reserve. She became the naval drill ship at Leith in 1955 before being scrapped by Demmelweek and Redding in Plymouth in 1956.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "26152104#12",
"score": 0.6245967745780945,
"text": "\"Berlin\" was withdrawn from service in 1916 and disarmed. \"München\" was badly damaged by a British mine in October 1916, and thereafter decommissioned for use as a barracks ship. \"Hamburg\" was also used as barracks ship later in the war, and \"Leipzig\" became a training ship in 1917. \"Danzig\" was the last ship to leave active service, in late 1917. Of the five surviving ships, \"Berlin\" and \"Hamburg\" were retained by the newly reorganized \"Reichsmarine\" as training ships. The remaining three, \"Lübeck\", \"München\", and \"Danzig\", were surrendered as war prizes to the United Kingdom, which sold them for scrapping in the early 1920s. \"Hamburg\" and \"Berlin\" soldiered on as training cruisers into the late 1920s and early 1930s; by the mid-1930s, they had again been converted into floating barracks. \"Hamburg\" was sunk by British bombers in 1944, and later raised and broken up for scrap in 1949. \"Berlin\" survived World War II and was loaded with chemical weapons and scuttled in the Skaggerak after the war to dispose of the munitions.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "45083230#4",
"score": 0.6238338947296143,
"text": "After July 1953 she was used for Air-Sea rescue duties during air operations by aircraft carriers in the English Channel. After acceptance into the Reserve Fleet at Chatham in December that year she briefly commissioned for further service for trials in February 1956 but then returned to Reserve at Chatham. A proposal to convert this ship and for use as anti-submarine frigates was not implemented and she was laid-up in Reserve at Hartlepool in 1957. The ship was put on the Disposal List in 1961 and sold to the British Iron & Steel Corporation (BISCO) for demolition by Hughes Bolcow, She arrived in tow at the Breakers yard in Blyth on 19 October 1962.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "14969902#6",
"score": 0.6234757304191589,
"text": "By April 1945, \"LST-247\" was back at Pearl Harbor. She set sail for Seattle to undergo extensive repairs. In August, she arrived at Pearl Harbor, where she was redesignated as a Landing Ship Tank (Hospital) LST(H)-247 on 15 September 1945. She was decommissioned nearly a year after this, and was sold for scrap to William H. Skinner in 1947.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "20357933#1",
"score": 0.6231029629707336,
"text": "Returned to her owners in 1946, \"Falie\" was used to transport explosives around Australia before resuming the South Australian coastal trade to Kangaroo Island and on occasion carrying bulk gypsum from Stenhouse Bay from 1968. She was retired in 1982, then purchased by the South Australian government for preservation. Although initially used for day and overnight sails, by 2005 the ship had fallen into disrepair.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "58005071#119",
"score": 0.6229644417762756,
"text": "There is one remaining 'sixty-miler' afloat, the \"MV Stephen Brown,\" although no longer in use as a collier\".\" She is used as a stationary training vessel by the Australian Maritime College. Wrecks of other 'sixty-milers' exist at Homebush Bay in Sydney and on the sea bed near Sydney.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "24114383#6",
"score": 0.6228717565536499,
"text": "\"Belet\" was decommissioned on 22 May 1946 and placed in reserve with the Green Cove Springs Group of the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. After over 17 years of inactivity, she was declared excess to the needs of the U.S. Navy, and her name was struck from the Navy List on 12 December 1963.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "12663222#5",
"score": 0.6227552890777588,
"text": "In June 1945, she put in at Charleston to undergo availability in preparation for assignment to Destroyer Escort Division 63. From mid-June until late October, she participated in exercises in Casco Bay with that division. On 21 October, she moored at Boston for Navy Day activities. The ship got underway on 8 November, bound for Florida, and arrived at Green Cove Springs, Florida, on the 11th. There, she prepared for inactivation. On 10 May 1946, she was decommissioned and placed in reserve.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "13731138#1",
"score": 0.6219016909599304,
"text": "She was used by the Navy as a gunboat to patrol navigable waterways of the Confederacy to prevent the South from trading with other countries. At war's end, she was converted to a storeship before eventually being decommissioned.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "2195079#2",
"score": 0.6217556595802307,
"text": "In 1952, she was decommissioned, before being moved to Poros, where she was berthed from 1956 to 1983. From 1984 until today, she has been reinstated on active duty as museum ship in the Naval Tradition Park in Faliro. After maintenance in late 2017, she achieved seaworthiness state once again, allowing the ship to sail (towed) accompanied by Greek frigate \"Kountouriotis\" (F-462) (Φ/Γ Κουντουριώτης) to Thessaloniki Greece where she received more than 130,000 visitors over her 53-day stay.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "7709786#1",
"score": 0.6214380264282227,
"text": "She was launched in 1855 and was too late to take part in the Crimean War. She was decommissioned in 1865, becoming a schoolship for boys and sailors in Brest. Struck from the Navy lists in 1880, she was broken up the same year.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "19667710#5",
"score": 0.6210129261016846,
"text": "On 16 January 1946, it departed for New York and there underwent pre-inactivation availability. It decommissioned 15 June 1946 and joined the Reserve Fleet at Green Cove Springs, Florida. During 1961 she shifted to Orange, Texas. She was struck from the Navy List on 15 January 1971 and sold for scrapping 10 April 1972.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "6223751#4",
"score": 0.6208974719047546,
"text": "She was decommissioned on 21 April 1994. She is berthed at the Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility in Philadelphia, PA.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "11112782#10",
"score": 0.6206780076026917,
"text": "She remained in Hawaii until struck from the Navy List on 30 June 1968 and decommissioned on 1 August. She was turned over to the Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility at Pearl Harbor until sold to Flynn-Learner of Honolulu on 2 November 1971 for scrapping.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
62
|
Are wolves good pets?
|
[
{
"id": "22609833#0",
"score": 0.7638168931007385,
"text": "Wild wolves are sometimes kept as exotic pets, and in some rarer occasions, as working animals. Although closely related to domesticated dogs, wolves do not show the same tractability as dogs in living alongside humans, and generally, much more work is required in order to obtain the same amount of reliability. Wolves also need much more space than dogs, about 25 to 40 square kilometres (10 to 15 sq mi) so they can exercise.[1]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "22609833#3",
"score": 0.7198312282562256,
"text": "Some pet wolves are euthanised or might be released into the wild where they are likely to starve or be killed by resident wolf packs in regions where they are still present. Abandoned or escaped captive wolves can be more destructive and pose a greater danger to humans and livestock than wild wolves, seeing as their habituation to humans causes them to lose their natural shyness.[8] The Wolf of Gysinge is thought to have been one such animal. Keeping these animals at home can be a bad idea, as they are very destructive.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "43378966#12",
"score": 0.7062119841575623,
"text": "Animal: Wolf",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "505721#23",
"score": 0.6850276589393616,
"text": "The wolfdog has been the center of controversy for much of its history, and most breed-specific legislation is either the result of the animal's perceived danger or its categorization as protected native wildlife. The Humane Society of the United States, the RSPCA, Ottawa Humane Society, the Dogs Trust and the Wolf Specialist Group of the IUCN Species Survival Commission consider wolfdogs to be wild animals and therefore unsuitable as pets, and support an international ban on the private possession, breeding, and sale of wolfdogs.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "51025077#2",
"score": 0.6773787140846252,
"text": "Many species are kept as pets, the most popular being mammals, especially dogs and cats. These are often anthropomorphised.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "22609833#2",
"score": 0.6607665419578552,
"text": "Some wildlife centers housing captive wolves prohibit handlers from entering wolf enclosures if they happen to have a cold or other vulnerability which the wolves can detect.[4] Captive wolves are generally shy and avoid eye contact with humans other than their owner, as well as not listening to any commands made by any other humans. They usually vacate rooms or hide when a new person enters the establishment.[5] Even seemingly friendly wolves need to be treated with caution, as captive wolves tend to view and treat people as other wolves, and will thus bite or dominate people in the same situation in which they would other wolves.[6] Ordinary pet food is inadequate, as an adult wolf needs 1–2.5kg (2–5lbs) of meat daily along with bones, skin and fur to meet its nutritional requirements. Wolves may defend their food against people, and react violently to people trying to remove it.[2] The exercise needs of a wolf exceed the average dog's demand. Because of this, captive wolves typically do not cope well in urban areas.[2] Due to their talent at observational learning, adult captive wolves can quickly work out how to escape confinement,[7] and require constant reinforcement by caretakers or owners, which makes raising wolves difficult for people who raise their pets in an even, rather than subordinate, environment.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "3861344#13",
"score": 0.6575971245765686,
"text": "The Czechoslovakian Wolfdog develops a very strong social relationship -- not only with its owner, but with the whole family. It can easily learn to live with other domestic animals that belong to the family; however, difficulties can occur in encounters with strange animals. It is vital to subdue the Czechoslovakian Wolfdog's passion for hunting when it is a puppy to avoid aggressive behavior towards smaller animals as an adult. The puppy should never be isolated in the kennel; it must be socialized and get used to different surroundings. Female Czechoslovakian Wolfdogs tend to be more easily controllable, but both sexes often experience a stormy adolescence.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "5141410#46",
"score": 0.6570663452148438,
"text": "Humans and wolves both exist in complex social groups. How humans and wolves got together remains unknown. One view holds that domestication as a process that is difficult to define. The term was developed by anthropologists with a human-centric view in which humans took wild animals (ungulates) and bred them to be \"domestic\", usually in order to provide improved food or materials for human consumption. That term may not be appropriate for a large carnivore such as the dog. This alternate view regards dogs as being either socialized and able to live among humans, or unsocialized. There exists today dogs that live with their human families but are unsocialized and will threaten strangers defensively and aggressively no different from a wild wolf. There also exists a number of cases where wild wolves have approached people in remote places, attempting to initiate play and to form companionship. One such notable wolf was Romeo, a gentle black wolf that formed relationships with the people and dogs of Juneau, Alaska. This view holds that before there could have been domestication of the wolf, there had to have been its socialization.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "23251826#8",
"score": 0.649791955947876,
"text": "Wolves express no gender, no age, and practically no impulse except fury to devour. They do not exist except during full moon, and reproduce only by curses. They are the creatures Aerth fears most. Their jagged, jutting obsidian teeth mimic those of sharks. The armour plates beneath their hides mimic crocodile armour or dragon scales. Their instinct for tracking, their intelligence and their hind legs and faces, are wolves’. Their arms and torso are mostly human, though they are the size of bears. Their first victims are usually those who they have loved, and wolves cannot be killed.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "2246190#53",
"score": 0.6472487449645996,
"text": "Several dog breeds known as wolfhounds have been bred for the purpose of hunting wolves, though conventional hunting breeds have also been used.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "1377361#8",
"score": 0.6456179022789001,
"text": "Griffons tend to bond with one human more than others. In fact, Griffons are very good with children provided they are not teased. They are not very patient but do love to play. Griffons tend to get along well with other animals in the house, including cats, ferrets, and other dogs. However, they can get into trouble because they have no concept of their own relative size and may attempt to dominate dogs much larger than themselves.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "22609833#5",
"score": 0.6440801620483398,
"text": "Wolves are less suitable than dogs for working. Swedish wolf biologist Erik Zimen once tried to form a dog sled team composed entirely of wolves. The experiment failed as the wolves ignored most commands and were far more prone to fighting than sled dogs.[7] North American wolves and wolf hybrids were used as experimental attack dogs by the South African Defence Force in Apartheid South Africa in an attempt to breed animals capable of tracking guerrillas. Because the wolves would not follow even basic commands, the experiment was abandoned.[11][12] However, their sense of smell can rival that of established scent hounds. According to reports published in 2006, ongoing research at the Perm Institute of Internal Troops in Russia demonstrated that wolf/dog cross-breeds took 15–20 seconds to track down a target in training sessions, whereas ordinary police dogs took 3–4 minutes.[13] Their success has led to plans to use them as police dogs for the Russian police.[13]",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "28475#13",
"score": 0.6436042785644531,
"text": "Because the Siberian Husky had been raised in a family setting by the Chukchi and not left to fend for themselves they could be trusted with children. The ASPCA classifies the breed as good with children. It also states they exhibit high energy indoors, have special exercise needs, and may be destructive \"without proper care\".",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "1080691#9",
"score": 0.6394895315170288,
"text": "The Wolf Centre opened in July 1996 to the general public and is home to a pack of five timber wolves (Canis lupus). Within the enclosure (one of the largest in the world), they roam freely. Fed on a random schedule (approximately once a week), they can often be found hanging out near the viewing area. As this is close to both the highest point in the enclosure and the water source, they are often nearby.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "367158#12",
"score": 0.6384530663490295,
"text": "Although the wolf, the wild ancestor of domestic dogs, is not extinct, its phenotype is the target of several developmental breeds including the Northern Inuit Dog and the Tamaskan Dog. They are all crossbreeds of German Shepherds, Alaskan Malamutes and huskies, selected for phenotypic wolf characteristics. Therefore, these breeds are breeding-back attempts as well.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "7118482#46",
"score": 0.6378112435340881,
"text": "Dog puppies require as little as 90 minutes of contact with humans during their critical period of socialization to form a social attachment. This will not create a highly social pet but a dog that will solicit human attention. Wolves require 24 hours contact a day starting before 3 weeks of age. To create a socialized wolf the pups are removed from the den at 10 days of age, kept in constant human contact until they are 4 weeks old when they begin to bite their sleeping human companions, then spend only their waking hours in the presence of humans. This socialization process continues until age 4 months, when the pups can join other captive wolves but will require daily human contact to remain socialized. Despite this intensive socialization process, a well-socialized wolf will behave differently to a well-socialized dog and will display species-typical hunting and reproductive behaviors, only closer to humans than a wild wolf. These wolves do not generalize their socialization to all humans in the same manner as a socialized dog and they remain more fearful of novelty compared to socialized dogs.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "33702#71",
"score": 0.6373715996742249,
"text": "Wolves are often infested with a variety of arthropod exoparasites, including fleas, ticks, lice, and mites. The most harmful to wolves, particularly pups, is \"Sarcoptes scabiei\" (or mange mite), though they rarely develop full blown mange, unlike foxes. Lice, such as \"Trichodectes canis\", may cause sickness in wolves, but rarely death. Ticks of the genus \"Ixodes\" can infect wolves with Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The tick \"Dermacentor pictus\" also infests wolves. Other ectoparasites include biting lice, sucking lice and the fleas \"Pulex irritans\" and \"Ctenocephalides canis\".",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "4269567#42",
"score": 0.6372390985488892,
"text": "Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "28697874#697",
"score": 0.6361532807350159,
"text": "701. Dog and Wolf",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "49072800#6",
"score": 0.6359641551971436,
"text": "Hierran Wolfdogs are known to have a great temperament. They are very restless, highly resistant, and easily disciplinable with quick reflexes. It is quite wary of strangers, but does not attack without reason. It shows great loyalty to its master and to all family members. It was used for grazing tasks. ",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "47398884#21",
"score": 0.635868489742279,
"text": "African wolves frequently groom one another, particularly during courtship, during which it can last up to 30 minutes. Nibbling of the face and neck is observed during greeting ceremonies. When fighting, the African wolf slams its opponents with its hips, and bites and shakes the shoulder. The species' postures are typically canine, and it has more facial mobility than the black-backed and side-striped jackals, being able to expose its canine teeth like a dog.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
63
|
When did Justin Morgan first appear as a character on Home and Away?
|
[
{
"id": "58436105#0",
"score": 0.8420000076293945,
"text": "Justin Morgan is a fictional character from the Australian television soap opera Home and Away, played by James Stewart. The actor was contacted by his agent and the head of drama at Seven Network about the role. After hearing their pitch, Stewart auditioned and won the part. He began filming in December 2015, and made his first appearance during the episode broadcast on 7 June 2016. Justin was introduced to the show along with his three siblings; Tori Morgan (Penny McNamee), Brody Morgan (Jackson Heywood) and Mason Morgan (Orpheus Pledger). The family received immediate comparisons to the show's popular Braxton brothers."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "34469407#0",
"score": 0.6784810423851013,
"text": "\"Home and Away\" is an Australian television soap opera. It was first broadcast on the Seven Network on 17 January 1988. The following is a list of characters that first appeared in 2012, by order of first appearance. The 25th season of \"Home and Away\" began airing from 23 January 2012. Until mid April, characters are introduced by the soap's executive producer, Cameron Welsh. Thereafter, they are introduced by his successor, Lucy Addario. January also saw Peter Phelps debut as Alan Henderson. Henrietta Brown arrived in February, while Christy Clarke began appearing from March. Melissa Gregg and Lottie Ryan made their first appearances in April. Jett James, Natalie Davison and Danny Braxton made their debuts in May. Kyle Bennett and Tim Graham arrived in August, while Tamara Kingsley, Lisa Flemming, Adam Sharpe and his son, Jamie Sharpe, began appearing from October.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "35315685#9",
"score": 0.6617767810821533,
"text": "Alf Stewart portrayed by Ray Meagher. The character debuted on-screen during the serial's pilot episode on 17 January 1988. Meagher is the only remaining original cast member still present. Meagher holds a Guinness World Record as the longest-serving actor in an Australian serial for portraying Alf since 1988. As of 2011 he is the only remaining original cast member still present. In 2010 Meagher took a break from \"Home and Away\", so he could travel to London to star in the West End production of \"Priscilla Queen of the Desert\" Hampshire culture website Get Hampshire branded Alf a \"legendary misery-guts\". They also said he is commonly known for his use of declining Australian slang with sayings such as \"flamin' mongrel\". For his portrayal of Alf, Meagher was nominated for Most Popular Actor at the 2008 Digital Spy Soap Awards. In 2010, Meagher won the Gold Logie at the Logie Awards. ",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "52964970#29",
"score": 0.6613562107086182,
"text": "Willow Harris (also Ranger), played by Sarah Roberts, made her first appearance on 14 November 2017. Prior to securing the role of Willow, Roberts auditioned for both Kat Chapman and Scarlett Snow. She flew up from Melbourne to Sydney for the audition and had a chemistry reading with James Stewart, who plays Justin Morgan. Roberts did not think she had won the part, as it took a while for the producers to contact her. Roberts described Willow as a \"strong, female character\", who is also independent, loyal and fierce. The actress said Willow would bring \"mischief and a bit of trouble\" to Summer Bay. Roberts added that Willow was \"definitely a bad girl. But for all the right reasons. She has taken wrong turns and made decisions that some people would consider 'bad', but only to help the people that she loves.\" She soon becomes a love interest for Justin Morgan.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "32889813#3",
"score": 0.6571261286735535,
"text": "The character of Miles was introduced to \"Home and Away\" in 2007, as Sally Fletcher's (Kate Ritchie) brother, whom she had always referred to as \"Milco\". For twenty years, viewers had been led to assume Milco was just Sally's imaginary friend. Channel Seven ran an on-air promotion campaign, which promised viewers \"a 20-year-old mystery\" would be solved. In the 2007 season finale, Miles mysteriously arrives in Summer Bay and writes \"Milco\" in the sand on the beach. Quong Tart was cast in the role of Miles. He previously starred in the \"Home and Away\" spin-off \"headLand\" as Will Monk. In 2010, Miles was briefly written out of the serial, while Quong Tart took a break from filming to rehearse for a play at the Sydney Opera House.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "34774362#3",
"score": 0.6570678949356079,
"text": "Benito \"Ben\" Lucini, played by Julian McMahon, debuted on-screen during the episode broadcast on 27 February 1990 and remained until 1 May 1991. McMahon had to audition four times, before the producers agreed that he was right for the role of Ben. Ben was described as being \"relaxed\" and \"easy-going\" for a twenty-one-year-old male. Ben is an Italian character and comes from a large family. Ben used to have a liking for partying and booze, but as he grew older he matured and changed his outlook in life. Ben is a soldier, he soon falls in love with the town and established character Carly Morris (Sharyn Hodgson) and leaves the army. Hodgson described Ben as having \"traditional values\" and \"stability\". Carly admires these traits and feels ready to settle down with him. Ben and Carly marry and Hodgson predicted that their marriage would be successful because they \"really do want what is best for each other\". McMahon quit \"Home and Away\" the same year that his character arrived.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "52964970#18",
"score": 0.6570632457733154,
"text": "John Doe watches on as Alf Stewart (Ray Meagher), Scarlett Snow (Tania Nolan) and Justin Morgan (James Stewart) approach the cove, where he is hiding out, in a boat. While they are fishing, John Doe attempts to hot-wire the boat, but gives up when he sees Justin approaching. The boat fails to start and Alf, Scarlett and Justin camp out on the island. When Alf goes in search of firewood the following morning, John Doe hits him with a tree branch and takes his knife. He hides on the boat and emerges once it is docked in Summer Bay. John Doe breaks into the Pier Diner to steal some food, and Alf later finds him hiding on the boat. He pushes past Alf and Justin and later follows Alf to his house, where he produces the knife. John Doe tells Alf that he cannot recall who he is and needs answers. Alf's daughter Roo Stewart (Georgie Parker) and Constable Kat Chapman (Pia Miller) approach the scene and Kat talks him into giving her the knife. She calls Tori Morgan (Penny McNamee) to treat John Doe's head injury, and Tori takes him to the hospital to get a CT scan, as he is suffering from post-traumatic amnesia. He later leaves the hospital, but Kat convinces him to return. Kat runs his finger prints and DNA against the police database, but there are no hits. The nurses name him \"Robbo\" after Robinson Crusoe and he is discharged. Alf allows Robbo to stay at the Caravan Park.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "29437247#1",
"score": 0.6543806195259094,
"text": "Charlie Hoyland made his first screen appearance on 20 March 2006. He was originally played by Aaron Aulsebrook-Walker, until the part was recast to Jacob Brito in 2008. A Network Ten website writer called Charlie, a \"miracle baby\". It took Stephanie Scully (Carla Bonner) and Max Hoyland (Stephen Lovatt) months to conceive and during the pregnancy Steph was diagnosed with breast cancer. Steph refused to have treatment until Charlie was born. In October 2010, it was revealed that Charlie was going to be snatched in a storyline, which also saw the return of a character that wanted to cause pain to Steph and Libby Kennedy (Kym Valentine). \"TV Week\" said that Charlie would \"go missing in mysterious circumstances\" and it would leave Steph panicked. The storyline began when Summer Hoyland (Jordy Lucas) and her friends brought Charlie out for Halloween and she took her eye off him. In 2011, Charlie left the show, along with Lyn Scully (Janet Andrewartha).",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "57010991#1",
"score": 0.6537143588066101,
"text": "Mason was introduced to the show along with his three older siblings; Tori Morgan (Penny McNamee), Justin Morgan (James Stewart) and Brody Morgan (Jackson Heywood). Mason is portrayed as being a positive, family orientated \"free spirit\". He is studying to be a doctor like his sister, who he shares a close bond with. For the first few weeks after their arrival, Mason and his siblings concealed the fact that they were in witness protection. Mason was the first member of the family to reveal the secret, which resulted in them being held hostage. ",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "30421690#0",
"score": 0.6525538563728333,
"text": "\"Home and Away\" is an Australian television soap opera. It was first broadcast on the Seven Network on 17 January 1988. The following is a list of characters who first appeared in 2009, they are listed in order of their first appearance. They were all introduced by the show's executive producer, Cameron Welsh. The 22nd season of Home and Away began airing from 19 January 2009 and concluded on 27 November 2009. The first introductions of the year were Gina and Hugo Austin who arrived in January. February saw the debuts of Robert Cruze, Trey Palmer, Freya Duric and Joey Collins. Liam Murphy and John Palmer arrived in March, while Lachie Cladwell and David Gardiner debuted in April. May Stone arrived in June. July saw the birth of Harry Holden and the arrival of the Walker Family consisting of Sid, Dexter and Indigo. Detective Robert Robertson arrived in August and in September Romeo Smith was the final character to be introduced.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "11988295#3",
"score": 0.647020697593689,
"text": "The name 'Justine Jones' had been mentioned in dialogue for several weeks before it was announced in September 2005 that \"Home and Away\" star, Laurie Foell would be arriving to the show to portray the character in a short term stint. The following year Foell was offered to reprise the role with the intention of expanding the character so as to introduce a family unit. Foell was happy to return to the role, \"It was a great experience being on \"Shortland Street\". It can be a nerve-wracking going into a new show but everyone was really very welcoming and warm. I thought the writing was excellent and it was great working with the other actors.\" The character's return saw the introduction of her family: husband Callum McKay (Peter Mochrie) and children, Hunter (Lee Donoghue) and Sophie (Kimberley Crossman). In late-2006 Foell decided to leave the role and quit, returning to her home country of Australia. Her departure was reportedly a \"mutual decision by the actor and the producers\". The producers were faced with a difficult decision that they had never faced in the show's 14-year run, in that an actress had quit prematurely with the character still yet to undergo storylines. They considered writing her out but instead decided to recast. There was immense speculation amongst fans and the media that Foell was in fact fired, though the actresses agent did not release a statement. Lucy Wigmore had previously auditioned for another role and producers contacted her and offered the role of Justine, something which she had hesitations about, \"Signing up for a year contract is slightly daunting plus exciting so it’s a bit of a catch 22 situation. It's fabulous to have work for a year and know that’s I’ll be paid. But on the other hand you're signing off for other projects. I didn’t know what I was getting myself into so there was a bit of trepidation.\"",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "58132254#2",
"score": 0.6465519070625305,
"text": "Prior to securing the role of Willow, actress Sarah Roberts auditioned for both Kat Chapman and Scarlett Snow. Roberts recorded her first audition for the part while residing in Los Angeles. She flew up from Melbourne to Sydney for the on-set audition and had a chemistry reading with James Stewart, who plays Justin Morgan. Roberts did not think she had won the part, as it took a while for the producers to contact her. The character was originally supposed to be named Amber but this was later changed to Willow. Roberts remembered her first day playing Willow as \"awesome\", recalling dressing in leather, chains and transforming into character. Willow made her first on screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 14 November 2017.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "41162266#0",
"score": 0.6427628993988037,
"text": "\"Neighbours\" is an Australian television soap opera. It was first broadcast on 18 March 1985 and currently airs on digital channel Eleven. The following is a list of characters that appeared in the soap in 2014, by order of first appearance. All characters were introduced by the shows executive producer Richard Jasek, or by his successor Jason Herbison. The 30th season of \"Neighbours\" began airing from 6 January 2014. Kathy Carpenter, Sienna Matthews and Naomi Canning made their debut appearances in March. Will Dempier and Daniel Robinson arrived in April, while Ethan Smith began appearing in May. Paige Smith made her debut in June, while Nate Kinski arrived in August. Dakota Davies was introduced in September. October saw the debut of Rain Taylor, while Gary Canning, Ezra Hanley and Erin Rogers arrived in November.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "31036248#4",
"score": 0.6421872973442078,
"text": "Melody Jones, played by Robyn Arthur, made her first on-screen appearance on 13 June 2003.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "6336252#1",
"score": 0.6405003666877747,
"text": "The character of Justine was Desborough's first on-going television role. Justine was initially a guest character and Desborough began filming her first scenes in March 1997. She returned as a permanent cast member the following month. In January 2000, it was announced Desborough had decided to leave \"Home and Away\".",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "39180253#1",
"score": 0.6392114162445068,
"text": "Will Smith, played by Zac Drayson, made his first on-screen appearance on 13 February 1998. Will was a regular on the show from 1998 to 2002 and continued to make frequent guest appearances until 2005. In 2010, it was announced that the character and Drayson would be returning to the show. Will returned to the Bay with his daughter on 14 October 2010. Drayson was originally cast in the role of Tom Nash, but at the last minute the show's producers thought he would be more suited to the \"rougher\" upcoming role of Will. The character left Summer Bay after marrying Gypsy Nash (Kimberley Cooper). Drayson made occasional guest appearances in the show from 2003 to 2005. In September 2010, it was announced that Drayson had reprised his role of Will and would be returning to \"Home and Away\". Will was originally described as a \"hot-tempered trouble maker\" who arrives in the Bay to reconnect with his siblings, Hayley (Rebecca Hewitt) and Nick (Chris Egan). Will learns to calm down and when he decides to leave the Bay he was, by then, considered a \"good bloke\".",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "36980251#0",
"score": 0.6388399600982666,
"text": "\"Home and Away\" is an Australian television soap opera. It was first broadcast on the Seven Network on 17 January 1988. The following is a list of characters that first appeared during 2008, by order of first appearance. They were all introduced by series producer Cameron Welsh. The 21st season of \"Home and Away\" began airing from 28 January 2008. Principal Martin Bartlett, played by Bob Baines was the first introduction of the year in February. Trent Dalzell as Axel Hay, David Downer as Ross Buckton and Celeste Dodwell as Melody Jones made their first appearances in March. Tessa James arrived as Nicole Franklin in April. Jordan Rodrigues and Oliver Davis joined the cast as Jai Fernandez and Oliver Phillips in May. Esther Anderson and Rebecca Breeds made their debuts as Charlie and Ruby Buckton in June. Luke Jacobz and Paul Pantano debuted on 8 July as Angelo Rosetta and Elliot Gillen, respectively. David Jones-Roberts began appearing as Xavier Austin in November.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "33221085#0",
"score": 0.6370664834976196,
"text": "Kyle Eugene Canning is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", played by Chris Milligan. The actor successfully auditioned for the six-week recurring role of Kyle and he made his first on screen appearance on 26 November 2008. Milligan was later asked back every couple of months to do a few weeks filming. After eighteen months of playing Kyle on a part-time basis, Milligan was given a full-time contract deal and he and his character were promoted to the regular cast. Milligan said he was ecstatic about his promotion and looked forward to developing his character further. In August 2011, Milligan had to be written out of \"Neighbours\" temporarily, so he could recover from an injury he sustained off screen. Milligan chose to leave \"Neighbours\" in 2015 and Kyle departed on 8 April 2016. He made a brief return from 15 September to 20 September 2016.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "32889813#0",
"score": 0.6360231041908264,
"text": "Miles \"Milco\" Copeland is a fictional character from the Australian Channel Seven soap opera \"Home and Away\", played by Josh Quong Tart. He debuted on-screen during the episode airing on 30 November 2007. Ryley Mickle and Jackson Edwards played Miles in flashback sequences, showing him at ages three and eight years old respectively. During the early years of \"Home and Away\", Sally Fletcher (Kate Ritchie) often spoke of an imaginary friend she called \"Milco\". When Ritchie announced her departure from the soap, producers decided to introduce the real Milco, as regular character Miles Copeland. The development was described by the media as a \"legacy storyline.\" Quong Tart announced his departure from \"Home and Away\" in October 2011. Miles departed on 23 November 2011.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "6335891#0",
"score": 0.6359478831291199,
"text": "Shane Parrish is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Home and Away\", played by Dieter Brummer. He made his first on-screen appearance on 28 May 1992 and he departed on 13 March 1996.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "3501669#1",
"score": 0.633065402507782,
"text": "Justin arrives with his mother Liz, identical twin sisters Mel and Sophie, Liz's partner Richard Taylor and his children Darlene and Ali. Justin often rivals with the pair and always finds it hard to accept the Taylor clan as part of his family. Justin's world is torn apart after he discovers that his father had committed suicide, as Justin thought he died of a heart attack. Feeling confused of why his father had done this and angry that his mother had hid the truth, Justin's behaviour goes out of control as he begins to take drugs and skips school. Justin starts stealing from his family to pay for his drug habit and his bad attitude begins to unsettle the family. Justin starts to hang around the wrong crowd, including his new best friend, Macki, who Justin buys his drugs from. Macki encourages Justin to distract the others in their class including Justin's stepbrother Ali and his friend Nicole Owen. It is not long before his actions take a serious effect. During Darlene’s 18th birthday, Justin pushes her through a window which leaves her face scarred. Liz tries to force him to apologise so Justin hits her. This leaves Liz with no choice and she forces Justin to go to a boot camp. When he arrives, Justin makes friends with a girl called Paula. The pair start to rebel against the camp counsellors. One of the counsellors reads a letter Darlene had written about Justin. He slowly learns about the mistakes he made and realises he has to do a lot of making up to his family. Justin returns home and tries to convince his family that he has changed for the better, but they need more evidence. Gradually, Justin begins to gain his family's trust He builds a close relationship with Ali and he also contributes money towards Darlene’s plastic surgery for her scar. Justin begins developing a crush on his teacher Becca when she starts helping him with his GCSEs.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
64
|
How many people live in china?
|
[
{
"id": "23238#1",
"score": 0.7579637765884399,
"text": "In 2019, China's population stands at 1.418billion,[1] the largest of any country in the world. According to the 2010 census, 91.51% of the population was Han Chinese, and 8.49% were minorities. China's population growth rate is only 0.59%, ranking 159th in the world.[2] China conducted its sixth national population census on 1 November 2010.[3] Unless otherwise indicated, the statistics on this page pertain to mainland China only; see also Demographics of Hong Kong and Demographics of Macau."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "3105067#34",
"score": 0.7100713849067688,
"text": "Most rural Chinese has lived in one of some 900,000 villages, which have an average population of from 1,000 to 2,000 people. Villages have never been self-contained, self-sufficient units, and the social world of Chinese peasants has extended beyond their home villages. Almost all new wives come into a village from other settlements, and daughters marry out. All villagers have close kinship ties with families in other villages, and marriage go-betweens shuttle from village to village.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "705408#64",
"score": 0.7092970609664917,
"text": "China is home to a large population of adherents of Islam. According to the \"CIA World Factbook\", about 1–2% of the total population in China are Muslims. The 2000 census counts imply that there may be up to 20 million Muslims in China. According to the textbook, “Religions in the Modern World”, it states that the “numbers of followers of any one tradition are difficult to estimate, and must in China as everywhere else rely on statistics compiled by the largest institutions, either those of the state – which tend to underestimate – or those of the religious institutions themselves – which tend to overestimate. If we include all the population of those designated ‘national’ minorities with an Islamic heritage in the territory of China, then we can conclude that there are some 20 million Muslims in the People’s Republic of China. A 2009 study done by the Pew Research Center, based on China's census, concluded there are 21,667,000 Muslims in China, accounting for 1.6% of the total population. According to the State Administration for Religious Affairs (SARA), there are more than 21 million Muslims in the country. According to SARA there are approximately 36,000 Islamic places of worship, more than 45,000 imams, and 10 Islamic schools in the country. Within the next two decades from 2011, Pew projects a slowing down of the Muslim population growth in China compared to previous years, with Muslim women in China having a 1.7 fertility rate. Many Hui Muslims voluntarily limit themselves to one child in China since their Imams preach to them about the benefits of population control, while the number of children Hui in different areas are allowed to have varies between one and three children. Chinese family planning policy allows minorities including Muslims to have up to two children in urban areas, and three to four children in rural areas.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "31154164#0",
"score": 0.7079968452453613,
"text": "Americans in China are expatriates and immigrants from the United States as well as their locally born descendants. The number of Americans living in China has reached a historic high of 110,000.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "35249736#4",
"score": 0.7074481248855591,
"text": "The census found the total population of Mainland China in 1982 as 1,008,180,738. Official Chinese sources such as Xinhua, however, sometimes still report a result of 1,031,900,000.\nFrom two newspaper cuttings (China Daily) dated Thursday October 28, 1982 the figure was 1,031,882,511. ",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "32698917#32",
"score": 0.7046278715133667,
"text": "The number of Chinese identifying as homosexual remains unclear. The Ministry of Health estimated there were five to 10 million homosexuals in the Chinese mainland (0.4–0.8% of the population), aged between 15 and 65 in 2006. Sociologist Li Yinhe estimates it is between 36 and 48 million. One statement based on Chinese government documents and academic studies states that the figure is 15 million. An official statistic, as quoted in a news report in \"China Daily\", put the figure for mainland China at \"approximately 30 million\" (2.3% of the population), though it admitted many Chinese would not openly declare their sexual orientation.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "11953685#20",
"score": 0.7022106051445007,
"text": "Although China's agricultural output is the largest in the world, only about 15% of its total land area can be cultivated. China's arable land, which represents 10% of the total arable land in the world, supports over 20% of the world's population. Of this approximately 1.4 million square kilometers of arable land, only about 1.2% (116,580 square kilometers) permanently supports crops and 525,800 square kilometers are irrigated. The land is divided into approximately 200 million households, with an average land allocation of just 0.65 hectares (1.6 acres).",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "47224316#0",
"score": 0.6999605298042297,
"text": "As of 2015 there were about 100,000 boarding schools in rural areas of Mainland China, with about 33 million children living in them. The majority of these boarding schools are in western China, which generally is not as wealthy as eastern and central China. As of 2015 many migrant workers and farmers in rural China send their children to boarding schools.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "2251614#2",
"score": 0.6979977488517761,
"text": "By the end of 2017, the total population was estimated to be 3,842,100，of whom 1,665,000 live in the 4 urban districts and the others live in the counties. The city has over 47 ethnic minorities present — the largest being the Muslim population. There are other ethnic minorities with over 500 inhabitants in the city: Yi, Tujia, Miao, Zhuang, and Manchu.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "19131254#0",
"score": 0.6972053647041321,
"text": "Chinese people (, \"kitaytsi\"; see Cathay) in Bulgaria () form a small part of the Overseas Chinese community. According to estimates by members of the community, the Chinese in Bulgaria number around 5,000, although Bulgarian researchers put the figure at around 10,000.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "4599275#15",
"score": 0.6924201250076294,
"text": "In other parts of the globe, China's population at the founding of the Ming dynasty in 1368 stood close to 60 million, approaching 150 million by the end of the dynasty in 1644. The population of the Americas in 1500 may have been between 50 and 100 million.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "606990#2",
"score": 0.6898560523986816,
"text": "As of mid-2012, government statistics show that for the first time ever over 50% of the Chinese population now live in urban areas, marking a milestone in the urbanization of China. The majority of modern city dwellers are migrants and their children who moved to cities during the economic boom of the last 30 years started by Deng Xiaoping's policy of economic liberalization.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "4320672#39",
"score": 0.6891552209854126,
"text": "Shanghai is China’s largest and greatest commercial and industrial city. With 0.1% of the land area of the country, it supplies over 12% of the municipal revenue and handles more than a quarter of total trade passing through China’s ports. Its year 2010 population, according to China's latest census, was 23.02 million and represented an increase of 6.61 million from the 2000 census.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "372983#16",
"score": 0.6879652142524719,
"text": "Other countries with Chinese populations",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "35249736#5",
"score": 0.6866666674613953,
"text": "The census found approximately 519,440,000 men and 488,740,000 women living in China, a ratio of 106.30 to 100.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "22231451#2",
"score": 0.6865085959434509,
"text": "In 2004, the PRC's official \"People's Daily\" published an estimate of 300 Chinese in Senegal. In 2008, the \"South China Morning Post\" published official numbers from an unspecified source stating that 150 Chinese families totalling 200 to 300 people lived in Dakar alone, but Chinese in Senegal who were interviewed estimated the true number might be as high as 1,000. Another report by Radio Australia's Chinese edition in January 2009 put the total number at 2,000.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "20540105#1",
"score": 0.6849035620689392,
"text": "Wuhan is the capital and largest city in Hubei Province, as well as the largest in Central China. It has a population of approximately 10,338,000 people (2014), with about 6,434,373 residents in its urban area (2010).",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "35244851#6",
"score": 0.6843733191490173,
"text": "Han Chinese accounted for approximately 654,560,000 persons (94.24% of the total). Minorities accounted for approx. 40,020,000 persons (5.76%).",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "6851657#3",
"score": 0.6836307048797607,
"text": "Jews may be considered one of the officially undistinguished ethnic groups in China. The current number of Jews residing in the country is 2,000.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "24605764#8",
"score": 0.6812394261360168,
"text": "The total population at the point of 2006 was approximately 0.78 million, of which ethnic Han people account for 99.6% of the total population. By the records of household registration, 15.8% of the population are non-agricultural, and 84.2% are agricultural.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "15023357#0",
"score": 0.6803311705589294,
"text": "China has the largest number of tall buildings in the world, surpassing that of the United States (700+) and Japan (230+) combined. As of early 2017, China has more than 1400 skyscrapers above 150 meters (492 ft) of which 48 are super-tall 300 meters (984 ft and above).",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
65
|
When was the Prohibition Era in the US?
|
[
{
"id": "22418955#0",
"score": 0.8475716710090637,
"text": "Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages from 1920 to 1933."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "307316#3",
"score": 0.7745137214660645,
"text": "The Prohibition Party's proudest moment came in 1919, with the passage of the 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution, which outlawed the production, sale, transportation, import and export of alcohol. The era during which alcohol was illegal in the United States is known as \"Prohibition\".",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "9746328#8",
"score": 0.7538100481033325,
"text": "On January 16, 1919, the 18th Amendment (Federal Prohibition) which outlawed the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcohol was passed by 3/4 of US states and became law.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "31671#0",
"score": 0.748053789138794,
"text": "The Eighteenth Amendment (Amendment XVIII) of the United States Constitution established the prohibition of \"intoxicating liquors\" in the United States. The amendment was proposed by Congress on December 18, 1917, and was ratified by the requisite number of states on January 16, 1919. The Eighteenth Amendment was repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment on December 5, 1933.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "13669182#44",
"score": 0.7475606203079224,
"text": "1920 \nProhibition begins in the U. S. and lasts until 1933. \"Ed writes Larry, inviting him to come to Detroit, where jobs are plentiful at the automobile factories.\"",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "35072042#4",
"score": 0.7368714213371277,
"text": "In 1916, Washington State declared a prohibition policy which resulted in the ban of the sale of alcohol statewide; this was three years earlier than the United States passed the Eighteenth Amendment and entered the Prohibition Era which lasted from 1919 to 1933. As a result to the new law, speakeasies, which were illegal bars, popped up very quickly all around the country. The Diller Bar became a speakeasy having the front of a Chinese laundromat as a disguise for the illegal bar inside.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "560252#42",
"score": 0.7341375946998596,
"text": "Prohibition was the outlawing of the manufacture, sale and transport of alcohol. Drinking itself was never prohibited. Throughout the Progressive Era, it remained one of the prominent causes associated with Progressivism at the local, state and national level, though support across the full breadth of Progressives was mixed. It pitted the minority urban Catholic population against the larger rural Protestant element, and Progressivism's rise in the rural communities was aided in part by the general increase in public consciousness of social issues of the temperance movement, which achieved national success with the passage of the 18th Amendment by Congress in late 1917, and the ratification by three-fourths of the states in 1919. Prohibition was essentially a religious movement backed by the Methodists, Baptists, Congregationalists, Scandinavian Lutherans and other evangelical churches. Activists were mobilized by the highly effective Anti-Saloon League. Timberlake (1963) argues the dries sought to break the liquor trust, weaken the saloon base of big-city machines, enhance industrial efficiency, and reduce the level of wife beating, child abuse, and poverty caused by alcoholism.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "2847582#1",
"score": 0.7320666313171387,
"text": "In 1919, the requisite number of state legislatures ratified the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, enabling national prohibition one year later. Many women, notably members of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, were pivotal in bringing about national Prohibition in the United States, believing it would protect families, women, and children from the effects of alcohol abuse. Around 1820, \"the typical adult white American male consumed nearly a half pint of whiskey a day\". Historian W. J. Rorabaugh, writing on the factors that brought about the start of the temperance movement, and later, Prohibition in the United States, states:",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "30873786#2",
"score": 0.71088045835495,
"text": "In 1920, the Eighteenth Amendment was adopted, and prohibition took effect throughout the United States. Canada, particularly the port city of Windsor, directly across the Detroit River from Detroit, became a major point for running alcohol products because the Canadian federal government, which had temporarily likewise banned the use of alcoholic beverages, nonetheless approved and licensed distilleries and breweries to manufacture and export alcohol.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "1085977#0",
"score": 0.7106137871742249,
"text": "The Bureau of Prohibition (or Prohibition Unit) was the federal law enforcement agency formed to enforce the National Prohibition Act of 1919, commonly known as the Volstead Act, which elaborated upon the 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution regarding the prohibition of the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. When it was first established in 1920, it was a unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue. On April 1, 1927, it became an independent entity within the Department of the Treasury, changing its name from the Prohibition Unit to the Bureau of Prohibition. In 1930, it became part of the Department of Justice. By 1933, with the Repeal of Prohibition imminent, it was briefly absorbed into the FBI, or \"Bureau of Investigation\" as it was then called, and became the Bureau's \"Alcohol Beverage Unit,\" though, for practical purposes it continued to operate as a separate agency. Very shortly after that, once Repeal became a reality, and the only federal laws regarding alcoholic beverages being their taxation, it was switched back to Treasury, where it was renamed the Alcohol Tax Unit.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "3661207#8",
"score": 0.7101626992225647,
"text": "New Jersey was also the first state in the United States to ratify Prohibition, which restricted the purchasing and selling of alcohol. However, the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which banned alcohol manufacturing & sales, was later repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment in December 1933. Newark's breweries reopened almost immediately.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "6886#21",
"score": 0.7098659873008728,
"text": "The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the Gangster Era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 when Prohibition was repealed. The 1920s saw gangsters, including Al Capone, Dion O'Banion, Bugs Moran and Tony Accardo battle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during the Prohibition era. Chicago was the location of the infamous St. Valentine's Day Massacre in 1929, when Al Capone sent men to gun down members of a rival gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "5672025#5",
"score": 0.706261157989502,
"text": "Prohibition in the United States significantly weakened the union beginning in 1920.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "14456454#2",
"score": 0.7047421336174011,
"text": "However, the state was also home to Carrie Nation and the early temperance movement. Kansas was the first state in the union to pass statewide prohibition in 1881.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "6441212#93",
"score": 0.7042528986930847,
"text": "The tobacco and whiskey industries had boom years during the teens, although Prohibition, beginning in 1920, seriously harmed the economy when the Eighteenth Amendment took effect. German citizens had established the beer industry in Kentucky, which already had a liquor industry based on bourbon, and vineyards established in the 18th century in Middle Tennessee. Prohibition resulted in resistance and widespread bootlegging, which continued into the middle of the century. Numerous Eastern Kentucky rural and mountain residents made their own liquor in \"moonshine\" stills, selling some of it across the state.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "25895273#22",
"score": 0.6979477405548096,
"text": "The United States was growing tired of the violence involved with smuggling; the unemployment rate was a staggering 46% in 1931. In 1933 it was argued that the legalization of liquor would reduce crime, lawlessness and gangs. The 18th amendment was repealed by the 21st amendment on December 5, 1933.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "3248459#1",
"score": 0.6968295574188232,
"text": "Acts of prohibition have included prohibitions on types of clothing (and prohibitions on lack of clothing), prohibitions on gambling and exotic dancing, the prohibition of drugs (for example, alcohol prohibition and cannabis prohibition), prohibitions on tobacco smoking, and gun prohibition. Indeed, the period of Prohibition in the United States between 1920 and 1933 due to the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act often is referred to simply as \"Prohibition\", as is the \"War on Drugs\" that succeeded it. \nAn additional example, called \"nettle war\": Since 2002 in France the sale of nettle liquid manure was prohibited, and since 2006, unauthorized plant protection products (such as nettle liquid manure) to sell, own and operate. Even advertising and recommendations for these products were not allowed. Only since 2011, it was legalized again. The film by Arte about it was completed in 2010 (\"Nettle-war, mysterious plants - Nettle\", 42:04 minutes)",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "38613852#0",
"score": 0.6967017650604248,
"text": "The Temperance movement in the United States is a movement to curb the consumption of alcohol. It had a large influence on American politics and society in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Today, there are organizations that continue to promote the cause of temperance.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "76293#38",
"score": 0.6962010860443115,
"text": "Norway introduced partial prohibition in 1917, which became full prohibition through a referendum in 1919, although this was overturned in 1926. Similarly, Finland introduced prohibition in 1919, but repealed it in 1932 after an upsurge in violent crime associated with criminal opportunism and the illegal liquor trade. Iceland introduced prohibition in 1915, but liberalized consumption of spirits in 1933, although beer was still illegal until 1989. In the 1910s, half of the countries in the world had introduced some form of alcohol control in their laws or policies.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "39558336#3",
"score": 0.6939498782157898,
"text": "The US effectively banned all Psychoactive drugs when the federal government passed in 1914 the Harrison Act, prohibiting all non-medicinal use of opium, morphine, and cocaine. In 1919 The National Prohibition Act made alcoholic beverages illegal and The Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 outlawed marijuana.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "24856#3",
"score": 0.6937367916107178,
"text": "The first half of the 20th century saw periods of prohibition of alcoholic beverages in several countries:",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
66
|
When did the Taff Vale Junction Railway get made?
|
[
{
"id": "19745967#8",
"score": 0.7075778245925903,
"text": "Thomas Powell had extensive colliery interests in Monmouthshire and Glamorganshire, and he needed to get a transport link to pits he owned at Llantwit Fardre. Failing to generate interest elsewhere, he determined to build a railway himself to the Glamorganshire Canal at Maesmawr from Llantwit Fardre. This was known as the Dihewyd Railway or the Llantwit Fardre Railway. It was completed by 28 December 1843 and a connection to the Taff Vale Railway was opened on 25 April 1844, when a train of Powell's coal was taken to Cardiff. His line climbed out of Maesmawr on a 297-yard self-acting incline at a gradient of 1 in 6.6. The line was later extended to Ystradbarwig colliery.[3]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "648611#9",
"score": 0.6712629199028015,
"text": "The railway came to Aberdyfi in 1863 built by the Aberystwyth and Welsh Coast Railway. The first train was ferried across the River Dyfi, as the line to Dovey Junction and then Machynlleth was not completed until 1867. Due to public demand, this section had to use a long tunnel behind Aberdyfi, and further major earthworks and tunnels were needed along the bank of the river. This line, which became part of the Cambrian Railways, and later the Great Western Railway, is particularly scenic.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "11000280#1",
"score": 0.6700503826141357,
"text": "Among the lines built by the Monmouthshire Railway and Canal Company from into the valleys was a branch from to , which was first opened as a tramroad in 1824 branching from the Llanhiledd Tramroad between Crumlin and Beaufort. The first timetabled passenger service began on 21 December 1850 from to via Abertillery. The line was converted to a railway in 1855 together with other Monmouth tramroads in the area. It became part of the Great Western Railway in 1880 and remained there at the Grouping of 1923. ",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "23660801#1",
"score": 0.6699526309967041,
"text": "It was authorised in 1865 and opened in 1873, with a final extension at Monmouth delayed until 1874. It ran through picturesque terrain in the Upper Wye Valley, but construction costs considerably overran early estimates. The promoters hoped their line would form part of a trunk route for goods and mineral traffic between South Wales and the English Midlands, but this never developed. In fact although Monmouth was a junction for several local railways, it too never became the busy traffic centre that had been forecast.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "18057837#2",
"score": 0.6695842742919922,
"text": "Construction of the railway began in August 1860. By this time the CHR had become part of the London and North Western Railway (LNWR), and the board of the LNWR decided to purchase the Conway and Llanrwst Railway Company and run the railway as a branch of their main line to Holyhead. By 1863 the railway was a part of the LNWR.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "18749530#3",
"score": 0.669560432434082,
"text": "Coffin then needed to address the issue of transport. In 1794 the Glamorganshire Canal was completed, linking the ironworks of Merthyr to Coffin's intended market at Cardiff Docks. One of the early proprietors of the canal, Dr. Richard Griffiths, had constructed a two-mile tramroad from his own coal level at Denia (Pontypridd), bridging the River Taff before his own private canalwork linked to the Glamorganshire Canal at Treforest. Coffin quickly made arrangements to construct a one-mile tramline to connect his mines in Dinas to that at Griffiths's Denia level and by 1810 the two men entered an agreement ensuring all coal raised in the Lower Rhondda used their interconnecting lines. Coffin now had transport links to the coast, his next step would be in finding a market.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "52080548#95",
"score": 0.6687097549438477,
"text": "The Whitland and Taf Vale Railway saw that Cardigan was important commercial centre and close enough to build a connecting line. On 2 August 1877 the Company obtained the Royal Assent for its Bill to do so, and it changed its name to the \"Whitland and Cardigan Railway\". Construction was slow due to a shortage of subscriptions for shares, and difficulty in obtaining necessary land. Opening took place at last on 1 September 1886; the Great Western Railway worked the line from the outset.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "351138#1",
"score": 0.667502224445343,
"text": "The Glamorganshire Canal began its life when construction started in 1790. Being watched over by the wealthy ironmasters of Merthyr, including Richard Crawshay of the Cyfarthfa Ironworks, the canal was thought up as a solution to the issue of transporting the goods (iron ore, coal and limestone) from the valleys to Cardiff, where they would be shipped around the world. Thomas Dadford was hired to inspect and plan a route for the canal, and with support from Lord Cardiff, the canal was authorised by Parliament on 9 June 1790.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "17890021#1",
"score": 0.6673879027366638,
"text": "Opened on 1 May 1878 by the Brynmawr and Blaenavon Railway, it became part of the London and North Western Railway which through the connection with the Heads of the Valleys Line was able to take coal directly to destinations in the Midlands. A junction with the Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway led to joint use once that railway was absorbed into the Great Western Railway.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "3027000#3",
"score": 0.6673200726509094,
"text": "From 1873, the Great Western Railway took over the running of the L&OR under a lease, on condition that it built a third railway originating from Tondu, from Brynmenyn to Blaengarw. The Garw Valley Line opened on 25 October 1876. Within 10 years of opening, four collieries and some associated drift mines were serviced by the Garw Valley line, producing and hence shipping 4,000 tonnes of coal per day. After the L&OR was absorbed into the GWR on 1 July 1883, the whole system became known as the Tondu Valley Lines Division. In 1906 the Glengarw Colliery opened, which by 1911 was producing 1000 tonnes of coal per day.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "1309119#4",
"score": 0.6672682166099548,
"text": "The original primary purpose of the line was to carry timber (for pit props in the South Wales valleys) and lead ore from the Rheidol Valley to the sea and the main line railway at Aberystwyth. Many lead mines in the valley were producing ore at the end of the 19th century. Following an Act of Parliament in 1897, it was not possible to raise finance as quickly as expected, and construction commenced in 1901. To save money, rock was hand-hewn rather than blasted. Construction was overseen by the chief engineer, Sir James Szlumper, although he left day-to-day affairs in the hands of the main contractor employed. It was during construction that the ex-Plynlimon and Hafan Tramway locomotive \"Talybont\", regauged from to and renamed \"Rheidol\", arrived on the line, where it would remain for the rest of its life.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "43078522#41",
"score": 0.6671098470687866,
"text": "The preparations for this motivated the Taff Vale Railway to give support to Collier and Owen, and proposals form a Cowbridge and Aberthaw Railway were deposited in the same month. The TVR guaranteed % on the construction cost, and the Cowbridge and Aberthaw Railway Act was passed on 12 August 1889, with capital of £90,000.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "31850522#1",
"score": 0.6661317348480225,
"text": "The first locomotive powered railway in Slovakia was the Bratislava–Marchegg–Gänserndorf (–Vienna) line, commissioned on 20 August 1848. By 1872, upon the completion of the Košice–Bohumín Railway, railways linked one end of Slovakia with the other.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "7951220#70",
"score": 0.6654266715049744,
"text": "The Railways Act 1921 dictated that most of the railways of Great Britain should be \"grouped\" into four large companies. In fact the Great Western Railway continued in name and in fact; certain other large South Wales railway companies including the Taff Vale Railway were constituents of the new company. The changes took effect immediately prior to the beginning of 1923.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "12801689#3",
"score": 0.6651991605758667,
"text": "In the early part of the 19th century Welsh coal was in much demand throughout the world. Cardiff was the centre of this export trade, but it was under the control of the Bute family. In 1859, the Taff Vale Railway Company created a series of wharves in the mouth of the river Ely. By 1898 the site had a chain ferry (right) which gave Ferry Road its name. A subway was also created for dockers to travel to the site.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "27617391#1",
"score": 0.6635022163391113,
"text": "Notable features of the village are the A465 \"Heads of the Valleys Road\" and the impressive curving Cefn Coed Viaduct. The viaduct, which spans the Taf Fawr river, came into being as part of the Merthyr- Pontsticill junction line. This additional line extended the Brecon and Merthyr Railway and was only agreed following a special Act of Parliament in July 1862 to allow its construction. ",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "6175145#2",
"score": 0.6633152365684509,
"text": "Because the owners of the Cyfarthfa Ironworks dominated the management of Glamorganshire Canal, the other Merthyr Tydfil ironworks built a tramroad to Abercynon, bypassing the upper sections of the canal. This \"Penydarren Tramroad\" (more correctly, the Merthyr Tramroad) was used for a trial of the first railway steam locomotive, built by Richard Trevithick. This successfully hauled wagons but was so heavy that it broke many rails. The engine was then used for other purposes as a stationary engine.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "10663353#1",
"score": 0.663141667842865,
"text": "He was Locomotive Superintendent of the Taff Vale Railway from 1844 to 1845. His appointment on the TVR was brief, a fate shared by a handful of engineers about this time on that railway.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "43078522#9",
"score": 0.6619033217430115,
"text": "There were iron and coal pits in the area between Treforest and Llantrisant, and after a false start, the \"Llantrissant and Taff Vale Railway\" was incorporated by Act of Parliament on 7 June 1861.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "217371#4",
"score": 0.6615086793899536,
"text": "The idea of a railway to the summit of Snowdon was first proposed in 1869, when Llanberis was linked to Caernarfon by the London & North Western Railway. In 1871 a Bill was put before Parliament, applying for powers of compulsory purchase for a railway to the summit, but it was opposed by the local landowner, Mr Assheton-Smith of the Vaynol Estate, who thought that a railway would spoil the scenery.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "55644023#1",
"score": 0.6613446474075317,
"text": "Brunel's Great Western Railway from London reached Bristol in 1841. The South Wales Main Line was built in 1850. There was no railway link between them though until 1852 when the Chepstow Railway Bridge was built, connecting South Wales to England, across the River Wye. Even after this, trains from Bristol to Cardiff still had to travel the long detour around through Gloucester, rather than crossing the Severn Estuary.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
67
|
What is the most common type of desert?
|
[
{
"id": "170350#0",
"score": 0.7259297370910645,
"text": "The desert climate (in the Köppen climate classification BWh and BWk), is a climate in which there is an excess of evaporation over precipitation. The typically bald, rocky, or sandy surfaces in desert climates hold little moisture and evaporate the little rainfall they receive. Covering 14.2% of earth's land area, hot deserts may be the most common type of climate on earth.[1]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "25651584#8",
"score": 0.6860933899879456,
"text": "The most common types are:",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "1178938#12",
"score": 0.6754985451698303,
"text": "Most of the world's deserts expanded. Exceptions were in what is now the western United States, where changes in the jet stream brought heavy rain to areas that are now desert and large pluvial lakes formed, the best known being Lake Bonneville in Utah. This also occurred in Afghanistan and Iran, where a major lake formed in the Dasht-e Kavir.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "170350#7",
"score": 0.6732069849967957,
"text": "Hot deserts are lands of extremes: most of them are the hottest, the driest and the sunniest places on Earth because of nearly constant high pressure; the nearly permanent removal of low pressure systems, dynamic fronts and atmospheric disturbances; sinking air motion; dry atmosphere near the surface and aloft; the exacerbated exposure to the sun where solar angles are always high.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "22894072#13",
"score": 0.6704075932502747,
"text": "Desert Region:",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "17964574#143",
"score": 0.6693761348724365,
"text": "The Great Basin Desert is the only Cold desert, bordered by the Rocky Mountain range to the east, and the Sierra Nevada – Cascade to the west. The northernmost part of the desert lies above sea level, and due to high summer temperatures, not all of the fallen precipitation is fully absorbed into the soil, resulting in a high sodium concentration. In other areas, mountain erosion has caused deep soils of fine particles, which allows for standing lakes.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "7168052#5",
"score": 0.6546875238418579,
"text": "Most common:",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "47565246#11",
"score": 0.6534265279769897,
"text": "The vegetation of the area mainly consists of desert plants.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "17964574#147",
"score": 0.6523914337158203,
"text": "There are common patterns of hydrological cycles throughout the North American Deserts, but specifics of times and source of water range. All four deserts rely on rivers, precipitation, and underground aquifers to replenish their water supply. The water in the North American desert is mainly freshwater. There is an ephemeral flow of underground water during the wet seasons that slows during each sub-desert’s dry season. Oases form in all four deserts when the groundwater reaches the surface and pools in the hollows of the desert basins. Being surrounded by mountains provides a rain shadow effect that contributes to the dry climate and creates the desert ecosystem. All four deserts experience times of drought and times of intense precipitation. The Colorado River flows through the Mojave, Great Basin, and Sonoran desert.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "4420282#5",
"score": 0.6483561396598816,
"text": "It inhabits primarily very dry, desert ecology ecosystems.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "18955999#15",
"score": 0.6459386944770813,
"text": "Polar deserts such as McMurdo Dry Valleys remain ice-free because of the dry katabatic winds that flow downhill from the surrounding mountains. Former desert areas presently in non-arid environments, such as the Sandhills in Nebraska, are known as paleodeserts. In the Köppen climate classification system, deserts are classed as \"BWh\" (hot desert) or \"BWk\" (temperate desert). In the Thornthwaite climate classification system, deserts would be classified as arid megathermal climates.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "14612089#20",
"score": 0.6455610990524292,
"text": "The great African desert is relatively cloud-free all year long but it's important to note the harsh, desert climate also has some negative features such as extreme heat and sometimes dust or sand-laden winds which frequently blow over the desert and can even result in severe duststorms or sandstorms. Both phenomenons reduce the solar electricity productivity and the efficiency of the solar panels.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "199252#0",
"score": 0.6444165706634521,
"text": "Deserts and xeric shrublands are a habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature. Deserts and xeric shrublands form the largest terrestrial biome, covering 19% of Earth's land surface area.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "170350#3",
"score": 0.6442718505859375,
"text": "Most desert and arid climates receive between 25 and 200mm (1 to 8 inches) of rainfall annually.[3] In the Köppen classification system, a climate will be classed as arid if its mean annual precipitation in millimeters is less than ten times its defined precipitation threshhold, and it will be classed as a desert if its mean annual precipitation is less than five times this threshold. The precipitation threshold is twice its mean annual temperature in degrees Celsius, plus a constant to represent the distribution of its rainfall throughout the year. This constant is 28 for regions that receive 70% or more of their rainfall during the six winter months. The constant is 0 for regions that receive 70% or more of their rainfall during the six summer months. And it is 14 for any climates falling between these two extremes.[4]",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "31946939#0",
"score": 0.6418559551239014,
"text": "California desert may refer to:",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "6915407#3",
"score": 0.6416441202163696,
"text": "Temperatures in the desert can reach 120 °F and can dip into the low 30s°F during the night. Sandstorms are not uncommon.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "360804#7",
"score": 0.6403961777687073,
"text": "The climate of the Great Basin desert is characterized by extremes: hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters; frigid alpine ridges and warm, windy valleys; days over followed by nights near . This is the climate of the high desert.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "199793#20",
"score": 0.6399641036987305,
"text": "Further south along the Pacific coast, the Mediterranean climate transitions into a desert climate but it is milder and not as hot as along the gulf coast. Transition climates, from Mediterranean to Desert, can be found from San Quintin to El Rosario. Further inland and along the Gulf of California the vegetation is scarce and temperatures are very high during the summer months. The islands in the Gulf of California also belong to the desert climate. Some oases can be found in the desert in which few towns are located – for instance, Catavina, San Borja and Santa Gertrudis.[14]",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "23962301#54",
"score": 0.6394357681274414,
"text": "The Chihuahuan Desert is home to a diverse ecosystem which is home to a large variety of mammals. The most common mammals in the desert include: Desert cottontail \"Sylvilagus audubonii\", black-tailed jackrabbit \"Lepus californicus\", hooded skunk \"Mephitis macroura\", cactus mouse \"Peromyscus eremicus\", swift fox \"Vulpes velox\", white-throated woodrat \"Neotoma albigula\", pallid bat \"Antrozous pallidus\", and coyote \"Canis latrans\". The most observed reptiles in the desert include: Mohave rattlesnake \"Crotalus scutulatus\", twin-spotted rattlesnake \"Crotalus pricei\", prairie rattlesnake \"Crotalus viridis\", ridge-nosed rattlesnake \"Crotalus willardi\", whip snake \"Masticophis flagellum\", New Mexico whiptail \"Aspidoscelis neomexicanus\", and red-spotted toad \"Bufo punctatus\".",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "456147#2",
"score": 0.6384164094924927,
"text": "The two most common types are:",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "17964574#148",
"score": 0.6381776332855225,
"text": "But, differences in seasonal rain create the differing hydrological cycles. The Great Basin receives most its rainfall in the winter. This leads to creation of playa lakes in the spring, as the snowfall melts and flows down surrounding mountains. The Sonoran Desert has a bimodal precipitation pattern that includes winter storms and summer monsoons, which help sustain flora. The Chihuahuan Desert relies primarily on its intense summer monsoon for water. During the summer is when the area sees the accumulation of playa lakes. They may all have similar characteristics, but the difference in location and evaluation attribute to the diversity of their hydrological sources and cycles. Although the Northern American Deserts are characteristically dry, they still contain the water necessary to fuel their ecosystem and sustain the life of humans, animals, and plants alike.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
68
|
Who invented air conditioning?
|
[
{
"id": "7221088#7",
"score": 0.8343212008476257,
"text": "Modern air conditioning emerged from advances in chemistry during the 19th century, and the first large-scale electrical air conditioning was invented and used in 1902 by US inventor Willis Carrier. The introduction of residential air conditioning in the 1920s helped enable the great migration to the Sun Belt in the United States."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "46238#5",
"score": 0.742805540561676,
"text": "The history of artificial refrigeration began when Scottish professor William Cullen designed a small refrigerating machine in 1755. Cullen used a pump to create a partial vacuum over a container of diethyl ether, which then boiled, absorbing heat from the surrounding air. The experiment even created a small amount of ice, but had no practical application at that time.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "7221088#9",
"score": 0.7256821393966675,
"text": "In 1820, English scientist and inventor Michael Faraday discovered that compressing and liquefying ammonia could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate. In 1842, Florida physician John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients in his hospital in Apalachicola, Florida. He hoped to eventually use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings. He even envisioned centralized air conditioning that could cool entire cities. Though his prototype leaked and performed irregularly, Gorrie was granted a patent in 1851 for his ice-making machine. Though his process improved the artificial production of ice, his hopes for its success vanished soon afterwards when his chief financial backer died and Gorrie did not get the money he needed to develop the machine. According to his biographer, Vivian M. Sherlock, he blamed the \"Ice King\", Frederic Tudor, for his failure, suspecting that Tudor had launched a smear campaign against his invention. Dr. Gorrie died impoverished in 1855, and the dream of commonplace air conditioning went away for 50 years.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "46544629#4",
"score": 0.7238166332244873,
"text": "In 1934, Chrysler founded the Airtemp division of Chrysler Corporation, which developed the first automotive air-conditioning system. After establishing worldwide distribution, he transferred the patent to the parent company but remained a director. In the following year he became president of the Chrysler Building; he continued in that position until 1953.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "4702515#31",
"score": 0.7069186568260193,
"text": "In 1805, the American inventor Oliver Evans described a closed vapor-compression refrigeration cycle for the production of ice by ether under vacuum. Heat would be removed from the environment by recycling vaporized refrigerant, where it would move through a compressor and condenser and would eventually revert to a liquid form in order to repeat the refrigeration process over again. However, no such refrigeration unit was built by Evans.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "21600882#1",
"score": 0.7060235738754272,
"text": "Denison Olmsted of New Haven, Connecticut, appears to have been the earliest person to use the term 'radiator' to mean a heating appliance in an 1834 patent for a stove with a heat exchanger which then radiated heat. In the patent he wrote that his invention was \"a peculiar kind of apparatus, which I call a radiator\". The heating radiator was invented by Franz San Galli in 1855, a Prussian-born Russian businessman living in St. Petersburg. In the late 1800s, companies, such as the American Radiator Company, promoted cast iron radiators over previous fabricated steel designs in order to lower costs and expand the market.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "23499748#11",
"score": 0.7015476226806641,
"text": "Willis Hoag Haviland, a farmer, and his second wife, Hannah Wing Haviland, were first cousins once removed, which caused friction with the Quaker Meeting to which they belonged, ending in severance with the church. Hannah Wing Haviland's half-sister was Ann Elizabeth Button (27 Mar 1823 – 15 Mar 1849), wife of David Jay Haviland (29 Mar 1820 – 13 Aug 1868); they were the parents of Elizabeth R. Haviland (1845–1888) who would marry Duane Williams Carrier and have only child Willis Haviland Carrier in 1876, later the inventor of modern air conditioning technology. Willis Haviland Carrier was named after Willis Hoag Haviland, who after Elizabeth's father's death took care of her before she was married. (Willis Hoag Haviland was also Elizabeth's uncle-in-law.)",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "33916504#1",
"score": 0.6995258927345276,
"text": "A company in New York City in the United States first offered installation of air conditioning for cars in 1933. Most of their customers operated limousines and luxury cars.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "7221088#118",
"score": 0.6962987780570984,
"text": "Media related to Air conditioners at Wikimedia Commons on YouTube Carrier's original patent",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "2380542#9",
"score": 0.6951417922973633,
"text": "Jacob Perkins has patents for Heating and Air Conditioning technology. In 1829–30, he went into partnership with his second son Angier March Perkins, manufacturing and installing central heating systems using his hermetic tube principle. He also investigated refrigeration machinery after discovering from his research in heating that liquefied ammonia caused a cooling effect.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "7221088#4",
"score": 0.6919949054718018,
"text": "The basic concept behind air conditioning is said to have been applied in ancient Egypt, where reeds were hung in windows and were moistened with trickling water. The evaporation of water cooled the air blowing through the window. This process also made the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate. In ancient Rome, water from aqueducts was circulated through the walls of certain houses to cool them. Other techniques in medieval Persia involved the use of cisterns and wind towers to cool buildings during the hot season.[5]",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "35926235#67",
"score": 0.6869210004806519,
"text": "Early approaches to preserving food used variants of traditional cold boxes to solve the problem of how to take small quantities of products short distances to market. Thomas Moore, an engineer from Maryland, invented an early refrigerator which he patented in 1803; this involved a large, insulated wooden box, with a tin container of ice embedded in the top. This refrigerator primarily relied upon simple insulation, rather than ventilation, but the design was widely adopted by farmers and small traders, and illegal copies abounded. By the 1830s portable refrigerator chests became used in the meat trade, taking advantage of the growing supplies of ice to use ventilation to better preserve the food. By the 1840s, improved supplies and an understanding of the importance of circulating air was making a significant improvement to refrigeration in the U.S.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "4702515#35",
"score": 0.6812562942504883,
"text": "The first gas absorption refrigeration system using gaseous ammonia dissolved in water (referred to as \"aqua ammonia\") was developed by Ferdinand Carré of France in 1859 and patented in 1860. Carl von Linde, an engineering professor at the Technological University Munich in Germany, patented an improved method of liquefying gases in 1876. His new process made possible using gases such as ammonia, sulfur dioxide and methyl chloride (CHCl) as refrigerants and they were widely used for that purpose until the late 1920s.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "29750738#1",
"score": 0.6738615036010742,
"text": "Airflow was established in 1955 in the garage of its founder, Connor Wilson at his home in High Wycombe in conjunction with Gwilym (Bill) Leighton Myles. Wilson was a fan engineer by trade and invented the first inclined Manometer to go into commercial production Bill Myles being the Sales Director. The original wooden device, which measured positive, negative and differential pressure, was the forerunner of a range of air flow measuring instruments for HVAC applications which are still sold around the world.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "33916504#5",
"score": 0.6725994348526001,
"text": "The 1953 Chrysler Imperial was one of the first production cars in twelve years to offer modern automobile air conditioning as an option, following tentative experiments by Packard in 1940 and Cadillac in 1941. Walter Chrysler had seen to the invention of Airtemp air conditioning in the 1930s for the Chrysler Building, and had offered it on cars in 1941-42, and again in 1951-52.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "3214951#3",
"score": 0.672425389289856,
"text": "Before the development of electrical power the principle of cooling a building by designing it to draw in cooler air from below and vent it from the top was known. In the absence of the forced air movement produced by a fan, careful design to promote cooling air flow was required. Thomas Jefferson, US president from 1801 to 1809, was personally involved in the designs of his residences at Monticello and Poplar Forest, and was aware of these techniques. Monticello had a large central hall and aligned windows designed to allow a cooling air-current to pass through the house, with an octagonal cupola at the top of the house drawing hot air up and out through natural convection.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "165062#0",
"score": 0.6697458028793335,
"text": "The atmospheric engine was invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712, and is often referred to simply as a Newcomen engine. The engine was operated by condensing steam drawn into the cylinder, thereby creating a partial vacuum which allowed the atmospheric pressure to push the piston into the cylinder. It was the first practical device to harness steam to produce mechanical work. Newcomen engines were used throughout Britain and Europe, principally to pump water out of mines. Hundreds were constructed through the 18th century.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "265822#15",
"score": 0.6691561341285706,
"text": "Warren S. Johnson (1847–1911) of Wisconsin patented a bi-metal room thermostat in 1883, and two years later filed a patent for the first multi-zone thermostatic control system.[5][6] Albert Butz (1849–1905) invented the electric thermostat and patented it in 1886.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "45422186#2",
"score": 0.6636204719543457,
"text": "In 1933, Mads Clausen, an engineer specializing in air conditioning and refrigeration, established the Danish Cooling Automatic and Appliance Factory in his boyhood attic room in Elsmark, on the Danish island of Als. He started producing automatic valves for refrigeration plants, which previously had to be imported from the United States.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "690861#10",
"score": 0.6626459360122681,
"text": "American inventor Clarence Birdseye developed the \"quick-freezing\" process of food preservation in the 20th century. This process was further developed by American inventor Daniel Tippmann by producing a vacuum and drawing the cold air through palletized food.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "651372#2",
"score": 0.6582499742507935,
"text": "An earlier form of evaporative cooling, the windcatcher, was first used in ancient Egypt and Persia thousands of years ago in the form of wind shafts on the roof. They caught the wind, passed it over subterranean water in a \"qanat\" and discharged the cooled air into the building. Modern Iranians have widely adopted powered evaporative coolers (\"\").\nThe evaporative cooler was the subject of numerous US patents in the 20th century; many of these, starting in 1906, suggested or assumed the use of excelsior (wood wool) pads as the elements to bring a large volume of water in contact with moving air to allow evaporation to occur. A typical design, as shown in a 1945 patent, includes a water reservoir (usually with level controlled by a float valve), a pump to circulate water over the excelsior pads and a centrifugal fan to draw air through the pads and into the house. This design and this material remain dominant in evaporative coolers in the American Southwest, where they are also used to increase humidity. In the United States, the use of the term \"swamp cooler\" may be due to the odor of algae produced by early units.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
69
|
What is the largest asteroid?
|
[
{
"id": "326413#9",
"score": 0.7591313719749451,
"text": "The largest asteroids with an accurately measured mass, due to the fact that they have been (and are being) studied by the probe Dawn, are 1 Ceres with a mass of 939.3 ± 0.5×1018 kg, and 4 Vesta at 259.076 ± 0.001×1018 kg. The third-largest asteroid with an accurately measured mass, due to the fact that it has moons, is 87 Sylvia at 14.78 ± 0.06×1018 kg."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "15754203#5",
"score": 0.6939617395401001,
"text": "In 2008, scientists using the planetary radar at Arecibo Observatory discovered that the object is orbited by two satellites, when the triple asteroid made a close approach to Earth of 0.066 AU (nearly 10 million kilometers). The largest body (preliminarily called \"Alpha\") is spheroid in shape, with principal axes of km, km, and km, with an effective diameter of km and a density of g/cm. The satellites, named \"Beta\" and \"Gamma\", are several times smaller in size. \"Beta\" is km in diameter and \"Gamma\" km.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "532322#2",
"score": 0.6928157806396484,
"text": "A list of some of the largest D-type asteroids.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "418623#1",
"score": 0.6901877522468567,
"text": "S-types asteroids, with an astronomical albedo of typically 0.20, are moderately bright and consist mainly of iron- and magnesium-silicates. They are dominant in the inner part of the asteroid belt within 2.2 AU, common in the central belt within about 3 AU, but become rare farther out. The largest is 15 Eunomia (about 330 km wide across its longest dimension), with the next largest members by diameter being 3 Juno, 29 Amphitrite, 532 Herculina and 7 Iris. These largest S-types are visible in 10x50 binoculars at most oppositions; the brightest, 7 Iris, can occasionally become brighter than +7.0, which is a higher magnitude than any asteroid except the unusually reflective 4 Vesta.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "725656#2",
"score": 0.6764108538627625,
"text": "As the largest S-type asteroid (with 3 Juno being a very close second), Eunomia has attracted a moderate amount of scientific attention. It contains slightly over one percent of the mass of the entire asteroid belt.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "12699214#6",
"score": 0.6761251091957092,
"text": "Using estimates of the total amount of iridium in the K–Pg layer, and assuming that the asteroid contained the normal percentage of iridium found in chondrites, the Alvarez team went on to calculate the size of the asteroid. The answer was about in diameter, about the size of Manhattan. Such a large impact would have had approximately the energy of 100 trillion tons of TNT, or about 2 million times greater than the most powerful thermonuclear bomb ever tested.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "532254#3",
"score": 0.6696282029151917,
"text": "16 Psyche is the largest M-type asteroid, and does appear to be metallic. 21 Lutetia, an anomalous, probably non-metallic body, was the first M-type asteroid to be imaged by a spacecraft when the Rosetta space probe visited it on July 10, 2010. Another M-type asteroid, 216 Kleopatra, was imaged by radar by the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, and has a dog bone-like shape.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "950009#4",
"score": 0.6694924235343933,
"text": "Twenty four kilometres west of Grootfontein lies the huge Hoba meteorite. At over 60 tons, it is the largest known meteorite on Earth, as well as being the largest naturally occurring mass of iron known to exist on the planet's surface.",
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},
{
"id": "791#47",
"score": 0.6694504022598267,
"text": "Hygiea is the largest carbonaceous asteroid[67] and, unlike the other largest asteroids, lies relatively close to the plane of the ecliptic.[68] It is the largest member and presumed parent body of the Hygiean family of asteroids.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "53726378#0",
"score": 0.6662121415138245,
"text": "belongs to the Apollo asteroids, which cross the orbit of Earth. Apollos are the largest group of near-Earth objects with nearly 10 thousand known members. It is also a potentially hazardous asteroid due to its sufficiently large size (an absolute magnitude brighter than 22), and its Earth-MOID \"(see below)\" of less than 0.05 AU.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "558467#2",
"score": 0.6639613509178162,
"text": "The \"Rosetta\" probe passed within of Lutetia in July 2010. It was the largest asteroid visited by a spacecraft until \"Dawn\" arrived at Vesta in July 2011.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "734359#2",
"score": 0.6586777567863464,
"text": "The other Eunomian asteroids are quite regularly distributed in orbital space around Eunomia. The next largest member identified by the analysis was 258 Tyche of 65 km diameter. However, its orbit lies at the very margin of what can be considered the family region, and it may well be an interloper. The largest clear family members are about 30 km diameter, with several asteroids in this size range. ",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "55427289#0",
"score": 0.6572391986846924,
"text": "is a member of the Apollo asteroids, which cross the orbit of Earth. Apollo's are the largest group of near-Earth objects with approximately 10 thousand known objects.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "8818227#3",
"score": 0.655480146408081,
"text": "Most Hungarias are E-type asteroids, which means they have extremely bright enstatite surfaces and albedos typically above 0.30. Despite their high albedos, none can be seen with binoculars because they are far too small: the largest (434 Hungaria) is only about 11 km in size. They are, however, the smallest asteroids that can regularly be glimpsed with amateur telescopes.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "47264#4",
"score": 0.6544963121414185,
"text": "On 22 January 2014, ESA scientists reported the detection, for the first definitive time, of water vapor on Ceres, the largest object in the asteroid belt. The detection was made by using the far-infrared abilities of the Herschel Space Observatory. The finding was unexpected because comets, not asteroids, are typically considered to \"sprout jets and plumes\". According to one of the scientists, \"The lines are becoming more and more blurred between comets and asteroids.\"",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "602678#47",
"score": 0.6539188623428345,
"text": "Asteroids with unusual orbits also offer a lot to the imagination. For instance, the asteroid (or more likely, extinct comet) 3200 Phaethon has one of the most eccentric orbits: its distance from the Sun varies between 0.14 and 2.4 AU. At perihelion, the Sun would loom over 7 times larger than it does in our sky, and blast the surface with over 50 times as much energy; at aphelion, the Sun would shrink to less than half its apparent diameter on Earth, and give little more than a sixth as much illumination.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "16503568#3",
"score": 0.6511666178703308,
"text": "With a diameter of 4.8 kilometers, \"Atira\" is one of the largest Near-Earth objects. Early estimates of its size ranged from 1 to 2 kilometers, but those were based on an assumed higher albedo of 0.20. Its larger size and low albedo were discovered when \"Atira\" was imaged by radar in early 2017. These radar images also revealed that \"Atira\" is a binary asteroid.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "58133278#1",
"score": 0.6489474177360535,
"text": "The table lists the largest meteorites found on the Earth's surface.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "22364466#180",
"score": 0.6481993794441223,
"text": "Eris, formal designation 136199 Eris, is the largest-known dwarf planet in the Solar System and the ninth-largest body known to orbit the Sun directly. It is approximately 2,500 kilometres in diameter and 27% more massive than the dwarf planet Pluto. Eris was discovered in 2005 at W. M. Keck Observatory by American astronomer Michael E. Brown.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "38954406#0",
"score": 0.6465378999710083,
"text": "Asteroid is a minor planet from the outer Solar System and the first known Uranus trojan to be discovered. It measures approximately 60 kilometers in diameter, assuming an albedo of 0.05. It was first observed 29 August 2011 during a deep survey of trans-Neptunian objects conducted with the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope, but its identification as Uranian trojan was not announced until 2013.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "1533237#1",
"score": 0.646084725856781,
"text": "The Vestian asteroids consist of 4 Vesta, the second-most-massive of all asteroids (mean diameter of 530 km), and many small asteroids below 10 km diameter. The brightest of these, 1929 Kollaa and 2045 Peking, have an absolute magnitude of 12.2, which would give them a radius of about 7.5 km assuming the same high albedo as 4 Vesta.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
70
|
When did the American Renaissance happen?
|
[
{
"id": "324483#0",
"score": 0.7755410075187683,
"text": "The American Renaissance was a period of American architecture and the arts from 1876 to 1917,[1] characterized by renewed national self-confidence and a feeling that the United States was the heir to Greek democracy, Roman law, and Renaissance humanism. The era spans the period between the Centennial Exposition (celebrating the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence) and the United States' entry into World War I."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "11382737#2",
"score": 0.6714853048324585,
"text": "From the late 19th to the early 20th centuries, the United States experienced enormous industrial, economic, social and cultural change. A continuous wave of European immigration and the rising potential for international trade brought increasing growth and prosperity to America. Through art and artistic expression (through all mediums including painting, literature and music), \"American Realism\" attempted to portray the exhaustion and cultural exuberance of the figurative \"American landscape\" and the life of ordinary Americans at home. Artists used the feelings, textures and sounds of the city to influence the color, texture and look of their creative projects. Musicians noticed the quick and fast-paced nature of the early 20th century and responded with a fresh and new tempo. Writers and authors told a new story about Americans; boys and girls real Americans could have grown up with. Pulling away from fantasy and focusing on \"the now,\" American Realism presented a new gateway and a breakthrough—introducing modernism, and what it means to be in the present. The Ashcan School also known as The Eight and the group called Ten American Painters created the core of the new American Modernism in the visual arts.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "1642576#42",
"score": 0.6713643074035645,
"text": "The Harlem Renaissance marked a turning point for African-American literature. Prior to this time, books by African Americans were primarily read by other Black people. With the renaissance, though, African-American literature—as well as black fine art and performance art—began to be absorbed into mainstream American culture.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "1291656#36",
"score": 0.6664719581604004,
"text": "The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historic era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform across Europe, this is a general use of the term. As a cultural movement, it encompassed a rebellion of learning based on classical sources, the development of linear perspective in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "539672#6",
"score": 0.6640595197677612,
"text": "Breaking loose from European models, the Americans developed their own high culture, notably in literature and in higher education. The Second Great Awakening brought revivals across the country, forming new denominations and greatly increasing church membership, especially among Methodists and Baptists. By the 1840s increasing numbers of immigrants were arriving from Europe, especially British, Irish, and Germans. Many settled in the cities, which were starting to emerge as a major factor in the economy and society. The Whigs had warned that annexation of Texas would lead to a crisis over slavery, and they were proven right by the turmoil of the 1850s that led to the Civil War.",
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},
{
"id": "1291656#61",
"score": 0.6639290452003479,
"text": "The 15th to 18th century period is marked by the first European colonies, the rise of strong centralized governments, and the beginnings of recognizable European nation states that are the direct antecedents of today's states. Although the Renaissance included revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for European artistic developments and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term \"Renaissance man\".",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "1718653#5",
"score": 0.6512591242790222,
"text": "By the 1920s, the Great Migration and demographic changes had led to a concentration of African Americans living in Harlem. A synergy developed among the artists, writers and musicians and many figured in the Harlem Renaissance. They began to develop supporting structures of study groups and informal workshops to develop newcomers and young people.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "25532#8",
"score": 0.6434698700904846,
"text": "The Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period. Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art, music, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry. Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism and human emotion in art.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "2068726#90",
"score": 0.6423290967941284,
"text": "In the 14th century, the Renaissance began in Italy with advances in religion, art, and science. At that time the Christian Church as a political entity lost much of its power. In 1492, Christopher Columbus reached the Americas, initiating great changes to the new world. European civilization began to change beginning in 1500, leading to the scientific and industrial revolutions. That continent began to exert political and cultural dominance over human societies around the world, a time known as the Colonial era (also see Age of Discovery). In the 18th century a cultural movement known as the Age of Enlightenment further shaped the mentality of Europe and contributed to its secularization. From 1914 to 1918 and 1939 to 1945, nations around the world were embroiled in world wars. Established following World War I, the League of Nations was a first step in establishing international institutions to settle disputes peacefully. After failing to prevent World War II, mankind's bloodiest conflict, it was replaced by the United Nations. After the war, many new states were formed, declaring or being granted independence in a period of decolonization. The United States and Soviet Union became the world's dominant superpowers for a time, and they held an often-violent rivalry known as the Cold War until the dissolution of the latter. In 1992, several European nations joined in the European Union. As transportation and communication improved, the economies and political affairs of nations around the world have become increasingly intertwined. This globalization has often produced both conflict and cooperation.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "141959#0",
"score": 0.6392441987991333,
"text": "Modern animation of the United States from the late 1980s and 1990s onward is sometimes referred to as the \"renaissance age of American animation\". During this period, many large American entertainment companies reformed and reinvigorated their animation departments following a general decline during the 1960s to 1980s. The United States has had a profound effect on animation worldwide. Since the late 1990s and the 2000s traditional animation would lose interest against digital and Flash animation, naming this current period as the \"millennium age of American animation\".",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "732612#14",
"score": 0.6346637010574341,
"text": "According to NEH, the initiative led a renaissance in knowledge about American history and principles among all US citizens. The initiative was launched on Constitution Day, September 17, 2002 and active through 2009.",
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},
{
"id": "52113613#1",
"score": 0.6332413554191589,
"text": "Pedimental sculptures in the United States were rare prior to the 1880s, most surviving examples in cities along the east coast. The earliest seems to be Whitehall (1765), outside Annapolis, Maryland, attributed to English architect Joseph Horatio Anderson and English-born carver William Buckland. Greek Revival architecture was dominant throughout the first half of the 19th century, but almost always with chaste, blank pediments. It was only post-Civil War, with the advent of the American Renaissance and the City Beautiful movement – especially the architectural vision of \"The White City\" presented at Chicago's World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 – that the use of sculpture in pediments increased dramatically. The advent of the Great Depression of the 1930s largely brought the use of pediment sculpture to a halt, with the exception of federal government buildings in Washington, D.C.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "47818753#6",
"score": 0.6332405805587769,
"text": "Diderot's essay contains a passionate tribute to modern America; he hails the American Revolution which gave rise to a new nation in 1776, and its lessons for tyrants in Europe. He declares modern America to possibly be a novel feature in world affairs, and declares his hope that all Americans would continue to always enjoy freedom. He expresses his hope that America would never engage in civil war, or come under despotic rule.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "171080#19",
"score": 0.6320271492004395,
"text": "Classical music was brought to the United States with some of the first colonists. European classical music is rooted in the traditions of European art, ecclesiastical and concert music. The central norms of this tradition developed between 1550 and 1825, centering on what is known as the common practice period. Many American classical composers attempted to work entirely within European models until late in the 19th century. When Antonín Dvořák, a prominent Czech composer, visited the United States from 1892 to 1895, he iterated the idea that American classical music needed its own models instead of imitating European composers; he helped to inspire subsequent composers to make a distinctly American style of classical music. By the beginning of the 20th century, many American composers were incorporating disparate elements into their work, ranging from jazz and blues to Native American music.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "32359945#4",
"score": 0.6314459443092346,
"text": "The years from the end of the Civil War to the end of World War II brought new meaning to the term \"Americanism\" to millions of immigrants coming from Europe and Asia. Those were times of great economic growth and industrialization, and thus brought forth the American scene consisting of \"industrial democracy\" and the thinking that the people are the government in America. Since then, the success of the American nation has brought tremendous power to the notion of \"Americanism\".",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "1398990#0",
"score": 0.6305158734321594,
"text": "The French Renaissance was the cultural and artistic movement in France between the 15th and early 17th centuries. The period is associated with the pan-European Renaissance, a word first used by the French historian Jules Michelet to define the artistic and cultural \"rebirth\" of Europe.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "31284652#23",
"score": 0.6297200918197632,
"text": "The nuclear renaissance of nuclear energy in America denotes the time period where political legislation was passed to promote the expansion of nuclear power in the United States. This second age started with the passing of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, which made significant changes in nuclear policy and funding options for nuclear energy. Congress hoped this act would help encourage utility companies to install more reactors and build more nuclear plants to meet the demands of the country's growing energy needs.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "1102214#0",
"score": 0.6282060742378235,
"text": "American Renaissance (AR or AmRen) is a monthly white supremacist online publication founded and edited by Jared Taylor. It is published by the New Century Foundation, which describes itself as a \"race-realist, white advocacy organization\". It has also been described as \"alt-right\" by \"The Guardian\".",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "18973384#23",
"score": 0.6281293034553528,
"text": "After William Caxton introduced the printing press in England in 1476, vernacular literature flourished. The Reformation inspired the production of vernacular liturgy which led to the Book of Common Prayer (1549), a lasting influence on literary language. The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the late 15th to the 17th century. It is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that is usually regarded as beginning in Italy in the late 14th century. Like most of northern Europe, England saw little of these developments until more than a century later. Renaissance style and ideas were slow in penetrating England, and the Elizabethan era in the second half of the 16th century is usually regarded as the height of the English Renaissance.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "1616933#18",
"score": 0.6278504133224487,
"text": "The first field of American music that could be viewed as popular, rather than classical or folk, was the singing of the colonial New England choirs, and travelling singing masters like William Billings. It was here that techniques and traditions like shape note, lined-out hymnody and Sacred Harp were created, gradually spreading south and becoming an integral part of the Great Awakening. The Great Awakening of the 1730s and ’40s was a period of religious fervor, among whites and blacks (both slave and free), that saw passionate, evangelical \"Negro spirituals\" grow in popularity (Ferris, 98).",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "70596#11",
"score": 0.6261743307113647,
"text": "Scholars rank the New Culture and May Fourth Movements as significant turning points, along with the abolition of the civil service system in 1905 and the overthrow of the monarchy in 1911. Participants at the time, such as Hu Shi, referred to this era as the Chinese Renaissance because there was an intense focus on science and experimentation.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
71
|
What does GDP stand for?
|
[
{
"id": "12594#0",
"score": 0.7716404795646667,
"text": "Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a period of time, often annually GDP (nominal) per capita does not, however, reflect differences in the cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries; therefore using a basis of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) is arguably more useful when comparing differences in living standards between nations."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "8497211#10",
"score": 0.7262706756591797,
"text": "Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total dollar value of all goods an economy produces over a given time, usually expressed as a comparison to the previous quarter or year. If the year to year GDP is up 5 percent, then the economy has grown 5 percent. There are two approaches - the income approach (adding up all earnings over a year) and the expenditures approach (adding up what everyone spent). The income approach is described as the total employee compensation, gross profit for corporations and non-incorporated firms, and taxes minus subsidies. The expenditures method is more common and it specifically combines total consumption within households, and the total investment within a business. It also reveals how much money the government is spending and the balance of trade. Another factor by which is not promptly supportive are the youngsters who play a role within GDP. They clearly do not add to it and do not help the stock and bond market returns. Youngsters are wellsprings of advancement, entrepreneurial souls and play a major incentive to GDP.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "510501#4",
"score": 0.7230954170227051,
"text": "Real GDP growth on an annual basis is the nominal GDP growth rate adjusted for inflation. It is usually expressed as a percentage.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "12594#44",
"score": 0.7099668979644775,
"text": "The international standard for measuring GDP is contained in the book System of National Accounts (1993), which was prepared by representatives of the International Monetary Fund, European Union, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations and World Bank. The publication is normally referred to as SNA93 to distinguish it from the previous edition published in 1968 (called SNA68) [19]",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "5766786#24",
"score": 0.7068881988525391,
"text": "G = Government income",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "172723#0",
"score": 0.7055963277816772,
"text": "GNP, or gross national product, is a measure of national income and output.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "12596632#0",
"score": 0.7044544816017151,
"text": "The Gross Domestic Income (GDI) is the total income received by all sectors of an economy within a state. It includes the sum of all wages, profits, and taxes, minus subsidies. Since all income is derived from production (including the production of services), the gross domestic income of a country should exactly equal its gross domestic product (GDP). The GDP is a very commonly cited statistic measuring the economic activity of countries, and the GDI is quite uncommon. ",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "3259201#0",
"score": 0.7018642425537109,
"text": "The GDP gap or the output gap is the difference between actual GDP or actual output and potential GDP. The calculation for the output gap is Y–Y* where Y is actual output and Y* is potential output. If this calculation yields a positive number it is called an inflationary gap and indicates the growth of aggregate demand is outpacing the growth of aggregate supply—possibly creating inflation; if the calculation yields a negative number it is called a recessionary gap—possibly signifying deflation.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "1050736#2",
"score": 0.7005100250244141,
"text": "Therefore, these figures should be used with caution. GDP per capita is often considered an indicator of a country's standard of living; although this is problematic because GDP per capita .",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "588255#0",
"score": 0.6999947428703308,
"text": "The green gross domestic product (green GDP or GGDP) is an index of economic growth with the environmental consequences of that growth factored into a country's conventional GDP. Green GDP monetizes the loss of biodiversity, and accounts for costs caused by climate change. Some environmental experts prefer physical indicators (such as \"waste per capita\" or \"carbon dioxide emissions per year\"), which may be aggregated to indices such as the \"Sustainable Development Index\".",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "4392323#0",
"score": 0.6997107267379761,
"text": "This is a list of U.S. states sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. The United States Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) defines \"GDP by state\" as \"the sum of value added from all industries in the state.\"",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "5766786#4",
"score": 0.6951411366462708,
"text": "Here is a description of each GDP component:",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "21337#2",
"score": 0.6919479370117188,
"text": "Gross Domestic product- $3.81 billion\nGDP:\npurchasing power parity - $3 600 million (3,6 G$) (2007 est.)",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "993976#13",
"score": 0.687532901763916,
"text": "Finally, GDP is gross national product plus payments from the rest of the world that are income to residents of the U.S. minus payments from the US to the rest of the world that count as income where they are received.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "10536759#4",
"score": 0.6845142245292664,
"text": "GVA is sector specific, and GDP is calculated by summation of GVA of all sectors of economy with taxes added and subsidies are deducted.\nComparison over time is difficult.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "8118739#3",
"score": 0.6828839182853699,
"text": "Another model of GDP hypothesizes that \"GDP\" has a negative relationship to \"T\". This can be represented similarly to the above, with a theoretically appropriate sign change as indicated:",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "12594#4",
"score": 0.6823745965957642,
"text": "The history of the concept of GDP should be distinguished from the history of changes in ways of estimating it. The value added by firms is relatively easy to calculate from their accounts, but the value added by the public sector, by financial industries, and by intangible asset creation is more complex. These activities are increasingly important in developed economies, and the international conventions governing their estimation and their inclusion or exclusion in GDP regularly change in an attempt to keep up with industrial advances. In the words of one academic economist \"The actual number for GDP is therefore the product of a vast patchwork of statistics and a complicated set of processes carried out on the raw data to fit them to the conceptual framework.\"[11]",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "763707#7",
"score": 0.6808426976203918,
"text": "Even though both methods are widely acknowledged to be accurate, the second method is known as the expenditure method and is used more widely, and is the standard method of calculation of GDP in most countries.\nThe logic behind using the expenditure method is that if all the expenditures on final goods are added up, the sum should total the total production because the every produced good is eventually produced in some form or the other.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "5766786#2",
"score": 0.6782525777816772,
"text": "GDP (Y) is the sum of consumption (C), investment (I), government spending (G) and net exports (X – M).",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "10750138#0",
"score": 0.6767919063568115,
"text": "This is a list of countries by GDP (real) per capita growth rate, i.e., the growth rate of GDP per capita. Corrected for inflation but not for purchasing power parity.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "12594#42",
"score": 0.6759616732597351,
"text": "Gross national income (GNI) equals GDP plus income receipts from the rest of the world minus income payments to the rest of the world.[16]",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
72
|
What is the most abundant fish species in the Indian ocean?
|
[
{
"id": "9558673#10",
"score": 0.5897387862205505,
"text": "The giant trevally is abundant in the central Indo-Pacific region, found throughout all the archipelagos and offshore islands including Indonesia, Philippines and Solomon Islands. Along continental Asia, the species has been recorded from Malaysia to Vietnam, but not China.[5] Despite this, its offshore range does extend north to Hong Kong, Taiwan and southern Japan.[11][14] In the south, the species reaches as far south as New South Wales in Australia[20] and even to the northern tip of New Zealand in the southern Pacific. Its distribution continues throughout the western Pacific, including Tonga, Western Samoa and Polynesia, with its westernmost limits known to be the Pitcairn and Hawaiian Islands.[10][15]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "2005347#4",
"score": 0.5602467060089111,
"text": "Lake Taymyr is teeming with many kinds of fish typical of cold Arctic waters, like loach, sig, and muksun. But there is overexploitation of some fish species despite the remoteness of the area.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "3254017#5",
"score": 0.5602246522903442,
"text": " This species is probably the most common and widespread snake in Africa. It is found in most of sub-Saharan Africa south to the Cape of Good Hope, including southern Morocco, Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, southern Algeria, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Sudan, Cameroon, Central African Republic, northern, eastern and southern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia and South Africa. It also occurs on the Arabian peninsula, where it is found in southwestern Saudi Arabia and Yemen.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "1622242#4",
"score": 0.5601574182510376,
"text": "Following the Japanese conquest of Southeast Asia east of Burma by the end of February 1942, submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy were moving freely throughout the north and eastern expanses of the Indian Ocean. In March 1942, Japanese aircraft carriers conducted the Indian Ocean raid upon shipping in the Bay of Bengal and bases in Colombo and Trincomalee in Ceylon. This raid drove the British Eastern Fleet out of the area and they were forced to relocate to a new base at Kilindini, near Mombasa, in Kenya.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "47100158#0",
"score": 0.5601526498794556,
"text": "Aulotrachichthys prosthemius, also known as the West Pacific luminous roughy, is a species of slimehead native to the Northern Pacific from Hawaii to Japan. It can be found at depths ranging from , either in open water or near crevices and caves. It has a maximum length of .",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "13799791#2",
"score": 0.5601478815078735,
"text": "The main habitats of the fish are Choghakhor Lagoon, Gandoman Lagoon, Salm Lake, Shalamzar Lake and Beheshtabad River all in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Province, Iran. The native fish population is threatened by different factors including environmental pollution as well as biological threats such as parasites. The fish has been infected with a migratory parasite larva to the extent of 100 and 68 percent, respectively in 2011 and 2018.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "747456#2",
"score": 0.5601335763931274,
"text": "Notable reefs that are part of the archipelago are as follows:The Comoros have been inhabited since the 6th century; among the peoples who crossed the sea to populate the islands are the Bantu, Malagasy, and Indonesian, Arabs, Portuguese, French, and Indians. Islam arrived during the 10th century. The Comoros islands formed, with Zanzibar, Pemba, Lamu, and the coastal towns of Kenya and Tanzania, a united and prosperous region of Swahili culture, featuring the ivory trade and commerce in local goods exported to the Middle East and India. In that period, political power was in the hands of local rulers. During their explorations of the Comoros region, the Portuguese made landfall on the Islands of the Moon, in 1505; the Arabic \"gamar\" is the English \"moon\".",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "55814540#0",
"score": 0.5601243376731873,
"text": "The longspine bellowfish (\"Notopogon xenosoma\") is a species of fish of the family Centriscidae. It is found in the subtropical belt of the Southern hemisphere, from South Africa to the St. Paul and Amsterdam Islands to New Zealand. Its range extends North as far as Madagascar and New Caledonia. It is found at depths of 100m to 700m. It can grow to lengths of 18 cm.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "50063945#4",
"score": 0.5600939393043518,
"text": "The island has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it is one of only three known locations in Seychelles which are nesting sites of Roseate terns (about 150 pairs). Also spotted are Sooty terns (about 5000 pairs) and Brown noddys (about 1000 pairs). All three species breed in dense colonies during the south-east monsoon season.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "33816021#15",
"score": 0.5600717663764954,
"text": "Since 2004, many new danionins have been discovered which do not yet have scientific names and many other species, previously known only to the scientific fraternity, have become available in aquarist shops. This has predictably led to total confusion as to the naming of some fish, with some species having up to five different common names in use and some common names bein used for up to four different species. As a result, all danionin common names known to be in use are listed on a separate page:Individual danionin species are listed within the relevant pages for each genus, but many danionin species have been changed into different genera over the last decades, in some cases repeatedly; similarly, some species have been synonymised with other species and in some cases later unsynonymised, all of which has caused confusion. As a result, a separate page has been created which lists all danionin species and also lists defunct species which have since been synonymised or renamed.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "11329424#7",
"score": 0.5600070357322693,
"text": "Today fishkeeping has become a popular hobby that almost anyone can do. Aquarium fish are both wild-caught and bred in Asia and Florida. Captive-bred species are inexpensive and widely available, and are less likely to be infected with diseases or parasites. Unfortunately, successive generations of inbred fish frequently have less color and sport smaller fins than their wild counterparts.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "12602471#0",
"score": 0.5599817633628845,
"text": "Torpedo panthera also known as the Leopard torpedo is a species of fish in the Torpedinidae family. It is found in Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, India, Iran, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, and Yemen. Its natural habitat is open seas.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "28710#0",
"score": 0.5599648356437683,
"text": "Smelts are a family of small fish, the Osmeridae, found in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. They are also known as freshwater smelts or typical smelts to distinguish them from the related Argentinidae, Bathylagidae, and Retropinnidae.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "3416294#1",
"score": 0.5599508285522461,
"text": "It occurs in the Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim, the hills of central India and the Eastern Ghats, the Western Ghats and southern India, Sri Lanka, Assam, Cachar, and via Myanmar and the Tenasserim Hills far into Indonesia. In August 2016 a specimen was spotted and caught in Palawan, Philippines.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "27229480#2",
"score": 0.5599489808082581,
"text": "This species occurs on rocks in the littoral fringe of the Red Sea and in the Indo-Pacific off Aldabra, the east coast of South Africa, Kenya, Madagascar, the Mascarene basin, Mozambique and Tanzania.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "415810#25",
"score": 0.5599356293678284,
"text": "The nationwide estimate for bycatch in commercial gillnets is 110-150 dolphins per year which is far in excess of the sustainable level of human impact. Deaths in fishing nets are the most serious threat (responsible for more than 95% of the human-caused deaths in Maui's dolphins), with currently lower level threats including tourism, disease, and marine mining. Research of decreases in mitochondrial DNA diversity among hector's dolphin populations has suggested that the amount of gill-net entanglement deaths likely far surpasses that reported by fisheries.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "630350#5",
"score": 0.5599185228347778,
"text": "In some years with large quantities of Atlantic herring in the Barents Sea, capelin seem to be heavily affected. Probably both food competition and herring feeding on capelin larvae lead to collapses in the capelin stock. In some years, though good recruitment of capelin despite a high herring biomass suggests that herring are only one factor influencing capelin dynamics.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "58585701#1",
"score": 0.5598858594894409,
"text": "This nudibranch was described from a reef wall, west of Nosy Valiha, Îles Radama, Madagascar, . It is also reported as possibly being present in Sri Lanka, South Africa and Reunion Island.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "15988807#3",
"score": 0.55985426902771,
"text": "There are 350 species of mammals, 375 reptiles, 130 amphibians, 20,000 insects, 19000 fish and 1200 species of birds in India. The Asiatic lion, Bengal tiger and leopard are the main predators; the country has the most species of cats than any other. Elephants, the Indian Rhinoceros and eight species of deer are also found.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "45345345#0",
"score": 0.5598184466362,
"text": "Awaous melanocephalus, the largesnout goby, is a species of goby that is native to fresh water rivers and streams of India, Sri Lanka, Ryukyu Islands, China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands. Some suggestions has been recorded from Fiji islands and Mauritius, but not confirmed yet. \nAdults inhabit in freshwater streams with clear waters, and some muddy bottoms. It is about in length.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "50838#1",
"score": 0.5598145723342896,
"text": "Mantas are found in warm temperate, subtropical and tropical waters. Both species are pelagic; \"M. birostris\" migrates across open oceans, singly or in groups, while \"M. alfredi\" tends to be resident and coastal. They are filter feeders and eat large quantities of zooplankton, which they gather with their open mouths as they swim. Gestation lasts over a year, and mantas give birth to live pups. Mantas may visit cleaning stations for the removal of parasites. Like whales, they breach for unknown reasons.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
74
|
What ethnicity are Chechens?
|
[
{
"id": "622772#0",
"score": 0.8144809007644653,
"text": "Chechens (/ˈtʃɛtʃən/; Chechen: Нохчий Noxçiy; Old Chechen: Нахчой Naxçoy) are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group of the Nakh peoples originating in the North Caucasus region of Eastern Europe. They refer to themselves as Vainakhs (which means our people in Chechen) or Nokhchiy (pronounced [no̞xtʃʼiː]; singular Nokhchi, Nakhchuo or Nakhtche).[21] Chechen and Ingush peoples are collectively known as the Vainakh. The majority of Chechens today live in the Chechen Republic, a subdivision of the Russian Federation."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "155411#0",
"score": 0.7598453760147095,
"text": "Chechen may refer to:",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "185118#0",
"score": 0.7571420073509216,
"text": "Chechen (нохчийн мотт , [ˈnɔx.t͡ʃiːn mu͜ɔt]) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by more than 1.4 million people, mostly in the Chechen Republic and by members of the Chechen diaspora throughout Russia, Jordan, Central Asia (mainly Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan), and Georgia.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "39167904#0",
"score": 0.7499577403068542,
"text": "This is a partial list of notable Chechen people.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "797702#27",
"score": 0.7354444265365601,
"text": "According to the 2010 Russian Census (2010), ethnic Ingush make up 94.1% of the republic's population. Other groups include Chechens (4.6%), Russians (0.8%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "57640314#2",
"score": 0.7295442819595337,
"text": "Today, the Chechen population in Turkish Kurdistan is scattered among the Kurdish population and has been assimilated into it. A local Chechen from Bağiçi village stated in 2010 that Chechens and Kurds live in harmony and that the later show Chechens love and respect.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "33462688#48",
"score": 0.7287675142288208,
"text": "Chechens in Turkey are Turkish citizens of Chechen descent and Chechen refugees living in Turkey. Chechens and Ingush live in the provinces of Istanbul, Kahramanmaraş, Mardin, Sivas, and Muş.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "622772#15",
"score": 0.7154093980789185,
"text": "Nakh peoples such as Chechens are thought to either be descended from original settlers of the Caucasus (North and/or South)[40][41] or supposedly Nakh-speaking ethnic minorities in the north-eastern regions of the ancient state of Urartu (whose people also spoke a language that was possibly related to the Nakh languages).[42] The two theories are not mutually incompatible, and there has been much evidence that seems to link both of the two together (either by dual origins or the \"return\" theory, in which the Nakh peoples originally lived in the Caucasus and then returned). Chechen genetics show a high level of genetic diversity (see section below).",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "622772#26",
"score": 0.7049707174301147,
"text": "Chechnya is predominantly Muslim.[59] Chechens are overwhelmingly adherents to the Shafi'i Madhhab of Sunni Islam,[60] the republic having converted to Islam between the 16th and the 19th centuries. Most of the population follows either the Shafi'i or the Hanafi,[61] schools of jurisprudence, fiqh. The Shafi'i school of jurisprudence has a long tradition among the Chechens,[62] and thus it remains the most practiced.[63] Some adhere to the mystical Sufi tradition of muridism, while about half of Chechens belong to Sufi brotherhoods, or tariqah. The two Sufi tariqas that spread in the North Caucasus were the Naqshbandiya and the Qadiriya (the Naqshbandiya is particularly strong in Dagestan and eastern Chechnya, whereas the Qadiriya has most of its adherents in the rest of Chechnya and Ingushetia). There are also small Christian and atheist minorities, although their numbers are unknown in Chechnya; in Kazakhstan, they are roughly 3% and 2% of the Chechen population respectively.[64]",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "7599382#27",
"score": 0.703173041343689,
"text": "Vainakhs are predominantly Muslim of the Shafi`i school of thought of Sunni Islam. The majority of Chechen (approx 1.5 million) and Ingush (500,000 people) people are Muslim of the Shafi`i school. Kists (about 7,100 people) are partly Sunni Muslims and Georgian Orthodox when Bats approx. 3,000 people are Christian (Georgian Orthodox) ",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "7599382#0",
"score": 0.6998726725578308,
"text": "The Vainakh peoples (Russian: , apparently derived from Chechen , Ingush \"our people\"; also Chechen-Ingush) are the speakers of the Vainakh languages, chiefly the Chechen, Ingush and Kist peoples of the North Caucasus, including closely related minor or historical groups",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "2420615#2",
"score": 0.6919362545013428,
"text": "Many ethnic Chechens have also moved to Moscow and other Russian cities. According to the 2008 study by the Norwegian Refugee Council, some 139,000 Chechens remained displaced in the Russian Federation.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "411747#72",
"score": 0.6872215867042542,
"text": "However, like other peoples, divisions arose among the Chechens. The differentiation between classes had by now arisen (or re-arisen) and notably, alliances between the Russians (and other \"inogorodtsy\") were also splintered. This combined with the ethnic division of Chechnya- between the natives as well as other non-Christian minorities, the \"old colonists\" (i.e. Cossacks) and the \"recent colonists\" (non-Cossack Russians), combined with the political divisions among each group, led to a complicated conflict pitting many different forces against each other. At only one year into the conflict, five distinct forces with separate interests had formed with influence in Chechnya: the Terek Cossacks, the \"Bourgeois\" Chechens following Tapa Chermoev, the Qadiri Communist-Islamists under Ali Mitayev, the urban Russian Bolsheviks in Groznyi, and lastly the relatively insignificant Naqshbandis with loyalties to Islamists in Dagestan.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "19835220#4",
"score": 0.6865853071212769,
"text": "As of the 1989 Census, the ethnic composition was as follows:",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "10572127#5",
"score": 0.6857909560203552,
"text": "As of the 1989 Census, the ethnic composition was as follows:",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "19835150#4",
"score": 0.6857909560203552,
"text": "As of the 1989 Census, the ethnic composition was as follows:",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "32232760#9",
"score": 0.6829323172569275,
"text": "By the end of the 19th century, major oil deposits were discovered around Grozny (1893) which along with the arrival of the railroad (early 1890s), brought economic prosperity to the region (then administered as part of the Terek Oblast) for the oil-mining Russian colonists. The immigration of colonists from Russia brought about a three-way distinction between Chechens and Ingush on one hand, Cossacks on a second, and \"other-towners\" (inogorodtsy), namely Russians and Ukrainians, who came to work as laborers. A debatable fourth group, including Armenian bankers and richer Russians, and even some rich Chechens (such as Chermoev), arose later. Some Chechens got rich off oil, and the industry brought wealth to Chechnya, and (along with other factors) caused a growth of a Chechen bourgeoisie and intelligentsia.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "1048891#18",
"score": 0.6803963780403137,
"text": "Ethnicity:",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "149696#16",
"score": 0.6795603036880493,
"text": "Ethnic Azeris, most of whom are Muslim, form the majority of the population in the southeastern Georgian region of Kvemo Kartli. Other Muslim groups include ethnic Georgians in Adjara (an autonomous region in the southwestern part of the country) and Chechens in the northeast.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "981853#0",
"score": 0.6787413954734802,
"text": "Ethnic Tuvans:",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "31954352#3",
"score": 0.6761561632156372,
"text": "As of 2010, one rural locality in the Chechen Republic bears this name:",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
75
|
What's the minimum age for driving?
|
[
{
"id": "28538097#0",
"score": 0.8654748201370239,
"text": "The minimum driving age is the minimum age at which a person may obtain a driver's licence to lawfully drive a motor vehicle on public roads. That age is determined by and for each jurisdiction and is most commonly set at 18 years of age, but learner drivers may be permitted on the road at an earlier age under supervision. Before reaching the minimum age for a driver's licence or anytime afterwards, the person wanting the licence would normally be tested for driving ability and knowledge of road rules before being issued with a licence, provided he or she is above the minimum driving age. Countries with the lowest driving ages (17 and below) are Canada, El Salvador, Iceland, Israel, Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, the United Kingdom (Mainland), United States and Zimbabwe. In several jurisdictions in the United States and Canada, drivers can be as young as 14."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "15429146#20",
"score": 0.8084431290626526,
"text": "The minimum driving age in Victoria is 18 years. A learner can drive at the age of 16 under the supervision of a fully licensed driver since 1966. After obtaining a licence, a driver continues to be subject to restrictions during a 4-year probationary period.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "39527321#108",
"score": 0.7877923846244812,
"text": "A minimum driving age often exists regardless of possession of a foreign license; an American cannot drive below the local minimum age in Europe, nor can a 17-year-old Briton drive in mainland Europe where the minimum age is 18.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "36413950#3",
"score": 0.7857373356819153,
"text": "The minimum age to obtain a Croatian driving licence varies; for cars, it is 18 years, but the young drivers are only allowed to drive under a stricter regime until the age of 24; for some motorcycles it is 24, or 20 after two years of probation with another motorcycle licence.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "15429146#11",
"score": 0.7835150957107544,
"text": "The minimum driving age in New South Wales is 16 years. The government introduced the Graduated Licensing Scheme in 2000 and therefore learners progress from a learner licence, to a provisional P1 licence, to a provisional P2 licence and finally to a full licence over an extended period of time. After obtaining a licence, a driver continues to be subject to restrictions during a three-year probationary period.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "39527321#76",
"score": 0.778751790523529,
"text": "In Turkey you must be at least 18 years old in order to drive a car and at least 17 to drive a motorbike. The driving test comprises a practical and theory test, which has been recently made tougher in order to meet European Union regulations.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "15446793#21",
"score": 0.7726377248764038,
"text": "Before 1 August 2011, someone could apply for a learner licence from the age of 15, and subsequently apply for a restricted licence by 15 and a half years of age, allowing unsupervised driving with certain restrictions, and finally a full licence by 16 and a half years of age. The minimum driver licensing age was raised by one year to 16 years of age since 1 August 2011, so the earliest someone can drive unsupervised is 16 and a half years of age. This change was initially met with opposition from people living in rural or remote areas. Many teenagers in rural areas learn to drive \"on the farm\" from the age of 12 by using farm equipment such as tractors. From a family day planning perspective, it is easier for students living in rural areas without access to public transport to drive themselves to school, when they become old enough to drive.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "21477564#0",
"score": 0.7702935338020325,
"text": "In Romania the driving licence () is a governmental right given to those who request a licence for any of the categories they desire. It is required for every type of motorized vehicle. The minimum age to obtain a driving licence is 18 years. Regardless of age, in the first year after obtaining the licence the driver is called a beginner () and has to display on the windscreen and the back window of the car the distinctive sign (a black exclamation mark (!) on a yellow disk).",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "39527321#63",
"score": 0.7679816484451294,
"text": "The minimum driving age in the United Kingdom is 16 for mopeds under , and 17 for cars and motorcycles. Access to motorcycles producing more than is restricted to riders with two years experience or aged 21. The British Overseas Territories and the British Crown dependencies issue their own driving licences. There is no legal requirement for a non-professional driver to carry a driving licence in the UK whilst driving, although it must be produced at a police station within seven days, if required to do so by a police officer.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "39527321#33",
"score": 0.7668138742446899,
"text": "The minimum driving age in South Africa is 17, when you may drive with an adult who holds a valid driving licence, after passing your learner's licence theory test. At 18 you can obtain a driving licence after passing the road test. Small motorcycles may be driven from the age of 16. \nTo obtain a license, applicants must pass a written or computer-based test to obtain a learner's licence, and then pass a road test to obtain the driving licence. Categories for licences include CODE B (normal vehicles), CODE C1 (LDV), CODE EC (heavy trucks), CODE A (motorcycle).\nThe learners licences theory test will contain three sets of questions with multiple answer options; you will have to select the correct answer. Some driving licence test centres use computers for the test, whereas other centres require you to complete the test using a test paper and pen.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "2979240#6",
"score": 0.7654473185539246,
"text": "The general minimum age for drivers is 18. However, drivers as young as 17 may be approved to drive on speedway tracks, and drivers as young as 15 years can be permitted to drive at courses less than one mile in length and road courses. This is one year younger than the minimum age of 16 in the Camping World Truck Series (also for short tracks and road courses only).",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "39527321#37",
"score": 0.7541970610618591,
"text": "The minimum driving age in India is 16 for mopeds under , and 18 for cars and motorcycles. Access to motorcycles producing more than is restricted to riders aged 18 and above. The Regional Transport Office (RTO/RTA) issue their own driving licences in various states. Drivers are legally obliged to carry a valid driving license in India whilst driving, and must be produced if required to do so by a police officer.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "41532103#0",
"score": 0.7530112266540527,
"text": "In Greece the driving licence is a governmental right given to those who request a licence for any of the categories they desire. It is required for every type of motorized vehicle. The minimum age to obtain a driving licence is: 16 years for a motorcycle, 18 years for a car, and 21 years for buses and cargo vehicles .",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "15429335#2",
"score": 0.7513360381126404,
"text": "Applications for a provisional driving licence can be made from the age of 16. Valid for driving a moped or gearless motorcycle (with a capacity of up to 50 cc) from aged 16, and a car from aged 18 or older to drive any other type of vehicle. The common \"All India Permit\" allows the licensee to drive throughout the country. For driving commercial/transport vehicles, one should obtain endorsement (and a minimum age of 20 years, in some states) in the driving licence to effect under s.3(1) of The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988. Until a driving test (which consists of three sections: verbal or written test (depending on the state), road sign test followed by a supervised driving examination) has been passed a driver may hold only a provisional licence and be subject to certain conditions.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "2698946#1",
"score": 0.7511802911758423,
"text": "Acquiring a learner’s permit typically requires a minimum age and passing vision and knowledge (written) tests. These tests usually assess the participant's knowledge of road signs and how to deal with hypothetical situations (e.g. junctions) while on the road. Parental or guardian permission may be required if below a specified age. Those who hold a learner’s permit must generally drive under the supervision of a licensed driver that is aged 21 or above, not be affected by alcohol or other drugs, and there may be restrictions imposed on maximum speed that a learner driver can drive, the types of road that can be driven, and even on the use of mobile phones (cell phones). There may also be limits imposed on the number of passengers in the vehicle, and learner drivers may be required to be free of moving violations and at-fault accidents or crashes for a minimum period of time before moving to the next stage. In many jurisdictions a learner driver is required to display an L sign clearly on the vehicle to indicate to other road users that training and supervised driving is being undertaken. Learner drivers may also be required to complete a logbook of their driving experience, which must be certified or countersigned by a supervising driver or driver trainer.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "15429343#2",
"score": 0.7429531216621399,
"text": "Driver licences are categorised pursuant to the Road Traffic Security Rules () in Taiwan. These 15 categories are:The minimum age pursuant to Article 60 is normally 18, but one must be at least 20 to get a professional licence or a licence for an ultra-heavy motorcycle. A professional licence must be converted to an ordinary one at 60 years old, but a professional small vehicle driver may keep the licence until they are 65 years old when passing annual physical examinations. Since driving jobs are not open to foreigners, foreigners cannot get professional driver licences.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "39527321#49",
"score": 0.7413280606269836,
"text": "In Sri Lanka, a driving license is the official document which authorizes its holder to operate various types of motor vehicles on public roads. They are administered by the Department of Motor Traffic (DMT). The minimum age is 18 years for all vehicle types.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "15429177#10",
"score": 0.7382564544677734,
"text": "Driving a school bus also requires a CDL, however the minimum age to drive a school bus is typically higher, usually 25. Some states issue \"restricted intrastate commercial driver's licenses\", valid for operating commercial vehicles in that state only, to drivers aged 18 and older. Professional drivers who are aged 18–20 typically cannot be licensed to drive tractor trailers, hazardous materials, or school buses.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "17176509#7",
"score": 0.7276812791824341,
"text": "The FIM stipulates that all drivers must be of a minimum age of 18 while passengers have to be at least 16 years old to compete, but no older than 50. Riders older than 50 have to provide a certificate of medical fitness to be permitted to compete. The driver has the right to exchange his passenger under certain conditions.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "39527321#68",
"score": 0.7229087948799133,
"text": "The legal driving age within the Russian Federation is 18 years (16 for motorcycles (A1 and M categories only, not A) and 20 for buses) and to obtain a licence one must be physically fit to drive (including certificates of mental fitness and no record of substance abuse). One must also pass a test administered at a local traffic police authority and pay a fee. Tests are divided into theory and practice. The theory test is usually a computerized multiple-choice test on various traffic rules. Twenty multiple-choice questions are asked, only two incorrect answers allowed for a passing grade. A road test is then administered which includes a demonstration of basic driving skills (steering, slope starting for manual transmission vehicles and backing-up), obstacle course as well as a skills examination for road driving. Four minor errors are allowed for the road driving examination—the obstacle course is pass-fail. The number of retries is unlimited.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "1094925#17",
"score": 0.7201231122016907,
"text": "In the UK the following information regarding Minibus driving licences is important:\n\"The holder of an ordinary car driving licence which was obtained prior to January 1997, once aged 21 years minimum, may drive a Minibus with a capacity of 16 passengers. Where the \"ordinary car driving licence\" is obtained after December 1996, they will have to take a separate test to drive a vehicle with a capacity of more than 8 passengers. However, there is an exemption for certain volunteer drivers, where the vehicle does not exceed 3500 kg GVW (or 4250 kg GVW if the vehicle is designed to be wheelchair accessible). Driving licence source",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
76
|
When was the Argentine Basketball Federation formed?
|
[
{
"id": "54348874#6",
"score": 0.793387234210968,
"text": "In successive years, other clubs such as Ñaró, Estudiantes (LP), River Plate, Gimnasia y Esgrima, Universitario and Racing) registered their teams to the Federation. On August 30, 1929, the Argentine Basketball Federation (current \"Confederación Argentina\") was established,[2] with founder members from Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Santa Fe, La Rioja, North Federation and Bahía Blanca. The Federación Argentina focused on the spread of basketball in Buenos Aires as in the rest of the provinces of Argentina."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "54393269#5",
"score": 0.7232139706611633,
"text": "The first basketball clubs in Argentina were YMCA, Hindú and Independiente. By 1912 the first basketball games were held by YMCA headquarters in Buenos Aires. In 1913 the first games between Argentine and Uruguayan YCMA are played. One year later, the YCMA organised the first internal championship. In 1919 the Uruguay national team played a game v. local team Nacional, in Buenos Aires.[2]",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "47789025#1",
"score": 0.7036992907524109,
"text": "The breakup came after a conflict between the president of Gimnasia y Esgrima de Buenos Aires, Ricardo Aldao, and the Argentine Football Association. As a result, several teams retired from the official body to form their own league, therefore the FAF was officially established on June 14, 1912.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "5624456#1",
"score": 0.688761293888092,
"text": "In 1936, no governing body of basketball existed in Paraguay, so basketball was part of the \"Paraguayan Sports Association\" until 1947, the year in which the Paraguayan Basketball Federation was founded. That same year, it joined the International Basketball Federation (FIBA).",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "2208838#0",
"score": 0.6843498945236206,
"text": "The Liga Nacional de Básquet (abbreviated LNB, and literally in English, \"National Basketball League\"), also commonly referred to as \"La Liga de Básquet\" (\"The Basketball League\"), is the top-tier level of the Argentine basketball league system. The league is controlled by the Basketball Clubs' Association (in Spanish: \"Asociación de Clubes de Básquetbol\"). The LNB's predecessor league is the now defunct Campeonato Argentino de Clubes, which was organized by the Argentine Basketball Federation.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "10147546#14",
"score": 0.683357298374176,
"text": "Basketball is an increasingly popular sport in South Africa especially among the youth. The national federation Basketball South Africa was founded in 1992 and is one of the youngest members of the global basketball governing body FIBA. The national team competes at the FIBA Africa Championship. ",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "55660131#0",
"score": 0.6779592633247375,
"text": "The joint Argentina–Uruguay bid for the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup was the Argentine Basketball Federation and Uruguayan Basketball Federation's unsuccessful joint bid for the right to host the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "28863711#1",
"score": 0.6765916347503662,
"text": "The league was founded in 1996 under the name \"Liga Argentina de Clubes\" (in English: Argentine League of Clubs), and was organized by the \"Federación Argentina de Voleibol\" (Argentine Volleyball Federation). 12 teams participated in the first season of the league (the 1996–97), 7 from Buenos Aires (Vélez Sársfield, River Plate, Club de Amigos, Boca Juniors, G.E.B.A., Club Italiano, and Náutico Hacoaj) and 5 from the rest of the country (Mendoza de Regatas, Obras de San Juan, Unión Casildense, Luz y Fuerza de Necochea, and Peñarol de Mar del Plata). Peñarol won the first season, defeating Boca Juniors in the final. However, the club's players were unable to secure their unpaid salaries until 8 years later, when they did so through the judicial process.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "55529770#0",
"score": 0.6746604442596436,
"text": "The Algerian Basketball Federation (, FABB) is the governing body of basketball in Algeria. that was Formed in 1963, it is based in the capital town Algiers. The FABB is a member of the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) and also belong to the FIBA Africa zone. The current president of the federation is Rabah Bouarifi.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "5731335#2",
"score": 0.6705171465873718,
"text": "Basket League was officially incorporated on May 27, 1970 in Milan, and included the clubs that participated in both the first division Serie A and the second division Serie A2. On June 20, 2001, it changed to include just the first division Serie A clubs.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "11686099#1",
"score": 0.668438196182251,
"text": "In 1948 he was a member of the Argentine basketball team, which finished fifteenth in the 1948 tournament. Four years later he was a member of the basketball team which finished fourth. He played all eight games in the 1952 tournament. His biggest success came when he won the world title at the first World Championship (1950) in his native Buenos Aires.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "54348874#32",
"score": 0.6653282046318054,
"text": "For the 1985 South American Championship, León Najnudel, the mastermind behind the LNB's inception, was selected as the national coach. With him came a renovation in the national squad, with the youngsters Héctor Campana (20 years old), Hernán Montenegro (18), Sergio Aispurúa (20) and the two tallest Argentine players in history: Jorge González (19 and 2.30m (7ft 61⁄2in)) and Fernando Borcel (17 and 2.18m (7ft 2in)). Argentina finished the tournament third, enough to qualify for the 1986 FIBA World Championship to be held in Spain. However, Najnudel did not coach the team during the World Cup, having left the position due to a fight with CABB's president Amadeo Cejas.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "1822246#1",
"score": 0.6650798916816711,
"text": "It is a member of the FIBA Americas, and it is responsible for the Argentina national basketball team and the Argentina women's national basketball team. Currently there are approximately 1,200 clubs registered with the association, as well as 130,500 male and 11,000 female players.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "4129695#15",
"score": 0.6633204221725464,
"text": "Argentina",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "4727965#13",
"score": 0.6633204221725464,
"text": "Argentina",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "23315904#51",
"score": 0.6633204221725464,
"text": "Argentina",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "458474#2",
"score": 0.6633204221725464,
"text": "Argentina",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "19663278#10",
"score": 0.6630492210388184,
"text": "Argentina",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "2899776#33",
"score": 0.6630492210388184,
"text": "Argentina ",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "6162074#6",
"score": 0.6630492210388184,
"text": "Argentina",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "615788#25",
"score": 0.6630492210388184,
"text": "Argentina",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
77
|
How long is a general apprenticeship in terms of years?
|
[
{
"id": "162619#0",
"score": 0.7982216477394104,
"text": "An apprenticeship is a system of training a new generation of practitioners of a trade or profession with on-the-job training and often some accompanying study (classroom work and reading). Apprenticeship also enables practitioners to gain a license to practice in a regulated profession. Most of their training is done while working for an employer who helps the apprentices learn their trade or profession, in exchange for their continued labor for an agreed period after they have achieved measurable competencies. Apprenticeships typically last 3 to 7 years. People who successfully complete an apprenticeship reach the \"journeyman\" or professional certification level of competence."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "21384653#8",
"score": 0.748887300491333,
"text": "The apprenticeship period has been reduced in some cases for Instrumentation Engineering Technologists, who can get their apprenticeship in 2 years rather than 4, depending on the college. In the United Kingdom, the \"modern apprenticeship\" is 42 months, and requires theory training to National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) level 3.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "4516226#77",
"score": 0.7325571775436401,
"text": "- Apprenticeship In Customer Services (1Year)",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "196141#6",
"score": 0.7206979990005493,
"text": "Currently in Victoria the apprenticeship last for four years, during three of those years the apprentice attends trade school in either a block release of one week each month or one day each week. At the end of the apprenticeship the apprentice is required to pass three examinations, one of which is theory based with the other two practically based. Upon successful completion of these exams, providing all other components of the apprenticeship are satisfactory, the apprentice is granted an A Class licence on application to Energy Safe Victoria (ESV).",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "2211824#6",
"score": 0.7101423144340515,
"text": "\"Apprenticeship:\"",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "162619#3",
"score": 0.7084776163101196,
"text": "The system of apprenticeship first developed in the later Middle Ages and came to be supervised by craft guilds and town governments. A master craftsman was entitled to employ young people as an inexpensive form of labour in exchange for providing food, lodging and formal training in the craft. Most apprentices were males, but female apprentices were found in crafts such as seamstress,[1] tailor, cordwainer, baker and stationer.[2] Apprentices usually began at ten to fifteen years of age, and would live in the master craftsman's household. Most apprentices aspired to becoming master craftsmen themselves on completion of their contract (usually a term of seven years), but some would spend time as a journeyman and a significant proportion would never acquire their own workshop.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "342936#39",
"score": 0.7043439149856567,
"text": "Short Brothers has an engineering apprenticeship systems which has trained many skilled tradesmen, engineering technicians, technical engineers and Chartered Engineers. Apprentices were trained for 4 –6 years in-house and in collaboration with local technical institutes and universities throughout Northern Ireland.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "162619#67",
"score": 0.7024664282798767,
"text": "Traditional apprenticeships reached their lowest point in the 1980s: by that time, training programmes declined. The exception to this was in the high technology engineering areas of aerospace, chemicals, nuclear, automotive, power and energy systems where apprentices continued to served the structured four- to five-year programmes of both practical and academic study to qualify as engineering technician or Incorporate Engineer (engineering technologist) and go on to earn a master of engineering degree and qualify as a Chartered Engineer (UK); the UK gold standard engineering qualification. Engineering technicians and technologists undertook combined theory and practice typically for example at a technical college for one day and two evenings per week on a City & Guilds programme or Ordinary National Certificate / Higher National Certificate course. Becoming a chartered engineer via the apprenticeship route normally involved 10 – 12 years of academic and vocational training at a combination of an employer, college of further education and/or university. In 1986 National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs) commenced to stem a great fall in vocational training. By 1990, apprenticeship had reached an approximate low, at 2⁄3 of 1% of total employment.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "239068#8",
"score": 0.7018424272537231,
"text": "Plumbers in Australia have licensing requirements that differ from state to state but it is generally accepted a 4-year apprenticeship with a further minimum experience of 2 years (6 years total) and a further curricular requirement as a benchmark for licensing. Licensed plumbers are also expected to maintain minimum relevant training requirements to maintain their plumbing license",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "5384183#18",
"score": 0.6909676194190979,
"text": "Hong Kong makes a distinction between barristers and solicitors. Admission to either profession requires a law degree (either the four-year LL.B. or the two-year Juris Doctor) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Laws (which requires nine months). The apprenticeship to become a barrister is only one year, while a solicitor must apprentice for two years.[15]",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "279684#12",
"score": 0.690348744392395,
"text": "Culinary education is available from many institutions offering diploma, associate, and bachelor's degree programs in culinary arts. Depending on the level of education, this can take one to four years. An internship is often part of the curriculum. Regardless of the education received, most professional kitchens follow the apprenticeship system, and most new cooks will start at a lower-level 2nd or 1st cook position and work their way up.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "26854583#22",
"score": 0.6868413686752319,
"text": "4) A Diploma (3 yrs course) in Engineering/technology recognized by the concerned Director of Technical Education and at least one year working experience in an organisation. In case, a candidate has undergone 1 year service training as a part of the course recognised by Board of Apprenticeship Training, Govt. of India. This will be counted as working experience.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "189274#19",
"score": 0.6837418675422668,
"text": "Professional status as a journeyman carpenter in the United States may be obtained in a number of ways. Formal training is acquired in a four-year apprenticeship program administered by the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, in which journeyman status is obtained after successful completion of twelve weeks of pre-apprenticeship training, followed by four years of on-the-job field training working alongside journeyman carpenters. The Timber Framers Guild also has a formal apprenticeship program for traditional timber framing. Training is also available in groups like the Kim Bồng woodworking village in Vietnam where apprentices live and work to learn woodworking and carpentry skills.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "6933676#37",
"score": 0.683530867099762,
"text": "The upper secondary school includes several options, but at the end of the upper secondary program, a student should be prepared to enter a trade or to continue to a university or college. In Ticino, vocational students may either attend school while working on their internship or apprenticeship (which takes three or four years) or may attend school followed by an internship or apprenticeship (which takes one year as a full-time student or one and a half to two years as a part-time student).",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "53831674#99",
"score": 0.6826019287109375,
"text": "Gymnasiums, schools of economics and schools of engineering take four years. There are also some vocational schools that last only three years.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "335446#3",
"score": 0.6822145581245422,
"text": "At age 16 the students typically take exams for the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) or other Level 1/2 qualifications. While \"education\" is compulsory until 18, \"schooling\" is compulsory to 16, thus post-16 education can take a number of forms, and may be academic or vocational. This can involve continued schooling, known as \"sixth form\" or \"college\", leading (typically after two years of further study) to A-level qualifications (similar to a high school diploma in some other countries), or a number of alternative Level 3 qualifications such as Business and Technology Education Council (BTEC), the International Baccalaureate (IB), Cambridge Pre-U, WJEC or Eduqas. It can also include work-based apprenticeships or traineeships, or volunteering.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "52963#4",
"score": 0.6820032000541687,
"text": "In all, this adds up to 11–14 years of education and practical experience. The first 7–9 years are general medical training.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "4638762#26",
"score": 0.680980384349823,
"text": "The upper secondary school includes several options, but at the end of the upper secondary program, a student will be prepared to enter a trade or to continue on to a university or college. In Ticino, vocational students may either attend school while working on their internship or apprenticeship (which takes three or four years) or may attend school followed by an internship or apprenticeship (which takes one year as a full-time student or one and a half to two years as a part-time student). There were 0 vocational students who were attending school full-time and 3 who attend part-time.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "6951145#35",
"score": 0.6806983947753906,
"text": "The upper secondary school includes several options, but at the end of the upper secondary program, a student will be prepared to enter a trade or to continue on to a university or college. In Ticino, vocational students may either attend school while working on their internship or apprenticeship (which takes three or four years) or may attend school followed by an internship or apprenticeship (which takes one year as a full-time student or one and a half to two years as a part-time student). There were 5 vocational students who were attending school full-time and 3 who attend part-time.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "6910403#21",
"score": 0.6806560754776001,
"text": "The upper secondary school includes several options, but at the end of the upper secondary program, a student will be prepared to enter a trade or to continue on to a university or college. In Ticino, vocational students may either attend school while working on their internship or apprenticeship (which takes three or four years) or may attend school followed by an internship or apprenticeship (which takes one year as a full-time student or one and a half to two years as a part-time student). There were 4 vocational students who were attending school full-time and 3 who attend part-time. ",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "6951680#24",
"score": 0.6803419589996338,
"text": "The upper secondary school includes several options, but at the end of the upper secondary program, a student will be prepared to enter a trade or to continue on to a university or college. In Ticino, vocational students may either attend school while working on their internship or apprenticeship (which takes three or four years) or may attend school followed by an internship or apprenticeship (which takes one year as a full-time student or one and a half to two years as a part-time student). There were 0 vocational students who were attending school full-time and 1 who attend part-time.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
78
|
When was Sony Pictures Television established?
|
[
{
"id": "719515#0",
"score": 0.7108191847801208,
"text": "Sony Pictures Television Inc. (or SPT) is an American television production and distribution studio founded in 2002 as the successor to Columbia TriStar Television. Based in Culver City, it is a division of Sony Entertainment's Sony Pictures Entertainment and a unit of the Japanese conglomerate Sony."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "38393376#3",
"score": 0.6536657810211182,
"text": "On January 28, 2013, Fox Television Stations and Weigel Broadcasting announced the formation of Movies!, with plans to launch the network on Memorial Day of that year. Movies! officially launched on May 27, 2013, at 8:10 a.m. Eastern Time, initially debuting on the subchannels of both of the network's co-parents: five Fox and 11 MyNetworkTV owned-and-operated stations owned by Fox Television Stations, and two stations owned by Weigel. Its programming was inaugurated by a ten-minute clip introducing the network, followed by the first film to be telecast on Movies!, the 1975 film Western \"Take a Hard Ride\".",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "2391#3",
"score": 0.6497935652732849,
"text": "In 1960, the Sony Corporation of America (SONAM, currently abbreviated as SCA) was established in the United States. In 1961, Sony Corporation was the first Japanese company to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange, in the form of American depositary receipts (ADRs), which are traded over-the-counter. Sony bought CBS Records Group which consisted of Columbia Records, Epic Records and other CBS labels in 1988 and Columbia Pictures Entertainment (Columbia Pictures, TriStar Pictures and others) in 1989.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "44385903#8",
"score": 0.6458635330200195,
"text": "Sony rolled out PlayStation Vue to the remainder of the United States on March 14, 2016. However, pricing and channel offering would differ for subscribers in the seven initial PS Vue markets and the 203 newly added markets. Because of the business ecosystem of broadcast television, Sony initially limited distribution of linear feeds of the four major broadcast networks (ABC, CBS, NBC and Fox) to markets where each of the networks has an owned-and-operated station, as it does not automatically have the rights to stream affiliates owned by other broadcasting companies. As a workaround, Sony stated that PlayStation Vue would offer on-demand content from ABC, Fox, NBC and Telemundo as a substitute in areas where a local station feed is not available, with new episodes of their series being made available the day after their initial broadcast; on-demand access to CBS programs would become available in select markets at an unspecified later date. Upon adding owned-and-operated stations of ABC, NBC, CBS and Fox located outside the service's initial markets on May 25, 2016, Sony representatives stated that the company intended to reach carriage deals with the independently-owned station groups to provide their live signals for PS Vue, stating that it would \"continue to work on adding more local stations nationwide.\"",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "866593#2",
"score": 0.6457239985466003,
"text": "After or around 1978, HBO was involved into preproduction financing films for exclusive pay-TV rights, which is risky as the films could be unpopular while alienated movie studios. The original Silver Screen Partners, L.P. was organized by Roland W. Betts, New York film investment broker to fund movies for HBO in 1982. The limited partnership sold through E.F. Hunton were oversubscribe and raised $83 million. HBO made a 50% guarantee on their investment for exclusive cable rights. HBO then joined with Columbia Pictures and CBS to form TriStar Pictures, which was expected to become a major film studio, in 1983. HBO sold half of its ownership in TriStar in 1986.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "948335#2",
"score": 0.6387332677841187,
"text": "CPT would continue on under Sony Pictures Entertainment (SPE), but TriStar Television was reestablished in October 1991 after CPT acquired some of the library of New World Television. Jon Feltheimer, who was president of New World Television became the new president of TriStar Television. On February 21, 1994, TriStar Television merged with Columbia Pictures Television and formed Columbia TriStar Television (CTT).",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "2764750#16",
"score": 0.6353607773780823,
"text": "On December 21, 1987, Coca-Cola spun off its entertainment holdings and sold it to Tri-Star Pictures, Inc. for $3.1 billion. It was renamed to Columbia Pictures Entertainment, Inc., also creating Columbia/Tri-Star by merging Columbia and Tri-Star. Both studios continued to produce and distribute films under their separate names. In 1989, Columbia Pictures Entertainment was purchased by Sony Corporation of Japan. On August 7, 1991, Columbia Pictures Entertainment was renamed as Sony Pictures Entertainment as a film production-distribution subsidiary, and subsequently combined CPT with a revived TriStar Television in 1994 to form Columbia TriStar Television. The name \"Screen Gems\" was also utilized for a syndicated hour long program for classic television called \"Screen Gems Network\" that aired in 1999 and ran until 2002.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "24871508#0",
"score": 0.6350290775299072,
"text": "Sony Pictures Networks India is an Indian media company, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation. Initially, the corporation was formed only to run its television broadcasting business but since then, it has been diversified. The group includes SPN Productions and SPN Distribution as subsidiaries.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "1712503#5",
"score": 0.631752073764801,
"text": "The original Nestor Studios site went through various owners until the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) bought it in 1935. CBS demolished Hollywood’s historic first studio, and built a $2 million facility that set the stage for the era of Television in Hollywood.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "40132952#1",
"score": 0.6301548480987549,
"text": "The new company shares its name and logo with the current TriStar Pictures distribution label of Sony Pictures under which TriStar Productions' four films per year will be released joining the other titles released from TriStar Pictures. The television programming however, will be produced for Sony Pictures Television. The TriStar name was selected as Rothman considers himself a film buff, giving the company its historical name, and counting on the good will of the Hollywood creative types to give the unit an edge.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "1025398#23",
"score": 0.6282468438148499,
"text": "It was reported in December of 2016 by multiple news outlets that Sony was considering restructuring its U.S. operations by merging its TV and film business with SIE. According to the reports, such a restructuring would have placed Sony Pictures under Sony Interactive's CEO, Andrew House, though House wouldn't have taken over day-to-day operations of the film studio. According to one report, Sony was set to make a final decision on the possibility of the merger of the TV, film, and gaming businesses by the end of its fiscal year in March of the following year (2017). However, judging by Sony's activity in 2017, the rumored merger never materialized.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "13291990#2",
"score": 0.6275110244750977,
"text": "Sony Crackle was founded as Grouper by Josh Felser, Dave Samuel, Mike Sitrin, and Aviv Eyal in 2004. In August 2006, Sony purchased the online video site Grouper for $65 million. In July 2007, Sony announced that Grouper would be rebranded and repurposed as Crackle, a multi-platform video-entertainment network and studio featuring full-length movies and television shows from Sony's library, and would produce original content made for the internet. In late 2008, San Francisco–based Crackle was moved to Sony's Culver City base to be formally folded into the studio's digital content operations.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "3606046#0",
"score": 0.6274290084838867,
"text": "Tele-TV (also known as Galaxy-TV and Pacific Bell Digital TV) was a media and technology company formed by Bell Atlantic, NYNEX, Pacific Telesis, and Creative Artists Agency in February 1995. The company, based in Reston, Virginia, USA, set out to design a pioneering interactive TV service with a set-top box that would allow customers to view video on demand over copper phone wires. Thomson Consumer Electronics was to build the set-top boxes. Ex-CBS chief and former president of Sony Howard Stringer was hired as CEO, with ex-Fox executive Sandy Grushow as president. Michael Ovitz, then head of CAA, was to play a role as deal-maker between Hollywood and the company. The company reportedly spent US$500 million before halting operations in early 1997, although some subscribers had services through the end of 2001.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "38115379#0",
"score": 0.6263551712036133,
"text": "CBS (an initialism of its former name, the Columbia Broadcasting System) is an American broadcast television network that originated as a radio network in September 1927, and expanded into television in July 1941. Throughout its history, the network has had many owned-and-operated and affiliated stations.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "6200915#0",
"score": 0.6259719729423523,
"text": "Japanese multinational conglomerate Sony has a history stretching back to 1946.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "83045#22",
"score": 0.6252546906471252,
"text": "In 1991, HBO and Cinemax became the first premium pay services to offer multiplexing to cable customers, with companion channels supplementing the main networks. In 1993, HBO became the world's first digitally transmitted television service. In 1995, CNN introduced CNN.com which later became a leading destination for global digital news, both online and mobile. In 1996, Warner Bros. spearheaded the introduction of the DVD, which gradually replaced VHS tapes as the standard format for home video in the early to mid-2000s. In 1999, HBO became the first national cable TV network to broadcast a high–definition version of its channel.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "3087502#7",
"score": 0.6251372694969177,
"text": "Sony Pictures Releasing is an American film distributor owned by Sony. Established in 1994 as a successor to Triumph Releasing Corporation, the company handles theatrical distribution, marketing and promotion for films produced and released by Sony Pictures Entertainment, including Columbia Pictures, TriStar Pictures, Screen Gems, Sony Pictures Classics, Stage 6 Films, Sony Pictures Animation, Triumph Films, among others. It is a member of the Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group. It also has an international division called Sony Pictures Releasing International, which from 1991 until 2005 was known as Columbia TriStar Film Distributors International.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "1252259#6",
"score": 0.6247560977935791,
"text": "Sony Pictures - R1 America - Columbia Tristar Home Entertainment",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "4102303#4",
"score": 0.6237179040908813,
"text": "Sony Pictures Imageworks was formed in 1992 with five employees to use computers to help plan complicated scenes for live-action films. Located in the former TriStar building, their first work was a previsualization for the 1993 film \"Striking Distance\".",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "1917344#17",
"score": 0.6235587000846863,
"text": "The first-run film output agreement with Walt Disney Pictures expires after December 2015, with the Netflix streaming service assuming the pay television rights in January 2016 (excluding films released by Touchstone Pictures, which will be retained by Starz through a separate contract). The first-run film output agreement with Sony was renewed for nine years on February 11, 2013; the Warren Miller output deal was renewed for ten years on October 19, 2009.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "75027#43",
"score": 0.6228058934211731,
"text": "GSN also airs, or has aired, the Sony Pictures Television library programming from the following companies:",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
80
|
Who wrote Frankenstein?
|
[
{
"id": "18580673#0",
"score": 0.7708631753921509,
"text": "Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus is a novel written by English author Mary Shelley (1797–1851) that tells the story of Victor Frankenstein, a young scientist who creates a hideous, sapient creature in an unorthodox scientific experiment. Shelley started writing the story when she was 18, and the first edition of the novel was published anonymously in London on 1 January 1818, when she was 20.[2] Her name first appeared on the second edition, published in 1823."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "17740057#0",
"score": 0.7260488271713257,
"text": "\"Frankenstein\" is a novel by Mary Shelley.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "20502020#52",
"score": 0.7164351344108582,
"text": "In 2008 Percy Bysshe Shelley was credited as the co-author of \"Frankenstein\" by Charles E. Robinson in a new edition of the novel entitled \"The Original Frankenstein\" published by the Bodleian Library in Oxford and by Random House in the US. Robinson determined that Percy Bysshe Shelley was the co-author of the novel: \"He made very significant changes in words, themes and style. The book should now be credited as 'by Mary Shelley with Percy Shelley'.\"",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "27885687#0",
"score": 0.7127796411514282,
"text": "Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (née Godwin; 30 August 1797 – 1 February 1851) was an English novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, and travel writer, best known for her Gothic novel \"Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus\" (1818). She also edited and promoted the works of her husband, the Romantic poet and philosopher Percy Bysshe Shelley. Her father was the political philosopher William Godwin, and her mother was the philosopher and feminist Mary Wollstonecraft.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "18973384#63",
"score": 0.7096585035324097,
"text": "Mary Shelley (1797–1851) is remembered as the author of \"Frankenstein\" (1818).",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "455401#0",
"score": 0.6984894871711731,
"text": "Frankenstein's monster, often erroneously referred to as \"Frankenstein\", is a fictional character who first appeared in Mary Shelley's 1818 novel \"Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus\". Shelley's title thus compares the monster's creator, Victor Frankenstein, to the mythological character Prometheus, who fashioned humans out of clay and gave them fire. ",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "23250#60",
"score": 0.6982910633087158,
"text": "\"Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus\", written by Mary Shelley when she was 18, was published in 1818, two years before Percy Shelley's above mentioned play. It has endured as one of the most frequently revisited literary themes in twentieth century film and popular reception with few rivals for its sheer popularity among even established literary works of art. The primary theme is a parallel to the aspect of the Prometheus myth which concentrates on the creation of man by the Titans, transferred and made contemporary by Shelley for British audiences of her time. The subject is that of the creation of life by a scientist, thus bestowing life through the application and technology of medical science rather than by the natural acts of reproduction. The short novel has been adapted into many films and productions ranging from the early versions with Boris Karloff to later versions featuring Kenneth Branagh.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "40659421#4",
"score": 0.6889779567718506,
"text": "\"The Man Who Wrote Frankenstein\" was first published in 2007 by Pagan Press.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "56716597#4",
"score": 0.6781013011932373,
"text": "Mary Shelley's \"Frankenstein\" (1818) is an early example of the body horror subgenre within fictional writing. The success of gothic horror in the 19th century in combination with the birth of science fiction as a literary form is thought to be the origin of body horror as a literary genre. According to Halberstam: \"By focusing on the body as a locus of fear, Shelley's novel suggests that it is people (or at least bodies) who terrify people... the landscape of fear is replaced by sutured skin.\"",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "981#72",
"score": 0.6776514053344727,
"text": "In 1816 Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife Mary Shelley visited Geneva and all three were inspired by the scenery in their writings.[116] During these visits Shelley wrote the poem \"Mont Blanc\", Byron wrote \"The Prisoner of Chillon\" and the dramatic poem Manfred, and Mary Shelley, who found the scenery overwhelming, conceived the idea for the novel Frankenstein in her villa on the shores of Lake Geneva in the midst of a thunderstorm. When Coleridge travelled to Chamonix, he declaimed, in defiance of Shelley, who had signed himself \"Atheos\" in the guestbook of the Hotel de Londres near Montenvers,[118] \"Who would be, who could be an atheist in this valley of wonders\".[119]",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "5338312#13",
"score": 0.6673402190208435,
"text": "The story of \"Frankenstein\" and \"Frankenstein's monster\", has formed the basis of many original novels over the years, some of which were considered sequels to Shelley's original work, and some of which were based more upon the character as portrayed in the Universal films. Yet others were completely new tales inspired by \"Frankenstein\".",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "1321881#13",
"score": 0.6654986143112183,
"text": "In 1816, Thomas Love Peacock published \"Headlong Hall\". Coleridge published \"Christabel\" and \"Kubla Khan\". E. T. A. Hoffmann published \"Undine\". Mary Shelley and Percy Shelley went to Geneva and met Byron (with his physician John Polidori). At Byron's villa they told ghost stories and invented the basic ideas which led eventually to Mary Shelley's book \"Frankenstein\" and Polidori's novel The Vampyre. Their stay at Byron's villa was one of the most famous events in the Gothic/Romantic movement.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "27561913#9",
"score": 0.6627383232116699,
"text": "Monster Literature exerts feelings of isolation to its characters. For example, in \"Frankenstein\", both Victor Frankenstein and the monster he creates are left isolated after they abandon their family members. Frankenstein obsesses over his scientific revelations and neglects his potential fiancé and the rest of his family. Once he has completed his creation, he abandons the monster leaving it alone to fend for itself. The monster then kills all of Frankenstein's friends and relatives as a means of retaliation leaving both of them isolated.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "40659421#2",
"score": 0.6583962440490723,
"text": "Lauritsen argues that handwriting alone cannot be used to determine the actual author of \"Frankenstein\". The drafts and manuscripts are incomplete and in the final stages. Moreover, portions of the novel were dictated by Shelley as shown by several letters.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "18580673#28",
"score": 0.6576916575431824,
"text": "She began writing what she assumed would be a short story. With Percy Shelley's encouragement, she expanded the tale into a full-fledged novel.[22] She later described that summer in Switzerland as the moment \"when I first stepped out from childhood into life\".[23] Shelley wrote the first four chapters in the weeks following the suicide of her half-sister Fanny.[24] This was one of many personal tragedies that impacted Shelley's work. Shelley's first child died in infancy, and when she began composing Frankenstein in 1816, she was likely nursing her second child, who would also be dead at Frankenstein</i>'s publication.[25]",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "18580673#32",
"score": 0.6573892831802368,
"text": "Shelley's manuscripts for the first three-volume edition in 1818 (written 1816–1817), as well as the fair copy for her publisher, are now housed in the Bodleian Library in Oxford. The Bodleian acquired the papers in 2004, and they belong now to the Abinger Collection.[28] In 2008, the Bodleian published a new edition of Frankenstein, edited by Charles E. Robinson, that contains comparisons of Mary Shelley's original text with Percy Shelley's additions and interventions alongside.[29]",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "31742554#1",
"score": 0.6569980978965759,
"text": "Frankenstein was born in 1905 in Berlin, Germany. In 1927, he completed his studies in philosophy and psychology at Berlin University and the University of Erlangen. During his studies, he was actively involved in Jewish relief organizations. After a period in France, he emigrated to Mandate Palestine in 1935.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "9810476#31",
"score": 0.6553105711936951,
"text": "Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, while not a zombie novel in particular, prefigures many 20th-century ideas about zombies in that the resurrection of the dead is portrayed as a scientific process rather than a mystical one, and that the resurrected dead are degraded and more violent than their living selves. Frankenstein, published in 1818, has its roots in European folklore,[44] whose tales of vengeful dead also informed the evolution of the modern conception of the vampire. Later notable 19th-century stories about the avenging undead included Ambrose Bierce's \"The Death of Halpin Frayser\", and various Gothic Romanticism tales by Edgar Allan Poe. Though their works could not be properly considered zombie fiction, the supernatural tales of Bierce and Poe would prove influential on later writers such as H. P. Lovecraft, by Lovecraft's own admission.[45]",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "18634157#6",
"score": 0.6553094387054443,
"text": "Briefer's better-known version of the Frankenstein monster, however, developed upon the monster's return from the war, in \"Frankenstein\" #1 (undated, 1945), Frankenstein settled into small-town life, becoming a genial neighbor who \"began having delightful adventures with Dracula, the Wolfman and other horrific creatures. Briefer, with his trademark \"loose and smooth ink and brush skills\" began telling stories that would \"straddle some amorphous line between pure children's humor and adventure and an adult sensibility about the world\".",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "1921364#3",
"score": 0.6511850953102112,
"text": "The name, \"Frankenstein Complex\", derives from the name of Victor Frankenstein in the novel \"Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus\" by Mary Shelley in about the year 1818. In Shelley's story, Frankenstein created an intelligent, somewhat superhuman being. He finds that his creation is horrifying to behold, and he abandons it. This ultimately leads to Victor's death at the conclusion of a vendetta between himself and his embittered creation.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "208251#32",
"score": 0.6506600975990295,
"text": "Ingolstadt is one of the many settings in Mary Shelley's novel \"Frankenstein\". Primarily, Victor Frankenstein attends university in Ingolstadt. The musical version of the novel, \"Frankenstein – A New Musical\" has many scenes set in Ingolstadt.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
81
|
Who led the writing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
|
[
{
"id": "31899#11",
"score": 0.707602322101593,
"text": "The Commission established a special Universal Declaration of Human Rights Drafting Committee, chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt, to write the articles of the Declaration. The Committee met in two sessions over the course of two years."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "35473263#10",
"score": 0.6682378649711609,
"text": "The concept of human rights was indeed built into United Nations with institutions such as the United Nations Commission on Human Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Active diplomacy by Latin American countries was instrumental to the process of promoting these ideas and drafting the relevant agreements. As a result of this pressure, more human rights language was adopted at the 1945 San Francisco Conference to create the UN Charter. Revelations about the Holocaust, followed by the Nuremberg Trials, also had a major influence on the movement, particularly among Jewish and Christian lobbying groups. Some NGO's represented the UN charter as a victory for the human rights movement, while other activists argued that it paid lipservice to human rights while basically serving the interests of the great powers.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "38894#54",
"score": 0.665596604347229,
"text": "On 10 December 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Article 4 states:",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "42642157#1",
"score": 0.6645968556404114,
"text": "New Zealand made a number of contributions in the lead up to and in the drafting of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "3164358#4",
"score": 0.6600173711776733,
"text": "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was implemented on 10 December 1948 by the United Nations. Therefore, we have officially witnessed 68 years of the United Nations approaching human rights issues on a global scale. The declaration was created after the end of World War II and was the first worldwide acknowledgement of the rights each individual human being is entitled to. When the UDHR was first created the United Nations was only made up of 51 member states, but after the surge of decolonisation’s, beginning in the late 1940s, the UN is now made up of 193 nations. Since 1948, many Eastern Asian countries who were formally colonised have since achieved independence and have joined the UN, therefore acknowledging the UDHR and other major human rights treaties. There is currently no human rights body governing the Eastern Asian region, however the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) issued the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration in 2012.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "31899#1",
"score": 0.65990149974823,
"text": "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a historic document that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its third session on10 December 1948 as Resolution 217 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, France. Of the then 58 members of the United Nations, 48 voted in favor, none against, eight abstained, and two did not vote.[1]",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "923028#0",
"score": 0.6554653644561768,
"text": "The Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia () was a document promulgated by the Bolshevik government of Russia on November 15 (November 2 by Old Style), 1917 (signed by Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin).",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "39656600#2",
"score": 0.6546021103858948,
"text": "The concept of human rights literature was first articulated in the foreword to \"Freedom\", an anthology of short stories by renowned authors from around the world published in Britain in 2010 by Mainstream Publishing in cooperation with the human rights organization Amnesty International. The stories were written in the spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "13831#63",
"score": 0.6531093716621399,
"text": "Relativistic arguments tend to neglect the fact that modern human rights are new to all cultures, dating back no further than the UDHR in 1948. They also don't account for the fact that the UDHR was drafted by people from many different cultures and traditions, including a US Roman Catholic, a Chinese Confucian philosopher, a French zionist and a representative from the Arab League, amongst others, and drew upon advice from thinkers such as Mahatma Gandhi.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "5433334#17",
"score": 0.6519176959991455,
"text": "Task of developing a constitution for the nation was undertaken by the Constituent Assembly of India, composing of elected representatives. The Constituent Assembly first met on 9 December 1946 under the presidency of Dr. Sachidanand later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was made its president. While members of Congress composed of a large majority, Congress leaders appointed persons from diverse political backgrounds to responsibilities of developing the constitution and national laws. Notably, Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar became the chairperson of the drafting committee, while Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel became chairpersons of committees and sub-committees responsible for different subjects. A notable development during that period having significant effect on the Indian constitution took place on 10 December 1948 when the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and called upon all member states to adopt these rights in their respective constitutions.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "31899#39",
"score": 0.6485289335250854,
"text": "Steps have been taken within the United Nations to make this right more explicit, but—to date (2017)—those steps have been limited to less significant United Nations documents. Sean MacBride—Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations and Nobel Peace Prize laureate—has said: \"To the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights one more might, with relevance, be added. It is 'The Right to Refuse to Kill'.\"[61]",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "22538104#11",
"score": 0.647966206073761,
"text": "Jebb had soon won huge public support, as well as the backing of celebrities such as George Bernard Shaw, who wrote \"I have no enemies under the age of seven\". Five years later, she wrote the pioneering statement of children's human rights that has since evolved into the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, the most universally accepted human-rights instrument in history. \"It is not impossible to save the children of the world\", she wrote. \"It is only impossible if we make it so by our refusal to attempt it.\" ",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "224314#31",
"score": 0.6473640203475952,
"text": "Mason, working in a room at the Raleigh Tavern, drafted a declaration of rights and plan of government, likely to prevent frivolous plans with no chance of adoption from being put forward. Edmund Randolph later recalled that Mason's draft \"swallowed up all the rest\". The Virginia Declaration of Rights and the 1776 Constitution of Virginia were joint works, but Mason was the main author. Mason likely worked closely with Thomas Ludwell Lee; the earliest surviving draft shows the first ten articles in Mason's handwriting, with the other two written by Lee. The draft for the Declaration of Rights drew on Magna Carta, the English Petition of Right of 1628, and that nation's 1689 Bill of Rights. Mason's first article would be paraphrased by Jefferson soon after in drafting the American Declaration of Independence.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "323614#0",
"score": 0.6471160054206848,
"text": "The American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, also known as the Bogota Declaration, was the world's first international human rights instrument of a general nature, predating the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by less than a year.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "1445859#6",
"score": 0.646207869052887,
"text": "Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "254641#25",
"score": 0.646207869052887,
"text": "Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "265564#64",
"score": 0.6456356048583984,
"text": "In 1949, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. Although the Declaration is non-binding, the basic human rights outlined within it have served as the foundation of customary international law. The relevance of the Declaration to solitary confinement is found in Article 5, which states that “No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.\" Thus, if solitary confinement is believed to constitute torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment, then the country practicing solitary confinement is violating the provisions set by the UDHR.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "1552063#6",
"score": 0.6442961692810059,
"text": "Sumner Twiss, \"Confucian Contributions to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,\" in Arvind Sharma. \"The World's Religions : A Contemporary Reader.\" (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2011). .",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "26350395#0",
"score": 0.6442239284515381,
"text": "An Appeal for Human Rights was drafted by Roslyn Pope and other students of the Atlanta University Center after the students, led by Lonnie King and Julian Bond, were encouraged by the six presidents of the Atlanta University Center to draft a document released on March 15, 1960. The students, organized as the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR), published \"An Appeal for Human Rights\" on March 9, 1960 working within and part of the Civil Rights Movement.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "15195865#6",
"score": 0.6440513730049133,
"text": "Some historians suggest that the Achaemenid Persian Empire of ancient Iran established unprecedented principles of human rights in the 6th century BC under Cyrus the Great. After his conquest of the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 539 BC, the king issued the Cyrus cylinder, discovered in 1879 and seen by some today as the first human rights document.[11][12][13] The cylinder has been linked by some commentators to the decrees of Cyrus recorded in the Books of Chronicles, Nehemiah, and Ezra, which state that Cyrus allowed (at least some of) the Jews to return to their homeland from their Babylonian Captivity. Additionally it stated the freedom to practice one's faith without persecution and forced conversions.[14][15]",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "9830#0",
"score": 0.6392168998718262,
"text": "The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) (formally the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms) is an international convention to protect human rights and political freedoms in Europe. Drafted in 1950 by the then newly formed Council of Europe, the convention entered into force on 3 September 1953. All Council of Europe member states are party to the Convention and new members are expected to ratify the convention at the earliest opportunity.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
82
|
When did Andy Richter leave Late Night with Conan O'Brien?
|
[
{
"id": "869611#7",
"score": 0.745862603187561,
"text": "After seven years with the show, Richter departed from Late Night after the show on May 26, 2000. He later said of the decision, \"After seven years of being on the show, I got itchy. I have a philosophy that if you enjoy good fortune, rather than sit there and say, 'Oh, that's fine, this amount is good enough for me,' you should try and push it. You should see how much you can stretch your good fortune. And I was curious.\"[10]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "25366033#13",
"score": 0.6899360418319702,
"text": "In 2000, Richter left \"Late Night\" to pursue his acting career. The show's comedy bits and banter had usually depended on O'Brien's interaction with Richter. O'Brien's wacky non sequitur comedy became more pronounced as he played all of his comedy and commentary directly to the audience instead of towards Richter. Bandleader Max Weinberg also became O'Brien's primary sounding board and comic foil in Richter's absence.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "869611#9",
"score": 0.6878697276115417,
"text": "On February 24, 2009, it was announced that Richter would be joining Conan O'Brien once again as the announcer for The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien in Los Angeles.[13] Richter frequently appeared in comedy sketches on the show and often commented and interacted with Conan during the opening monologue; he was also part of the show's writing staff. In mid-December 2009, Richter also began joining Conan on the couch during the celebrity interviews, much like he did in his former sidekick role on Late Night. Richter said he enjoyed having a steady paycheck again and not having to deal with production companies while developing television shows. Richter said, \"Now I'm so happy to be back and making TV every night, not asking permission from somebody and waiting six months to get their sparklingly clear and cogent notes. And then wait another month for them to get back from Hawaii and say, 'Yes, now we can go make television.' I felt like a plumber who kept going into the building and saying, 'Can we put some pipes together?' and watching my wrenches gather dust.\"[10]",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "100506#40",
"score": 0.6803562045097351,
"text": "The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien premiered on June 1, 2009, with The Max Weinberg 7 now expanded to eight and referred to as Max Weinberg and the Tonight Show Band. Andy Richter was back as an announcer,[82] making Weinberg's role as a foil a little uncertain. Gradually Weinberg and the band's roles in the comic aspects of the show began to assert themselves.[87] On June 25, Weinberg departed The Tonight Show temporarily for four weeks to join Springsteen and band part-way through their European leg; this was conveyed on the show via a comedy bit that had his drum riser turn into a float that took him outside the studio and purportedly to the airport. Weinberg returned to the show on August 3, after flying back from a Springsteen show that had ended early into the same morning in Spain. Of being Tonight Show bandleader, he said, \"I think one of the biggest thrills in my life was seeing my name in the same sentence as Doc Severinsen, who, in my view, is the gold standard for 'Tonight Show' bandleaders. There's never been anyone who did it quite near the class and the brilliance of Doc Severinsen in the original Tonight Show Band. I used to think when I was a kid what a great job that must be – you know, same place, every time, everyday. Lo and behold, here I am 40 years later, doing it. That sounds deep, deep, deep, deep, deeply satisfying to me.\"[12] On September 25, Weinberg left The Tonight Show again for two months, to join Springsteen and band for the final, American portion of the Working on a Dream Tour. The same drum-riser-to-float comedy bit was used, except this time the float was \"hit\" and demolished by a truck just outside the studio (and airing of the segment was delayed a few days due to O'Brien legitimately injuring himself during the same show). The tour wrapped on November 22, 2009, in Buffalo, New York; Weinberg was back on The Tonight Show the next day. With no E Street Band projects in sight for at least the next year or two,[88] Weinberg was left to concentrate on his bandleader role.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "16774115#1",
"score": 0.6770131587982178,
"text": "Many members of the \"Late Night\" cast and crew made the transition to \"The Tonight Show\". The Max Weinberg 7, the house band from O'Brien's \"Late Night\", served as the house band under the new name, Max Weinberg and The Tonight Show Band. Andy Richter returned to the show as announcer, and also began resuming his role as sidekick, shortly before the show's conclusion. The opening and closing theme song from \"Late Night\" was also carried over to \"Tonight\", in a slightly altered form.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "10390162#8",
"score": 0.6601168513298035,
"text": "NBC announced plans to move \"Leno\" to 11:35 pm and \"The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien\" to 12:05 am. O'Brien refused to participate in the move and, on January 21, 2010, reached an agreement with NBC allowing him to leave the network. \"Leno\"'s final episode aired on February 9, 2010 and Leno returned to \"Tonight\" as host on March 1, 2010.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "16506#10",
"score": 0.6575914621353149,
"text": "Because Leno's show continued to lead all late-night programming in the Nielsen ratings, the pending expiration of Leno's contract led to speculation about whether he would become a late-night host for another network after his commitment to NBC expired. Leno left \"The Tonight Show\" on Friday, May 29, 2009, and Conan O'Brien took over on June 1, 2009.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "972179#9",
"score": 0.6492769718170166,
"text": "As the end of \"Late Night with Conan O'Brien\" was approaching, Daly made it public that he was interested in moving to the \"Late Night\" time slot. Jimmy Fallon was chosen to replace O'Brien, a choice that executive producer Lorne Michaels had in mind dating back to the day that Fallon left \"Saturday Night Live\" in 2004.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "99961#23",
"score": 0.6446889638900757,
"text": "On September 27, 2004, the 50th anniversary of the show's premiere, NBC announced that Jay Leno would be succeeded by Conan O'Brien in 2009. The network shocked Leno, who had been consistently number one in the time period, when he was told that he would be fired in five years, with O'Brien taking over the slot at that time. Leno told his audience about this unique network decision at the beginning of his next show, mentioning that he'd accepted it, noting that he wanted to avoid repeating the hard feelings that had somehow developed with Letterman, and called O'Brien \"certainly the most deserving person for the job\" in the wake of his (Leno's) eventual departure. Five years later, what was to have been the final episode of \"The Tonight Show\" with Leno as host aired on Friday, May 29, 2009.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "30610177#66",
"score": 0.6412224173545837,
"text": "Conan announced that Larry King is hosting a new show in the rafters of his own studio. King appeared in a cameo and began taking calls from viewers, similar to the format of \"Larry King Live\". Andy Richter was always the show's celebrity guest.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "12754836#7",
"score": 0.6398066878318787,
"text": "Following the May 13, 1995 season finale, nine more cast members either quit or were fired from \"Saturday Night Live\", including Morwenna Banks, Ellen Cleghorne, Chris Elliott, Chris Farley, Laura Kightlinger, Michael McKean, Jay Mohr, Kevin Nealon and Adam Sandler. In his book, \"Gasping for Airtime\", Jay Mohr wrote that following the season, he demanded a promotion to repertory status, among other things; the network procrastinated his wishes throughout the summer of 1995, and he chose to quit the show. Mohr's account of his voluntary departure from SNL has been widely discounted, however. He was under a cloud of suspicion due to his admitted plagiarizing of jokes during the season, and his multi-year contract with NBC did not allow him to unilaterally quit.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "99961#35",
"score": 0.6394810080528259,
"text": "O'Brien returned to late-night television on November 8, 2010 (after his non-compete agreement expired) hosting the self-owned \"Conan\" on cable channel TBS. Conan remains partnered with TBS, having been renewed by the network through 2022. Leno would step down from \"The Tonight Show\" a second time in 2014. Hosting duties were taken over by Jimmy Fallon, who like O'Brien before him was seen as being able to attract a younger audience than Leno.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "4221870#1",
"score": 0.6361629962921143,
"text": "After writing for several comedy shows in Los Angeles, he joined the writing staff of \"Saturday Night Live\". O'Brien was a writer and producer for \"The Simpsons\" for two seasons until he was commissioned by NBC to take over David Letterman's position as host of \"Late Night\" in 1993. A virtual unknown to the public, O'Brien's initial \"Late Night\" tenure received unfavorable reviews and remained on a multiweek renewal cycle during its early years. The show generally improved over time and was highly regarded by the time of his departure in 2009. Afterwards, O'Brien relocated from New York to Los Angeles to host his own incarnation of \"The Tonight Show\" for seven months until network politics prompted a host change in 2010.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "28062890#2",
"score": 0.6357753276824951,
"text": "In addition to O'Brien serving as host, comedian Andy Richter serves as the show's announcer, and as a sidekick to O'Brien. Jimmy Vivino and the Basic Cable Band, formerly known as \"The Max Weinberg 7\" and briefly as \"Max Weinberg and \"The Tonight Show\" Band\", serves as the house band. The show follows the established six-piece format used during Conan O'Brien's tenure as host of \"The Tonight Show\". The first two segments includes a monologue by O'Brien, sometimes accompanied by altered news clips, or several brief comedy sketches. Interview with two guests will likely follow, as well as a musical or comedy performance.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "4221870#0",
"score": 0.6324184536933899,
"text": "Conan Christopher O'Brien (born April 18, 1963) is an American television host, comedian, writer, and producer. He is best known for hosting several late-night talk shows; since 2010, he has hosted \"Conan\" on the cable channel TBS. O'Brien was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, and was raised in an Irish Catholic family. He served as president of \"The Harvard Lampoon\" while attending Harvard University, and was a writer for the sketch comedy series \"Not Necessarily the News\".",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "1253665#32",
"score": 0.6323391199111938,
"text": "On April 28, 2014, Craig Ferguson announced he would leave \"The Late Late Show\" at the end of the year. He had reportedly made the decision prior to Letterman's announcement but agreed to delay making his own decision public until the reaction to Letterman's decision had died down. He had also originally intended to leave in the summer of 2014 but agreed to stay until the end of the year to give CBS more time to find a successor. His last show was December 19, 2014 and began with Ferguson performing \"Bang Your Drum\" with many of his guests over the years banging drums, including Desmond Tutu. The show featured Jay Leno as Ferguson's guest and cameos by Bob Newhart and Drew Carey in the closing segment, a parody of the iconic finales of \"Newhart\", \"The Sopranos\" and \"St. Elsewhere\".",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "16774115#43",
"score": 0.6299251914024353,
"text": "In February 2010, NBC took O'Brien's official website offline, and removed all mentions of the former host from NBC.com. Around the same time, HornyManatee.com, a URL launched by O'Brien's \"Late Night\" show as part of a sketch, began redirecting to NBC.com. In early February 2010, O'Brien's face in the 30 Rockefeller Plaza mural was replaced by Jay Leno's likeness. The NBC \"Tonight Show Experience\" website which originally featured media on all of the past hosts was also removed of all content. More recently mention of O'Brien has been restored to the site. Every search result in O'Brien's name on NBC.com only produced links to the \"30 Rock\" episode \"Tracy Does Conan\" – in which O'Brien guest stars – and the farewells to O'Brien during the episode of \"Late Night with Jimmy Fallon\" which aired after O'Brien's last \"Tonight Show\".",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "174688#7",
"score": 0.6295344233512878,
"text": "According to O'Brien, NBC network executive Warren Littlefield told him, with regard to Andy Richter, he'd \"never succeed until I 'got rid of that big fat dildo.' That was the tone of the conversations between us and the network.\" It was widely expected that the host of \"Talk Soup\", Greg Kinnear would take over the role, but Kinnear turned down the opportunity and decided to pursue a career in acting. Stars like Tom Hanks agreed to appear on \"Late Night\", which boosted audience awareness. Even Letterman, who admired O'Brien's comic sensibility, appeared as a guest to register his support. O'Brien's performance style improved through experience and he began to receive more favorable reviews and ratings the following year. With the ratings gradually improving over the course of two years, \"Late Night\" reached a new level of critical and commercial success in 1996. Tom Shales officially recanted his previous critical review with the headline \"I was wrong\", and O'Brien received his first Emmy writing nomination, which he has gone on to receive every year since.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "763013#8",
"score": 0.6288361549377441,
"text": "Chevy Chase left the show in November of the second season and was replaced a few months later by the then-unknown comic actor Bill Murray. Aykroyd and Belushi left the show in 1979 after the end of season four. In May 1980 (after season five), Michaels—emotionally and physically exhausted—requested to put the show on hiatus for a year to give him time and energy to pursue other projects. Concerned that the show would be cancelled without him, Michaels suggested writers Al Franken, Tom Davis, and Jim Downey as his replacements. NBC president Fred Silverman disliked Franken, and was infuriated by Franken's Weekend Update routine called \"A Limo For A Lame-O\", a scathing critique of Silverman's job performance at the network and his insistence on traveling by limousine at the network's expense. Silverman blamed Michaels for approving this Weekend Update segment. Unable to get the deal he wanted, Michaels chose to leave NBC for Paramount Pictures, intending to take his associate producer, Jean Doumanian, with him. Michaels later learned that Doumanian had been given his position at \"SNL\" after being recommended by her friend, NBC vice president Barbara Gallagher. Michaels' departure led to most of the cast and writing staff leaving the show.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "1433030#7",
"score": 0.6256719827651978,
"text": "After the end of the 1993–1994 season, having already lost star cast member Dana Carvey, who left midway through the previous season, \"SNL's\" 1994 post-season saw more departures. Julia Sweeney left due to frustration and burnout. Another departure was that of Phil Hartman, whose final moment on the show was at the end of a musical number, with the entire cast singing a parody of the \"So Long, Farewell\" song from \"The Sound of Music\". After all of the cast had left the stage, Farley, in his Matt Foley character, was left sitting on the stage, with Phil walking back on stage, cuddling next to Farley to sing goodbye and waving at the audience.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "29774150#1",
"score": 0.625016450881958,
"text": "O'Brien's shift from NBC to TBS stemmed from the 2010 \"Tonight Show\" conflict between O'Brien and former \"Tonight Show\" host Jay Leno. The controversy occurred when, due to the low ratings of \"The Jay Leno Show\" and \"The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien\", NBC announced that Leno would be moved from 10:00 p.m. to 11:35 p.m. and O'Brien would be moved from 11:30 p.m. to 12:05 a.m. The announcement occurred seven months after \"The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien\"'s premiere, and over four years after it was made known that O'Brien would replace Leno as the \"Tonight Show\" host. Ultimately, NBC Universal chief Jeff Zucker's decision to reschedule O'Brien and Leno's time slots led to O'Brien's departure from the network and a public outcry from O'Brien's fans on social media sites like Twitter and Facebook. ",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
83
|
Can you over-water a cactus?
|
[
{
"id": "7819#91",
"score": 0.5852178931236267,
"text": "Fungi, bacteria and viruses attack cacti, the first two particularly when plants are over-watered. Fusarium rot can gain entry through a wound and cause rotting accompanied by red-violet mold. \"Helminosporium rot\" is caused by Bipolaris cactivora (syn. Helminosporium cactivorum[107]); Phytophthora species also cause similar rotting in cacti. Fungicides may be of limited value in combating these diseases.[108] Several viruses have been found in cacti, including cactus virus X. These appear to cause only limited visible symptoms, such as chlorotic (pale green) spots and mosaic effects (streaks and patches of paler color).[109] However, in an Agave species, cactus virus X has been shown to reduce growth, particularly when the roots are dry.[110] There are no treatments for virus diseases.[108]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "475861#8",
"score": 0.5558201670646667,
"text": "Jalapeños are subject to root rot and foliar blight, both often caused by \"Phytophthora capsici\"; over-watering worsens the condition as the fungus grows best in warm wet environments. However, the cause is not itself over-watering but the fungus. Crop rotation can help, and resistant strains of jalapeño, such as the NuMex Vaquero and TAM Mild Jalapeño, have been and are being bred as this is of major commercial impact throughout the world. As jalapeños are a cultivar, the diseases are common to \"Capsicum annuum\": Verticillium wilt, \"Cercospora capsici\", Powdery mildew,\" Colletotrichum capsici\" (Ripe Rot), \"Erwinia carotovora\" (Soft Rot), Beet curly top virus, Tospovirus (Tomato spotted wilt virus), Pepper mottle virus, Tobacco mosaic virus, Pepper Geminiviridae, and Root-knot nematode being among the major commercially important diseases.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "32225909#1",
"score": 0.5557689070701599,
"text": "This is a large cactus growing erect, often with many parallel or spreading branches. It may become a tree up to tall. The stem is green in color with a blue tinge when young and has 9 to 13 ribs. The areoles are covered in long or short hairs and have up to 31 spines each. The spines are no more than a centimeter long. The bell-shaped flower is long. The outer tepals are greenish with brownish midstripes and the inner tepals are white. The flower has a scent similar to garlic. It opens at night and contains a sweet nectar. The taxonomy of the species and other \"Pilosocereus\" is not certain. This species is often included in the description of \"Pilosocereus polygonus\".",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "18947783#3",
"score": 0.5557525157928467,
"text": "\"Echinopsis pachanoi\" has a long history of being used in Andean traditional medicine. Archeological studies have found evidence of use going back two thousand years, to Moche culture. Although Roman Catholic church authorities after the Spanish conquest attempted to suppress its use, this failed, as shown by the Christian element in the common name \"San Pedro cactus\" – Saint Peter cactus. The name is attributed to the belief that just as St Peter holds the keys to heaven, the effects of the cactus allow users \"to reach heaven while still on earth.\"",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "20001346#11",
"score": 0.5555367469787598,
"text": "Frost protection: Water spraying by aspersion",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "1273734#12",
"score": 0.5554017424583435,
"text": "Overhung coil",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "57180#115",
"score": 0.5552687048912048,
"text": "To prevent further loss of groundwater, Tucson has been involved in water conservation and groundwater preservation efforts, shifting away from its reliance on a series of Tucson area wells in favor of conservation, consumption-based pricing for residential and commercial water use, and new wells in the more sustainable Avra Valley aquifer, northwest of the city. An allocation from the Central Arizona Project Aqueduct (CAP), which passes more than across the desert from the Colorado River, has been incorporated into the city's water supply, annually providing over 20 million gallons of \"recharged\" water which is pumped into the ground to replenish water pumped out. Since 2001, CAP water has allowed the city to remove or turn off over 80 wells.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "309317#13",
"score": 0.5552502870559692,
"text": "Use of stem cuttings avoids high variability in terms of production and quality. Nevertheless, plants grown from cuttings are more susceptible to drought during the first years after planting. The caper bush is a difficult-to-root woody species, and successful propagation requires careful consideration of biotypes and seasonal and environmental parameters. Rootings up to 55% are possible when using one-year-old wood, depending on cutting harvest time and substrate used. Propagation from stem cuttings is the standard method for growing ‘Mallorquina’ and ‘Italiana’ in Spain, and ‘Nocella’ in the Aolian Islands, esp. Salina. Hardwood cuttings vary in length from 15 to 50 cm and diameter of the cuttings may range from 1.0 to 2.5 cm. Another possibility is to collect stems during February through the beginning of March, treat them with captan or captafol and stratify them outdoors or in a chamber at 3–4 °C, covered with sand or plastic. Moisture content and drainage should be carefully monitored and maintained until planting. Using semihardwood cuttings, collected and planted during August and September, low survival rates (under 30%) have been achieved. Softwood cuttings are prepared in April from 25- to 30-day shoots. Each cutting should contain at least two nodes and be six to 10 cm long. Basal or subterminal cuttings are more successful than terminal ones. Then, cuttings are planted in a greenhouse under a mist system with bottom heat; 150 to 200 cuttings/m may be planted.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "18947783#11",
"score": 0.5551820397377014,
"text": "Like a lot of its relatives \"Trichocereus pachanoi\" as a species is easily grown from seed, often by means of a so-called \"\"Takeaway Tek\"\". This term refers to the practice of the sowing of \"Trichocereus\" (and sometimes other types of cactus) seed into plastic containers such as those many food takeaways are delivered in. This creates a semi-controlled humidity environment chamber for 6 months to a year, in which the seed may germinate and then grow relatively unbothered by environmental contamination. ",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "25845673#4",
"score": 0.5551289319992065,
"text": "The Imlay Mallee has probably adapted to the relatively high levels of rainfall, mountain mist, and occasional fires. It is suggested that changes to the micro habitat may be hazardous to the plant's survival.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "13758067#15",
"score": 0.5546126365661621,
"text": "Both these techniques require rather expensive equipment and can be time consuming. Where air-free requirements are not stringent, other techniques can be used. For example, using a sacrificial excess of a reagent that reacts with water/oxygen can be used. The sacrificial excess in effect \"dries\" the reaction by reacting with the water (e.g. in the solvent). However, this method is only suitable where the impurities produced in this reaction are not in turn detrimental to the desired product of the reaction or can be easily removed. Typically, reactions using such a sacrificial excess are only effective when doing reactions on a reasonably large scale such that this by-reaction is negligible compared to the desired product reaction. For example, when preparing Grignard reagents, magnesium (the cheapest reagent) is often used in excess, which reacts to remove trace water, either by reacting directly with water to give magnesium hydroxide or via the \"in situ\" formation of the Grignard reagent which in turn reacts with water (e.g. R-Mg-X + HO → HO-Mg-X + R-H). To maintain the resultant \"dry\" environment it is usually sufficient to connect a guard tube filled with calcium chloride to the reflux condenser to slow moisture re-entering the reaction over time, or connect an inert gas line.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "1196969#15",
"score": 0.5543456673622131,
"text": "Issues with cultivation occur throughout the growth cycle of Telopea spp. with the first issues being encountered at the seedling stage. Waratah seedlings are often associated with a common plant condition known as damping off. Damping off is a condition that causes the death of seeds or seedlings facilitated by a number of different fungal pathogens. A given seed can become infected with a fungus, often causing it to darken and soften, killing the seedling before it emerges or causing it to emerge in a pre-weakened state. Seedlings can also be infected after emergence resulting in the stem thinning until it eventually rots and the seedling topples over. The problem is often associated with and encouraged by excessively wet conditions.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "56059469#0",
"score": 0.5542353987693787,
"text": "The Jardín de Cactus is a cactus garden on the island of Lanzarote in the Canary Islands. It is situated in the village of Guatiza, in a former quarry where volcanic sand (\"picón\") was extracted to spread on cultivated areas to retain moisture. Prickly pears are grown in the area for the production of cochineal.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "35205408#9",
"score": 0.5542048215866089,
"text": "Water can dissolve or deform ceramics that have been low fired, i.e. temperatures around 600 °C. Ceramic fired in high temperatures may also be susceptible to water if their mineral particles are soluble in water, for example Gypsum or calcite. Additionally the different compounds in water can flux and react in different ways to different ceramics. In naturally occurring water, carbon dioxide is dissolved and can create a chemical reaction with minerals in clay bodies that may form calcium bicarbonate which is very soluble. Stagnant water is less damaging because the carbon dioxide is not exhausted.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "34531194#12",
"score": 0.5541790723800659,
"text": "Reaction with water is slow:",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "12781873#9",
"score": 0.5539827942848206,
"text": "The plant requires regular watering during the flowering period, allowing the soil to dry well between two waterings. It prefers to be sprayed with non-calcareous water. Every two weeks, it is recommended to add fertilizer for flowering plants when watering summer. The most important condition for the success of the crop is to provide the plant with a constant and high humidity of the air.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "32517011#3",
"score": 0.5539628863334656,
"text": "This plant grows in shrublands on a specific type of soil. It is usually fine or sandy in texture and there is a large amount of material scattered on the land, including pebbles, gravel, and fossil oyster shells. An important component of the substrate is the cryptobiotic crust that lies on top. The cactus is absent from areas where this crust has been destroyed.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "42261#18",
"score": 0.553907573223114,
"text": "There are several methods of irrigation. They vary in how the water is supplied to the plants. The goal is to apply the water to the plants as uniformly as possible, so that each plant has the amount of water it needs, neither too much nor too little.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "46278969#35",
"score": 0.5536819100379944,
"text": "It has average water needs during the growing season. It will not tolerate standing water, also wet or damp conditions during the winter may cause the root to rot.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "328709#11",
"score": 0.5534204840660095,
"text": "Males are dimorphic in song type: songs A and B are quite distinct. Also, males with song A have shorter bills than B males. This is also a clear difference. With these beaks, males are able to feed differently on their favourite cactus, the prickly pear \"Opuntia\". Those with long beaks are able to punch holes in the cactus fruit and eat the fleshy aril pulp, which surrounds the seeds, whereas those with shorter beaks tear apart the cactus base and eat the pulp and any insect larvae and pupae (both groups eat flowers and buds). This dimorphism clearly maximises their feeding opportunities during the non-breeding season when food is scarce.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "27929651#8",
"score": 0.5534020662307739,
"text": "In Tucson, flood waters reportedly reached 8 ft (2.4 m), stranding hundreds of people on rooftops. Throughout the state, excessive rainfall caused many rivers to overflow. Water was released from the Coolidge Dam, which forced 75 residents to evacuate, marking the third time in 50 years that water was released from the dam. After the rainfall ended, the Santa Cruz, Rillito, and Gila rivers experienced their highest crests on record. A flow rate of per second was measured in the Rillito river; the Santa Cruz river peaked at a flow rate of , which was short of the record set during Hurricane Heather during the 1977 Pacific hurricane season. All other rivers that pass through Tucson did not attain record levels and were significantly lower than past flood episodes.\nAs Tropical Storm Octave deluged the state, the Rillito River slowly eroded its banks, and by October 2, the river had widened , destroying a parking lot and an office building. Runoff from both the Rillito and Santa Cruz rivers eventually piled up in a delta, flooding Marana. In Marana, many homes were submerged, forcing residents to be evacuated. Only two town residents had flood insurance because officials \"didn't believe a flood could occur there.\" Additionally, communities along the Santa Cruz River were flooded, forcing 4,000 residents to evacuate their homes, many of whom lost key property possessions. The metropolitan area of Tucson was completely flooded due to the storm.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
84
|
How far is Milton Keynes from London?
|
[
{
"id": "148642#0",
"score": 0.7648423314094543,
"text": "Milton Keynes (/kiːnz/(listen) KEENZ), locally abbreviated to MK, is a large town[note 1] in the Borough of Milton Keynes, of which it is the administrative centre. It was formally designated as a new town on 23 January 1967,[2] with the design brief to become a \"city\" in scale. It is located about 45 miles (72km) north-west of London."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "20430720#7",
"score": 0.6725170016288757,
"text": "The population of Milton Keynes's Built-up Area was 229,941 according to the 2011 census. This was an increase of almost 25% on the population recorded in the 2001 census of 184,506.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "20430720#0",
"score": 0.6684557795524597,
"text": "Milton Keynes is a large town in (ceremonial) Buckinghamshire. The Milton Keynes urban area or Milton Keynes Built-up Area is a designation established by the United Kingdom's Office for National Statistics. As with other urban areas, it includes settlements that regard themselves as being outside Milton Keynes: the urban area includes Newport Pagnell and Woburn Sands.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "4719321#9",
"score": 0.6679697632789612,
"text": "The customer service centre is currently based in London, England and Milton Keynes, England. Customers calling from the US and overseas will also be put through to a customer service representative in London or Milton Keynes.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "394537#9",
"score": 0.6553821563720703,
"text": "The Milton Keynes Wind Farm is located 2 miles east of Emberton. The Emberton Country Park is also nearby.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "240577#58",
"score": 0.6487088203430176,
"text": "Luton airport is 15 miles away and Heathrow airport 22 miles away. The Bovingdon stack is directly above the town.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "94322#32",
"score": 0.6485394835472107,
"text": "Standing on the A3 from London to Guildford, Tolworth has good connections to London and to the M25 motorway. Kingston town centre (which includes Marks & Spencer, John Lewis and the Bentall Centre) is just 2 miles distant. Surbiton town centre is just under 1 mile away.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "148642#83",
"score": 0.6427900195121765,
"text": "Milton Keynes has six railway stations. Milton Keynes Central is served by inter-city services. Wolverton, Milton Keynes Central and Bletchley stations are on the West Coast Main Line. Fenny Stratford and Bow Brickhill are on the Marston Vale Line. Woburn Sands railway station, also on the Marston Vale line, is in the small town of Woburn Sands just inside the urban area.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "22878972#0",
"score": 0.6416898369789124,
"text": "This is a list of schools in the Borough of Milton Keynes, in the English county of Buckinghamshire.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "413032#20",
"score": 0.6406636834144592,
"text": "Being only a short drive from both Amersham to the east, and High Wycombe to the south-west, the village is suitably located for commuting into London by main line trains on the Chiltern line which takes about 40 minutes, or on the Metropolitan line which is slower. Some of the working population commute to London every day. The proportion of London commuters is however lower than some surrounding villages – most villagers work in Buckinghamshire, Berkshire or Hertfordshire. The village is about 25 minutes' drive from London Heathrow Airport and an hour's drive from Gatwick, Luton, and Stansted airports.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "1928285#0",
"score": 0.6395056247711182,
"text": "The ceremonial county of Buckinghamshire, which includes the unitary authority\nof Milton Keynes, is divided into 7 Parliamentary constituencies\n– 1 Borough constituency and 6 County constituencies.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "148642#92",
"score": 0.6370553970336914,
"text": "Milton Keynes experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) similar to almost all of the United Kingdom. Recorded temperature extremes range from 34.6°C (94.3°F)[132] during July 2006, to as low as −20.6°C (−5.1°F)[133] on 25 February 1947. More recently the temperature fell to −16.3°C (2.7°F)[134] on 20 December 2010.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "17526263#7",
"score": 0.6341684460639954,
"text": "When the lines reopen, Winslow should have direct trains to Oxford, Milton Keynes and Bedford as well as to and . The journey time from Winslow to Oxford is estimated at 27 minutes.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "9370364#0",
"score": 0.6327724456787109,
"text": "The Milton Keynes grid road system is a network of predominantly national speed limit, fully landscaped routes that form the top layer of the street hierarchy for both private and public transport in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. The system is unique in the United Kingdom for its innovative use of street hierarchy principles: the grid roads run in between districts rather than through them. These facilitate higher speed limits due to the absence of buildings close to the roads, although more recently the initial concept has been eroded somewhat by making some of the grid roads 40mph. High-speed motor traffic is segregated from pedestrian and leisure cycling traffic, which uses the alternative Milton Keynes redway system. All grid junctions are roundabouts, and the absence of traffic lights enables remarkably free and efficient movement of traffic.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "37414917#0",
"score": 0.631284236907959,
"text": "Milton Keynes Greyhound Stadium was a greyhound racing track in Milton Keynes located on the Groveway in Ashland.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "145436#67",
"score": 0.6309511065483093,
"text": "The new national centre now known as 'The Quadrant:MK' is in Milton Keynes: it completed construction in June 2012. The complex is five minutes' walk from . The four buildings, which are connected to a central street, accommodate about 3,000 people. , the engineering, logistics, operations including timetable planning, IT, procurement, planning and finance departments all planned to move to the Quadrant.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "5322859#2",
"score": 0.6303148865699768,
"text": "It adjoins Darby Green and lies between the towns of Yateley and Blackwater, and lies 32 miles (51 km) west-south-west of London. The county borders of both Berkshire (Bracknell Forest) and Surrey (Surrey Heath) are approximately one mile away.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "20647517#16",
"score": 0.6265912055969238,
"text": "Buckinghamshire (including Milton Keynes) is served by four motorways, although two are on its borders:",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "55688#31",
"score": 0.6265912055969238,
"text": "Buckinghamshire (including Milton Keynes) is served by four motorways, although two are on its borders:",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "151277#12",
"score": 0.624657928943634,
"text": "St Neots is approximately 49 miles north of London. It is close to the south-western boundary of Huntingdonshire District, and both the city of Cambridge and the county town of Bedford are nearby.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "2120284#11",
"score": 0.6229813694953918,
"text": "The Bowl is in south central Milton Keynes, at the junction of Watling Street with Chaffron Way, just north of Bletchley. Parking on site (MK5 8AA) is very limited so fans are encouraged to arrive by public transport. In addition to the shuttle buses from Milton Keynes Central railway station, it is also an easy walk (about ) from the station using Sustrans National Cycle Route 51 from the south side of the station building.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
85
|
Does Descent: FreeSpace – The Great War have a second game?
|
[
{
"id": "1661757#0",
"score": 0.6977992057800293,
"text": "FreeSpace 2 is a 1999 space combat simulation computer game developed by Volition as the sequel to Descent: FreeSpace – The Great War. It was completed ahead of schedule in less than a year, and released to very positive reviews. However, the game became a commercial failure, and was described by certain critics as one of 1999's most unfairly overlooked titles."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "167782#4",
"score": 0.6615049242973328,
"text": "\"Descent\" features a complementary points system. Players can score points by destroying enemy robots, picking up power-ups, and detonating the reactor. Bonus points are awarded upon completion of each level. These bonus points are based upon the player's shield and energy count, the skill level played, and a combination of picking up any hostages and safely rescuing them.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "1114851#3",
"score": 0.6586160063743591,
"text": "A Version 3.0 is planned for some time in the future, but no date has been set. However, the Second Edition and the Fleet Books are all available as free downloads in PDF form on the Ground Zero Games online store.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "39596663#41",
"score": 0.6579777598381042,
"text": "On March 12, 2015, Respawn confirmed that a sequel is in development for Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. Respawn also announced that the company is working with Nexon to develop multiple \"Titanfall\" games like \"\" for iOS and Android on October 29, 2015. Unlike its predecessor, \"Titanfall 2\" will have a traditional single-player campaign. On April 11, 2016, Respawn released a teaser trailer for \"Titanfall 2\", stating that more information will be released at E3 2016.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "14271726#12",
"score": 0.6553887724876404,
"text": "All the games in the main series are real-time strategy games, where the player views the events as a military commander for each of the three species. In addition, two spin-off titles have been released; these are authorized expansion packs to the original which focus on other characters and settings based at the same time as the main storyline. Like the main series, these two titles are also real-time strategy games. A spin-off, \"\", which was to be a third person action-stealth game was in development, but has been placed on indefinite hiatus.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "380007#7",
"score": 0.6551321148872375,
"text": "Games with single sequel:",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "2621061#7",
"score": 0.6538873314857483,
"text": "This game introduces a new gameplay element: the ability to accelerate into higher Dimensions. There are five Dimensions in the game, and accelerating to a higher Dimension yields a substantial bonus, and a higher level of difficulty. When the player's ship has warped into a higher Dimension, it remains there for the rest of the game. Also important to note is that Dimension One ends after Stage 10, so that a ship not already advanced into Dimension Two or higher will thereupon be automatically advanced, with no visual fanfare or bonus award.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "46993644#1",
"score": 0.6537033915519714,
"text": "\"Unravel\" received a favourable reception upon release, with many critics in agreement that the game's visuals, protagonist, soundtrack, and overall tone were among its strong suits. Some raised criticisms concerning the controls, variety of puzzles, and platforming. A sequel, \"Unravel Two\", was released in June 2018.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "2066288#3",
"score": 0.6536984443664551,
"text": "What makes \"Airborne\" unique in the series is the ability for players to chose where they land as a paratrooper on the battlefield in both modes. Once a player begins descending onto the map they are fighting on, they can direct where they will begin from, controlling the speed of the descent, thus giving greater flexibility and strategy on how they deal with enemies, with the added ability of being able to kick enemies they land upon.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "2286253#7",
"score": 0.6504748463630676,
"text": "\"\" was the first game in the trilogy. It was followed by \"Star Trail\" and \"\". Players can save the game after beating it, which allows them to import their characters into the sequel.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "13381784#20",
"score": 0.6502018570899963,
"text": "Electronic Arts released an Ultra Limited Edition of the game limited to only 1,000 copies. The package includes the game, \"Dead Space: Downfall\", a bonus content DVD, the \"Dead Space\" art book, a lithograph, and the \"Dead Space\" comic. People who bought the game within the first two weeks of its release could also download exclusive suits for free: the Obsidian Suit for the PlayStation 3 version and the Elite Suit for the Xbox 360 version.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "43961325#8",
"score": 0.6490288376808167,
"text": "Several DLC packs are available and planned for future release. These add factions, units and new standalone campaigns to expand the original game.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "4820507#1",
"score": 0.6485183238983154,
"text": "As with \"Ratchet & Clank\" and \"Going Commando\", space combat is present. However, this time, the player controls Giant Clank, rather than a ship. Also, there are arena battles, but this time, the player plays as Clank in a variety of vehicles. Clank returns as a playable character, and is again able to control a set of Gadgebots, smaller robots which can perform certain tasks for him, although this only occurs in one section of the game. But the player may still play with Gadgebots in Clank Challenges.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "3162717#9",
"score": 0.6483142375946045,
"text": "\"Spring\" has many games in various stages of development. Some are based upon and use content from the original \"Total Annihilation\" game, this includes the games: \"Balanced Annihilation\", \"Tech Annihilation\", \"NOTA\", and \"XTA\". However, there are many games which are derivatives of other works of fiction, such as a \"Gundam\" game, a \"Warhammer 40,000\" game, and a \"Star Wars\" game based on the Galactic Civil War. There are also several fully original games, including \"Expand & Exterminate\", a strategic game inspired by \"Earth 2150\", \"The Cursed\", a unique mixture of science fiction and fantasy, and \"Kernel Panic\", a \"Darwinia\"-esque game emphasizing simplicity. The website also distributes tools and instructions for making your own game.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "3358511#7",
"score": 0.6473355889320374,
"text": "There are also two sequel games called which offers pretty much of the same gameplay, however the battle scenes are fought out in a top down view which makes things a little easier, and a later sequel, , which returned to Warship Gunner's style of gameplay, but with a new story.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "16682559#4",
"score": 0.646674394607544,
"text": "\"Dawn of War II\" features a non-linear interplanetary campaign, playable as the Space Marines. The campaign can be played either as single-player or cooperatively with another player through an online connection.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "218029#3",
"score": 0.6462541222572327,
"text": "\"UFO: Enemy Unknown\", featuring a turn-based ground combat system, remains the most popular and successful game in the series, having been often featured on various lists of best video games of all time. The first sequel, \"Terror from the Deep\", was quickly created by MicroProse's internal team; based on the same game engine and used largely identical gameplay mechanics. \"Apocalypse\" took several new directions with the series, introducing an optional real-time combat system and shifting the aesthetics to a retro-futuristic style. A spin-off game, \"Interceptor\", constitutes a hybrid of a strategy game and a space combat flight simulator.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "11651198#1",
"score": 0.6459452509880066,
"text": "The first two games in the series, Castle Wolfenstein and Beyond Castle Wolfenstein, were stealth-based and featured a 2D top-down perspective. The third game in the franchise, Wolfenstein 3D, developed by id Software, introduced a first-person perspective with faster-paced action. Because of this, it is widely regarded to have helped popularize the first-person shooter genre. In 2001, the series was rebooted with Return to Castle Wolfenstein, developed by Gray Matter Interactive. It was followed in 2003 by Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory, by Splash Damage. Raven Software's Wolfenstein followed in 2009. After ZeniMax Media acquired id Software, Swedish developer MachineGames released Wolfenstein: The New Order in 2014 and a standalone expansion Wolfenstein: The Old Blood in 2015. A direct sequel to The New Order entitled Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus was released on October 27, 2017.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "37917450#10",
"score": 0.645326554775238,
"text": "A bundle with the Nintendo 3DS LL system is planned, and will include a special edition of the handheld with a \"simple but neat design\": one side has a world map and the other side has a map of space. The first batch of games produced will include a code which allows buyers to access extra downloadable content only available to early buyers. The code grants access to special campaign maps and a chess-like puzzle minigame. The developer also plans to release additional downloadable campaign maps.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "1471723#10",
"score": 0.6452814340591431,
"text": "\"Steel Empire\" is a multi-directional scrolling shooter. Gameplay is linear in that the player is restricted to flying in only one direction, and the player will meet enemies in a predesignated order. However, unlike many scrolling shooters, Steel Empire allows the player to fire from behind as well as ahead. Players are given a certain number of lives and continues, with higher difficultly levels granting more continues but with fewer lives per continue. If the player's ship's health is completely depleted a life is subtracted, with play continuing normally. If all lives are lost (including the \"zeroeth\" life) the player must use a continue, which will restart at either the beginning or midpoint of a stage depending on how far the player was when they continued; as such, the stages are divided into \"A\" and \"B\" sections for purposes of the high score table. Continuing also zeroes the player's score. When all continues are expended, the game is over.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "2011001#2",
"score": 0.6440607309341431,
"text": "A sequel, titled \"Galactic Civilizations III\" was announced by Stardock on October 15, 2013. A pre-release version was made available through Steam in March 2014, which allowed customers to play the game while it is still in development. The sequel was the first game in the series to feature multiplayer and used hex-based game tiles. The full version of the game was released in May 2015. The game's first expansion, titled Mercenaries, was released in February 2016.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
86
|
What is the newest member country to join NATO?
|
[
{
"id": "17971449#2",
"score": 0.8244606256484985,
"text": "NATO has added new members seven times since its founding in 1949, and since 2017 NATO has had 29 members. Twelve countries were part of the founding of NATO: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In 1952, Greece and Turkey became members of the Alliance, joined later by West Germany (in 1955) and Spain (in 1982). In 1990, with the reunification of Germany, NATO grew to include the former country of East Germany. Between 1994 and 1997, wider forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbors were set up, including the Partnership for Peace, the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. In 1997, three former Warsaw Pact countries, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland, were invited to join NATO. After this fourth enlargement in 1999, the Vilnius group of the Baltics and seven East European countries formed in May 2000 to cooperate and lobby for further NATO membership. Seven of these countries joined in the fifth enlargement in 2004. The Adriatic States Albania and Croatia joined in the sixth enlargement in 2009, Montenegro in 2017."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "57927278#21",
"score": 0.7788876891136169,
"text": "Membership went on expanding with the accession of seven more Central and Eastern European countries to NATO: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania. They were first invited to start talks of membership during the 2002 Prague summit, and joined NATO on 29 March 2004, shortly before the 2004 Istanbul summit. Slovenian membership was endorsed in a referendum in which 66.02% of voters supported joining.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "17046267#0",
"score": 0.7653406262397766,
"text": "Enlargement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is the process of including new member states in NATO. NATO is a military alliance of twenty-seven European and two North American countries that constitutes a system of collective defense. The process of joining the alliance is governed by Article 10 of the North Atlantic Treaty, which allows only for the invitation of \"other European States\", and by subsequent agreements. Countries wishing to join have to meet certain requirements and complete a multi-step process involving political dialogue and military integration. The accession process is overseen by the North Atlantic Council, NATO's governing body.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "994312#72",
"score": 0.7620457410812378,
"text": "Greece has been a member of NATO since 1952. In 2004 Bulgaria, Romania and Slovenia became members of NATO. Croatia and Albania joined NATO in 2009.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "17971449#1",
"score": 0.7605553865432739,
"text": "Of the 29 member countries, two are located in North America (Canada and the United States), 27 are in Europe, and one is in Eurasia (Turkey). All members have militaries, except for Iceland which does not have a typical army (but does, however, have a coast guard and a small unit of civilian specialists for NATO operations). Three of NATO's members are nuclear weapons states: France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. NATO has 12 original founding member nation states, and from 18 February 1952 to 6 May 1955, it added three more member nations, and a fourth on 30 May 1982. After the end of the Cold War, NATO added 13 more member nations (10 former Warsaw Pact members and three former Yugoslav republics) from 12 March 1999 to 5 June 2017.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "10088279#9",
"score": 0.7486653923988342,
"text": "Afghanistan is the newest member, joining effective 29 July 2016.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "1851777#9",
"score": 0.7295174598693848,
"text": "Of NATO's non-member partners, Finland and Sweden joined the Response Force in 2008 and 2013, respectively. Ukraine and Georgia began contributions, respectively, in 2014 and 2015.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "1088#61",
"score": 0.7273261547088623,
"text": "According to a NATO diplomatic source some key officials at NATO headquarters in Brussels were pushing hard for engaging Azerbaijan on the membership question. \"Turkey, Romania, Italy, Poland, the United Kingdom and the Baltic states,\" are among the member-states also backing a fast track for Azerbaijan's NATO membership.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "68953#8",
"score": 0.7266729474067688,
"text": "In 1948, after expressions of concern by several European states that the Treaty of Brussels was too limited in scope and effectiveness, the prime minister of Canada called for a mutual defense system comprising Western Europe and North America. On April 4, 1949, the foreign minister of Belgium joined with representatives from Britain, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United States in signing the treaty forming NATO. Greece and Turkey became members in 1952, West Germany joined the alliance in 1955, and Spain became a member in 1982. The treaty established NATO as a multilateral political alliance that binds its members to obligations of mutual defense and economic cooperation.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "4407761#6",
"score": 0.7206957936286926,
"text": "Four states did not sign the treaty when they joined NATO, despite a preliminary agreement to do so: Slovenia and the three Baltic states: Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia. These states are unable to do so because the treaty cannot be joined until all the original signatories have ratified it.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "12287526#6",
"score": 0.7205812931060791,
"text": "With the accession to NATO of seven new members (Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia) in March 2004, the Baltic States Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania as well as Slovakia became a part of AIRNORTH. On 1 July 2004, AIRNORTH was renamed Component Command-Air Ramstein (CC AIR) and a new internal HQ-structure was implemented.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "12069794#5",
"score": 0.720055341720581,
"text": "Located on the northeastern border of NATO member Turkey, Georgia is the furthest of all countries currently considering NATO membership. Article 10 of the \"North Atlantic Treaty\" limits membership extension to European states. Georgia's location on the juncture of continents is a subject of debate, yet similarly positioned Turkey has been a member of NATO since 1952 (but Turkey has a part of its territory clearly in the European continent, over 600 miles to the West and in the European Shores of the Black Sea, while Georgia has traditionally been considered as the northernmost area of Western Asia.)",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "18950545#8",
"score": 0.7123770713806152,
"text": "Bulgaria joined NATO's Partnership for Peace in 1994 and applied for NATO membership in 1997. During the November 2002 Prague Summit Bulgaria was one of seven former socialist countries invited to join the Alliance. Bulgaria became a member of NATO in March 2004. The country is also working toward NATO compatibility in communications and training, and has established a Peacekeeping Training Center.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "54022#1",
"score": 0.6950318217277527,
"text": "There are 50 members, the 29 NATO member countries and 21 partner countries. The partner countries are:On 20 December 1991, the first meeting of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council, hosted a meeting between NATO, Eastern European nations and the USSR. Near the end of the meeting, the Soviet Ambassador received a message that concurrently to the meeting, the Soviet Union was dissolving and would cease to exist the following day. The Soviet Ambassador noted that as of then, he was only representing the Russian Federation and no longer the Soviet Union.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "16278993#3",
"score": 0.6941004991531372,
"text": "Luxembourg is a founding member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, Benelux, and the Western European Union, reflecting the political consensus in favour of economic, political, and military integration. The city of Luxembourg, the capital and largest city, is the seat of several institutions and agencies of the European Union.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "6031346#2",
"score": 0.6932086944580078,
"text": "NATO members without their own Air Policing assets are assisted by other NATO members. Luxembourg is covered by interceptors from Belgium, while Slovenia and Albania are covered by Italian and Greek aircraft.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "19422507#4",
"score": 0.6915873289108276,
"text": "Since 1993 it has been a major contributor to the NATO programme Partnership for Peace, which aims to strengthen and create trust amongst former Soviet Union states (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) its former satellites (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia) and NATO. All these states have since joined NATO.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "34026523#0",
"score": 0.691485583782196,
"text": "A referendum on joining NATO was held in Hungary on 16 November 1997. The proposal was approved by 85.3% of voters, with a voter turnout of 49.2%.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "201834#12",
"score": 0.6900893449783325,
"text": "In the post-war years, Denmark joined NATO in 1949. As a result, Denmark received large amounts of material and financing through the Marshall Plan. Furthermore, several ships were purchased from the British and a number of vessels were transferred from the now disarmed German navy.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "3457#60",
"score": 0.6882161498069763,
"text": "Belarus has not expressed a desire to join NATO but has participated in the Individual Partnership Program since 1997, and Belarus provides refueling and airspace support for the ISAF mission in Afghanistan. Belarus first began to cooperate with NATO upon signing documents to participate in their Partnership for Peace Program in 1995. However, Belarus cannot join NATO because it is a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organisation. Tensions between NATO and Belarus peaked after the March 2006 presidential election in Belarus.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "573970#16",
"score": 0.6855145692825317,
"text": "In September, 2002 David Gamkrelidze and his colleagues submitted to the Parliament of Georgia a decree regarding Georgia’s accession to NATO as a foreign policy priority, declaration was unanimously adopted. This was the first open statement about Georgia’s willingness to join NATO.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
87
|
When did Mount Victoria become a railway station?
|
[
{
"id": "2489297#3",
"score": 0.7816598415374756,
"text": "After the railway station, marking the termination of the Main Western railway line, was opened in 1869 the town also became known as Mount Victoria.[10][11] The town's name was officially changed after the first Post Office was built in 1876.[8]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "708066#4",
"score": 0.7378730177879333,
"text": "The first railway through the site of North Melbourne station was today's Williamstown line and the first section of the Melbourne, Mount Alexander and Murray River Railway Company line (to Sunbury), both opened on 13 January 1859. The first passenger station with two platforms was opened on 6 December 1859, and the present six platform station was opened on 9 June 1886.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "4146085#38",
"score": 0.7367585301399231,
"text": "The historical importance of Mount Victoria Railway Station Group as a railway location is demonstrated by a variety of high quality buildings which clearly show the development of the Station over time, particularly between 1872 and 1912, illustrating clearly the growth and decline of railway facilities in the Blue Mountains area. Mt Victoria was a convenient place to construct a locomotive facility (now demolished) to service terminating trains to serve railway tourism associated with the Jenolan Caves and handling goods trains over the steep grades of the Blue Mountains, particularly the section to Lithgow. The structures indicate the importance of Mt Victoria as a health and holiday resort, the Railway Refreshment Rooms and accommodation provided in the station building reinforcing this. The Mount Victoria Railway Rest-House (Barracks) is associated with the duplication of the railway line over the Blue Mountains in 1910 and is significant for its continued use as accommodation. The Station Group is the most substantial railway station complex in the Blue Mountains, demonstrating clear layers of growth from its original construction as a terminus station, through its growth at the turn of the century to the duplication of the railway line.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "4146085#35",
"score": 0.726424515247345,
"text": "The Mount Victoria Railway Station is associated with John Whitton, Engineer-in-Chief of the NSW Railways, as the original station building was built to a design from his time, and with George Cowdery, Engineer-in-Chief for Existing Lines, as the two-level stone addition containing the Railway Refreshment Room was built under his supervision.Note: There are incomplete details for a number of items listed in NSW. The Heritage Division intends to develop or upgrade statements of significance and other information for these items as resources become available.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "4146085#49",
"score": 0.7211027145385742,
"text": "The Mount Victoria Railway Station Group has a high degree of research potential for its demonstrative ability in providing construction techniques and architectural character of various types of buildings in one station. The station building on Platform 2 is of particular research significance for its staged construction over time to accommodate different staff and passenger needs. The site of the former SM's cottage also has archaeological potential.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "5515434#0",
"score": 0.7089828252792358,
"text": "The Melbourne, Mount Alexander and Murray River Railway Company was a railway company in Victoria, Australia. It was established on 8 February 1853 to build a railway from Melbourne to Echuca on the Victorian-NSW border and a branch railway to Williamstown. The company struggled to make any progress and on 23 May 1856, the colonial Government took over the Company and it became part of the newly established Department of Railways, part of the Board of Land and Works. The Department of Railways became Victorian Railways in 1859.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "45635498#1",
"score": 0.7010761499404907,
"text": "The station opened in 1874",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "9266067#1",
"score": 0.6990501284599304,
"text": "The double track Geelong to Ballarat railway, which ran through the area, opened in 1862. The station opened in 1873, becoming a junction in 1879 when a branch line was built towards Gordon station. That branch eventually became the direct line to Melbourne, which was completed in 1889.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "1150932#26",
"score": 0.6966145038604736,
"text": "Built in 1896, the Mount Royal Station (now known as The Station Building) was the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's showcase passenger station until it ceased operations in 1961. MICA purchased the building in 1964 and renovated it in 1966 under the direction of architect Richard Donkervoet, retaining as much of the building's exterior and interior as possible, including vaulted ceilings, columns and mosaic floor. Margaret Mead, in a lecture given at the Station, commented that the renovation \"is perhaps the most magnificent example in the Western World of something being made into something else\".",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "1425649#1",
"score": 0.6960369348526001,
"text": "Station Pier, originally known as Railway Pier, was officially opened on 12 September 1854. The 4.5 kilometre rail link from the pier to Flinders Street station via the Sandridge Bridge (the Port Melbourne line) was opened at the same time to facilitate the transport of passengers and goods, and was the first significant railway in Australia. The pier was kept busy throughout the 1850s, due to the increased passenger traffic created by the gold rush. In 1861, the pier was extended to a length of 661 metres, in order to accommodate the ever-increasing traffic associated with the number of people settling in Victoria.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "5995795#4",
"score": 0.6930525302886963,
"text": "The first railway line from Melbourne to Ballarat was via Geelong. Construction of the Geelong-Ballarat line began in 1858 and took nearly four years to complete. The project employed 3,000 men and cost approximately 1.5 million pounds. The line officially opened in 1862, with the first train running on 10 April—at a rate of 15 miles per hour—taking around four and a half hours to reach Geelong, amid various complications, including the inability to pull up a hill and the lack of firewood. The return trip commenced at 12:20 pm, arriving in Ballarat at 3 pm.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "10049528#9",
"score": 0.690341055393219,
"text": "Mountrath and Castletown railway station opened on 1 September 1848, closed for goods traffic on 3 November 1975 and finally closed altogether on 6 September 1976. Nowadays the nearest rail services may be accessed at Portlaoise railway station and Ballybrophy railway station.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "4146062#2",
"score": 0.6882150173187256,
"text": "Blackheath station opened in 1868 as a \"halt\" and as a platform in 1869. The Great Western Railway was intended to initially reach Bathurst but, beyond that town, its terminus was not stated. The line was duplicated between Blackheath and Mount Victoria in 1898 and the present platform building was erected on an island platform to serve both lines at that time. A signal frame was provided at the Sydney end of the building and would appear to have been open-air, later enclosed. When duplication extended from Medlow Bath to Blackheath in 1902, a new platform building was not provided.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "50928057#10",
"score": 0.6881875395774841,
"text": "By 31 August 1907 the railhead was at 12 miles (19km). The line was opened to Mount Surprise in May 1908, and the railway station at Mount Surprise 108.5 kilometres (67.4mi) from Almaden) was named in December 1909. In 1916 Mount Surprise station had a gate, siding, telephone, scales, fork, cattle yards, and a horse and carriage loading bank. By 1932 it had a station building, closet, goods shed, loading bank, motor shed, camping quarters, two fettler's quarters, enginemen's quarters, coal stage, and cattle yards. Mount Surprise became an important cattle trucking centre after 1951, with the reconditioning of the line from Almaden for steam locomotives. In 1970 approval was given to erect the railway station building from Tumoulin at Mount Surprise as a cottage (removed 2008). A repair shed for the Savannahlander tourist railmotor and an interpretation centre were built in the mid-1990s.[1]",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "6914285#0",
"score": 0.6880643963813782,
"text": "Port Albert was the original terminus station on the South Gippsland railway line, the railway opening to that station on 13 January 1892",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "23924685#0",
"score": 0.688057541847229,
"text": "Mount Gipps is a closed railway station on the Broken Hill railway line in New South Wales, Australia, approximately 7 km east of Broken Hill. The station opened in 1919 and closed in 1974. Only the platform face remains. It was located at the historic Mount Gipps Station, one of the first properties settled west of the Darling River in the 1860s.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "33533458#2",
"score": 0.6862562894821167,
"text": "When the railways first opened in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in 1864, trains terminated at Colombo Terminus Station, a now-retired station near Maradana. In 1906, a project was launched to reorganise the railway within the Colombo area. Colombo Terminus Station was closed and replaced by the new Maradana Station.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "1904845#6",
"score": 0.6856502890586853,
"text": "The village came into existence as a result of the construction of the western division of the Great Western Railroad from City of London, Ontario to Windsor, Ontario, at the point where it crossed the existing road from Delaware, Ontario to Strathroy. This crossing happened to be at the point of greatest elevation on this division, the railroad having just climbed out of the valley of the Thames River from London. The station was named for Charles John Brydges the Managing Director of the Railroad. Contrary to a previous suggestion, the name had nothing to do with an early settler named Mount who left the area more than two decades earlier.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "708537#0",
"score": 0.6855776906013489,
"text": "Victoria Park railway station is located on the Mernda and Hurstbridge lines in Victoria, Australia. It serves the north-eastern Melbourne suburb of Abbotsford and opened on 8 May 1888 as Collingwood, being renamed Victoria Park on 1 May 1909.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "9539976#2",
"score": 0.6852830648422241,
"text": "The station opened on 17 May 1897.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "52710245#1",
"score": 0.6842498183250427,
"text": "The station was built on 11 August 1862 with the opening of the Dresden-Werdau railway. Immediately after the opening, the station at the top of the \"Tharandter Steige\", which was feared by the operators of steam trains, was of great importance, as almost all the trains had to be assisted by bank engines from Tharandt station. Trains had to climb 230 metres of altitude from the valley station on a twelve kilometre-long section.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
88
|
Who was King Zhaoxiang of Qin's mother?
|
[
{
"id": "6667852#4",
"score": 0.6609596610069275,
"text": "Because King Zhaoxiang had not yet legally come of age (traditionally at the age of 20), his mother, who was now known as Queen Dowager Xuan, became the regent. She was supported by her brothers, Wei Ran and Mi Rong (羋戎), as well as two other sons, Prince Yi (公子悝) and Prince Fu (公子巿), the four of them collectively known as the \"Four Nobles\" (四貴)."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "6667852#26",
"score": 0.6240950226783752,
"text": "In 288 BC, King Zhaoxiang contacted King Min of Qi and proposed an alliance where both would claim the title \"Di\", and planned to attack the newly strengthened state of Zhao together. However, King Min was persuaded by Su Qin to renounce his Di title, and instead allied with other states to attack Qin, forcing King Zhaoxiang to also renounce his Di title. At the same time, Qi took the opportunity to conquer its rival state of Song, which made itself a major immediate threat in the eyes of other states.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "6667852#3",
"score": 0.6231271624565125,
"text": "In 307 BC, Ying Ji's older half-brother, King Wu, unexpectedly died after breaking his shin bones while trying to show off his physical prowess by lifting a heavy bronze cauldron in the Zhou palace at Wangcheng. King Wu died young and childless, hence placing the state of Qin into a succession crisis, with a number of princes now eligible to claim the throne. At the time, Prince Ji was still a hostage in the state of Yan, and was generally considered unlikely to be a candidate. However, King Wuling of Zhao decided to take advantage of the situation and intervene in the domestic politics of his western neighbour. King Wuling ordered his chancellor of the Dai Commandery, Zhao Gu (趙固), to smuggle Prince Ji out of Yan into Zhao territory, before endorsing him to return to Qin and contest for the throne. Furthermore, Prince Ji's maternal uncle, Wei Ran (魏冉), was a general in command of a significant Qin military forces, and helped suppressing most of his nephew's political opponents. This enabled Prince Ji to successfully claim the throne as the King Zhaoxiang of Qin at the age of 18.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "214496#0",
"score": 0.6223292350769043,
"text": "Wu Zetian (624–705), also romanized as Wu Ze Tian or Wu Tse-Tien, was a Chinese empress of the Zhou dynasty (690–705).",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "55933896#4",
"score": 0.621584951877594,
"text": "Zhao Jieyu lived in the Gouyi Palace, within the imperial Ganquan Palace outside of Chang'an. It was said that following a 14-month pregnancy—the same length as the mythical Emperor Yao, she gave birth to a son, named Liu Fuling, in 94 BC. Emperor Wu was pleased with the child's connection with the sage emperor, and named a gate in the palace the \"Gate of Yao's Mother\".",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "2068282#8",
"score": 0.6211521029472351,
"text": "In 295 BCE, Wuling's older son Zhao Zhang (Simplified Chinese: 赵章) rebelled against King Huiwen and lost. He escaped to the palace in Shaqiu (Simplified and Traditional Chinese: 沙丘), where Zhao Wuling took pity on him and kept him in his palace.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "55869892#2",
"score": 0.6197781562805176,
"text": "With the aid of the minister Fan Ju and general Bai Qi, King Zhaoxiang starts making aggressive advances against the other six states in the east. Under his rule, the Qin state destroys the Yiqu state, builds a section of the Great Wall, defeats the Qi and Chu states in battle, forces the Wei and Han states into submission, and inflicts a devastating defeat on the Zhao state at the Battle of Changping. After demonstrating its military power through its victories, in 256 BC the Qin state finally puts an end to the Eastern Zhou dynasty, the nominal suzerain power over the warring states. These events paved the way for the Qin state's eventual unification of China under the Qin dynasty within the next half-century.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "15095694#2",
"score": 0.6173096895217896,
"text": "The Qin dynasty (秦朝) was established in 221 BCE after Qin Shi Huang, King of Qin, conquered his final independent neighbour, the state of Qi. It is now recognised as the first Chinese imperial dynasty in the modern sense of the term; in recognition of this, its rulers were for the first time titled \"Emperor\" (皇帝), a title of which the components are drawn from legend, higher than the previous title \"King\" (王). The ancestral name of the family was Ying (嬴), although it is anachronistic to regard this as a family name in the modern sense: it would not have been used together with a given name. The titles of the Qin emperors were literally regnal numbers: \"Qin Shi Huang\" (秦始皇), in full \"Qin Shi Huangdi\" (秦始皇帝) means literally \"the first Emperor of Qin\", \"Qin Er Shi\" (秦二世), in full \"Qin Er Shi Huangdi\" (秦二世皇帝) means \"the second Emperor of Qin\", and so forth.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "48468559#1",
"score": 0.617107093334198,
"text": "In 308 BC, King Xiang met with King Wu of Qin in Linjin (临晋). That autumn, Qin minister Gan Mao (甘茂) invaded Yiyang and took it in the following year, executing 60,000 soldiers. In 302 BC, King Xiang sent Crown Prince Ying (太子婴) to Qin as a hostage.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "16053866#1",
"score": 0.6166368126869202,
"text": "It is not known when Zhao Yanzhao was born, but it is known that his family was originally from Gan Prefecture (甘州, roughly modern Zhangye, Gansu). His father Zhao Wumeng (趙武孟) was known for favoring hunting during youth. On one occasion, when Zhao Wumeng had killed some fresh prey and presented it to his mother (Zhao Yanzhao's grandmother), Zhao Wumeng's mother wept and stated, \"You do not study and only hunt all day. I feel hopeless.\" She refused the food. After that incident, Zhao Wumeng became studious and passed the imperial examination. He later served as an imperial censor during the reign of Wu Zetian and authored a 10-volume work on the notable people of the Hexi Corridor, the region he was from.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "3781487#0",
"score": 0.6155433058738708,
"text": "Wu Zetian (624–705), also known as Empress Wu of Zhou, was an empress consort and empress dowager of the Tang dynasty, and the only regnant of her Zhou state. She was the only empress regnant of China's history.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "35704101#0",
"score": 0.6150795221328735,
"text": "Duke Xuan of Qin (, died 664 BC) was from 675 to 664 BC the twelfth ruler of the Zhou Dynasty state of Qin that eventually united China to become the Qin Dynasty. His ancestral name was Ying (), and Duke Xuan was his posthumous title.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "2888193#10",
"score": 0.6148666739463806,
"text": "Triệu Hưng (r. 113–112 BC), just 6 years old, ascended the throne and adopted the temple name Triệu Ai Vương (趙哀王 \"Zhao Ai Wang\", \"King Ai of Zhao\"). Soon thereafter, Emperor Wu of Han summoned him and his mother, Lady Cù, to an audience to pay homage in the Hán court. The Han held Lady Cù and King Ai under the pretext that the young king needed their protection. By acquiescing to this gesture, both the empress dowager and the young emperor gave the public the impression that they were just puppets in the hands of the Hán court.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "55072#125",
"score": 0.6143773198127747,
"text": "Parents: Zaifeng, Prince Chun of the First Rank (醇親王 載灃; 12 February 1883 – 3 February 1951) Primary consort, of the Gūwalgiya clan (嫡福晉 瓜爾佳氏; 1884 – 30 September 1921), personal name Youlan (幼蘭) Consorts: Empress, of the Gobulo clan (皇后 郭布羅氏; 13 November 1904 – 20 June 1946), fourth cousin thrice removed, personal name Wanrong (婉容) Lady, of the Li clan (李氏; 4 September 1924 – 9 June 1997), personal name Shuxian (淑賢) Noble Consort Mingxian, of the Tan clan (明賢貴妃 譚氏; 11 August 1920 – 14 August 1942), personal name Yuling (玉齡) 祥妃 Consort Shu, of the Erdet clan (淑妃 鄂爾德特氏; 20 December 1909 – 17 September 1953), personal name Wenxiu (文繡) Concubine Fu, of the Li clan (福嬪 李氏; 15 July 1928 – 24 April 2001), personal name Yuqin (玉琴)",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "196576#59",
"score": 0.6093311905860901,
"text": "King Zhao's exceptionally long reign ended in 251 BC. His son King Xiaowen, already an old man, died just three days after his coronation and was succeeded by his son King Zhuangxiang of Qin. The new Qin king proceeded to conquer East Zhou, seven years after the fall of West Zhou. Thus the 800-year Zhou dynasty, nominally China's longest-ruling regime, finally came to an end.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "4532165#25",
"score": 0.6092761754989624,
"text": "Deng Zhi's mother was Zheng Tiansheng (鄭天生).",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "36796476#0",
"score": 0.6090876460075378,
"text": "King Xiaocheng of Zhao (; reigned 265 – died 245 BCE) was a king of the State of Zhao during the Warring States period of ancient Chinese. His reign saw the decline of Zhao military power owing to the catastrophic defeat by Qin at the Battle of Changping.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "2520003#1",
"score": 0.6075037121772766,
"text": "Ang Duong was the son of King Ang Eng, who ruled Cambodia from 1779 to 1797 and resided at the then capital Oudong. His mother was Ros, a royal consort since 1793 and later \"Queen Vara\". who was of Thai origin (died around 1869). Ang Duong was the father of his successor King Norodom (1834–1904), King Sisowath (1840–1927) and was the great-great-grandfather of King Norodom Sihanouk (1941-2004). Dedicated to extend the royal family line Ang Duong had numerous wives and produced 18 legitimate children - 11 sons and 7 daughters.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "6668713#1",
"score": 0.6074565649032593,
"text": "By 294 BC, the kingdom of Qin had become a major military power in China. Its first step of conquest began with the nearby kingdoms of Wei and Han.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "59806488#9",
"score": 0.6073377132415771,
"text": "Zhao was married and had two sons. His younger son, Zhao Qi (赵奇), also studied archaeology. According to Zhao Qi, his father was an extremely reticent man who rarely said anything except when discussing archaeology.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "305634#2",
"score": 0.6071693301200867,
"text": "Zhao Gao was distantly related to the royal family of the Zhao state of the Warring States period. According to the \"Records of the Grand Historian\", Zhao Gao's parents committed crimes and were punished. His brothers were castrated; it is unclear whether Zhao Gao himself was a eunuch or not. However, Qin Shi Huang valued Zhao Gao since he was learned in criminal law. This was very useful to Qin Shi Huang since he himself was always looking for ways to control the people by laws and punishments. Zhao Gao enjoyed a steady rise in position.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
89
|
When did The Prizefighter series begin?
|
[
{
"id": "19219786#0",
"score": 0.7778454422950745,
"text": "The Prizefighter series was a professional boxing tournament created by boxing promoter Barry Hearn and aired on Sky Sports. The format has an initial eight fighters, who compete in four quarter-finals of 3 x 3 minute rounds (number and length of the rounds is same as in amateur boxing) followed by two semi-finals and one final all on the same night.[1] The total prize money of the tournament is £80,000 with the winner of the tournament taking home £32,000, a figure that has increased from the initial top prize of £25,000 when the tournament first aired in April 2008. There have been 34 Prizefighter tournaments so far featuring 14 different weight divisions. The last tournament was held in 2015."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "25340896#3",
"score": 0.7051699757575989,
"text": "On 24 March 2009 and with an unbeaten record of 9-0 Brawley took part in the sixth installment of the Prizefighter series franchise televised live on Sky Sports. The tournament was the first to include boxers from the lightweight category and took place at the Kelvin Hall in Glasgow, the first time the tournament had been held in Scotland. Brawley went on to win the tournament and claim the first prize of £25,000 with wins over Ben Murphy in the quarter finals, Paul Holborn in the semi's and the then unbeaten Stephen Burke in the final.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "19219786#35",
"score": 0.6961174607276917,
"text": "On 29 May 2010, Prizefighter was at the York Hall once again and featured the first outing for the super-bantamweight division. The original line-up included former WBC world bantamweight champion Wayne McCullough, former British, Commonwealth and European champion Esham Pickering, former English champion Mark Moran and unbeaten prospects Craig Lyon and Ricky Owen. Josh Wale, Chris Riley and Gavin Reid completed the line up. McCullough, Lyon and Riley withdrew in the weeks leading up to the tournament and were replaced by 2002 Commonwealth Games gold medallist Jamie Arthur, undefeated Irishman Willie Casey, and Robbie Turley.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "19288568#1",
"score": 0.6776361465454102,
"text": "Ferguson competed in the \"Prizefighter\" competition at York Hall, Bethnal Green. He beat Billy Bessey in the opening round, before losing to Martin Rogan, the eventual winner, in the semi-final.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "6347737#9",
"score": 0.6763440370559692,
"text": "In May 2013 he announced a comeback, hopefully during the prizefighter series, after discussing a deal with Eddie Hearn of Matchroom Promotions. In July 2014, Starie was in training, with the hope of fighting for the Commonwealth or British title, but once again the comeback didn't materialise.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "19219786#84",
"score": 0.6707242131233215,
"text": "On 19 January 2013, at the Civic Hall, Wolverhampton, the 28th installment of the Prizefighter competition showcased a field of fighters from the welterweight division. The tournament saw the greatest number of unbeaten fighters enter, with six men starting the night with their '0' intact. The eight participants were: Mark Thompson 24(14)-2, Rob Hunt 16(1)-1-2, Sam Eggington 3(0)-0, Dale Evans 4(3)-0-1, Chad Gaynor 9(4)-0, Calum Cooper 4(0)-0, Steven Pearce 6(1)-0 and Glenn Foot 7(4)-0.[44]",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "37247516#3",
"score": 0.6658235788345337,
"text": "He turned professional in 2010 and after winning his first three professional bouts as a Light Heavyweight, Fielding was offered the chance to drop down a weight to take part in The Super Middleweight Prizefighter Series after Kenny Anderson pulled out at short notice. Fielding went on to win the tournament causing a stoppage in each of his three fights and becoming the first boxer in a Prizefighter series to do so.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "2747846#20",
"score": 0.6653421521186829,
"text": "FISTF began in 1993 with a European Championship and are mistakenly used as World Championships in several publications, such as printed Tournament leaflets. 1993 (team event was not played), 1995, 1997 and 1999 where European Team Championships, and not World Team Championships.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "23944943#5",
"score": 0.6652404069900513,
"text": "The first programme was aired on 15 August 2009. In the first programme, four contestants were selected to take part in first round of contests. Two of the competitors were eliminated. The second programme was of similar format, another two had to leave. Over €100,000 will be divided among the ten selected charities. Professional referees are involved in the show as is the Boxing Union of Ireland and Brian Peters Promotions.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "24189908#3",
"score": 0.6616086959838867,
"text": "WorldWinner launched on August 17, 2000 as the first online gaming destination allowing participants to compete in skill-based tournaments for real-money winnings. The company established partnerships with leading casual games sites, including Yahoo!, EA, Pogo, iWon, PAX TV, WildTangent, and Shockwave. By 2002, WorldWinner was hosting more than two million tournaments per month, with more than $100,000 in daily cash winnings.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "15403368#4",
"score": 0.6590501666069031,
"text": "On 7 May 2011, Perez won the International Prizefighter tournament, held in London, England. Perez faced Kertson Manswell and Gregory Tony, before defeating American fighter Tye Fields in the final to take home the £32,000 prize. After the fight, Perez stated the victory would earn him a world title shot in the near future.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "16059429#2",
"score": 0.6560419797897339,
"text": "Belshaw has signed to take part in the 'Prizefighter: The Heavyweights III' tournament on October 2, 2009. The contest includes fellow heavyweights Danny Williams, Michael Sprott and Audley Harrison - whom Belshaw faced at the quarter final stage. He was beaten by the eventual winner Audley Harrison.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "27369078#1",
"score": 0.6502624154090881,
"text": "At the time of its inception in 2008, CEO Bjorn Rebney founded Bellator Fighting Championships as a tournament based organization. The inaugural champion for each weight class was determined by the winner of an eight-man tournament. All subsequent title challengers were required to first win an eight-man tournament in a specific weight class in order to earn the right to challenge that division's reigning champion. Dethroned champions were required to re-enter the tournaments in order to attempt to regain their title. Under Bjorn Rebney's sole leadership, Bellator MMA would strictly adhere to these rules during the first four years of its operation.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "12282914#2",
"score": 0.6489729285240173,
"text": "Prize Fight has promoted fights such as: Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson 2002, Roy Jones Jr. vs. Glen Johnson 2004, Antonio Tarver vs. Glen Johnson 2005, The 2004 United States Olympic Boxing Trials, and Jermain Taylor vs. Winky Wright.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "12282914#0",
"score": 0.6485026478767395,
"text": "Prize Fight is a boxing promotional company in the southern United States.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "20583458#12",
"score": 0.6473881006240845,
"text": "On 20 October it was announced that Cook would be returning to the ring as part of Sky Sports Prizefighter series. The Competition will be held at light-welterweight. Also involved in the competition is fellow Welshman and former world champion Gavin Rees, a fighter from Enzo Calzaghe's boxing stable. Cook won his first round fight against Michael Grant, as the referee decided to stop the contest on the Doctors orders after Grant suffered a nasty cut. In the Semi-Final stage, Cook lost to Gavin Rees by a unanimoius points decision, with Rees declaring that he was expecting the Final fight against Colin Lynes to be an easyer fight than his Semi-Final against Cook. The brave comeback performance by Cook earned him a shot at the British Light-Welterweight Title against Lenny Dawes",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "1455346#2",
"score": 0.6472486853599548,
"text": "The original series began on May 23, 1959 and ran until September 10, 1983. KPLR-TV, Channel 11 produced and televised the matches, which were held at the Chase Park Plaza Hotel in St. Louis' Central West End and televised at 10:00 A.M.; conveniently, the KPLR studios were in an adjacent, connecting building. ",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "22947983#4",
"score": 0.6469367146492004,
"text": "After losing his British title to Mark Hobson in September 2007, Keeton took a break from the ring and only returned on 19 May 2009 to compete in the seventh Prizefighter tournament featuring the cruiserweights at Earls Court Exhibition Centre. He faced Bruce Scott in the first round, Keeton scored a knock down and won on points over three rounds. In the semi-finals he met Dean Francis, the former European and two-weight British champion, knocking him out in the first round. The final of the tournament pitched Keeton against Ovill McKenzie, who he lost to on points.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "3349451#4",
"score": 0.6454043388366699,
"text": "The first competition aired June 15, 1991 live on pay-per-view from Atlantic City, New Jersey. Regis Philbin was brought in to co-host the event with McMahon and Bobby Heenan. The show was met with mixed reviews: critics noted that the WBF's attempt at developing characters for each BodyStar went against Vince McMahon's initial promise to keep professional wrestling away from bodybuilding. To promote the show, both the WBF BodyStars and the WWF Superstars appeared on a series of \"Family Feud\" episodes.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "19219786#78",
"score": 0.644513726234436,
"text": "Mancunian Terry Flanagan defied the odds to maintain his unbeaten record and win the coveted Betfair Prizefighter trophy. Flanagan, a 10-1 shot at the start of the night, claimed the £32,000 winner’s cheque with a split decision victory over Gary Sykes in the final, having overcome Patrick Liam Walsh in his quarter-final and a bloodied Derry Mathews in the semi-final.[41]",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "12832336#4",
"score": 0.6444812417030334,
"text": "He is one of the featured boxers on the third season of the boxing reality TV series, The Contender, which premiered September 4, 2007, on ESPN. Vera suffered his first professional loss in the opening fight of the contest to the shows runner-up Jaidon Codrington.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
91
|
What's the biggest wasp?
|
[
{
"id": "1002559#0",
"score": 0.6578229069709778,
"text": "The Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia), including the subspecies Japanese giant hornet (V. m. japonica),[2] colloquially known as the yak-killer hornet,[3] is the world's largest hornet, native to temperate and tropical Eastern Asia. They prefer to live in low mountains and forests, while almost completely avoiding plains and high-altitude climates. V. mandarinia creates nests by digging, co-opting pre-existing tunnels dug by rodents, or occupying spaces near rotted pine roots.[4] It feeds primarily on larger insects, colonies of other eusocial insects, tree sap, and honey from honey bee colonies.[5] The hornet has a body length of 45mm (1.8in), a wingspan around 75mm (3.0in), and a stinger 6mm (0.24in) long, which injects a large amount of potent venom.[6]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "4654#2",
"score": 0.624015748500824,
"text": "Bees range in size from tiny stingless bee species whose workers are less than long, to \"Megachile pluto\", the largest species of leafcutter bee, whose females can attain a length of . The most common bees in the Northern Hemisphere are the Halictidae, or sweat bees, but they are small and often mistaken for wasps or flies. Vertebrate predators of bees include birds such as bee-eaters; insect predators include beewolves and dragonflies.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "21501041#55",
"score": 0.6237937808036804,
"text": "The largest-known of this group was the giant ant \"Titanomyrma giganteum\" at , with queens growing to . It had a wingspan of .",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "227542#0",
"score": 0.6214471459388733,
"text": "The Vespidae are a large (nearly 5000 species), diverse, cosmopolitan family of wasps, including nearly all the known eusocial wasps (such as \"Polistes fuscatus\", \"Vespa orientalis\", and \"Vespula germanica\") and many solitary wasps. Each social wasp colony includes a queen and a number of female workers with varying degrees of sterility relative to the queen. In temperate social species, colonies usually only last one year, dying at the onset of winter. New queens and males (drones) are produced towards the end of the summer, and after mating, the queens hibernate over winter in cracks or other sheltered locations. The nests of most species are constructed out of mud, but polistines and vespines use plant fibers, chewed to form a sort of paper (also true of some stenogastrines). Many species are pollen vectors contributing to the pollination of several plants, being potential or even effective pollinators, while others are notable predators of pest insect species.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "25647966#15",
"score": 0.6201760172843933,
"text": "The largest living species of odonate (the order that includes dragonflies and damselflies) is Megaloprepus caerulatus, attaining a size of as much as 19cm (7.5in) across the wings and a body length of over 12cm (4.7in).",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "43953438#6",
"score": 0.619885265827179,
"text": "Sightings of \"P. major major\" have been recorded in Spain. According to this study, \"P. major major\" may have been transferred over to Europe from the Americas via the shipping of imported goods. The paper wasp has been sighted enough times in Oviedo since 2008 for there to be an awareness of its establishment in the area. Though the most recent sightings have not been as frequent, due to the devastating effects on the ecosystems invaded by, for example, \"Vespa velutina\" and \"Polistes dominula\", there is a call to keep an eye on the population and to monitor its growth. There is also concern for human health in the areas \"P. major major\" has been introduced. With \"P. major major\" larger than native European species, medical treatments in Spain may not be strong enough to counter the stings of the bigger wasp.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "1991811#0",
"score": 0.6197466850280762,
"text": "Cicada killer wasps (the genus Sphecius) are large, solitary, ground dwelling, predatory wasps. They are so named because they hunt cicadas and provision their nests with them, after stinging and paralyzing them. There are 21 species worldwide. The highest diversity occurs in the region between North Africa and Central Asia.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "2823467#29",
"score": 0.6197323799133301,
"text": "Although the types of prey \"Vespula vulgaris\" and \"Vespula germanica\" forage are almost the same, that of \"Vespula germanica\" are generally 2–3.5 times bigger and heavier than that of \"Vespula vulgaris\". This is mainly due to the size difference of the two species. Because the \"Vespula germanica\" foragers are bigger in morphology than those of \"Vespula vulgaris\", and they both transport the prey by carrying on them, it would be advantageous for the wasp to be bigger to be able to hold larger prey.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "944758#3",
"score": 0.6187735199928284,
"text": "The pineapplefish, \"Cleidopus gloriamaris\", is the largest species, reaching up to in length. Sexual dimorphism is not apparent.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "12700748#1",
"score": 0.6162607073783875,
"text": "The Cook Strait giant weta is one of the largest insects in the world, reaching up to long. The brownish-yellow body is bulky and heavily armoured, with the upper surface covered by a series of thickened, overlapping plates, which have black markings. Relative to the size of the head, the jaws are large, and the elongated hind legs have five or six large spines, and can be raised above the head in defence. The female is significantly larger than the male, and both sexes lack wings.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "27554216#1",
"score": 0.6146982312202454,
"text": "The wingspan is about 20 mm. The adults are rather wasp like. They have black bodies with white bands, and a red collar around their heads. The wings are black but lose their scales readily to become partly transparent.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "20598041#0",
"score": 0.6140176653862,
"text": "The largest organisms now found on Earth can be determined according to various aspects of an organism's size, such as: mass, volume, area, length, height, or even genome size. Some organisms group together to form a superorganism (such as ants or bees), but such are not classed as single large organisms. The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest structure composed of living entities, stretching , but contains many organisms of many types of species.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "41455994#5",
"score": 0.6129521727561951,
"text": "The largest specimens measure about 70mm in length.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "4200#47",
"score": 0.6129357814788818,
"text": "WASP-14 b is one of the most massive and dense exoplanets known, with a mass of and a radius of . Discovered via the transit method, it orbits 0.036 AU from its host star with a period of 2.24 days. WASP-14 b has a density of 4.6 grams per cubic centimeter, making it one of the densest exoplanets known. Its host star, WASP-14, is an F5V-type star of magnitude 9.75, 160 parsecs from Earth. It has a radius of and a mass of . It also has a very high proportion of lithium.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "20975773#0",
"score": 0.6126769781112671,
"text": "The colossal squid (Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni, from Greek mesos (middle), onycho (claw, nail), and teuthis (squid)), sometimes called the Antarctic squid or giant cranch squid, is believed to be the largest squid species in terms of mass. It is the only known member of the genus Mesonychoteuthis. It is known from only a few specimens, and current estimates put its maximum size at 12–14m (39–46ft) long and weighing possibly up to 750 kilograms (1,650lb),[3][4] based on analysis of smaller and immature specimens, making it the largest-known invertebrate.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "38952922#0",
"score": 0.6104761362075806,
"text": "Bombus dahlbomii is a species of bumblebee endemic to southern South American temperate forests. \"B. dahlbomii\" is one of the largest bee species in the world, with matured queens growing up to long. Because of its size and furry appearance, the species has been described as \"flying mice\" and \"a monstrous fluffy ginger beast\".",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "58264#0",
"score": 0.6098719239234924,
"text": "Fig wasps are wasps of the superfamily Chalcidoidea which spend their larval stage inside figs. Most are pollinators but others simply feed off the plant. The non-pollinators belong to several groups within the superfamily Chalcidoidea, while the pollinators are in the family Agaonidae. While pollinating fig wasps are gall-makers, the remaining types either make their own galls or usurp the galls of other fig wasps; reports of them being parasitoids are considered dubious.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "25647966#20",
"score": 0.6094419360160828,
"text": "The largest species of stonefly is Pteronarcys californica, a species favored by fishermen as bait. This species can attain a length of 5cm (2.0in) and a wingspan of nearly 7.5cm (3.0in).",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "11658631#0",
"score": 0.6062300205230713,
"text": "Petalura ingentissima, the giant petaltail, has been described as the world's largest dragonfly, with a wingspan of 160 mm. It is found in Queensland, Australia.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "30112011#0",
"score": 0.6058145761489868,
"text": "The empress cicada (\"Megapomponia imperatoria\") is a species of cicada from Southeast Asia. It is the largest species of cicada with a head-body length of about and a wingspan of .",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "20598041#25",
"score": 0.6050090193748474,
"text": "The largest species of echinoderm in terms of bulk is probably the starfish species \"Thromidia gigas\", of the class Asteroidea, which reaches a weight of over , but it might be beaten by some giant sea cucumbers such as \"Thelenota anax\". However, at a maximum span of , \"Thromidia gigas\" is quite a bit shorter than some other echinoderms. The longest echinoderm known is the conspicuous sea cucumber \"Synapta maculata\", with a slender body that can extend up to . In comparison, the biggest sea star is the brisingid sea star \"Midgardia xandaros\", reaching a span of , despite being quite slender. \"Evasterias echinosoma\" is another giant echinoderm and can measure up to across and weigh .\nThe largest nemertean is the bootlace worm, \"Lineus longissimus\". A specimen found washed ashore on a beach in St. Andrews, Scotland in 1864 was recorded at a length of .",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
92
|
When was the University of Maryland football team established?
|
[
{
"id": "6969824#3",
"score": 0.687301516532898,
"text": "In 1892, the school then known as the Maryland Agricultural College fielded its first officially-sanctioned college football team. They went scoreless in all three of that season's games, but the following year, posted a perfect record of 6–0. For the first two decades of the program, the team primarily competed against local universities and high schools due to the prohibitive nature of long-distance travel at the time.[4]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "20247889#8",
"score": 0.6522901058197021,
"text": "The 1930 game proved to be the first competitive match of the series. Navy scored the only points with a 65-yard touchdown run on the second play of the game. The remainder was a defensive struggle, and Navy and Maryland advanced to the opposing one- and nine-yard lines, respectively, before being rebuffed. The 1931 match-up was held for the first time at a neutral site, Griffith Stadium in Washington, D.C.. In the first Maryland win of the series, the Terrapins scored the only points on a trick \"triple-pass\" play. The Maryland administration put a halt to the series in 1934 amidst claims that Navy scored the winning go-ahead, 16–13, on an illegal play after reviewing game tape.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "52605971#1",
"score": 0.6520214676856995,
"text": "Maryland won eight games for the second straight year, but this time they were champions of the Atlantic Coast Conference. Losses to #3 Alabama and Florida dropped them out of the rankings to start the season, but they won the next five games to rise back to #15 heading into a game with #10 Penn State. A 24-17 loss was their last loss of the regular season as they won the next three games to finish with a perfect conference record and a #10 ranking heading into their first ever Liberty Bowl and second straight bowl appearance.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "36800143#0",
"score": 0.6516847610473633,
"text": "The UMass Minutemen college football team competes as part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), representing the University of Massachusetts Amherst as an Independent. UMass began play in 1879 and have since appeared in two major bowl games. As they spent most of their existence since the late 1970s as a Football Championship Subdivision program, they participated in the DI-AA/FCS playoffs rather than postseason bowl games. In 2013, the team once again became eligible for bowl games upon the completion of their transition to FBS.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "16357775#0",
"score": 0.6516653299331665,
"text": "The Miami Dolphins, a professional American football team based in Miami, Florida, are part of the Eastern Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The Dolphins were founded by Joseph Robbie and Danny Thomas in 1965. They began playing in the American Football League (AFL) as an expansion team in 1966 and joined the NFL as part of the AFL–NFL merger in 1967.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "3845848#11",
"score": 0.6513600945472717,
"text": "Nugent amassed a 36–34 record during his tenure at Maryland. He remained the last Maryland coach to win his inaugural game with the team until Ralph Friedgen matched that feat in 2001.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "32122153#9",
"score": 0.6498918533325195,
"text": "Western Pennsylvania football at the collegiate level began in the fall of 1889 at the University of Pittsburgh, then known as the Western University of Pennsylvania (WUP). The first official collegiate game in Western Pennsylvania was played on October 11, 1890, when the Allegheny Athletic Association's defeated WUP 38-0. WUP's second game was also the first game for Washington & Jefferson, a rivalry that would dominate the area through the early 20th century.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "22140051#19",
"score": 0.6493802666664124,
"text": "Hopkins and Maryland became conference rivals in women's lacrosse in the 2016–17 school year when Hopkins joined the Big Ten for that sport. The first Big Ten game between the two was accordingly played in 2017.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "6512082#1",
"score": 0.649374783039093,
"text": "Miami University first fielded a football team in 1888 with the mascot of the Redskins. There was no head football coach in the team's first two seasons or from 1898–1899 nor was there a team fielded in 1890. The team's first head coach was C. K. Fauver, who led MU in 1895 to a 3–0 record. Under head coach James C. Donnelly, the Redskins compiled a 14–8–2 record from 1912–1914. George Little was named Miami's head coach for the 1916 season succeeding Chester J. Roberts. His first team went 7–0–1 and won the Ohio Athletic Conference. This team gave up only six points, all in a game against Wooster, with the only blemish on their record being a 0–0 tie with Denison. Little's tenure was interrupted by his service in the armed forces during World War I. He served as a captain in the infantry from August 15, 1917, to August 7, 1918. He returned and led the Redskins to a 7–1 record in 1919 and a 5–2–1 record in 1920. He once again won the Ohio Athletic Conference championship in 1921 with a perfect 8–0 record. The 1921 team scored 238 points during the season and gave up only 13. In his four years as Miami's head coach, Little compiled a record of 27–3–2 including 21 games where the opponent did not score a single point. He left Miami to become Fielding H. Yost's top assistant at Michigan.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "47219272#1",
"score": 0.6493210792541504,
"text": "The Naval Academy's football program formally began in 1879 with a game against the Baltimore Athletic Club. The program went on a two-year hiatus in 1880 and 1881 due to a lack of support, before it was brought back by Vaulx Carter. Johns Hopkins was Navy's primary opponent during the 1880s; the annual contest between the programs made up the entirety of the academy's 1882 through 1884 seasons.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "498816#19",
"score": 0.6491787433624268,
"text": "The BSUPD started its tenure as a security force at the university's conception on April 8, 1908, at the \"Maryland Normal and Industrial School in Bowie\" with an initial endowment of of campus property. All officers under the authority of the BSUDPS are \"vested with full police authority under provisions of Title 13, Subtitle 6, Section 13-601, Educational Article, and Annotated Code of Maryland. In addition, police officers are granted additional jurisdictional authority as prescribed in the Criminal Procedure Act, Title 2, Subtitle 1, Section 2-102.\"",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "1113365#3",
"score": 0.6490881443023682,
"text": "The first intercollegiate football game, in which Rutgers beat Princeton 6–4 on November 6, 1869, was played at College Field, which is now the location of the College Avenue Gymnasium and its parking lot. From 1891 to 1938, the Rutgers football team played at Neilson Field on the College Avenue Campus in New Brunswick.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "3694278#1",
"score": 0.6487486958503723,
"text": "Competitive football began on the Boulder campus in 1890. Early games, which bore more resemblance to rugby than modern football, were played against the School of Mines and Utah. The football stadium, originally named \"Colorado Stadium,\" was opened in 1924 and was officially named Folsom Field in November 1944 to honor Coach Fred Folsom, one of the most respected college football coaches of his day.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "2507775#14",
"score": 0.6487069129943848,
"text": "Byrd was appointed to the post of assistant university president in 1918. He became a proponent of unification of the Maryland Agricultural College and the Baltimore professional schools into a single public University of Maryland, and he was instrumental in what became the Consolidation Act of 1920. Byrd named the student newspaper \"The Diamondback\" in 1921, and in 1933, he was the lead advocate for the adoption of the diamondback terrapin as the university's official nickname and mascot.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "15049#2",
"score": 0.6484149098396301,
"text": "Following World War II, a competing professional football league was organized known as the All America Football Conference which began to play in the 1946 season. In its second year the franchise assigned to the Miami Seahawks was relocated to Maryland's major commercial and manufacturing city of Baltimore. After a fan contest the team was renamed the Baltimore Colts and used the team colors of silver and green. The Colts played for the next three seasons in the old AAFC. until they agreed to merge with the old National Football League (of 1920–1922 to 1950) when the NFL was reorganized. The Baltimore Colts were one of the three former AAFC powerhouse teams (known by the designation \"AAFC\" or \"1947–50\") to merge with the NFL at that time, the others being the San Francisco 49ers and the Cleveland Browns. This new Colts team, now in the \"big league\" of professional American football for the first time, although with shaky financing and ownership, played only in the 1950 season of the reorganized \"third\" NFL, and was later disbanded and moved.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "38608989#1",
"score": 0.6483598351478577,
"text": "Soon after Stanford opened on October 1, 1891, students set out to form a football team. One transfer student, John Whittemore, had played football at Washington University. He was chosen as captain and began to organize the team. ",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "20933864#2",
"score": 0.6472054123878479,
"text": "The five game season began on November 2, 1872, with the first ever college football game tie, in a 0-0 contest between Rutgers and Columbia on Columbia's campus. Organized intercollegiate football was first played in the state of Connecticut on November 16. It was the first game in New England. The game was essentially soccer with 20-man sides, played on a field 400 by 250 feet. Yale won 3-0, Tommy Sherman scoring the first goal and Lew Irwin the other two.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "7768993#4",
"score": 0.6457907557487488,
"text": "Students at UVA were playing pickup games of the kicking-style of football as early as 1870, and some accounts even claim that some industrious ones organized a game against Washington and Lee College in 1871, just two years after Rutgers and Princeton's historic first game in 1869. But no record has been found of the score of this contest. There is record of a game between Washington & Lee and VMI in 1873, the first such game in the south. In 1874, University students were introduced to the sport of rugby when they played to a scoreless tie against a team of Englishmen from Albemarle County. Eight years later, in November 1883, a football club was reorganized, a constitution drawn up, and officers elected. 75 men competed against one another, but not against another collegiate club. The University Magazine describes how \"pluck is cultivated by throttling one's competitor and violently throwing him to the ground.\"",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "7590031#1",
"score": 0.6456490755081177,
"text": "Football was first played on the Berkeley campus in 1882, albeit in a form that resembled rugby. It was not until 1886 that American football began play. It played its first annual rivalry game – known as The Big Game – against Stanford University in 1892. This became one of oldest College rivalry games in the United States. Football was put on hiatus in 1906 when it was decided by the Theodore Roosevelt administration that American football was too dangerous a sport and rugby once again took over the scene. Football returned for good in 1915 and Cal has fielded a team in every year since. \nThe 1920s saw the first golden age of California football, as the Golden Bears went 50 straight games without a defeat from 1920 to 1925, with a record of 46 wins and 4 ties. As of 2010, this is the third-longest unbeaten (not to be confused with winning) streak in NCAA history. The 1920–1924 squads were so dominant that they were nicknamed \"The Wonder Teams\", and were coached by Andy Smith. He is considered to be the greatest football coach in Golden Bears' history. He is famous for his defense-oriented strategy of \"kick and wait for the breaks\". Dying in 1925 with his University of California 10-year record of 74 wins, 16 losses and 7 ties, Smith remained Cal's most winning coach until he got surpassed by Jeff Tedford in 2011. During his time California won three NCAA recognized national titles, four Pacific Coast Conference championships and made three trips to the Rose Bowl. In 1921 it shutout Ohio State 28–0. In 1922 and while swimming in mud, it tied the huge underdog Washington & Jefferson College presidents 0–0, for the sole tie in Rose Bowl history. One of the stars of this era was Harold \"Brick\" Muller. A month before the start of the 1920 season he won the Silver Medal in high jump at the Summer Olympics in Belgium, while that winter at the 1921 Rose Bowl win over Ohio State, he threw a touchdown, caught two passes and made several vital tackles. He also recovered three fumbles. In 1960 the respected Helms Athletic Foundation crowned the 1920 Cal Bears as the greatest football team in American history. \nAndy Smith died shortly after the end of the 1925 season. His death was unexpected and traumatic for the team and the whole university. His replacement was his assistant coach Nibs Price. Price was first hired as a freshman coach in 1918. He recruited the dominant 1919 freshmen team that would become the core of the Wonder Team for the next three years. In their first season without Smith, Cal had its first losing season since 1897. ",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "57023702#2",
"score": 0.6453238725662231,
"text": "In 1911, Harry C. \"Curley\" Byrd became head coach and held that position for more than two decades until he was named the university president. In 1921, Maryland joined the Southern Conference where it remained for thirty years. Between 1935 and 1946, the school had several coaches that achieved fame elsewhere: Frank Dobson, a former assistant coach under John Heisman; Clark Shaughnessy, architect of Stanford's undefeated 1940 turnaround; and Paul \"Bear\" Bryant, who later became the long-time Alabama head coach. Bryant resigned after one season when a player he had suspended was reinstated by President Byrd.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "37766544#4",
"score": 0.64520263671875,
"text": "Diggs accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Maryland in College Park, Maryland, where he played on coach Randy Edsall's Maryland Terrapins football team from 2012 to 2014. As a freshman, Diggs tallied 1,896 all-purpose yards, which were second most in a single season in school history. He was selected second-team All-ACC return specialist in 2012 and finished second to Duke's Jamison Crowder for ACC Rookie of the Year. He was selected second-team All-Big Ten in recognition of his successful junior season in 2014.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
93
|
Who wrote the Federalist papers?
|
[
{
"id": "46833#0",
"score": 0.7716666460037231,
"text": "The Federalist (later known as The Federalist Papers) is a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the pseudonym \"Publius\" to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution. The first 77 of these essays were published serially in the Independent Journal, the New York Packet, and The Daily Advertiser between October 1787 and April 1788.[1] A two-volume compilation of these 77 essays and eight others was published as The Federalist: A Collection of Essays, Written in Favour of the New Constitution, as Agreed upon by the Federal Convention, September 17, 1787 by publishing firm J. & A. McLean in March and May 1788.[2][3] The collection was commonly known as The Federalist until the name The Federalist Papers emerged in the 20th century."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "2210837#2",
"score": 0.7129526138305664,
"text": "During the lengthy and heated national debate following this convention, both groups wrote extensively in favor of their respective positions. The anti-Federalist papers are a selection of the written arguments against the US Constitution by those known to posterity as the anti-Federalists. As with the Federalist papers, these essays were originally published in newspapers. The most widely known are \"a series of sixteen essays published in the New York Journal from October 1787 through April 1788 during the same period. The anti-Federalist was appearing in New York newspapers, under the pseudonym 'Brutus'.\"",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "2058352#11",
"score": 0.7084959745407104,
"text": "Hamilton's school newspaper is called \"The Federalist\", a reference to and the original name of \"The Federalist Papers\" initiated and largely written by Alexander Hamilton. \"The Federalist\" has been archived by the Hamilton High Alumni Association.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "55751786#4",
"score": 0.7074086666107178,
"text": "The leader of the Federalist Party was Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury and co-author of \"The Federalist Papers\" (1787–1788) which was then and to this day remains a major interpretation of the new 1789 Constitution. Hamilton was critical of both Jeffersonian classical liberalism and the radical ideas coming out of the French Revolution. He rejected \"laissez-faire\" economics and favored a strong central government.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "1804893#16",
"score": 0.702542245388031,
"text": "In \"The Federalist Papers\", a collection of 85 essays promoting the adoption of the United States Constitution, written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in 1787–1788, the three statesmen used the allonym \"Publius\" in honor of Poplicola's role in establishing the Roman Republic.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "2651671#0",
"score": 0.6971458196640015,
"text": "Federalist No. 20 is an essay by James Madison, the twentieth of \"The Federalist Papers\". It was published on December 11, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all \"The Federalist\" papers were published. No. 20 addresses the failures of the Articles of Confederation to satisfactorily govern the United States; it is the last of six essays on this topic. It is titled \"The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union\".",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "31644#23",
"score": 0.6947625875473022,
"text": "Two parties soon developed, one in opposition, the Anti-Federalists, and one in support, the Federalists, of the Constitution; and the Constitution was debated, criticized, and expounded upon clause by clause. Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, under the name of Publius, wrote a series of commentaries, now known as \"The Federalist Papers\", in support of ratification in the state of New York, at that time a hotbed of anti-Federalism. These commentaries on the Constitution, written during the struggle for ratification, have been frequently cited by the Supreme Court as an authoritative contemporary interpretation of the meaning of its provisions. The dispute over additional powers for the central government was close, and in some states ratification was effected only after a bitter struggle in the state convention itself.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "1820400#50",
"score": 0.6925925016403198,
"text": "The Patriot Revolt, its causes and its denouement in the Prussian intervention were of great interest to the Founding Fathers. This is illustrated by Federalist Paper No. 20, written by James Madison and published under the pseudonym \"Publius\" on 11 December 1787 in the context of the debate about the United States Constitution, more particularly about the defects of the Articles of Confederation and similar constitutions. After a perspicacious description and analysis of the constitution of the Dutch Republic the paper continues: \nIn other words, an example to avoid. The Paper explicitly refers to the Prussian intervention, but apparently the news of its success had not yet reached the U.S. by the time of the paper's publication, as the wording leaves the hope open that the Patriots will prevail: ",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "2448551#6",
"score": 0.6905317306518555,
"text": "September 17, 1787 marked the signing of the final document. By its own Article Seven, the constitution drafted by the convention needed ratification by at least nine of the thirteen states, through special conventions held in each state. Anti-Federalist writers began to publish essays and letters arguing against ratification, and Alexander Hamilton recruited James Madison and John Jay to write a series of pro-ratification letters in response.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "2651798#0",
"score": 0.6870043277740479,
"text": "Federalist No. 51, titled: \"The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments\", is an essay by James Madison, the fifty-first of \"The Federalist Papers\". This document was published on February 8, 1788, under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all \"The Federalist\" papers were published. Federalist No. 51 addresses means by which appropriate checks and balances can be created in government and also advocates a separation of powers within the national government. This idea of checks and balances became a crucial document in the establishment of the modern U.S. system of checks and balances. One of its most important ideas, an explanation of check and balances, is the often quoted phrase, \"Ambition must be made to counteract ambition.\"",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "2642243#0",
"score": 0.6865791082382202,
"text": "Federalist No. 8 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the eighth of \"The Federalist Papers\". It was published on November 20, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all \"The Federalist\" papers were published. In it, Hamilton argues for the utility of the Union to the well-being of Americans, specifically addressing the negative consequences if the Union were to collapse and conflict arise between the states. It is titled \"Consequences of Hostilities Between the States\".",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "2653660#0",
"score": 0.6860405802726746,
"text": "Federalist No. 60 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the sixtieth of \"The Federalist Papers\". It was published on February 23, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all \"The Federalist\" papers were published. This is the second of three papers discussing the power of Congress over the election of its own members. It is titled \"The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members\".",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "6125615#9",
"score": 0.6839421391487122,
"text": "Mosteller and David Wallace studied the historical problem of who wrote each of the disputed Federalist papers, James Madison or Alexander Hamilton. \"The Federalist Papers\" study was conducted in order to demonstrate the power of Bayesian inference and required a great deal of computational power for that time. It was featured in \"Time Magazine\" in the September 21st, 1962 edition.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "2651800#2",
"score": 0.6822035908699036,
"text": "The Anti-Federalist Papers was written, before the \"Federalist Papers\", by the founding fathers who were opposed to the merits of the United States Constitution. Three papers touch on the aspects of the Senate defended in Federalist 64. Anti-Federalist 62 discusses how the members of the senate should be chosen, and the organization of them. People believed that if the chosen senate worked for a long time, they would begin to only make decisions for themselves. It says, \"The term for which the senate are to be chosen, is in my judgment too long, and no provision being made for a rotation will, I conceive, be of dangerous consequence\". Anti-Federalist paper 63 states opinions on the number of people in the senate, and problems that may come. The writer agrees that the senate taking part will be beneficial, but thinks that it will eventually become \"the source of the greatest evils\". Finally, Anti-Federalist 64 speaks about the beliefs that the constitution of the senate sends fear and little hope to the democratic rights. \"which will swallow up the democratic rights and liberties of the nation...that we have much to fear from it, and little to hope, and then it must necessarily produce a baneful aristocracy, by which the democratic rights of the people will be overwhelmed\".",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "19515760#4",
"score": 0.6788452863693237,
"text": "By January 8, 1788, thirty-six Federalist essays had been published between the newspapers. John McLean bundled these thirty-six together and published them as \"The Federalist: A Collection of Essays, Written in Favour of the New Constitution, as Agreed upon by the Federal Convention, September 17, 1787\", Volume I, on March 22, 1788. Publication of the essays resumed on 11 January, and essays thirty-seven to seventy-seven were published from that time through to April 2, 1788. Before the final eight could be published publicly in the newspapers, John McLean compiled and released Volume II of \"The Federalist\" essays, which consisted of essays thirty-seven through eighty-five, on May 28, 1788. The eight unpublished essays appeared in \"The Independent Journal\" and \"New York Packet\" between June 14 and August 16.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "2653572#0",
"score": 0.6707480549812317,
"text": "Federalist No. 46 is an essay by James Madison, the forty-sixth of \"The Federalist Papers\". It was published on January 29, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all \"The Federalist\" papers were published. This essay examines the relative strength of the state and federal governments under the proposed United States Constitution. It is titled \"The Influence of the State and Federal Governments Compared\".",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "2651761#0",
"score": 0.6706752181053162,
"text": "Federalist No. 29 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the twenty-ninth of \"The Federalist Papers\". It was published on January 9, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all \"The Federalist\" papers were published. It is titled \"Concerning the Militia\". Unlike the rest of the \"Federalist Papers\", which were published more or less in order, No. 29 did not appear until after Federalist No. 36.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "26441648#14",
"score": 0.6660917401313782,
"text": "The Declaration of Independence, written in committee largely by Thomas Jefferson, echoed Locke. After the war, the leaders debated about how to move forward. The Articles of Confederation, written in 1776, now appeared inadequate to provide security, or even a functional government. The Confederation Congress called a Constitutional Convention in 1787, which resulted in the writing of a new Constitution of the United States establishing a federal government. In the context of the times, the Constitution was a republican and liberal document. It remains the oldest liberal governing document in effect worldwide.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "23265330#40",
"score": 0.6604164242744446,
"text": "The men who wrote the Constitution of the United States were fearful of large standing armies, legislatures that had too much power, and perhaps most of all, a powerful executive who might be able to wage war on his own authority. All were objects of concern because of the dangers each posed to liberal democracy and a free citizenry. While it is often impossible to \"gauge accurately the intent of the Framers\", it is nevertheless important to understand the motivations and concerns of the writers with respect to the appropriate relationship between civil and military authority. The \"Federalist Papers\" provide a helpful view of how they understood the relationship between civil authority, as represented by the executive branch and the legislature, and military authority.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "9700751#12",
"score": 0.6597427725791931,
"text": "James Madison's notes, from the Constitutional Convention in 1787, include a footnote where he says that the Constitution would not allow the federal government to use paper as currency or legal tender, though there is no indication whether or not the contents of his footnote were uttered aloud at the Convention. Thereafter, during the ratification debates, the Federalist Papers No. 44 (assumed to be authored by Madison) said that prohibiting states from emitting \"bills of credit must give pleasure to every citizen, in proportion to his love of justice and his knowledge of the true springs of public prosperity.\" He further stated that the issuance of paper money by the states had resulted in \"an accumulation of guilt, which can be expiated no otherwise than by a voluntary sacrifice of the power which has been the instrument of it.\"",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "2653623#0",
"score": 0.6587988138198853,
"text": "Federalist No. 55 is an essay by James Madison, the fifty-fifth of The Federalist Papers. It was published on February 13, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all The Federalist Papers were published. It is titled \"The Total Number of House of Representatives\". It is the first of four papers defending the number of members in the House of Representatives against the critics who believe the number of members to be inadequate. The critics presume that there aren't enough representatives to defend the country against the small group of legislators who are violating the rights of the people. In this paper, Madison examines the size of the United States House of Representatives.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
94
|
Where is the Sanjay Gandhi National Park?
|
[
{
"id": "827512#0",
"score": 0.8176025152206421,
"text": "Sanjay Gandhi National Park is an 87km2 (34sqmi) protected area near Mumbai in Maharashtra State in India.[4] It was formerly known as Borivali National Park.[5][6] It is notable as one of the major national parks existing within a metropolis limit and is one of the most visited parks in the world.[6]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "827512#51",
"score": 0.6876053810119629,
"text": "Butterflies of Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, Ambient Science, 1(1): 7-15.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "3229136#2",
"score": 0.6706992387771606,
"text": "Located amidst the 34-km-long scenic Kanger Valley, a biosphere reserve, Kanger Valley National Park is one of the most picturesque national parks of India. Spread over an area of approximately consisting mainly of hilly terrain, the park derives its name from the Kanger River, which flows throughout its length.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "827512#52",
"score": 0.6658207178115845,
"text": "Kasambe, R. (2012): Butterfly fauna of the Sanjay Gandhi National Park and Mumbai. Bionotes. 14 (3): 76–80",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "167354#9",
"score": 0.6642882227897644,
"text": "Due to its proximity to the Sanjay Gandhi National Park, the campus has significant green cover and is mostly untouched by the pollution of the rest of the city. The proximity of the campus to the national park has also led to occasional sightings of panthers, Leopards and Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) crocodiles along the banks of Lake Powai. Sometimes they stray into the campus in chase of hunt.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "3229136#0",
"score": 0.6548818945884705,
"text": "Kanger Ghati National Park (also called Kanger Valley National Park) was declared a national park in 1982 by the Government of India.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "35150925#2",
"score": 0.654390275478363,
"text": "Apart from the usual suburban sprawl, this area has some nice beaches, especially near Malad. Jogeshwari has hot springs which are reputed to have medicinal properties. Borivali is the entry point for the Sanjay Gandhi National Park, which is why the wildlife reserve is more popularly known as Borivali National Park.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "3227731#0",
"score": 0.6516731381416321,
"text": "Sri Venkateshwara National Park is a national park and biosphere reserve in Andhra Pradesh, India. The total area of the park is 353 km.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "3682794#0",
"score": 0.6392965316772461,
"text": "Campbell Bay National Park is a national park in India, located on the island of Great Nicobar, the largest of the Nicobar Islands in the eastern Indian Ocean some 190 km to the north of Sumatra. It was gazetted as a national park of India in 1992, and forms part of the [[Great Nicobar Biosphere wrong",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "8476793#1",
"score": 0.6356754302978516,
"text": "The national park contains large tracts of forests formerly part of the Maharaja of Kota's hunting grounds. The park was embroiled in a political controversy over its nomenclature, when the Bharatiya Janata Party state government revoked the decision that it be called the Rajiv Gandhi National Park.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "12206895#13",
"score": 0.6339768767356873,
"text": "Madhya Pradesh is home to 9 National Parks, including Bandhavgarh National Park, Kanha National Park, Satpura National Park, Sanjay National Park, Madhav National Park, Van Vihar National Park, Mandla Plant Fossils National Park, Panna National Park, and Pench National Park, Madhya Pradesh.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "103298#0",
"score": 0.6324150562286377,
"text": "Girraween National Park is an area of the Granite Belt in the Darling Downs region of Queensland, Australia reserved as a national park. Girraween is known for its spectacular flowers, dramatic landscapes and unique wildlife. Bushwalking and rock climbing are the most popular activities in the park.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "3513545#0",
"score": 0.6318389773368835,
"text": "Khunjerab National Park () is a national park in Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan. Khunjerab National Park is Pakistan's third largest national park, and is adjacent to the Taxkorgan Natural Reserve in China.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "827512#32",
"score": 0.6304430961608887,
"text": "SGNP view from Highest Point Trail Mini waterfall inside a park within national park premise Villages in the park Mahatma Gandhi Memorial",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "11429599#0",
"score": 0.6290671229362488,
"text": "Poisar River is a river in Mumbai, India. It begins in the Sanjay Gandhi National Park and empties into the Marve Creek and finally into the Arabian Sea. The river is now nothing more than an urban stream when it begins and is contaminated with industrial effluents and sewage.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "101008#0",
"score": 0.6259037852287292,
"text": "Chaelundi National Park, a national park comprising , is located in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "1393772#0",
"score": 0.621896505355835,
"text": "Desert National Park, Rajasthan, India, is situated in the west Indian state of Rajasthan near the towns of Jaisalmer and Barmer . This is one of the largest national parks, covering an area of 3162 km². The Desert National Park is an excellent example of the ecosystem of the Thar Desert. Sand dunes form around 20% of the Park. The major landform consists of craggy rocks and compact salt lake bottoms, intermedial areas and fixed dunes.\nDespite a fragile ecosystem there is an abundance of birdlife. The region is a haven for migratory and resident birds of the desert. Many eagles, harriers, falcons, buzzards, kestrel and vultures are spotted here. Short-toed eagles, tawny eagles, spotted eagles, laggar falcons and kestrels are the most common among these. Sand grouse are spotted near small ponds or lakes. The endangered great Indian bustard is a magnificent bird found in relatively fair numbers. It migrates locally in different seasons. The most suitable time to visit the area is between November and January. The Desert National Park has a collection of fossils of animals and plants of 180 million years old. Some fossils of dinosaurs of 6 million years old have been found in the area.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "1571200#0",
"score": 0.6216872334480286,
"text": "Huascarán National Park () is a Peruvian national park that comprises most of the mountain range known as Cordillera Blanca (the world's highest tropical mountain range) which is part of the central Andes, in the region of Ancash. The park covers an area of 340.000 ha (ca. 3.400 km2) and is managed by the Peruvian Network of Protected Natural Areas: SERNANP (Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas). It was designated as a World Heritage Site in 1985 by UNESCO, is also a well-known mountaineering spot and harbors a unique biodiversity with plant species such as the Queen of the Andes, trees of the genera \"Polylepis\" and \"Buddleja\", and animals such as spectacled bears, condors, vicunas and tarucas.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "1633128#15",
"score": 0.6181520223617554,
"text": "Bardia National Park is the largest and most undisturbed protected area in the Terai region of the Nepal Himalayas, covering on the southern slopes of the Sivalik Hills. It is bordered in the south by the Babai River, and to the west by the Girwa River, a tributary of the Karnali. At Chisapani Gorge, the swift-flowing Karnali River emerges from the Shiwalik Range onto the broad plain and flows purposefully through the semi-tropical jungle. The park is famous for two herds of wild Asian elephants, a great number of deer species, gaur, nilgai, Himalayan tahr, serow and goral. The Karnali supports the endangered mugger crocodile, the fish-eating gharial, a few remaining specimen of Gangetic dolphin and the golden mahseer; the latter weigh up to .",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "50195708#1",
"score": 0.615455687046051,
"text": "Sanjay Mukund ",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "3228153#0",
"score": 0.6152395009994507,
"text": "The Orang National Park also known as Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park which is located on the north bank of the Brahmaputra River in the Darrang and Sonitpur districts of Assam, India, covers an area of . It was established as a sanctuary in 1985 and declared a national park on 13 April 1999.The park has a rich flora and fauna, including great Indian one-horned rhinoceros, pygmy hog, elephants, wild buffalo and tigers. It is the only stronghold of rhinoceros on the north bank of the Brahmaputra river.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
95
|
Who has to initiate a plea bargain?
|
[
{
"id": "23476#0",
"score": 0.731562614440918,
"text": "The plea bargain (also plea agreement or plea deal) is any agreement in a criminal case between the prosecutor and defendant whereby the defendant agrees to plead guilty or nolo contendere to a particular charge in return for some concession from the prosecutor. This may mean that the defendant will plead guilty to a less serious charge, or to one of the several charges, in return for the dismissal of other charges; or it may mean that the defendant will plead guilty to the original criminal charge in return for a more lenient sentence.[1]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "23476#37",
"score": 0.6943148374557495,
"text": "Plea bargaining is permitted in the legal system of England and Wales. The guidelines by the Sentencing Council require that the discount it gives to the sentence are determined by the timing of the plea and no other factors.[6] The guidelines state that the earlier the guilty plea is entered, the greater the discount to the sentence. The maximum discount permitted is one third, for a plea entered at the earliest stage. There is no minimum discount; a guilty plea entered on the first proper day of the trial would be expected provide a discount of one tenth. The discount can sometimes involve changing the type of punishment, such as substituting a prison sentence for community service.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "649#18",
"score": 0.6915369629859924,
"text": "If the defendant pleads guilty, an evidentiary hearing usually follows. The court is not required to accept a guilty plea. During the hearing, the judge assesses the offense, the mitigating factors, and the defendant's character, and passes sentence.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "23476#30",
"score": 0.6910261511802673,
"text": "Generally, once a plea bargain is made and accepted by the courts, the matter is final and cannot be appealed. However, a defendant may withdraw his plea for certain legal reasons,[25] and a defendant may agree to a \"conditional\" plea bargain, whereby s/he pleads guilty and accepts a sentence, but reserves the right to appeal a specific matter (such as violation of a constitutional right). If the defendant does not win on appeal the agreement is carried out; if the defendant is successful on appeal the bargain is terminated. The defendant in Doggett v. United States made such a bargain, reserving the right to appeal solely on the grounds that he was not given a speedy trial as required by the United States Constitution; Doggett's claim was upheld by the United States Supreme Court and he was freed.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "23476#58",
"score": 0.6887331008911133,
"text": "While concluding the plea agreement, the prosecutor is obliged to take into consideration public interest, severity of the penalty, and personal characteristics of the defendant. (Article 210 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Georgia) To avoid abuse of powers, legislation foresees written consent of the supervisory prosecutor as necessary precondition to conclude plea agreement and to amend its provisions. (Article 210 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Georgia)",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "27182151#13",
"score": 0.686302125453949,
"text": "The vast majority of U.S. criminal cases are not concluded with a jury verdict, but rather by plea bargain. Both prosecutors and defendants often have a strong interest in resolving the criminal case by negotiation resulting in a plea bargain. If the defendant waives a jury trial, a bench trial is held. Research indicates there is not a consistent difference between penalties handed down in jury trials and those handed down in bench trials.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "23476#75",
"score": 0.6854563355445862,
"text": "In Japan, plea bargaining was previously forbidden by law, although sources reported that prosecutors illegally offered defendants plea bargains in exchange for their confessions.[53][54][55][56]",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "2167#10",
"score": 0.6828305721282959,
"text": "The U.S. Attorneys' Manual states that in the federal system, Alford pleas \"should be avoided except in the most unusual circumstances, even if no plea agreement is involved and the plea would cover all pending charges.\" U.S. Attorneys are required to obtain the approval of the Assistant Attorney General with supervisory responsibility over the subject matter before accepting such a plea.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "23476#15",
"score": 0.6827453970909119,
"text": "Theoretical work based on the prisoner's dilemma is one reason that, in many countries, plea bargaining is forbidden. Often, precisely the prisoner's dilemma scenario applies: it is in the interest of both suspects to confess and testify against the other suspect, irrespective of the innocence of the accused. Arguably, the worst case is when only one party is guilty: here, the innocent one has no incentive to confess, while the guilty one has a strong incentive to confess and give testimony (including false testimony) against the innocent.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "794#1",
"score": 0.6799297332763672,
"text": "An allocution allows the defendant to explain why the sentence should be lenient. In plea bargains, an allocution may be required of the defendant. The defendant explicitly admits specifically and in detail the actions and their reasons in exchange for a reduced sentence.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "9008827#8",
"score": 0.6793595552444458,
"text": "The Browns initially chose to represent themselves, without the help of a court-appointed lawyer. Halfway through the trial Ed Brown decided not to return to the court, while Elaine Brown chose to enlist the help of a court-appointed lawyer to defend her and negotiate any possible plea bargain offered by the federal prosecutor.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "44720#98",
"score": 0.673818051815033,
"text": "In practice, even though the defendant in a criminal action is entitled to a trial by jury, most criminal actions in the U.S. are resolved by plea bargain. Only about 2% of civil cases go to trial, with only about half of those trials being conducted before juries.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "34137038#4",
"score": 0.6735256910324097,
"text": "Robert Ferretti plead guilty to murder under a plea bargain. He later wanted to withdraw his plea. He was in the time limits of the plea bargain. However, the district court did not allow him to orally withdraw the plea, or give him and his attorney time to file a written motion for withdrawal. After being heard by the Appellate Court, the decision of the lower courts was overturned, and Ferretti and his counsel were given adequate time to file a written motion for withdrawal.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "56649264#11",
"score": 0.6716684699058533,
"text": "Cooper argued that even though there is no right to a plea agreement itself, criminal defendants have the right to be assisted by competent counsel \"during\" plea negotiations. Accordingly, Cooper argued that criminal defendants can be prejudiced by ineffective assistance of counsel during plea negotiations, even if the subsequent trial was fair. Cooper also pointed out that every federal court of appeals to have considered the issue, and 25 of the 27 states to have considered the issue, agreed that counsel's deficient performance during plea negotiations can constitute \"Strickland\" prejudice.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "13310606#18",
"score": 0.6686839461326599,
"text": "In regard to plea offers, Galanter testified his practice is to always communicate plea offers to the client. He denied that Simpson did not know about plea offers. Galanter testified that during the trial he informed Simpson that prosecutors were offering a plea with 2–5 years of prison time. Simpson instructed Galanter to go back to the DA with a counter-offer of one year, which the DA immediately refused; the trial proceeded with no further offers or counters.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "218842#7",
"score": 0.6669092774391174,
"text": "In 2014, the Quebec Court of Appeal held that the contents of plea bargaining negotiations held in the context of criminal cases could be admitted as evidence in the context of a civil suit for malicious prosecution, despite the general evidentiary rule prohibiting adducing settlement discussions into proof at trial. More specifically, the Court held that introducing into evidence the contents of such negotiations was possible when it tended to demonstrate that the prosecution initiated or maintained criminal charges on the basis of improper motives.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "9271662#15",
"score": 0.6667032837867737,
"text": "Another step that must occur early in the investigation is contact prosecutor assigned to the case. The prosecutor will be asked to provide information about the conduct that resulted in the defendant's conviction, victim's losses, the defendant's history, and any other data relevant to the sentencing decision. During the investigation, the defense counsel will also be asked to discuss the same topics.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "14601332#2",
"score": 0.6664062142372131,
"text": "In the Prisoner's dilemma, participants are asked to take the role of two criminals. In this situation, they are to pretend that they are a pair of criminals being interrogated by detectives in separate rooms. Both participants are being offered a deal and have two options. That is, the participant may remain silent or confess and implicate his or her partner. However, if both participants choose to remain silent, they will be set free. If both participants confess they will receive a moderate sentence. Conversely, if one participant remains silent while the other confesses, the person who confesses will receive a minimal sentence while the person who remained silent (and was implicated by their partner) will receive a maximum sentence. Thus, participants have to make the decision to cooperate with or compete with their partner. ",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "37073#37",
"score": 0.6645970344543457,
"text": "Howard Zinn writes,\nSometimes the prosecution proposes a plea bargain to civil disobedients, as in the case of the Camden 28, in which the defendants were offered an opportunity to plead guilty to one misdemeanour count and receive no jail time. In some mass arrest situations, the activists decide to use solidarity tactics to secure the same plea bargain for everyone. But some activists have opted to enter a blind plea, pleading guilty without any plea agreement in place. Mahatma Gandhi pleaded guilty and told the court, \"I am here to ... submit cheerfully to the highest penalty that can be inflicted upon me for what in law is a deliberate crime and what appears to me to be the highest duty of a citizen.\"",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "2532934#16",
"score": 0.6629834175109863,
"text": "On the night before the trial, Bethea announced to his lawyers that he wanted to plead guilty, and he did so the next day at the start of the trial. The prosecutor, who was asking for the death penalty, still presented the state's case to the jury since the jury would decide the sentence. The first twelve of 111 people called for jury duty were selected.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "27178362#3",
"score": 0.661179780960083,
"text": "Plea bargaining has existed for centuries; in older legal systems convictions were at times routinely procured by confession, and laws existed covering such criminal confessions, although by the 18th century inducements had been forbidden in English Law to prevent miscarriage of justice. Accordingly, early US plea bargain history led to courts' permitting withdrawal of pleas and rejection of plea bargains, although such arrangements continued to happen behind the scenes. A rise in the scale and scope of criminal law led to plea bargaining's gaining new acceptance in the early 20th century, as courts and prosecutors sought to address an overwhelming influx of cases:",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
96
|
When was Texas Instruments founded?
|
[
{
"id": "47768#1",
"score": 0.7819915413856506,
"text": "Texas Instruments emerged in 1951 after a reorganization of Geophysical Service Incorporated, a company founded in 1930 that manufactured equipment for use in the seismic industry, as well as defense electronics.[8] TI produced the world's first commercial silicon transistor in 1954[9], and designed and manufactured the first transistor radio in 1954. Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit in 1958 while working at TI's Central Research Labs. TI also invented the hand-held calculator in 1967, and introduced the first single-chip microcontroller (MCU) in 1970, which combined all the elements of computing onto one piece of silicon.[10]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "4924819#4",
"score": 0.7015824913978577,
"text": "After obtaining the licensing agreement, Shepherd built a team to produce working transistors. In 1958, he was the head of the semiconductor team as Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit, which Texas Instruments used in the development of the company's hand-held calculators, printers and personal computers, as well as toys.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "4504149#3",
"score": 0.6941624283790588,
"text": "Microchip Technology was founded in 1987 when General Instrument spun off its microelectronics division as a wholly owned subsidiary.\nMicrochip Technology became an independent company in 1989 when it was acquired by a group of venture capitalists, and went public in 1993.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "14617#2",
"score": 0.6910828948020935,
"text": "Intel Corporation was founded on July 18, 1968, by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore (of Moore's law), and widely associated with the executive leadership and vision of Andrew Grove. The company's name was conceived as portmanteau of the words \"int\"egrated and \"el\"ectronics, with co-founder Noyce having been a key inventor of the integrated circuit (microchip). The fact that \"intel\" is the term for intelligence information also made the name appropriate. Intel was an early developer of SRAM and DRAM memory chips, which represented the majority of its business until 1981. Although Intel created the world's first commercial microprocessor chip in 1971, it was not until the success of the personal computer (PC) that this became its primary business.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "40076471#5",
"score": 0.6886147856712341,
"text": "In the summer of 1958, Texas Instruments hired Jack Kilby (the inventor of the integrated circuit). According to Dr. Biard, during TI’s annual two-week summer shutdown, \"At the time we were new, so we had to work while the others were on vacation. He would often come by and talk to us.\" Kilby held more than 60 U.S. patents, including two with Dr. Biard. Biard later stated, \"I had the pleasure of being the co-inventor on two of his 60 patents. It was an honor to have my name with his.\" \nIn 1959-60, Dr. Biard collaborated with other engineers at Texas Instruments on the design, construction, and patent of one of the first completely automatic transistor testing facilities known as SMART, the Sequential Mechanism for Automatic Recording and Testing. He also developed, and later patented, a low-frequency reactance amplifier with undetectable \"flicker\" noise for seismic applications.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "18887653#0",
"score": 0.6879462599754333,
"text": "Patrick Eugene Haggerty (March 17, 1914 – October 1, 1980) was an American engineer and businessman. He was a co-founder and former president and chairman of Texas Instruments, Incorporated. Haggerty is most responsible for turning a small Texas oil exploration company into the leader in semiconductors that Texas Instruments is today. Under his influence, the company invested in transistors when their commercial value was still much in question; his company created the first silicon transistor, the first commercial transistor radio, and the first integrated circuit.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "2400#2",
"score": 0.6875056028366089,
"text": "Advanced Micro Devices was formally incorporated on May 1, 1969, by Jerry Sanders, along with seven of his colleagues from Fairchild Semiconductor. Sanders, an electrical engineer who was the director of marketing at Fairchild, had, like many Fairchild executives, grown frustrated with the increasing lack of support, opportunity, and flexibility within the company, and decided to leave to start his own semiconductor company. The previous year Robert Noyce, who had invented the first practical integrated circuit or the microchip in 1959 at Fairchild, had left Fairchild together with Gordon Moore and founded the semiconductor company Intel in July 1968.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "180263#9",
"score": 0.6836839318275452,
"text": "In 1960 Fairchild built a circuit with four transistors on a single wafer of silicon, thereby creating the first silicon integrated circuit (Texas Instruments' Jack Kilby had developed an integrated circuit made of germanium on September 12, 1958, and was awarded a U.S. patent). The company grew from twelve to twelve thousand employees, and was soon making $130 million a year.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "25900831#3",
"score": 0.6775981187820435,
"text": "During his 25-year career (1958–1983) at Texas Instruments, he rose up in the ranks to become the group vice president responsible for TI's worldwide semiconductor business. He left TI and later become president and chief operating officer of General Instrument Corporation (1984–1985).",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "868222#1",
"score": 0.6761163473129272,
"text": "The NuMachine was first developed commercially by Western Digital. It was bought by Texas Instruments in 1983. Texas Instruments dropped the NuMachine development in 1985 in favor of the TI Explorer.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "47768#18",
"score": 0.6730249524116516,
"text": "In May 1954, Texas Instruments designed and built a prototype of the world's first transistor radio, and, through a partnership with Industrial Development Engineering Associates (I.D.E.A.) of Indianapolis, Indiana, the 100% solid-state radio was sold to the public beginning in October of that year.[32]",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "39068#7",
"score": 0.6707309484481812,
"text": "While working at Texas Instruments in July 1958, Jack Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit then successfully demonstrated the first working integrated on 12 September 1958.[6] This new technique allowed for quick, low-cost fabrication of complex circuits by having a set of electronic circuits on one small plate (\"chip\") of semiconductor material, normally silicon.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "16142167#58",
"score": 0.6700849533081055,
"text": "Texas Instruments (TI), at the time the world's largest chip manufacturer, decided to enter the home computer market with the Texas Instruments TI-99/4A. Announced long before its arrival, most industry observers expected the machine to wipe out all competition – on paper its performance was untouchable, and TI had enormous cash reserves and development capability.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "180263#10",
"score": 0.6661763787269592,
"text": "Fairchild's Noyce and Texas Instrument's Kilby had independently invented the integrated circuit (IC) based on bipolar technology. In 1960, Noyce invented the planar integrated circuit. The industry preferred Fairchild's invention over Texas Instruments' because the transistors in planar ICs were interconnected by a thin film deposit, whereas Texas Instruments' invention required fine wires to connect the individual circuits. Noyce's invention was enabled by the planar process developed by Jean Hoerni.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "18495946#0",
"score": 0.6620433926582336,
"text": "Richard K. Templeton is an American electrical engineer and business executive. He is chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Texas Instruments.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "48782041#0",
"score": 0.6605206727981567,
"text": "Electronic Associates, Inc. (EAI) was founded in 1945 by Lloyd F. Christianson and Arthur L. Adamson and began manufacturing analog computers in 1952.\nTheir systems were used by NASA to develop space probes and simulate physical systems.\nAs digital technology matured, they began production of hybrid digital/analog systems, such as the EAI680 with 156 amplifiers, diode function generators and servo-controlled potentiometers to control input parameters.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "15757447#2",
"score": 0.6597193479537964,
"text": "The company was founded in 1945, with the creation of the instrument and avionics facility in Miami, Florida. Additional locations were created at Tempe, Arizona in 2000 and Louisville, Kentucky in 2003.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "15865372#3",
"score": 0.6567486524581909,
"text": "He had a brief stint as a technical staff member for Stanolind Oil and Gas Company in Tulsa, Oklahoma, later known as Pan American Oil Co., later still a part of Amoco., before becoming manager of development at the Integrated Circuits Department at Texas Instruments, in Dallas, Texas. At Texas Instruments, he grew silicon boules for construction of the first silicon transistor, he later assisted with the development of the first silicon integrated circuits built at TI. Adcock later became the first TI Principal Fellow.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "23637800#1",
"score": 0.6545236110687256,
"text": "The company was founded by Walter P. Kistler and Hans Conrad Sonderegger in 1959 as the Kistler Instrument Corporation, but the enterprise started in 1950 when Kistler patented a charge amplifier he developed. Hans Conrad Sonderegger is the father of the current (2010) CEO. In 1959 the company became active on the stock market. Since 1961 the company started the in-house production of charge amplifiers and the development of other sensors. The company made several major innovations, some of which would be put to use in the Apollo manned spaceflights, and became a world leader in the development of quartz sensors. Kistler left the company in 1970 and moved to Seattle, Washington.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "2769133#1",
"score": 0.6544542908668518,
"text": "Two companies—Texas Instruments of Dallas, Texas, and Industrial Development Engineering Associates (I.D.E.A.) of Indianapolis, Indiana—worked together to produce the Regency TR-1. Previously, Texas Instruments produced instrumentation for the oil industry and locating devices for the U.S. Navy—and I.D.E.A. built home television antenna boosters. The two companies worked together on the TR-1 to grow revenues for their respective companies by pioneering this new product area.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "537010#0",
"score": 0.6508097648620605,
"text": "The University of Texas at Dallas (UTD or UT Dallas) is a public research university in the University of Texas System. The main campus is in the Richardson, Texas, Telecom Corridor, north of Downtown Dallas. The institution, established in 1961 as the Graduate Research Center of the Southwest and later renamed the Southwest Center for Advanced Studies (SCAS), began as a research arm of Texas Instruments. In 1969, the founders bequeathed SCAS to the state of Texas, officially creating the University of Texas at Dallas.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
97
|
Where was Louise-Marie-Madeleine Guillaume de Fontaine born?
|
[
{
"id": "41616772#0",
"score": 0.7578138709068298,
"text": "Louise-Marie-Madeleine Guillaume de Fontaine (after marriage known as Madame Dupin; 28 October 1706 – 20 November 1799) was a French saloniste."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "55362598#1",
"score": 0.6526166200637817,
"text": "La Fontaine was born on 19 October 1937 in Nyeri, Kenya. She was the youngest of three children of army officer and colonial civil servant Sydney Hubert La Fontaine and his wife Honor Kathleen Milton. Sydney fought in both world wars, serving in East Africa during World War I and was stationed in Egypt during World War II. La Fontaine's ancestors were a Huguenot family who had fled to Great Britain following the Edict of Fontainebleau in 1685. They joined the Levant Company shortly afterwards and settled in Constantinople in the 18th century. The family continued to maintain British citizenship and educated their children in England. These historical events may have led to La Fontaine developing a restless sense of adventure. She was educated at the Kenya High School for Girls.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "97031#9",
"score": 0.643081784248352,
"text": "Château-Thierry was the birthplace of Jean de La Fontaine.\nChâteau-Thierry is twinned with:",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "58132387#0",
"score": 0.6274554133415222,
"text": "Logan Fontaine (born 25 March 1999) is a French swimmer.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "112656#5",
"score": 0.6271370649337769,
"text": "La Fontaine is located at (40.673048, -85.721623).",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "112656#0",
"score": 0.6245675683021545,
"text": "La Fontaine is a town in Liberty Township, Wabash County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 875 at the 2010 census. Its name means \"The Fountain\" in French.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "49439006#2",
"score": 0.6230394840240479,
"text": "Louise Eugénie Anna Marie-Magdeleine, who went by Anna, was born on 25 August 1902, in Ducos on the island of Martinique to Inès (called Aya) and Eugène Marie-Magdeleine. At the time, the island was a French colony and her father was born within the first decade after slavery was abolished. His family surname had been Constantin and throughout his life he and his wife were referred to as Mssr. and Mme. Constantin colloquially, though officially, after his marriage, his surname was Marie-Magdeleine. After finishing her primary schooling in her home village, Marie-Magdeleine attended school in Fort-de-France on scholarship, earning her secondary school diplomas at the age of seventeen. ",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "21010677#0",
"score": 0.6218981742858887,
"text": "Jean-Pascal Fontaine (born September 11, 1989) is a French midfielder who plays for Ligue 2 side Le Havre AC.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "3861406#1",
"score": 0.6181275248527527,
"text": "James Fontaine is believed to have been born in Hanover County, Virginia in 1757. At an early age he entered on a military career, becoming a member of the first expert rifle company raised in Buckingham District, Virginia, for the defense of the colony in 1775. Later this company was attached to the 2nd Virginia Regiment, October 21, 1775. Served until March 1776, near Williamsburg, Virginia.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "1164635#0",
"score": 0.6135643124580383,
"text": "Fontaine-le-Comte is a commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "21667529#2",
"score": 0.6126008033752441,
"text": "Henriette was born in La Chapelle-d'Angillon, in the department of Cher, France, the eldest daughter and second child of Francis I of Cleves, 1st Duke of Nevers, Count of Rethel, and Marguerite of Bourbon-La Marche. The Dauphin Henry (the future King Henry II of France) acted as her godfather at her baptism.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "28801895#2",
"score": 0.6092219352722168,
"text": "Birthplace of:",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "4477095#0",
"score": 0.6090555787086487,
"text": "Mademoiselle De Lafontaine, also known as La Fontaine, (1655–1738) was a French ballerina and is regarded as the first female professional ballet dancer. ",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "26105630#0",
"score": 0.6084064841270447,
"text": "Jean-Marc Fontaine (13 March 1944 – 29 January 2019) was a French mathematician. He was one of the founders of p-adic Hodge theory. He was a professor at Paris-Sud 11 University from 1988 to his death.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "2196005#1",
"score": 0.6068006753921509,
"text": "Princess Louise was born as the fifth daughter and youngest child of the then Prince and Princess of Wales, on 7 December 1724, at Leicester House, London. She was baptised \"Louisa\" there on 22 December. Her godparents were her elder sister and two cousins: Princess Amelia of Great Britain, Princess Louisa Ulrika of Prussia (for whom Sarah Lennox, Duchess of Richmond and Lennox, stood proxy), and Frederick, Prince Royal of Prussia, later Frederick the Great (for whom Henry de Nassau d'Auverquerque, 1st Earl of Grantham, stood proxy).",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "1006129#1",
"score": 0.6060513854026794,
"text": "Princess Louise was born on 5 August 1828 in The Hague. Her father was Prince Frederick of the Netherlands, the second child of King William I of the Netherlands and Wilhelmina of Prussia. Her mother Louise was the eighth child of King Frederick William III of Prussia and Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Her education was to large extent entrusted to her Belgian governess Victoire Wauthier, and she studied French, German, English, Russian and piano.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "26803264#0",
"score": 0.602989673614502,
"text": "François-Xavier Octavie Fontaine (7 November 1762 in Saint-Remy, Haute-Saône - 17 May 1812 in Paris) served in the French military in the American War of Independence, the French Revolutionary Wars, and the Napoleonic Wars.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "15896825#0",
"score": 0.6023041605949402,
"text": "Fontaines is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "30212552#0",
"score": 0.6015138030052185,
"text": "Château de la Fontaine is a château in Anse, Rhône, France. It was built in the 16th century.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "15750922#1",
"score": 0.5972219109535217,
"text": "The parish register of the parish of Saint-Benoit, Paris, shows that Louise-Magdeleine, baptized in 1686, was one of at least six children of Daniel Horthemels, a bookseller, and his wife Marie Cellier. The Horthemels family had come from The Netherlands. Originally Protestants, they became followers of the Dutch Roman Catholic theologian Cornelis Jansen and had links with the Parisian abbey of Port-Royal-des-Champs, the centre of Jansenist thought in France.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "1718288#1",
"score": 0.5959705710411072,
"text": "Louise was born in Mons, Hainaut, in the Austrian Netherlands (now Belgium). She was the eldest daughter of Prince Gustav Adolf of Stolberg-Gedern and his wife, Princess Elisabeth of Hornes, the younger daughter of Maximilian, Prince of Hornes. When she was only four years old, her father was killed at the Battle of Leuthen. ",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
99
|
At what age did William Morris "Bill" Lawry start playing cricket?
|
[
{
"id": "968847#1",
"score": 0.7918356657028198,
"text": "Lawry was born in the Melbourne suburb of Thornbury. He was given the names William Morris after the early Prime Minister of Australia, William Morris Hughes. His father Alfred played amateur cricket until the age of 51. Bill never saw his father play, who was aged 47 when Bill was born.[3] Aged nine, he played competitive cricket for the first time with the Thornbury Presbyterian Church team.[1] He spent three years there, as well as playing for Preston Technical School. When he was twelve, he entered Melbourne's district competition playing for Northcote's fourth team, working his way up to the First XI by the age of sixteen.[4] At the time, he was apprenticed as a plumber and attending Preston Technical College. Lawry was selected for Victoria's Second XI at the age of seventeen.[5] He made a duck against the South Australians and did not see any further action for the Seconds for the rest of the summer of 1954–55.[6] The following season, Lawry was recalled to the Seconds and scored 183 against South Australia.[6]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "55196859#1",
"score": 0.6671940684318542,
"text": "Bill Lawry 790 ",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "55196847#1",
"score": 0.658264696598053,
"text": "Bill Lawry 813 ",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "36798032#0",
"score": 0.6336622834205627,
"text": "William Alexander Young, known as Will Young, (born 22 November 1992 in New Plymouth, New Zealand) is a cricketer who plays as an allrounder for the New Zealand Under-19 cricket team and was captain of the team at 2012 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "968847#11",
"score": 0.6316283345222473,
"text": "Nevertheless, Lawry topped the batting aggregates with 2,019 runs at 61.18 in first-class matches and 420 at 52.50 in five Tests. He struck the most centuries on tour, with nine triple-figure scores. Only Bradman and Neil Harvey had made over two thousand runs in an English tour since the Second World War. As a result, he was named as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1962.[4][10]",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "1866473#5",
"score": 0.6255402565002441,
"text": "In his last two years of high school, he was selected for Combined High Schools teams in both cricket—as captain in both years—and rugby. At the age of 14, he made his debut for St George, and in 1937–38 he was elevated to the second XI. In a club under-16 competition, the A W Green Shield, Morris took 55 wickets at 5.23, which remains a record. The following year he was selected for the team as a batsman, after captain Bill O'Reilly decided that his left-arm unorthodox spin had less potential. O'Reilly described him as \"moderately skilled\" in bowling and noted that he would not have many opportunities with the ball as future Test bowling world record holder Ray Lindwall was also in the team. O'Reilly quickly moved Morris up to the No. 6 position in the batting order. After scoring a century against Sydney University, O'Reilly moved him into the opening position without prior notice, where he remained.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "25770138#2",
"score": 0.6222596764564514,
"text": "In 1922 Lawrie made his debut for Oxford University against Middlesex. He played for the University in 1923 and 1924, altogether appearing in five Oxford first-class matches where he scored 125 runs at an average of 15.62, with a highest score of 39. But he failed to get an Oxford Blue.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "968847#63",
"score": 0.6170031428337097,
"text": "When Australia batted, Lawry, their stumbling-block-extraordinary, took root, and in an interminable left-handed stand with Cowper effectively droused English prospects. When this relentless fellow, having reached his sixth Test hundred against England, at length took a liberty he had made 592 runs in the Tests, average 84, the highest aggregate since Bradman's in 1946–47: not only that, he had scored 979 against M. J. K. Smith's side since they landed in Perth, and had occupied the crease for forty-one and a half hours. There was a gayer side to Lawry as we had seen at Adelaide—but he didn't let it obtrude too often. He just kept that long, sharp nose religiously over the ball, accumulating at his own deliberate gait, and in particular tucking everything away off his pads whenever the English bowlers bowled there, as all too often they did.[74]",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "13518014#2",
"score": 0.6143027544021606,
"text": "The Otago Cricket Association is formed.The first interclub competition in the country is held between the Dunedin and Fernhill clubs.Ballinger Belt — Private J. Willocks (Clutha)",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "16811236#0",
"score": 0.613438069820404,
"text": "William Smith (10 February 1819 — 6 February 1883) was an English cricketer. He was a wicket-keeper who played first-class cricket for Kent. He was born and died in Gravesend.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "1711397#0",
"score": 0.6125684380531311,
"text": "Wilfred Rhodes (29 October 1877 – 8 July 1973) was an English professional cricketer who played 58 Test matches for England between 1899 and 1930. In Tests, Rhodes took 127 wickets and scored 2,325 runs, becoming the first Englishman to complete the double of 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in Test matches. He holds the world records both for the most appearances made in first-class cricket (1,110 matches), and for the most wickets taken (4,204). He completed the double of 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in an English cricket season a record 16 times. Rhodes played for Yorkshire and England into his fifties, and in his final Test in 1930 was, at 52 years and 165 days, the oldest player who has appeared in a Test match.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "14656009#0",
"score": 0.6118623614311218,
"text": "Cricket, and hence English amateur cricket, probably began in England during the medieval period but the earliest known reference concerns the game being played c.1550 by children on a plot of land at the Royal Grammar School, Guildford, Surrey. It is generally believed that cricket was originally a children's game as it is not until the beginning of the 17th century that reports can be found of adult participation.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "18594810#0",
"score": 0.6118136048316956,
"text": "James Lawrell (1780 at Frimley, Surrey – 1842 in England) was an English amateur cricketer who made 21 known appearances in first-class cricket matches from 1800 to 1810.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "2398862#6",
"score": 0.611657977104187,
"text": "Cricket is recorded as having first been played in Europe by Admiral Nelson's troops and sailors whilst they were stationed in Naples in 1793. The game quickly grew in popularity, and was regularly played at amateur level throughout the 19th century. Many professional clubs formed at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, the most famous of which, the Milan Cricket and Football Club, was the forerunner of A.C. Milan. However, the rise of Fascism across Europe in the 1920s and 1930s saw a decline in the game's popularity. Although it continued to be played at amateur level, it was not until the 1990s that it began to revive on a larger scale.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "26179507#3",
"score": 0.6110226511955261,
"text": "Ten years after his previous first-class appearance, Willes made his debut for Hampshire County Cricket Club against Middlesex in 1865, and he then played in two further games for MCC, one in each of the next two seasons. In Willes' overall first-class career he scored 416 runs at a batting average of 13.86; with the ball he took 20 wickets, though incomplete figures for several matches mean his average is not known.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "3541404#0",
"score": 0.6078749895095825,
"text": "Billy Ashley Godleman (born 11 February 1989 in Camden) is an English first-class cricketer who plays for Derbyshire and is the team captain. He is a left-handed batsman and a right-arm leg-spin bowler. He played for Middlesex and Essex before joining Derbyshire in 2013. Godleman has previously represented the England under-19 team.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "968847#64",
"score": 0.6070489287376404,
"text": "Along with Bob Simpson, he formed an opening partnership that was regarded as one of the finest in Test history. Lawry was fast between the wickets, and the pair were especially well known for their understanding, as exemplified by their fluency in rotating the strike with quick singles. Lawry was known for his peculiar stance. He had little bend in his knees, and as a result batted with a stoop over his bat. He used his long reach to blunt spin bowling. He played with a very straight bat, combining well-organised defence with a somewhat limited range of strokes, marked by an efficiency of placement and an unusually heavy reliance on the hook shot.[4] His strengths were regarded as his composure and intense concentration which powered a relentless single-mindedness. His defiant style was accentuated by his habit of tugging on his cap after every ball, as though starting afresh. John Snow wrote that 'He always had to be got out and even if you managed to knock all three stumps over he still stayed at the crease a moment looking round for some excuse to continue batting before reluctantly starting his walk back to the dressing room'.[75] Lawry was also a left-hander during his winter baseball recreation, which equipped him with a powerful throwing arm.[1][4][76]",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "7007838#2",
"score": 0.6070076823234558,
"text": "Cricket is first recorded as being played in Spain in the year 1809 by soldiers of General Lord Wellesley (later the Duke of Wellington). During the Peninsular War the soldiers played the game in and around Ciudad Rodrigo, Lugo and Orense. There are many records of the game being played by visiting British land and sea forces, either among themselves or against local British expatriate communities.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "11971268#14",
"score": 0.6068767309188843,
"text": "Some players with prior first-class experience could not be considered for selection because they could not be released from the units in which they were serving, particularly those serving in the Pacific. These included Arthur Morris, Ian Johnson and Ray Lindwall. Lindwall and Johnson went on to make their debuts for Australia in 1946 in the first post-war Test, while Morris made his debut in 1946–47 against England. All three became long-serving Australian Test players, and all three captained their country, Johnson for two years. Bill Brown had played regularly for Australia's Test team before the war, but was not available, nor was Colin McCool, who had made his first-class debut before the outbreak of war.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "48290319#55",
"score": 0.6063920855522156,
"text": "At 49 years and 119 days, James Southerton of England, playing in the very first Test match in March 1877, is the oldest player to make his debut in Test cricket. Second on the list is Miran Bakhsh of Pakistan who at 47 years and 284 days made his debut against India in 1955. Australia's Don Blackie is the third-oldest player to make his debut, breaking into the side during the second Test of the 1928–29 Ashes series at the age of 46 years and 253 days.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "3944863#3",
"score": 0.6062714457511902,
"text": "The first recorded match was between Selangor and Malacca in 1887. The Selangor-Singapore series was played in 1891.\nCricket in Johor was played in the early 20th century, but the first recorded cricketing event is the visit of the Australian team led by C. G. Macartney in 1927. Penang is another historical cricket venue in Malaysia where cricket has been played from British times. The Penang Sports Club was established in the early 1900s.\nOn 6 June 1927 Malaya beat Australia by 39 runs to make history.\nLall Singh became the first Malaysia born test player (played for India in their debut Test at Lord's against England in 1932).",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
101
|
What is the biggest cricket competition?
|
[
{
"id": "649727#1",
"score": 0.6672272682189941,
"text": "Most games are played as parts of \"tours\", when one nation travels to another for a number of weeks or months, and plays a number of matches of various sorts against the host nation. The ICC also organises competitions that are for several countries at once, including the Cricket World Cup & ICC T20 World Cup."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "1147963#2",
"score": 0.6336742639541626,
"text": "In recent years, Victoria has won the Sheffield Shield in the 2009/10, 2014/15, 2015/16 and 2016/17 seasons, while making the finals in 2005/06 and 2007/08. It also won the first three KFC Twenty20 Big Bash finals.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "2398862#3",
"score": 0.6326943039894104,
"text": "The ECC is responsible for organising the European Cricket Championship along with junior, indoor and women's tournaments. The tournament structure is part of the qualification for the Cricket ICC World Cup.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "10707#129",
"score": 0.6318007111549377,
"text": "Cricket is a minor sport in Fiji. Cricket Fiji is an Associate member of the International Cricket Council (\"ICC\"). The Fiji U19 team won the 2015 edition of the ICC East Asia-Pacific tournament, and consequently qualified for the 2016 Under-19 World Cup. Doing so made it the first U19 team other than Papua New Guinea's Under-19 team to qualify from the region.\nGovernment",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "1220817#33",
"score": 0.6317487359046936,
"text": "The early reference to the separate national identities in the United Kingdom is perhaps best illustrated by the game of cricket. Cricket is claimed to have been invented in England. The national sport of England is cricket, but England has no team of its own, instead fielding a joint team with Wales. The England cricket team, controlled by the England and Wales Cricket Board, (commonly shortened to just \"England\" and \"ECB\" respectively) was the only national team in the United Kingdom with Test status until Ireland, which represents both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, received Test status in June 2017. Each summer two foreign national teams visit and play seven Test matches and numerous One Day Internationals, and in the British winter the team tours abroad. The highest profile rival of the team is the Australian team, with which it competes for The Ashes, one of the most famous trophies in British sport.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "31795573#11",
"score": 0.6316754221916199,
"text": "Test matches",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "7505720#15",
"score": 0.6315931081771851,
"text": "As we all know that Indians had their first real taste of the new, exciting T20 format when the Dr. D.Y. Patil Sports Academy (DYPSA) organized the country’s first official T20 tournament in 2005. This Year the stadium hosted 14th D Y Patil T20 Cup. Reliance 1 Came as the champions of the tournament.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "22546718#29",
"score": 0.6312018632888794,
"text": "Cricket@School\nKCA has constructed practice facilities and have appointed part-time Coaches in more than 500 schools across the state as part of the Cricket@School program. One of the most conspicuous features of the program is the yearly seminars organised for the Physical Education Teachers in every District. Interested Teachers are also trained in rendering Cricket Coaching to their wards in the respective schools. On top of this, an annual Inter-School Tournament is organised by the KCA. The Tournament is conducted in four different Levels; Education District Level, Revenue District Level, Zone Level and finally in the State Level. Winners and Runner ups of the lower levels qualify to play in the higher levels. The tournament engages participation of about 1000 Schools; where, about 15,000 children plays at least one game in the official circuit every year. The event is probably one of the largest Periodic Cricketing Event in the world. Apart from this, KCA has started to distribute free soft-ball equipment to schools to attract more girl children to the game. Summer coaching camps previously organised by the District Associations are now organised and monitored centrally by KCA to bring in common standards of Coaching across the State.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "2450895#1",
"score": 0.631117045879364,
"text": "A Test match is an international cricket match between two representative teams that are full members of the International Cricket Council (ICC). Both teams have two innings, and the match lasts up to five days.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "10404218#33",
"score": 0.6309416890144348,
"text": "The 2015 Cricket World Cup was the 11th Cricket World Cup, jointly hosted by Australia and New Zealand from 14 February to 29 March 2015. Fourteen teams played 49 matches in 14 venues, with Australia staging 26 games at grounds in Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney.[45] The final match of the tournament took place at the Melbourne Cricket Ground between co-hosts New Zealand and Australia in front of a record crowd of 93,013.[36]",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "771758#5",
"score": 0.6308704614639282,
"text": "By the end of the 2009, the ECB had decided to implement a larger competition for the T20 format of the game. The Twenty20 English Premier League was a proposed cricket league to be run by the ECB consisting of the 18 county teams and two overseas teams divided into two divisions with promotion and relegation. The proposal was influenced by the success of the Indian Premier League and by Allen Stanford who had organised the Stanford Super Series in the Caribbean. After the collapse of Stanford's series the proposals were scrapped. Instead a modified 40 over league, the Clydesdale Bank 40 was implemented.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "902522#36",
"score": 0.6307593584060669,
"text": "A card game based on cricket. See main article.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "49176539#6",
"score": 0.6303932070732117,
"text": "Matches are played in a Twenty20 format. The six teams initially play each other once each in a round robin league, from which the top three finishers qualify for the finals day at a neutral venue. The second and third placed teams then meet in the semi-final for the right to face the first placed team in the final. The finals day was staged at the County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford, in 2016 and the County Cricket Ground, Hove, in 2017.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "554117#32",
"score": 0.6303899884223938,
"text": "The sport underwent several organisational changes, most notably in Australia and in South Africa (where competing organisations fought for control of the sport), but the game has changed little since that time and has risen in popularity in several nations. Under the auspices of the World Indoor Cricket Federation the sport has reached a point where is played according to the same standard rules in major competitions throughout the world.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "927262#3",
"score": 0.6303458213806152,
"text": "The Chauntry Cup claims to be the world's oldest, annually contested T20 cricket competition still running. On 5 May 2015, Sky Sports 2 recorded a piece which was aired 14 May 2015, about the Chauntry Cup. The recording was filmed at Lichfield CC.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "158986#96",
"score": 0.6299526691436768,
"text": "Many Australians are passionate about sport, and it forms a major part of the country's culture in terms of spectating and participation. Cricket is popular in the summer, and football codes are popular in the winter. It is generally agreed that cricket enjoys the most popularity in all parts of the country. Australian traditions such as grand finals and footy tipping are shared amongst the codes.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "51280686#4",
"score": 0.6299003958702087,
"text": "As of January 2016, Sri Lanka have faced all nine teams in Test cricket, with their most frequent opponent being Pakistan, playing 51 matches against them. Sri Lanka have registered more wins against Pakistan and Bangladesh than any other team, with 14. In ODI matches, Sri Lanka have played against 17 teams; they have played against India most frequently, with a winning percentage of 39.49 in 149 matches. Within usual major ODI nations, Sri Lanka have defeated England on 34 occasions, which is their best record in ODIs. The team have competed against 13 countries in T20Is, and have played 15 matches against New Zealand. Sri Lanka have defeated Australia and West Indies 6 occasions each. Sri Lanka is currently the best T20I team in the world, where they ranked number one in more than 32 months, and reached World Twenty20 final in three times.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "7077888#6",
"score": 0.6298515796661377,
"text": "The Final was played between Tasmania and New South Wales from March 19 to 23, 2007. By virtue of finishing on top of the table at the end of the season, Tasmania won the right to host the final at Bellerive Oval. Highlighted by individual efforts from Ben Hilfenhaus, Damien Wright and man-of-the-match Luke Butterworth, Tasmania won convincingly by 421 runs to claim their maiden first-class championship, after finishing runner-up three times. They had only been competing full-time since the 1982/83 season; before that, when they joined the competition, they only played one game against every state.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "28601467#8",
"score": 0.6298092603683472,
"text": "European Cricket Championship",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "25836050#3",
"score": 0.6297307014465332,
"text": "In February 2010, Cricket South Africa announced that South Africa was chosen as the host of the tournament. This was later denied by tournament chairman Lalit Modi, who listed South Africa, Australia, England, India and the Middle East all as possible contenders for hosting the tournament. On 25 April 2010, at the conclusion of the 2010 Indian Premier League, it was announced that South Africa was officially chosen as the host of the tournament. South Africa had previously hosted other senior Twenty20 tournaments, including the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 and the 2009 Indian Premier League.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "48046546#2",
"score": 0.6290837526321411,
"text": "The competition is an annual knockout tournament.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
102
|
When did construction on I-69 begin?
|
[
{
"id": "93576#0",
"score": 0.7182358503341675,
"text": "Interstate 69 (I-69) is an Interstate Highway in the United States currently consisting of seven disjointed parts with an original continuous segment from Indianapolis, Indiana, northeast to the Canada–US border in Port Huron, Michigan, at 355.8 miles (572.6km). The remaining separated parts are variously completed and posted or unposted parts of an extension southwest to the Mexican border in Texas. Of this extension—nicknamed the NAFTA Superhighway because it would help trade with Canada and Mexico spurred by the North American Free Trade Agreement—five pieces near Corpus Christi, Houston, northwestern Mississippi, Memphis, and Evansville have been newly built or upgraded and signposted as I-69. A sixth segment of I-69 through Kentucky utilizing that state's existing parkway system and a section of I-24 was established by federal legislation in 2008, but only a portion is signposted. A section of the previously existing Western Kentucky Parkway from Eddyville to Nortonville was approved and signposted in late 2011, with the Pennyrile Parkway between Nortonville and Henderson being signed as I-69 in 2015.[2] This brings the total length to about 680 miles (1,090km)."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "13425418#5",
"score": 0.6820799708366394,
"text": "The Beltline Highway was constructed by Lane County in the 1960s and transferred to state control in 1978 as Highway 69. The highway was assigned the Route 69 designation effective September 19, 2002. However, due to the sexual connotation of the number 69, sign theft would have been an issue, and the Oregon Department of Transportation wanted to sign the route to make navigation easier during the 2008 U.S. Olympic Trials, so ODOT requested that the Oregon Transportation Commission change the number to 14. At their January 25, 2007 meeting, the OTC decided to instead call the highway Route 569, which kept with the pattern used in other cases where the highway number could not be used (usually because there was already a route with that number). Signs for Route 569 were posted by August 2007.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "93576#11",
"score": 0.6796215176582336,
"text": "While federal legislation established a mandate to extend I-69 from Indiana to Texas, it did not provide funding for its construction. I-69 construction must compete against other projects for traditional funding. Despite approval of several segments, work has been completed on only a few scattered segments, due in part to increasing costs for construction materials and machinery. As a result, several states have indicated that construction of I-69 may not be possible without the use of tolls as the primary means to finance building the highway. Tennessee, Arkansas, and Mississippi passed legislation authorizing toll roads within each state, but have not applied tolling to their sections of I-69 due to the widespread unpopularity of toll roads in these states. A bridge over the Ohio River, which was to have been built along I-69 to connect Indiana with Kentucky, stalled in 2004 because each state did not have enough funding for it. In 2016, both states reached an agreement to restart environmental studies and develop a funding strategy for the Ohio River crossing. In December 2018, the I-69 River Crossing project team announced a preferred plan to built a new toll bridge across the Ohio River as part of I-69.[17] Tennessee and Mississippi have suspended work on I-69 indefinitely, due to a lack of funding to build the highway outside of the Memphis metropolitan area. Arkansas has halted work on its mainline portion of I-69, aside from the Monticello Bypass, although it has applied for a federal grant to complete design and construction for the 25-mile (40km) section between Monticello and McGehee. A spur known as the I-530 connector is however under construction. Louisiana officials have stated that its current priority is completing Interstate 49, and it will focus on constructing its portion of I-69 after it finishes work on I-49. In contrast, Texas, Kentucky and Indiana have been advancing construction of I-69 within each state through traditional funding sources, tolls, and innovative financing methods, such as public-private partnerships.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "46977711#4",
"score": 0.6795215010643005,
"text": "69",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "21663448#205",
"score": 0.6795215010643005,
"text": "69",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "2363414#6",
"score": 0.6793118715286255,
"text": "West of MN 252, the freeway construction started in June 1997. The freeway was opened to traffic in 2000, with a traffic light at the intersection of MN 610 and US 169 initially. Construction on the second bridge over the Mississippi River for eastbound traffic started in 1999, to be completed in 2002.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "93576#18",
"score": 0.6791992783546448,
"text": "The section of US-59 inside the I-610 loop that runs through downtown Houston was approved by the FHWA for designation as I-69 on March 9, 2015, and approved for signage as such by the Texas Transportation Commission on March 24, 2015.[24]",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "7934793#11",
"score": 0.6779600381851196,
"text": "The year 1960 saw several sections of the highway open to traffic:By 1965, I-85 from the South Carolina border to Charlotte was complete, while it took until 1970 for the section between Charlotte and Durham to be completed. However, the \"Temporary 85\" designation would remain on the segment between Lexington and Greensboro until 1984 because there were too many access roads. That year, a new six-lane section opened, resulting in the \"Temporary 85\" designation to be dropped.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "27540575#3",
"score": 0.6762274503707886,
"text": "Construction began on the first section, located in Hendersonville in 1981. The first section, located between New Shackle Island Road and US 31E, was completed in 1983, and the section between the US 31E connector and New Shackle Island Road was completed in 1987. This section was initially referred to as the Hendersonville Bypass. Construction began on the section between I-65 and the connector in 1989 and was completed in early 1991.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "3358778#20",
"score": 0.6750444769859314,
"text": "Prior to the completion of Interstate 70 and Interstate 71 across Ohio, the City of Columbus began construction \"expressways\" that would link to the new Interstate System. The portion of Interstate 71 that bounds Worthington's eastern edge was called \"The North Freeway\", cost 13.8 million dollars, and was constructed south from State Route 161, arriving at 11th avenue by August, 1961. It took a year to get from 11th Avenue to 5th Avenue, mostly due to the need to construct a massive underpass under the Pennsylvania Railroad's Grogan Yard. Ironically, today only two tracks cross the viaduct, the rest of the structure supports a large, weedy field. By August 1962, the freeway had reached Fifth Avenue, and reached downtown in November 1962. It wasn't until 1966 that I-71 was complete between Cincinnati and Cleveland.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "3983802#11",
"score": 0.6748988032341003,
"text": "The first section of present I-80 to open was the Delaware Water Gap Toll Bridge, opened December 16, 1953. This had been built as part of U.S. Route 611 and connected back to its old alignment soon after crossing into Pennsylvania. Construction on the rest of I-80 began in 1959 and was completed in 1970.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "23554903#33",
"score": 0.6741145253181458,
"text": "The final section of the controversial I-696 opened at a cost of $436 million (equivalent to $ in ) on December 15, 1989; the freeway's central segment was delayed over concerns related to its routing through Detroit's northern suburbs. The Interstate Highway network in Michigan was completed in 1992 with the last of I-69 near the Lansing area. Since the completion of these freeways, a handful of major projects have added to the trunkline system and the end of the 20th and the start of the 21st centuries. A bypass of St. Johns along US 27 (now US 127) opened on August 31, 1998. M-6, a southern freeway bypass of Grand Rapids first proposed in the 1960s, was built between 1997 and 2004; that freeway was controversial based on the choice of a minority-owned subcontractor and route location. Bypasses of Cadillac and Manton opened in 2001 and 2003, extending the US 131 freeway northward. The final segment of the M-5 Haggerty Connector opened to traffic on November 1, 2002. Another venture was the construction of a new bridge over the Grand River in Ottawa County for a highway designated M-231; that highway opened in October 2015.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "93576#9",
"score": 0.6734213829040527,
"text": "As of 2015, SIU 1 (all of original I-69 north of Indianapolis) and SIU 2 (which will likely use I-465 around Indianapolis, but is as yet unsigned) are open, as is SIU 5 in Kentucky, the short SIU 10 in northwestern Mississippi, and part of SIU 9 in the Memphis, Tennessee area. SIU 6 in Kentucky is built as a freeway, but not yet up to Interstate standards in all areas. On June 6, 2008, President George W. Bush signed HR1195, designating the Purchase Parkway as Future I-69. Kentucky officials planned to place I-69 signs on the Pennyrile Parkway, Western Kentucky Parkway and Purchase Parkway in 2008, but the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has not yet given Kentucky approval to do so for the entire route.[6][7][8][9] Kentucky has been making spot improvements to its parkways to bring them up to interstate standards in anticipation of the I-69 designation. Indiana examined building most of SIU 3 as a toll road, but quickly reverted to making it toll-free in 2006 with an announcement to that effect by Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels after widespread opposition from I-69 opponents and supporters alike. Indiana has been using funds from the $3.8 billion Indiana Toll Road lease deal along with public-private partnerships to construct SIU 3 between Indianapolis and Evansville.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "57827017#6",
"score": 0.6733580827713013,
"text": "69th",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "1440570#8",
"score": 0.670765221118927,
"text": "The original plans for the bypass were to connect I-69 to US 24 east of Fort Wayne, but by 1981 these plans were expanded to connect to I-69 on the city's north side, completing the half-loop. Samaan stated that he had to convince Governor Otis Bowen in 1978 to expedite construction of the bypass. An additional factor appeared as contracts for the project were being awarded, when General Motors announced construction of an automotive plant in 1984 on Lafayette Center Road, where the bypass was planned to interchange with I-69. According to Samaan, this helped to accelerate construction when the state decided it would be beneficial to the new employer in the area, stating \"I never have seen anything move that fast in my whole life.\"",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "117905#2",
"score": 0.6637717485427856,
"text": "In 1914, the town started building streetcar lines—a form of public transportation that was usually reserved for large cities. In April 1970, Imlay City celebrated its 100th birthday, and the residents voted to changed Imlay City from a village to a home rule city by a two to one margin. The construction of Interstate 69 in the 1980s connected Imlay City with Flint, Port Huron, and Canada, leading to significant economic growth to serve the interstate travelers.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "1563790#4",
"score": 0.6636434197425842,
"text": "I-310 was originally planned, along with I-510, as part of Interstate 410, a southern beltway around the New Orleans metro area. In 1977, I-410 was cancelled and the two Interstates were split into their current components. The Hale Boggs Memorial Bridge was completed in October 1983 and was the first portion of I-310 to open. The west bank approach, extending to US 90 in Boutte was opened in March 1988, followed in July 1991 by the east bank approach as far as US 61. I-310 was completed on May 7, 1993 when the final section between US 61 and I-10, including much of the LaBranche Wetlands Bridge, was opened to traffic.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "23007092#15",
"score": 0.662196934223175,
"text": "Construction began in May 1923 to extend the highway south from Ponchatoula through the Manchac swamp to Frenier near the present intersection of I-10 and I-55. At the time, the method of road construction through such terrain involved the long and arduous task of dredging a canal along the intended right-of-way and piling up the spoils on the side of the canal to form an embankment. After a repeated process of machine-rolling and allowing for sufficient settling of the roadbed, the embankment would be surfaced with shells dredged from the lake. A timber bridge with a steel draw span was constructed across Pass Manchac, and smaller bridges totaling over spanned the numerous other waterways along the route. This link of the highway was officially opened on April 1, 1927 with a formal dedication following three weeks later. While still under construction, Route 33 was chosen as the official route of US 51 after the U.S. Highway system was implemented in November 1926.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "406748#7",
"score": 0.6621272563934326,
"text": "By March 1970, the original section between Home Avenue and near I-8 was almost finished. The Mission Valley portion extending north of US 395, as well as from Otay Valley Road and J Street in Chula Vista, were still under construction. The portion immediately north of US 395 was contracted to A.A. Baxter Corporation, E.C. Young, and Young and Sons, Inc. for $7.9 million (equivalent to $ in ). On July 6, the first section to begin construction was dedicated, and was to be opened from El Cajon Boulevard to Wabash Boulevard soon thereafter; the rest of the section would not open until the Mission Valley interchange with I-8 was finished.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "1624489#2",
"score": 0.6615294814109802,
"text": "I-675 was initially planned in the mid-1950s, and the Michigan State Highway Department (MSHD) originally proposed the number I-275 for the freeway through Saginaw in 1958, while the MSHD proposed an I-73 number for what is now I-275. The state started construction on I-675 in 1969. The freeway was to provide access to the downtown Saginaw area and serve as a bypass for the original Zilwaukee Bridge northeast of downtown, roles that continue today. At the time, the Zilwaukee Bridge was a bascule bridge that could be raised to allow shipping traffic to use the Saginaw River. Opening the drawbridge would back traffic up on the freeway for up to four hours on holiday weekends. I-675 helped relieve the congestion during such times. The record was a traffic jam on Labor Day 1968, although backups were common until the shipping companies using the Saginaw River limited their traffic in 1970. The freeway was completed in 1971 and opened to traffic that year. After completion, the state considered reconstructing I-675 to make the downtown freeway the through routing for I-75/US 23 in the Saginaw area to bypass the bascule bridge. Originally to be completed in 1983, the replacement bridge on I-75/US 23 finally opened on September 19, 1988. The next year, southbound I-675 was used to divert traffic around a temporary closure on the southbound span of the Zilwaukee Bridge. At the same time, northbound I-675 was closed while crews replaced the deck on the bridge over the Saginaw River.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "2692166#7",
"score": 0.6613736748695374,
"text": "Construction began on the first part of the SR 94 freeway just west of Lemon Grove by May 1955. The contract for the College Avenue to Campo Road portion was given out in October, for $2.9 million (about $ in dollars). Preparation for bidding on the portion from the Wabash Freeway to near Euclid Avenue took place towards the end of the year; construction was underway by May 1956, as was planning for the portion west of there to the intersection of 18th and F streets and the future interchange with US 101. The San Diego City Council requested that an overpass be constructed at 22nd Street to provide improved access; an underpass for the road was eventually built. The freeway from Wabash Boulevard and 56th was completed on March 18, 1957; metal-weakened plane joints were used for the construction, which the California Division of Highways considered \"experimental\" at the time. East of College Avenue, some unwanted cracks developed in the roadway during the joint pouring process, and were repaired with epoxy. At one point in 1958, SR 94 was considered as a possible extension of US 90, a route proposed to run along the southern border of the United States to Florida, by the South Bay Highway Association. By August, SR 94 from Palm Avenue to Jamacha was being planned.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
103
|
In what city did Abel Posse grow up?
|
[
{
"id": "11037532#5",
"score": 0.6808696985244751,
"text": "Abel Parentini Posse was born on 7 January 1934, in the Argentine city of Córdoba where he only lived the first two years of his life.[1] Two years after birth the family moved to the capital city of Buenos Aires due to his father's work commitments. His mother, Elba Alicia Posse, belonged to the creole landed oligarchy of Galician descent who held vast sugar mill estates in the North West province of Tucuman. Amongst the influential members of the Posse clan in the 19th century, the liberal Julio Argentino Roca stands out, twice president of the republic from 1880 to 1886 and also 1898 to 1904 (3). Posse fictionalized 19th century Tucuman in his novel El inquietante día de la vida (2001), where two distant family relatives are the protagonists; his maternal great-grandfather, Felipe Segundo Posse, and Julio Victor Posse, patron of the arts in the sugar producing province until the 1940s."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "1523637#2",
"score": 0.6382601857185364,
"text": "Abel was born in rural Lower Bavaria, Germany.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "1638548#1",
"score": 0.6358808279037476,
"text": "Quintana was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico. His family moved to The Bronx sector of New York when he was only two weeks old; there he went to school and while he was still in high school he formed a band with his neighborhood friends.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "37285525#1",
"score": 0.6304457187652588,
"text": "Abel Ramírez Aguilar was born in Mexico City on May 22, 1943. His interest in art began early and he credits his childhood arts teachers with valuing his innate talent and forms of expression.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "43163683#1",
"score": 0.6302822232246399,
"text": "Ramos was born in the clinic Marini in Palermo, a quarter of Buenos Aires, the capital of Argentina. Before he became an actor, graduated from El Colegio San Francisco de Sales in Córdoba and was attending yearlong commercial course. He grew up in Almagro, Buenos Aires City.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "40140939#1",
"score": 0.6274585723876953,
"text": "Crew was born July 1, 1990, in Toledo, Ohio and grew up on the South End of the city. He was raised by his mother, attended E.L. Bowsher High School and graduated in the year 2008. It was then that he decided to move to Chicago, Illinois, to pursue music.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "1927622#3",
"score": 0.6228289008140564,
"text": "Bruce dropped out of school in ninth grade, and moved in with his friend, Rudy, in River Rouge. There he formed his own gang called Inner City Posse, which would terrorize people with Army-issued tear gas and steal car radios for money. One night, Joe's mother, who had just moved to Ferndale, had her house attacked by rival gang Hazel Parks. Fearing for his mother's life, Joe fled to Bonnie Doone, North Carolina, a trailer park town just outside Fort Bragg, where his brother was staying with the U.S. Army. It was there that Bruce witnessed the open racism which would later emerge as the hate for bigots referenced in Insane Clown Posse's lyrics.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "32474565#1",
"score": 0.620169997215271,
"text": "Lalo Ríos was born on February 7, 1927 in San Miguelito, Sonora, Mexico. At the age of 9 he moved to East Los Angeles, California, with his family. He graduated from Abraham Lincoln High School.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "56637932#1",
"score": 0.6199911236763,
"text": "Figueiredo was born in small city of Soure, Para, Brazil where Buffalo roam freely and he was a cowboy, working with his father at the animal farm until he was thirteen years old. He moved to Belem and started training capoeira at school where he immersed himself for two years. He started training MMA after he met Luri Marajo when he was sixteen and never look back since.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "31586970#1",
"score": 0.6193321347236633,
"text": "Yafeu Fula was born on October 9, 1977 in the Bronx, to Sekou Odinga and Yaasmyn Fula. When Fula was four years old, his father was arrested and charged with six counts of attempted murder, nine predicate acts of racketeering influenced corrupt organization (RICO), assisting in the escape of Assata Shakur from prison, and violent theft of an armored truck. Yafeu and his seven siblings were raised by their mother, whose surname he adopted.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "104932#1",
"score": 0.6186074018478394,
"text": "Boyd graduated from Calabasas High School in 1994 and attended Moorpark College for two years before committing to Incubus. Brandon grew up in Calabasas, California with Ricky Taylor who inspired him to write music. His parents, Priscilla \"Dolly\" Wiseman and Charles Boyd, both of whom had experience in entertainment, had nurtured his artistic side since he was a child. Other notable family members include his younger brother, Jason Boyd, the former lead singer of the band Audiovent, his cousin Berto Boyd, an accomplished Flamenco guitarist and composer, as well as cousin Sam Boyd, a professional motocross rider. In an interview, Brandon explained that he had \"yet to stumble across his best work\" because he lacked the ability to read music.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "142540#5",
"score": 0.6180698871612549,
"text": "Mos Def attended middle school at Philippa Schuyler Middle School 383 in Bushwick, Brooklyn where he picked up his love for acting. After returning from filming \"You Take the Kids\" in Los Angeles, and getting into a relationship with an older girl, Mos Def dropped out of high school during sophomore year. Growing up in New York City during the crack epidemic of the 1980s and early 1990s, he has spoken about witnessing widespread instances of gang violence, theft and poverty in society, which he largely avoided by working on plays, Off-Off-Broadway and arts programs. In a particularly traumatic childhood experience, Mos Def witnessed his then five-year-old younger brother Ilias Bey (b. Denard Smith) get hit by a car. Bey, who later adopted the alias DCQ, was described by Smith as \"my first partner in hip hop\".",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "593468#1",
"score": 0.6160956025123596,
"text": "Lavoe was born and raised in the Machuelo Abajo barrio of Ponce, Puerto Rico. Early in his life, he attended the Ponce Free School of Music known today as the Instituto de Música Juan Morel Campos, and, inspired by Jesús Sánchez Erazo, developed an interest in music. He moved to New York City on 3 May 1963, at the age of sixteen. Shortly after his arrival, he worked as the singer in a sextet formed by Roberto García. During this period, he performed with several other groups, including Orquesta New York, Kako All-Stars, and the Johnny Pacheco band.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "31720969#1",
"score": 0.614500880241394,
"text": "Bridgeford was born and raised in the inner city of Baltimore, Maryland. NOE's early adult years were engulfed in the violence and dilapidated neighborhoods that continue to blanket Baltimore City. During a phone interview while at a New York recording studio, Bridgeford wasn't very candid about growing up in East Baltimore. He opts not to mention the name of his high school, and sums up his criminal history as \"two arrests, one was for drugs, one was for a gun violation, all in all I did about three years.\" He does mention that he regrets not being closer to his family, and looks at that rift as the reason he decided to express himself through poetry. In 2002 Bridgeford relocated from Baltimore to New York City in search of a record deal.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "55008392#1",
"score": 0.6141276955604553,
"text": "Magneto Dayo was born Dashawn Jermaine Williams in the Coney Island section of Brooklyn on April 13, 1983. He grew up in a housing project called Carey Gardens where he experienced the harsh effects of the 1980s Crack epidemic, seeing some family members use drugs and others sell drugs. His father Willie Williams was a DJ (DJ Universal) so Magneto Dayo found a love for music early. His cousin Pop-A-Lot and Torae had a group called Positive N Negative. He would watch them rap in the living room of his grandmothers apartment. He later started freestyle rapping for fun with his cousins. He eventually started writing down his thoughts in rhyme form using music as way to express himself as well as speak on the inner city lifestyle he was living and how others were living around him. He later moved to other areas of Brooklyn such as Bedstuy, Fort Greene and Red Hook where he dealt with pressure of a teen surviving the dangers of inner city of NYC in the 1990s until it became too much for his mother who decided they should move to Newport News, VA for a better life not knowing the streets were just as rough in area they moved to which was known as \"Downtown Bad News\". Magneto was once again entangled in a world of sex, drugs and violence witnessing the death of close friends and the incarceration of others. But regardless of the adversity he faced he decided to keep doing music.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "29876452#1",
"score": 0.6136168241500854,
"text": "Boyd was born in Selkirk, Manitoba. His family moved to Port Alberni, British Columbia in the early 1980s where he and his two brothers were raised. He graduated as class valedictorian from Alberni District Secondary School in 1994.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "757913#1",
"score": 0.6135581731796265,
"text": "He was born at Reichenbach Priory in the Kingdom of Württemberg, a Protestant religious house, where his father was a clergyman. Beginning in 1824, Abel visited the universities of Tübingen, Jena, Heidelberg, Bonn and Berlin, studying history. Among his teachers was Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "7348636#2",
"score": 0.6119382381439209,
"text": "He was born in Mabolo, Cebu City. Work prompted him to establish residence in Tandang Sora, Quezon City, away from his family members. The eldest of six children, he helped pay for the tuition of his siblings in his native Cebu.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "2548148#1",
"score": 0.6104452013969421,
"text": "Sabino was born in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, the son of Dominic Sabino and D. Odette Tavares Sabino. \nHe lived there until he was twenty, when he moved to Rio de Janeiro.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "25965399#9",
"score": 0.6100966930389404,
"text": "Nipsey Hussle was born and raised in the Crenshaw neighborhood of South Los Angeles. He was also a member of the then local Rollin 60's Neighborhood Crips gang.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "10965163#1",
"score": 0.6096129417419434,
"text": "BUA grew up on the Upper West Side of New York City during the height of the graffiti movement and was fascinated by the raw, visceral street life of the city. He attended Manhattan's Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music and Performing Arts and complemented his education on the streets by writing graffiti and performing worldwide with breakdancing crews. BUA went on to the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, California, where he earned a B.F.A in illustration and taught figure drawing at the University of Southern California for ten years.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
104
|
When was Boku wa Tomodachi ga Sukunai get released?
|
[
{
"id": "31952451#0",
"score": 0.6501397490501404,
"text": "Haganai(はがない), short for Boku wa Tomodachi ga Sukunai(僕は友達が少ない, literally \"I Don't Have Many Friends\"),[note 1] is a Japanese light novel series written by Yomi Hirasaka, illustrated by Buriki, and published by Media Factory. It has been given several manga adaptations; the first incarnation, its title and basic plot unchanged, began serialization in 2010; it was written and illustrated by Itachi and published in Monthly Comic Alive. A retelling of the series, written by Misaki Harukawa and illustrated by Shuichi Taguchi and called Boku wa Tomodachi ga Sukunai+ was published in Jump SQ.19. A 12-episode anime adaptation by AIC Build aired in Japan between October and December 2011. An original video animation episode was released on September 26, 2012. A second anime season, Haganai NEXT, aired between January and March 2013. A live-action film adaptation was released on February 1, 2014."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "4556995#24",
"score": 0.6175186038017273,
"text": "The first game of the \"Higurashi: When They Cry\" visual novel series, titled \"Onikakushi-hen\", was released on August 10, 2002. The second game \"Watanagashi-hen\" was released on December 29, 2002. The third game \"Tatarigoroshi-hen\" was released on August 15, 2003. The fourth game \"Himatsubushi-hen\" was released on August 13, 2004. The first four games are part of the question arcs, and the following four games, under the title \"Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Kai\", are part of the answer arcs. The fifth game \"Meakashi-hen\" was released on December 30, 2004. The sixth game \"Tsumihoroboshi-hen\" was released on August 14, 2005. The seventh game \"Minagoroshi-hen\" was released on December 30, 2005. The eighth game \"Matsuribayashi-hen\" was released on August 13, 2006. A fan disc titled \"Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Rei\" was released on December 31, 2006. A second fan disc titled \"Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Hō\" was released on August 17, 2014. Each chapter keeps the same cast of main characters and general premise but unfolds in a different manner. Each of the chapters give valuable answers, hints, and clues as to the mysteries of the previous installment while at the same time bringing forth even more mysteries.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "54582790#2",
"score": 0.6172056794166565,
"text": "On May 26, 2013, it was announced that there will be a sequel to the anime series in the form of a film. The film had a worldwide premiere on July 5, 2014 at Anime Expo in Los Angeles, Japan Expo in Paris, and also select cinemas in Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan. In Japan, it premiered on July 12, 2014. In the US and Malaysia, it premiered on July 18, 2014 in selected theaters. It was released on Blu-ray and DVD on April 22, 2015. The English cast was revealed by Viz Media on October 7, 2016, and gained its North American release on March 14, 2017.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "31952451#13",
"score": 0.6156522631645203,
"text": "A follow-up original video animation episode was released on September 26, 2012.[29] The ending theme is \"Kimi wa Tomodachi\"(君は友達, \"You Are My Friend\") by Inoue, Itō, Yamamoto, Fukuen, Hanazawa, Iguchi and Ryohei Kimura.[30]",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "54274723#0",
"score": 0.6149680614471436,
"text": "Two anime movies titled \"Zutto Mae Kara Suki Deshita\" and \"Suki ni Naru Sono Shunkan o\" were released in 2016. An anime television series by Lay-duce titled Our love has always been 10 centimeters apart premiered in November 2017.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "12962104#4",
"score": 0.6149379014968872,
"text": "Of the 24 episodes planned for release by Kyoto Animation,[1] 23 were aired on television with the first 22 being regular episodes, followed by an additional extra episode. The last episode was released as an original video animation on the eighth DVD on July 16, 2008 and is set in an alternate universe from the anime series in which Tomoya and Tomoyo are dating.[1] The OVA episode was previewed on May 31, 2008 for an audience of four-hundred people picked via a mail-in postcard campaign.[1] The broadcast time was first announced on August 11, 2007 at the TBS festival Anime Festa, which is also when the first episode was showcased. The episodes aired between October 4, 2007 and March 27, 2008 on the TBS Japanese television network in 4:3 aspect ratio.[7] The anime also aired in 16:9 aspect ratio between October 26, 2007 and April 4, 2008 on the BS-i Japanese television network. The anime series was released in a set of eight DVD compilations in Japan released between December 19, 2007 and July 16, 2008 by Pony Canyon, with each compilation containing three episodes.[1] A Blu-ray Disc box set of Clannad was released on April 30, 2010 in Japan.[8]",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "23398989#9",
"score": 0.613070011138916,
"text": "The 12-episode series began airing on October 7, 2016 on Tokyo MX. A specially edited version of the first and second episodes with a runtime of 36 minutes was bundled with the manga's fifth volume, and released on June 6, 2016. A special limited-pressing Blu-ray box set was released on December 30, 2016. The box set includes all twelve episodes (with added unaired footage), an exclusive box illustrated by Hirano, a 200-page animation sketch collection by chief animation director Ryoji Nakamori, a 52-page booklet, a bonus extras disc, and a two-CD original soundtrack. The bonus extras disc will contain an omake titled \"\"\"\", promotional videos, and other materials. Customers who pre-ordered the box set from participating retailers before November 6, 2016 will receive an exclusive illustration card set. Additionally, the box set includes a form for advance ticket sales for an event that will be held on April 2, 2017, at Maihama Amphitheater in Chiba.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "3686228#22",
"score": 0.6127416491508484,
"text": "Release Date",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "37207033#0",
"score": 0.6116327047348022,
"text": "The first series aired in Japan between October 3 and December 19, 2012. Crunchyroll began streaming the series from December 11, 2012.\nThe ending theme is by Tia. The series was released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on March 22, 2013, with an original video animation episode included on the BD release.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "6353598#18",
"score": 0.6114172339439392,
"text": "A second anime film was announced on May 15, 2015. On December 31, 2016, the official title of film was revealed as \"\", which was released on May 6, 2017 in Japan.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "17155422#1",
"score": 0.6099671721458435,
"text": "The series premiered in Japan on April 10, 2008, on Fuji TV's Noitamina programming block and ran until June 26, 2008. Kadokawa released the series to five DVD compilations, each containing three episode except for the first two, which contained two each. The third volume contained an unaired episode and was released as an original video animation. The DVDs were released between August 6 and December 3, 2008.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "371069#38",
"score": 0.6095015406608582,
"text": "On June 28, Masami Kurumada announced on his personal blog that production on the OVAs had begun. It was thought that the release was to be in mid-December 2007, as of the last two years with the performance of the two Inferno chapters (Zenshō and Kōshō), but no preview or released images were available as of the end of October. In November 2007, Toei Animation announced that the official release of the Elysion Chapter would be in March 2008 and not December 2007 as originally planned The Elysion OVAs were released in March (episodes #26 and #27), May (#28 and #29), and August (#30 and #31), and adapted the final two volumes of the manga, 27 and 28.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "24258215#3",
"score": 0.6094037294387817,
"text": "Release Date: September 26, 2006, Japan Dec 15, 2007\nAllmusic [ link]",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "41296022#6",
"score": 0.6092102527618408,
"text": "The beta version test kicked off on November 14 through 18, 2013 for Japan, which offered Mitsurugi, Siegfried and Sophitia as playable characters as well as two virtual items. On December 19, 2013, the game's release date was pushed back to February 6, 2014, with Namco stating that the delay would be used to further increase the quality of the game. A promotional trailer was released on February 3, 2014 in anticipation of the game's Japanese release, showing new features such as the Quest Mode and elemental attacks.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "52081180#0",
"score": 0.6089304685592651,
"text": "The English-language version of the game was released on February 8, 2015. The Japanese language version was available from May 12, 2014. In fall of 2015, the game was released on several South East Asian markets, (Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore).",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "5975925#0",
"score": 0.6088111996650696,
"text": "Pokémon the Movie: The Rise of Darkrai, originally released in Japan as , is a 2007 Japanese anime film directed by Kunihiko Yuyama as the tenth \"Pokémon anime\" film. It was released in Japanese theaters on July 14, 2007. It was later released in United States on February 24, 2008 on Cartoon Network, on November 5, 2008 in Australia and September 29, 2008 in the United Kingdom. \"The Rise of Darkrai\" aired on Jetix UK in February 2009. As indicated by the film title, Darkrai, as well as Dialga and Palkia, are the featured Pokémon. The events of the take place during the tenth season of .",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "56993006#1",
"score": 0.6087465882301331,
"text": "The season initially ran from October 2, 2007 to September 30, 2008, on TV Tokyo in Japan. Thirteen DVD compilations of the second season, each containing four episodes were released by Aniplex between March 5, 2008 and March 4, 2009. In June 2016, the series was licensed by Funimation for an English-language release in North America. In August 2017, Funimation announced they would release the series' second half on home media version starting on October of the same year. ",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "40095151#5",
"score": 0.6086023449897766,
"text": "The first film, titled , was released in theaters on January 11, 2014. Box office is under ¥10 million(JPY). The television series aired between January 11, 2014 and March 29, 2014. The final volume of the series was released on August 22, 2014, and sold 2,193 copies. The opening theme of the first two episodes is , and from episode 3 onwards is \"7 Girls' War\", both credited by the cast of Wake Up, Girls!. The ending theme is , also performed by Wake Up, Girls!.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "46861678#1",
"score": 0.6084675192832947,
"text": "The film was released theatrically in Japan on September 27, 2014. It was also later presented at the Camera Japan Festival in Rotterdam on October 3, 2014.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "44087237#1",
"score": 0.6082704067230225,
"text": "Sekai Project originated in 2007 as a fan translation group translating the visual novel \"School Days\". They later partnered with publisher JAST USA, turning their fan translation into the official English version of the game. Sekai Project began publishing games on Steam in 2014; their first title was \"World End Economica episode.01\", released in June. Sekai Project has used the crowdfunding platform Kickstarter to fund many of their projects. In November 2014, they launched a Kickstarter campaign to fund an English release of the visual novel \"Clannad\". The campaign exceeded its goal of US$140,000 and ended up raising over US$500,000. In July 2015, Sekai Project announced that they would be localizing manga in addition to video games, starting with \"Gate\".",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "156694#17",
"score": 0.6082434058189392,
"text": "On December 10, 1983, the first VHS release of the series was made available in Japan. The series was also released on fifty LaserDiscs. Another VHS release across fifty cassettes began on March 17, 1998 and concluded on April 19, 2000. Two DVD boxed sets of the series were released between December 8, 2000 and March 9, 2001. These were followed by fifty individual volumes between August 24, 2001 and August 23, 2002. To celebrate the 35th anniversary of the anime a new HD transfer was created and released on Blu-ray in Japan. The first Blu-ray boxed set of the series was released on March 27, 2013, with the fourth box set scheduled for release on March 23, 2014. To promote the Blu-ray, the anime was rebroadcast in high definition on Kids Station.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
106
|
How often do solar flares occur?
|
[
{
"id": "54648#8",
"score": 0.8806295394897461,
"text": "The frequency of occurrence of solar flares varies, from several per day when the Sun is particularly \"active\" to less than one every week when the Sun is \"quiet\", following the 11-year cycle (the solar cycle). Large flares are less frequent than smaller ones."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "206555#23",
"score": 0.7874718308448792,
"text": "The occurrence frequency of coronal mass ejections and flares is strongly modulated by the cycle. Flares of any given size are some 50 times more frequent at solar maximum than at minimum. Large coronal mass ejections occur on average a few times a day at solar maximum, down to one every few days at solar minimum. The size of these events themselves does not depend sensitively on the phase of the solar cycle. A case in point are the three large X-class flares that occurred in December 2006, very near solar minimum; an X9.0 flare on Dec 5 stands as one of the brightest on record.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "12987773#31",
"score": 0.7584733963012695,
"text": "These are injections of energetic electrons, protons, alpha particles into interplanetary space during solar flare eruptions. During periods of maximum solar activity, the frequency and intensity of solar flares will increase. The solar proton events generally occur only once or twice a solar cycle.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "2203131#26",
"score": 0.7132063508033752,
"text": "In some simulations, this leads to an instability in which the magnetic field spontaneously flips over into the opposite orientation. This scenario is supported by observations of the solar magnetic field, which undergoes spontaneous reversals every 9–12 years. However, with the Sun it is observed that the solar magnetic intensity greatly increases during a reversal, whereas reversals on Earth seem to occur during periods of low field strength.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "59071829#1",
"score": 0.7067996263504028,
"text": "The most significant detected solar flare activity occurred from August 2 to August 11. Most of the significant solar activity emanated from active sunspot region McMath 11976 (MR 11976; sunspot regions being clusters of sunspot pairs). McMath 11976 was extraordinarily magnetically complex but its size was large although not exceptional. McMath 11976 produced 67 solar flares (4 of these X-class) during the time it was facing Earth, from July 29 to August 11. It also produced multiple relatively rare white light flares over multiple days. The same active area was long-lived. It persisted through five solar rotation cycles, first receiving the designation as Region 11947 as it faced Earth, going unseen as it rotated the far side of the Sun, then returning Earthside as Region 11976, before cycling as Regions 12007, 12045, and 12088, respectively.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "24728109#14",
"score": 0.7025014162063599,
"text": "Flares are more common in stars with short periods. However, the energy of the largest flares is not related to the period of rotation. Stars with larger variations also have much more frequent flares; there is as well a tendency for them to have more energetic flares. Large variations can be found on even the most slowly rotating stars: one star had a rotation period of 22.7 days and variations implying spot coverage of 2.5% of the surface, over ten times greater than the maximum solar value. By estimating the size of the starspots from the amplitude variation, and assuming solar values for the magnetic fields in the spots (1000 G), it is possible to estimate the energy available: in all cases there is enough energy in the field to power even the largest flares observed. This suggests that superflares and solar flares have essentially the same mechanism.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "24728109#4",
"score": 0.698578417301178,
"text": "Solar superflares would have drastic effects, especially if they occurred as multiple events. Since they can occur on stars of the same age, mass and composition as the Sun this cannot be ruled out. However, solar-type superflare stars are very rare and are magnetically much more active than the Sun; if solar superflares do occur, it may be in well-defined episodes that occupy a small fraction of its time.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "54648#4",
"score": 0.698473334312439,
"text": "On July 23, 2012, a massive, potentially damaging, solar storm (solar flare, coronal mass ejection and electromagnetic radiation) barely missed Earth.[4][5] According to NASA, there may be as much as a 12% chance of a similar event occurring between 2012 and 2022.[4]",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "54648#5",
"score": 0.6846915483474731,
"text": "Solar flares affect all layers of the solar atmosphere (photosphere, chromosphere, and corona). The plasma medium is heated to tens of millions of Kelvin, while electrons, protons, and heavier ions are accelerated to near the speed of light. Flares produce electromagnetic radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum at all wavelengths, from radio waves to gamma rays. Most of the energy is spread over frequencies outside the visual range and so the majority of the flares are not visible to the naked eye and must be observed with special instruments. Flares occur in active regions around sunspots, where intense magnetic fields penetrate the photosphere to link the corona to the solar interior. Flares are powered by the sudden (timescales of minutes to tens of minutes) release of magnetic energy stored in the corona. The same energy releases may produce coronal mass ejections (CMEs), although the relationship between CMEs and flares is still not well understood.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "24728109#16",
"score": 0.6765393614768982,
"text": "Kepler data have also been used to search for flares on stars of later spectral types than G. A sample of 23,253 stars with effective temperature T less than 5150K and surface gravity log g > 4.2, corresponding to main sequence stars later than K0V, was examined for flares over a time period of 33.5 days. 373 stars were identified as having obvious flares. Some stars had only one flare, while others showed as many as fifteen. The strongest events increased the brightness of the star by 7-8%. This is not radically different from the peak brightness of flares on G-type stars; however, since K and M stars are less luminous than type G, this suggests that flares on these stars are less energetic. Comparing the two classes of stars studied, it seems that M stars flare more frequently than K stars but the duration of each flare tends to be shorter. It is not possible to draw any conclusions about the relative proportion of G and K type stars showing superflares, or about the frequency of flares on those stars that do show such activity, since the flare detection algorithms and criteria in the two studies are quite different.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "12728898#13",
"score": 0.6695742011070251,
"text": "Sunspot 1046 produced a M8.3-class flare on February 12, 2010. 9 M-class flares were unleashed by active regions 1045 and 1046 this month.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "1589445#1",
"score": 0.6652252674102783,
"text": "Most flare stars are dim red dwarfs, although recent research indicates that less massive brown dwarfs might also be capable of flaring. The more massive RS Canum Venaticorum variables (RS CVn) are also known to flare, but it is understood that these flares are induced by a companion star in a binary system which causes the magnetic field to become tangled. Additionally, nine stars similar to the Sun had also been seen to undergo flare events prior\nto the flood of superflare data from the Kepler observatory.\nIt has been proposed that the mechanism for this is similar to that of the RS CVn variables in that the flares are being induced by a companion, namely an unseen Jupiter-like planet in a close orbit.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "49291242#2",
"score": 0.6608321070671082,
"text": "Unlike solar flares, Hyder flares take a much longer time to reach peak intensity, as much as 30 to 80 minutes and then can continue for several hours. They have not caused any interference with Earthly communications like solar flares, and are rather weak.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "54648#0",
"score": 0.6581685543060303,
"text": "Heliophysics Phenomena Coronal holeCoronal mass ejectionGeomagnetic stormSolar flareSolar particle eventSolar prominenceSunspotSpace Weathervt",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "14415787#5",
"score": 0.6553904414176941,
"text": "The solar cycle is an approximately 11-year period of varying solar activity including solar maximum where the solar wind is strongest and solar minimum where the solar wind is weakest. Galactic cosmic rays create a continuous radiation dose throughout the Solar System that increases during solar minimum and decreases during solar maximum (solar activity). The inner and outer radiation belts are two regions of trapped particles from the solar wind that are later accelerated by dynamic interaction with the Earth's magnetic field. While always high, the radiation dose in these belts can increase dramatically during geomagnetic storms and substorms. Solar proton events (SPEs) are bursts of energetic protons accelerated by the Sun. They occur relatively rarely and can produce extremely high radiation levels. Without thick shielding, SPEs are sufficiently strong to cause acute radiation poisoning and death.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "1589445#2",
"score": 0.654439389705658,
"text": "Flare stars are intrinsically faint, but have been found to distances of 1,000 light years from Earth. On April 23, 2014, NASA's Swift satellite detected the strongest, hottest, and longest-lasting sequence of stellar flares ever seen from a nearby red dwarf. The initial blast from this record-setting series of explosions was as much as 10,000 times more powerful than the largest solar flare ever recorded.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "2870176#2",
"score": 0.6528805494308472,
"text": "In 1998, Omicron Aquilae was one of nine stars identified as experiencing a superflare. The first flare observed from Omicron Aquilae was in 1979, with a magnitude increase of 0.07 and a duration of less than five days. The second occurred in 1980, with a magnitude change of 0.09 and a duration of fifteen days. The energy released during the second flare is estimated as .",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "865545#2",
"score": 0.6525164246559143,
"text": "There are about 300,000 active spicules at any one time on the Sun's chromosphere, amounting to about 1% of the Sun's surface. An individual spicule typically reaches 3,000–10,000 km altitude above the photosphere.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "24728109#20",
"score": 0.6508491039276123,
"text": "Not all planetary transits can be detected by Kepler, since the planetary orbit may be out of the line of sight to Earth. However, the hot Jupiters orbit so close to the primary that the chance of a transit is about 10%. If superflares were caused by close planets the 279 flare stars discovered should have about 28 transiting companions; none of them actually showed evidence of transits, effectively excluding this explanation.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "12728898#66",
"score": 0.6480298042297363,
"text": "NOAA reported that the number of sunspots was the lowest since 2009, and that recent activity matched that of the low activity in 2007 and 2008. Should this prove to be the solar minimum, Solar Cycle 24 would uniquely become a short (10 year) and weak cycle. Sunspots were observed on only 5 days that month.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "24728109#13",
"score": 0.6452543139457703,
"text": "Superflare stars show a quasi-periodic brightness variation, which is interpreted as evidence of starspots carried around by solar rotation. This allows an estimate of the rotation period of the star; values range from less than one day up to tens of days (the value for the Sun is 25 days). On the Sun, radiometer monitoring from satellites shows that large sunspots can reduce the brightness by up to 0.2%. In superflare stars the most common brightness variations are 1-2%, though they can be as great as 7-8%, suggesting that the area of the starspots can be very much larger than anything found on the Sun. In some cases the brightness variations can be modelled by only one or two large starspots, though not all cases are so simple. The starspots could be groups of smaller spots or single giant spots.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
107
|
Where did John Bruce Thompson go to law school?
|
[
{
"id": "5043505#2",
"score": 0.6150234341621399,
"text": "Thompson grew up in Cleveland, Ohio, attended Cuyahoga Falls H.S.[10] and attended Denison University. He received media attention when he hosted his own political talk show on the college radio station.[11] He then attended Vanderbilt University Law School, where he met his wife, Patricia.[12] In 1976, they moved to Florida, where Thompson, working as a lawyer and then a fund-raiser for a Christian ministry,[12] began attending the Key Biscayne Presbyterian Church and became a born-again Christian.[11] Thompson admits to having a \"colorful disciplinary history\" as an attorney.[13]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "43786423#1",
"score": 0.584241509437561,
"text": "Thomas graduated from McGill University in Quebec in 1992 with a B.A. in Political Science. She received the James McGill Award for Outstanding Scholarship in 1989 and was a University Scholar in 1992. In 1995, Thomas received her J.D. and graduated with honors from Harvard Law School. She received a PhD candidate from Cambridge University.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "544431#2",
"score": 0.5842354893684387,
"text": "Thomson was first educated at Upper Canada College before going up to St. John's College of the University of Cambridge, where he received a degree in economics and law. During World War II, he served in the Royal Canadian Air Force. Following the war, he completed his education and entered the family business.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "1530951#1",
"score": 0.5842037796974182,
"text": "Born in County Down, son of John Law of Woodlawn and Margaret Crawley of Cullaville, Law was educated at the Royal School, Dungannon, and thereafter at Trinity College, Dublin, where he was elected a Scholar in 1837 and received a Bachelor of Arts in 1839. He became a barrister in 1840 and a Queen's Counsel in 1860, practicing mainly in Dublin and specialising in equity.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "49069091#2",
"score": 0.584155797958374,
"text": "In 1900, Amick began to study law at the University of Pennsylvania but shortly after he transferred to Yale University at New Haven, Connecticut, where he graduated with a law degree in 1903. He worked for a short time in the art classes at Yale but was eventually discouraged from doing so by his law professors.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "18516279#3",
"score": 0.5841548442840576,
"text": "Wilkie received his B.A. degree from the Wake Forest University in North Carolina. He receive a J.D. degree from Loyola University School of Law in New Orleans in 1988 and an LL.M. degree in International and Comparative Law from Georgetown University Law Center in Washington, D.C.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "19196376#4",
"score": 0.5841463208198547,
"text": "He is the director of the highly selective Policy Studies undergraduate major in Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs. The program started in 1976. Today, despite its strict entrance requirements, it is one of the largest interdisciplinary undergraduate majors at Syracuse University. Entrance Requirements for the major are to get at least a B in PAF 101: An Introduction to the Analysis of Public Policy and complete 35 hours of community service in Onondaga County. Student have to meet with Professor Coplin with their unofficial transcript to be admitted.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "31433812#1",
"score": 0.5841028690338135,
"text": "Richard S. Carnell was educated at Yale University, receiving a B.A. in 1975. He later attended Harvard Law School, receiving a J.D. in 1982.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "40326342#1",
"score": 0.5840579867362976,
"text": "Maloch was raised on a farm near Emerson, Arkansas. He received a Bachelor of Business Administration in Agricultural Business from Southern Arkansas University and a Juris Doctor with honors from the University of Arkansas at Little Rock School of Law. He has also attended programs at Georgetown University and Southern Methodist University.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "238156#4",
"score": 0.5840122103691101,
"text": "As a senior in high school, Ewing signed a letter of intent to play for Coach John Thompson at Georgetown University. Ewing made his announcement in Boston, in a room full of fans who were hoping for him to play for local schools Boston College or Boston University; when Ewing announced his decision to play at Georgetown, the fans left the room. During his recruitment, Ewing was very close to signing a letter of intent to play for Dean Smith and the University of North Carolina, however, while on his recruiting visit, he witnessed a nearby rally for the Ku Klux Klan, which dissuaded him from going there.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "2098855#1",
"score": 0.5840064287185669,
"text": "Robin Thompson won two Ulster Schools Senior Cup medals with RBAI (Royal Belfast Academical Institution) and played for Ulster Schools. He made the Queen's University RFC senior side in his first year in the University and while still only 18, he made his Ulster début.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "28992821#1",
"score": 0.5839887261390686,
"text": "Born in McFarland, Wisconsin and raised on a dairy and tobacco farm, the former Barbara Ruth Storck graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Platteville in 1956 and received her masters and doctorate degrees from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Initially, Thompson started to teach in a one-room schoolhouse and was a school administrator. She campaigned for the State Superintendent office, while recovering from a broken arm in 1973, and was the first woman to be elected to the office. During her administration, the teachers in Hortonville, Wisconsin went on strike. Thompson also required teachers in Wisconsin to go through continuing education and to have their teachers licenses renewed once every five years. She died in Bradenton, Florida.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "46689027#1",
"score": 0.5838847756385803,
"text": "He was born on April 16, 1947, in New York City. He attended Brooklyn Technical High School and Manhattan Community College. He graduated B.A. in political science from the City University of New York in 1968; and J.D. from New York Law School in 1972.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "1199173#9",
"score": 0.5838785171508789,
"text": "After graduating from Princeton, Alito was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army Signal Corps and assigned to the United States Army Reserve. At Yale, Alito was a classmate of future-Dean Anthony T. Kronman and one year behind future Justice Clarence Thomas. Following his graduation from Yale Law School, Alito served on active duty from September to December 1975. The remainder of his time in the Army was served in the inactive Reserves. He was a captain when he received an honorable discharge in 1980.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "30304849#2",
"score": 0.5838711261749268,
"text": "Following law school, Rasband clerked for Judge J. Clifford Wallace of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. He then worked as a lawyer in Seattle for the Perkins Coie law firm. In 1995, he joined the faculty of the JRCLS. He has been a visiting professor in Australia at the University of Queensland and Murdoch University. Rasband is a specialist in public land law and natural resources law.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "47209655#2",
"score": 0.5838693380355835,
"text": "Following law school, Smith clerked for then-U.S. Court of Appeals Judge Samuel Alito (3rd Circuit). She next clerked for U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice Clarence Thomas (2003-2004), and then returned in 2006 to clerk for Alito following his appointment as an Associate Justice. She practiced law at Williams & Connolly and Sidley Austin in Washington D.C.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "21836367#1",
"score": 0.5838459134101868,
"text": "Woods received an A.B. from Wabash College in 1859 and read law to enter the bar in 1861. He was in private practice in Goshen, Indiana from 1862 to 1867. He was a member of the Indiana House of Representatives from 1867 to 1869, returning to private practice in Goshen from 1870 to 1873. He was a judge on the 34th Judicial District of Indiana from 1874 to 1880, and then a Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court from 1881 to 1883.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "21830457#1",
"score": 0.5837986469268799,
"text": "Born in Louisville, Kentucky, Russell received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Western Kentucky University in 1967 and a Juris Doctor from the University of Kentucky College of Law in 1970. He was in private practice in Paducah, Kentucky from 1970 to 1994.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "37615568#1",
"score": 0.5837066769599915,
"text": "Reed received law degrees from Cornell Law School (LL.B. 1942) and Columbia Law School (LL.M. 1949, J.S.D. 1957). Reed joined the Michigan Law faculty in 1949. Reed taught civil procedure, evidence, trial advocacy, and other courses at Michigan Law, and won many teaching awards.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "16849424#1",
"score": 0.5836885571479797,
"text": "Gleeson was born in the Bronx, New York. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. in 1975, and a Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia School of Law in Charlottesville in 1980.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "30940437#5",
"score": 0.5836856961250305,
"text": "Perry graduated in 1991 from Kaplan High School in his native Kaplan in Vermilion Parish, Louisiana, where he still resides. In 1995, he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in sociology and criminal justice from the University of Louisiana at Monroe in Monroe in Ouachita Parish. Thereafter, he procured a Juris Doctor from the historically black Southern University Law Center in Baton Rouge though Perry is white.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
109
|
Who is Pike's Peak named for?
|
[
{
"id": "26257090#2",
"score": 0.7260146737098694,
"text": "\"Tava\" or \"sun\", is the Ute word that was given by these first people to the mountain that we now call Pikes Peak. The band of Ute people who called the Pikes Peak region their home were the \"Tabeguache\", meaning the \"People of Sun Mountain\".[4] The Ute people first arrived in Colorado about 500 A.D., although their traditions state they were created on Pikes Peak. In the 1800s, when the Arapaho people arrived in Colorado, they knew the mountain as \"Heey-otoyoo' \" meaning \"Long Mountain\".[5] Early Spanish explorers named the mountain \"El Capitán\" meaning \"The Leader\". American explorer Zebulon Pike named the mountain \"Highest Peak\" in 1806, and the mountain was later commonly known as \"Pike's Highest Peak\". American explorer Stephen Harriman Long named the mountain \"James Peak\" in honor of Edwin James who climbed to the summit in 1820. The mountain was later renamed \"Pike's Peak\" in honor of Pike. The name was simplified to \"Pikes Peak\" by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1890."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "47306365#1",
"score": 0.6884177923202515,
"text": "Pike Creek was named for Zebulon Pike (1779–1813), an American soldier and explorer.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "20341#16",
"score": 0.6789793968200684,
"text": "In North America, Pikes Peak () in the Colorado Rockies (discovered in 1806) was first climbed by Edwin James and two others in 1820. Though lower than Pikes Peak, the heavily glaciated Fremont Peak () in Wyoming was thought to be the tallest mountain in the Rockies when it was first climbed by John C. Frémont and two others in 1842. Pico de Orizaba (), the tallest peak in Mexico and third tallest in North America, was first climbed by U.S. military personnel which included William F. Raynolds and a half dozen other climbers in 1848. Heavily glaciated and more technical climbs in North American were not achieved until the late 19th and early 20th centuries.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "14929820#1",
"score": 0.6782716512680054,
"text": "According to legend, James Ward was intent on moving to Colorado. He wrote on the side of his conestoga wagon \"Pikes Peak or Bust\". Miller made it out of Columbus to the area now known as Pikes Peak. To save face he called his store Pikes Peak and the name stuck.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "2250019#2",
"score": 0.6757709383964539,
"text": "It is uncommon for a Washington Cascades mountain to be named after a person who climbed it. The USGS agreed to posthumously rename the mountain in recognition for Kyes' sacrifice commanding a destroyer in the Battle of the Atlantic. An earlier ascent of the peak was probably made by Thomas Gerdine of the USGS in 1897.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "20070276#10",
"score": 0.6739990711212158,
"text": "Camerons Cone is located in Pike National Forest, about from Colorado Springs, Colorado, and was named for Robert Alexander Cameron. When originally dedicated, the summit was called Cameron's Cone.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "48923#2",
"score": 0.6705031991004944,
"text": "The Pike's Peak Gold Rush, which followed the California Gold Rush by approximately one decade, produced a dramatic but temporary influx of immigrants into the Pike's Peak Country of the Southern Rocky Mountains. The rush was exemplified by the slogan \"Pike's Peak or Bust!\", a reference to the prominent mountain at the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains that guided many early prospectors to the region westward over the Great Plains. The prospectors provided the first major European-American population in the region.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "185973#5",
"score": 0.6682190895080566,
"text": "As Six Grandfathers, the mountain was part of the route that Lakota leader Black Elk took in a spiritual journey that culminated at Black Elk Peak. Following a series of military campaigns from 1876 to 1878, the United States asserted control over the area, a claim that is still disputed on the basis of the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie (see section \"Controversy\" below). Among American settlers, the peak was known variously as Cougar Mountain, Sugarloaf Mountain, Slaughterhouse Mountain, and Keystone Cliffs. It was named Mount Rushmore during a prospecting expedition by Charles Rushmore, David Swanzey (husband of Carrie Ingalls), and Bill Challis.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "28608626#1",
"score": 0.6659982204437256,
"text": "Mount Pinchot is named for Gifford Pinchot, pioneering forester and past Chief of United States Forest Service, which he helped organize. The name, Mount Pinchot, was officially approved by the United States Geographic Board on March 6, 1929.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "2246397#19",
"score": 0.6634742021560669,
"text": "Snarker Pike is probably ‘snake peak’ from Old English \"snaca\", a snake, plus pike. In 1764 its name was recorded as \"Snake Pike\". Originally it may have been Snake How (from \"snaca\" plus dialect \"how(e)\", a hill or mound), which became contracted to Snarker and then had ‘pike’ added. It seems strange that this hill should be associated with snakes, though adders are not uncommon in the Lake District. Pike is a dialect work for a peak or summit, from either Old English \"pīc\" or Old Norse \"pík\". This is frequently used for the summit of a fell, and then for the fell itself. Some of these names are ancient, but many are more modern.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "108625#1",
"score": 0.6594539880752563,
"text": "Boone was founded as Booneville during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush by Albert Gallatin Boone, grandson of Daniel Boone. Boone was the first postmaster and for a brief time Indian agent to the Cheyenne and Arapaho.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "32431356#1",
"score": 0.6520459055900574,
"text": "While some of the peaks, including the distinctive Unicorn Peak, are named for their appearance, others are named in honor of notable individuals. Lane Peak, for example, honors Franklin Knight Lane, former United States Secretary of the Interior.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "58796422#1",
"score": 0.6486828327178955,
"text": "Mount Thompson is named for Charles Sproull Thompson (1869-1921) who participated in numerous first ascents in the Canadian Rockies. In August of 1897, Charles Thompson, Hugh Stutfield, and J. Norman Collie camped on the shores of Bow Lake; then proceeded to climb the Bow Glacier, which at that time descended farther down into the valley; then crossed the Wapta Icefield to attain the summit of Mount Gordon. From Mount Gordon they were surrounded by unnamed mountains and named one of them Mount Thompson. The first ascent of Mount Thompson was made the following year (1898), by Norman Collie, Hugh Stutfield, and Herman Woolley. The mountain's name became official in 1928 by the Geographical Names Board of Canada. Charles Thompson named \"Portal Peak\" which is a subsidiary peak located 1.5 km southeast of his peak. Portal Peak flanks one side of Bow Glacier, which in 1897 was considered the portal to the Wapta Icefield.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "509253#13",
"score": 0.6467557549476624,
"text": "Once Scafell Pike (which has its own convoluted name history) had been identified as England's highest mountain, that fact and the greater interest in climbing and fell-walking necessitated the Scafell Range being broken down into a number of individually named elements. This process was completed before the death of Jonathan Otley in 1856, as Otley commented on this change.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "15454093#1",
"score": 0.6436352133750916,
"text": "Both the mountain and the range are named in honor of Galen Clark, an early explorer and the first guardian of Yosemite National Park. Before it received its present name, it was known as Gothic Peak and then The Obelisk, the name used by the Whitney Survey. Obelisk Lake, at lies on the mountain's northeast flank.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "129731#7",
"score": 0.6413756012916565,
"text": "Although Europeans had been in the area hunting, trapping and surveying for some time prior, it wasn't until approximately 1796 when the first Europeans began to settle in the area around Waverly, in what is now Pike County, Ohio. Pike County was named for General Zebulon Montgomery Pike, who was killed at the storming of York in Upper Canada in the war of 1812-15. He died in the war April 25, 1813 at age 35, and is considered a war hero with many landmarks and geographic areas named after him.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "215913#0",
"score": 0.6403075456619263,
"text": "Meriwether Lewis (August 18, 1774 – October 11, 1809) was an American explorer, soldier, politician, and public administrator, best known for his role as the leader of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, also known as the Corps of Discovery, with William Clark.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "58872984#1",
"score": 0.6370833516120911,
"text": "Dolomite Peak was named in 1897 by Charles E. Fay, Norman Collie, and Charles Thompson for its resemblance to the Dolomites of the Italian Alps. The first ascent of Dolomite Peak was made in 1930 by J. Monroe Thorington, and Peter Kaufmann (as guide). The mountain's name became official in 1924 by the Geographical Names Board of Canada.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "4673671#0",
"score": 0.6361204385757446,
"text": "Mount Baden-Powell () is a peak in the San Gabriel Mountains of California named for the founder of the World Scouting Movement, Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell. It was officially recognized by the USGS at a dedication ceremony in 1931. It was originally known as East Twin or North Baldy.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "4728427#2",
"score": 0.6346836686134338,
"text": "The mountain is called Nen-i-mish (\"the Guardian of the Valley\") by the indigenous Northern Paiute people. Its English name was coined, in 1904, by Joseph LeConte, a noted mountaineer, in honor of American poet Edward Rowland Sill.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "4359398#1",
"score": 0.6319379210472107,
"text": "The mountain took its name from Sir Francis Drake's ship, the \"Golden Hind\", by an early fur-trading captain, who was reminded of Drake's ship as sunset hit the mountain (which is visible from the west coast of the Island) and in honour of Drake's reputed presence off the coast of the future British Columbia during the explorer's circumnavigation of the globe from 1577–80 (see New Albion). The present name was not officially conferred until 1938, but this was done after a reference to the peak in a fur-trader's log. The alternative name \"The Rooster's Comb\" was used by early alpinists because of the mountain's appearance.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
110
|
Does the Audi S4 come with manual transmission option?
|
[
{
"id": "1432147#11",
"score": 0.6773601174354553,
"text": "In standard form, the powertrain detail of the C4-based S4 was available with only one engine, a single turbocharged and intercooled version of Audi's 2.2-litre 20-valve inline five-cylinder engine This displaced 2,226 cubic centimetres (135.8cuin) and was equipped with an advanced Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU).[5] This engine (parts code prefix: 034, identification code: AAN), developed a motive power output of 169 kilowatts (230PS; 227bhp) at 5,900revolutions per minute (rpm) and 350 newton metres (258lbf⋅ft) of torque 1,950rpm.[5] This powerplant made it rather powerful by contemporary standards, and the vehicle with five-speed manual transmission was able to accelerate from standstill to 100 kilometres per hour (62.1mph) in 6.2seconds."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "1387144#66",
"score": 0.6430365443229675,
"text": "4 Speed Automatic Transmission (4x4)",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "14230736#12",
"score": 0.6429858207702637,
"text": "A 5-Speed Manual Transmission.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "1432147#33",
"score": 0.6409441828727722,
"text": "The third generation Audi S4 quattro (Typ 8E— saloon: 8E2, Avant: 8E5, and Cabriolet: 8H7) debuted its saloon and Avant bodystyles in Europe in March 2003,[5] and appeared in North America slightly later. This was based on the latest Volkswagen Group B6 (PL46) platform used by the then current Audi B6 A4. Despite having moved to an entirely new platform, one of the S4's most publicised new features was its new engine - a 4.2-litre V8 engine. Following its initial launch of either a four-door five-seat saloon (sedan), or a five-door five-seat Avant (estate/wagon), it eventually became available in three bodystyles - and for the first time in the Audi 'S' car range, from February 2004, a two-door four-seat Cabriolet (convertible), Typ 8H, was included in the model range.[12]",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "1432147#36",
"score": 0.6402963995933533,
"text": "Replacing the 2.7-litre 'biturbo' V6 engine of the previous generation B5 S4, the new B6 S4 powertrain[5] gained an all-aluminium alloy 4.2-litre, 40 valve (five valves per cylinder) V8 engine (parts code prefix: 079.C, identification code: BBK), with chain-driven double overhead camshafts, roller-finger rocker arm cam followers, and included variable inlet camshaft timing. It also used a strengthened alloy crankshaft bedplate for the five main bearings, and a two-part baffled oil sump, and a light-alloy variable intake manifold (VIM), containing the fractionally sequentially actuated fuel injectors. This petrol engine, based on the unit from the Audi A8, displaces 4,163 cubic centimetres (254.0cuin), and it produces a motive power output of 253kW (344PS; 339bhp) at 7,000rpm, and generates torque of 410N⋅m (302lbf⋅ft) at 3,500rpm, making it more potent than the RS2 Avant, and nearly as powerful as the B5 RS4. Engine management was by way of a Bosch Motronic ME7.1.1 electronic engine control unit (ECU), using a Bosch 'E-Gas' drive by wire electronic throttle, and powering eight individual spark coils with longlife quad-electrode Bosch spark plugs. Ignition timing is a mapped direct ignition, with cylinder-selective knock control with the aid of four knock sensors. The exhaust system includes vacuum-operated valves in the twin rear silencers (mufflers), finished with chrome plated tail-pipes.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "869961#11",
"score": 0.6401867866516113,
"text": "The operation of semi-automatic transmissions has evolved as vehicle manufacturers experimented with different systems. In one early mass-production example, Ferrari offered their Mondial model with a clutchless manual, which Ferrari called the Valeo transmission. In this system, the gear stick of a traditional manual transmission was retained; moving the shifter automatically engaged the electro-hydraulic clutch. Saab's Sensonic transmission worked in a similar fashion.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "869961#7",
"score": 0.6401346921920776,
"text": "Modern \"Semi-automatic transmissions\" usually have a fully automatic mode, where the driver does not need to change gears at all, operating in the same manner as a conventional type of automatic transmission by allowing the transmission's computer to automatically change gear if, for example, the driver were redlining the engine. The semi-automatic transmission can be engaged in manual mode wherein one can up-shift or down-shift using the console-mounted shifter selecter or the paddle shifters just behind the steering wheel, without the need of a clutch pedal. The ability to shift gears manually, often via paddle shifters, can also be found on certain automatic transmissions (manumatics such as Tiptronic) and continuous variable transmissions (CVTs) (such as Lineartronic).",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "29419796#5",
"score": 0.6399919390678406,
"text": "Operationally similar systems are the Direct-Shift Gearbox offered by Volkswagen AG, Selespeed offered by Alfa Romeo, I-SHIFT offered by Honda, Auto Gear Shift offered by Suzuki, ESCOT by UD Trucks, and Easy-R by Renault Group's Dacia. Other technologies that produce automatic transmissions are the conventional automatic transmission and continuously variable transmission. For example, continuously variable transmission is implemented as the MultiDrive S in Toyota iQ.A picture of the multi-mode transmission on left-hand drive vehicle.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "630169#21",
"score": 0.6397117376327515,
"text": "A BorgWarner T-10 four-speed manual transmission was standard, as were special traction bars, dual exhaust system, and fatter tires for better traction. A \"Shift-Command\" three-speed automatic transmission with the capability of manual shifting (BorgWarner model M-11B or M-12) was optional together with a floor console mounted shifter.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "18264914#11",
"score": 0.6396295428276062,
"text": "In the United States, the 2010 LX and EX included a 2.0-liter \"CVVT\" engine and a standard five-speed manual transmission, with an optional four-speed automatic or a five-speed automatic with the \"Fuel Economy Package\". For the 2011 model year, the Forte is standard with a six-speed manual (replacing the 5 speed unit) and is available with an optional six-speed automatic, with the four- and five-speed automatics being discontinued.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "51085612#27",
"score": 0.6392912864685059,
"text": "Both 1KR-VE and 1NR-VE engines are paired to a 5-speed manual (5MT) or 4-speed electronic automatic transmission (4E-AT). The Standard G and Premium X variants are sold with both manual and automatic options, while the Advance variant is limited to the automatic. Both 1KR-VE and 1NR-VE engines are also Euro IV compliant.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "1335430#33",
"score": 0.639085590839386,
"text": "US sales began in early January 2013. In the UK and Australia, the fourth generation RAV4 went on sale in February. Engine choices include a 2.0- and 2.5-liter four-cylinder gasoline, and 2.0- and 2.2-liter turbodiesels. Transmissions include a six-speed manual, Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT), and six-speed automatic.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "7512574#8",
"score": 0.6384983062744141,
"text": "RS is Audi's highest performance 'top-tier' trim level, positioned distinctly above the \"S\" (\"Sport\") specification level of Audi's regular model range. All \"RS\" cars pioneer some of Audi's latest and most advanced technology and engineering prowess, therefore, \"RS\" cars could be described as \"halo vehicles\". Audi RS cars are some of the most powerful vehicles ever offered by Audi as well as R8. Audi \"RS 6\" (5.0 TFSI quattro), for instance, is more powerful than the physically larger Audi S8 (5.2 FSI quattro) However, the 2012 — 2015 Audi \"S8\" shares the same engine as the 2013 — ... Audi \"RS 6\" and Audi RS7, albeit in a lower state of tune, while for the 2016 — 2017 model years, the Audi S8 plus features an uprated engine with the same output as the smaller RS 6 and RS7.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "33772563#5",
"score": 0.6382780075073242,
"text": "The automatic gearbox used in the 2.9 L, 3.2 L and 3.6 L six-cylinder cars was the four-speed ZF 4HP22. On the 4.0 L, the four-speed ZF 4HP24 was used. A stronger automatic gearbox was required for the V12-equipped cars, and the four-speed GM 4L80-E was selected. The manual gearbox fitted to early cars was the five-speed Getrag 265, while later cars received the Getrag 290.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "59094666#2",
"score": 0.6382763981819153,
"text": "The engine is mated to a 6-speed ZF automatic transmission which is claimed to be more efficient than the SMG transmission found on the M6. The transmission has a full automatic mode and a manual shifting mode, called Switch Tronic. The control system was first introduced by the company in 1993, and allows the driver to change gears via two buttons located on the back of the steering wheel. The car came standard with a limited slip differential on the coupé while it was available as an option on the convertible.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "1969172#0",
"score": 0.6382473707199097,
"text": "The Audi RS4 quattro is the top tier and highest performing version of some specific generations of the Audi A4 range of automobiles. in some countries), produced by Audi's high-performance private subsidiary Audi Sport GmbH, in limited numbers, for German car manufacturer AUDI AG, part of the larger Volkswagen Group. It slots distinctly above the Audi S4, as the fastest, most sports-focused model based on the A4's \"B\" automobile platform. The RS 4 made a comeback in 2012, in Avant form only based on the Audi A4 Avant.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "782759#6",
"score": 0.6378779411315918,
"text": "The CTS was originally offered with either GM's in-house five-speed 5L40-E automatic transmission or a five-speed Getrag 260 manual transmission. For the 2005 model year, the Getrag was replaced with an Aisin AY-6 six-speed.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "3671964#13",
"score": 0.6376925110816956,
"text": "VW offers a choice of two engine options; a 1.6-liter naturally aspirated gasoline engine with a five-speed manual or a six-speed automatic DSG gearbox and a 1.6-liter diesel engine mated only to a five-speed manual gearbox (TDI).",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "4350617#10",
"score": 0.6371256113052368,
"text": "The first and second generation Fortwo models employ an automated manual transmission, designed and manufactured by Getrag, where the clutch is computer controlled, eliminating the clutch pedal. The first generation used a six-speed version, and the second generation uses a five-speed version, model 5AMT130. Input from floor-mounted shifter or optional steering-wheel-mounted paddles controls a servo-operated clutch and sequential automated gearbox. The vehicle may be driven in automatic mode (early models had the option of full automatic mode, or standard \"soft-tip\" which was manual mode indicated by no button on the gear lever) or via paddle shifters, where the operator controls the shift points but cannot feather or adjust the speed of the clutch.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "415058#19",
"score": 0.6363901495933533,
"text": "The 135is coupe and convertible model was sold from 2013 in the United States and Canada (in other markets, the next generation F20 1 Series had replaced the E82/E88 by this stage). It is powered by an upgraded version of the N55 engine which produces and . Other upgrades include sports suspension, an M Sport body kit, and 18-inch wheels. Transmission options were - as per the 135i - a 6-speed manual or a 7-speed dual-clutch transmission.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "3310948#10",
"score": 0.6363500356674194,
"text": "The Murena received a 5-speed manual transaxle derived from that found in the Citroen CX. Different models of Murena used different final-drive ratios but all Murenas used the same transaxle.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
111
|
What is the oldest grave at Arlington National Cemetery?
|
[
{
"id": "83390#4",
"score": 0.6926872134208679,
"text": "At the outbreak of the Civil War, most military personnel who died in battle near Washington, D.C., were buried at the United States Soldiers' Cemetery in Washington, D.C., or Alexandria Cemetery in Alexandria, Virginia, but by late 1863 both were nearly full.[12] On July 16, 1862, Congress passed legislation authorizing the U.S. federal government to purchase land for national cemeteries for military dead, and put the U.S. Army Quartermaster General in charge of this program.[12] In May 1864, Union forces suffered large numbers of dead in the Battle of the Wilderness. Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs ordered that an examination of eligible sites be made for the establishment for a large new national military cemetery. Within weeks, his staff reported that Arlington Estate was the most suitable property in the area.[12] The property was high and free from floods (which might unearth graves), it had a view of the District of Columbia, and it was aesthetically pleasing. It was also the home of the leader of the armed forces of the Confederate States of America, and denying Robert E. Lee use of his home after the war was a valuable political consideration.[13] The first military burial at Arlington, for William Henry Christman, was made on May 13, 1864,[14] close to what is now the northeast gate in Section 27.[15] However, Meigs did not formally authorize establishment of burials until June 15, 1864.[16] Arlington did not desegregate its burial practices until President Harry S. Truman issued Executive Order 9981 on July 26, 1948.[17]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "4748479#1",
"score": 0.6567198634147644,
"text": "The original plot of of land for the National Cemetery was purchased in 1867 from Judge David Walker and Stephen Stone, names also associated with the historic Walker-Stone House in Fayetteville. The original layout was of an outer circle surrounding a six-pointed star with diamonds between the points of the star and a flagpole in the center. There were eighteen sections with an estimated capacity of 1,800 graves. The first interments were remains moved from battlefield cemeteries of the Battle of Prairie Grove and the Battle of Pea Ridge. By 1871 there were 1,200 interments made in the cemetery, most of which were unidentified.\nDuring World War II the cemetery was enlarged, the layout was revised, and five more sections were added.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "4241292#0",
"score": 0.6566447615623474,
"text": "Alexandria National Cemetery is the name of two US National Cemeteries:",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "12695666#7",
"score": 0.6555976867675781,
"text": "Most of the early burials at Prospect Hill were reinterments of remains from the Concordia Church cemetery. A marker inscribed with a death date of 1844 represents the oldest burial at the cemetery, but is a reinterment. Many of the mausolea and markers reflect the styles of adjacent Glenwood Cemetery, established in 1854. The earliest mausolea are the Abner and Baumann structures, which are in the northern part of the cemetery on the slope facing the North Capitol Street gate.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "1955529#41",
"score": 0.6554812788963318,
"text": "While memorial services in Memorial Amphitheater are common, the amphitheater has also hosted the funerals of many famous Americans. The first funeral to be held in the amphitheater was that of sculptor Moses Jacob Ezekiel, creator of the Confederate Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery, on March 30, 1921. Other funerals held in the amphitheater since then include those of General of the Armies John J. \"Black Jack\" Pershing, General of the Air Force Henry H. \"Hap\" Arnold, Secretary of Defense James Forrestal, and Antarctic explorer and Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd. A funeral service for the unidentified remains of 30 victims of the September 11 attacks on The Pentagon was held at Memorial Amphitheater in 2002. It was the first time the amphitheater had held such a service since the interment of an unknown member of the armed forces representing Vietnam War dead in 1984.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "9201635#12",
"score": 0.6537505984306335,
"text": "Faurer died on November 7, 2014, and will be buried in Arlington National Cemetery.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "27686843#8",
"score": 0.6530623435974121,
"text": "Lieutenant Nordstrom died while on active duty in 1930 at age 53. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia with his wife, Kathryn Veronica Nordstrom (1891–1961).",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "83390#81",
"score": 0.6517546772956848,
"text": "British Diplomat and Field Marshal Sir John Dill was buried at the cemetery when he died in Washington D.C. during World War II.[116] He became the first non-American to be buried at this cemetery.[117] The equestrian statue on Dill's grave is one of only two such statues at the cemetery; the other is Major General Philip Kearny's.[118]",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "26035081#2",
"score": 0.651550829410553,
"text": "He died June 12, 1939 and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery Arlington, Virginia. His grave can be found in section 6, lot 8680, map grid W/22. When his wife, Marie Larsen Torgerson died in 1935 she was buried with him.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "11163162#13",
"score": 0.6509284377098083,
"text": "The burial waiver dispute became an issue again in 2001. Charles Burlingame, a 25-year retired Navy veteran, was captain of American Airlines Flight 77 when it hijacked on September 11, 2001, and crashed into the Pentagon as part of the September 11 attacks. Burlingame was initially ruled ineligible to be buried at Arlington National Cemetery because, as a reservist, he had not reached the age of 60 at the time of his death. The decision caused an uproar. Veterans offered to give up their burial sites to allow him to be buried at Arlington, legislation was introduced in Congress to force the cemetery to bury him, and Senator John W. Warner and others pushed Metzler to consider new evidence that indicated Burlingame was fighting the hijackers at the time of his death. Metzler subsequently granted the waiver, and Burlingame was buried at Arlington on December 12, 2001. Metzler strongly criticized the proposed legislation, arguing that it would permit more than 188,000 reservists and their relatives to be buried at Arlington.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "907348#8",
"score": 0.6496905088424683,
"text": "After his death in 1981, his ashes were interred at Arlington National Cemetery.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "36435691#2",
"score": 0.649351179599762,
"text": "Owing to space constraints, Arlington National Cemetery does not permit the construction of large memorials or monuments without an act of Congress. The cemetery does, however, encourage the donation of trees (\"living memorials\") and permits small memorial plaques to be placed before these plantings. As of 2011, there were 142 such memorial plaques in the cemetery.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "845462#20",
"score": 0.6488587856292725,
"text": "In appreciation of her work with the USO during World War II and subsequent wars, special consideration was given to bury her in Arlington National Cemetery on her death, but on her request, she was buried with full military honors in the Fort Bragg, North Carolina, post cemetery as an honorary colonel in the U.S. Marines and an honorary lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army. She is the only civilian buried at this location who receives military honors each Veterans Day. ",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "5062773#8",
"score": 0.648619532585144,
"text": "Roy Stone died August 5, 1905 at Mendham, Vermont. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "8041252#7",
"score": 0.6480661630630493,
"text": "Recuperating from pneumonia in Miami Beach, Florida he had a heart attack and died in 1941. He was 57 years old, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "39699972#26",
"score": 0.6479234099388123,
"text": "The book stand was given to Arlington National Cemetery in 1904. Although designed to stand on the earth in the cellar of Arlington House, cemetery officials placed it on one of the wooden floors above. The book stand was so heavy that the floor sagged and required reinforcement. At the time, the building was not a house museum but rather contained the living quarters of the Superintendent of Arlington National Cemetery and office space for him and his staff. In 1929, the Record Book was transferred from Arlington House to Arlington Memorial Amphitheater when the main floor of the amphitheater became a Memorial Exhibit Hall displaying honors received by the unknown soldiers lying beneath the Tomb of the Unknowns. (It is not clear if it was put on display, or housed in the second-floor offices.) The cemetery offices moved into what is now the Old Administration Building in 1932, and the book stand was misplaced. Its whereabouts are not known as of 2013.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "2635638#2",
"score": 0.6477652788162231,
"text": "After the battle, Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs seized of farm land to use for burying the dead. Under direction from President Abraham Lincoln and Meigs, forty were buried on the evening of July 12 on the battlefield site. That night, Lincoln came to the site to dedicate it as the Battleground National Cemetery. It was declared that anyone who fought in the battle was permitted to be buried at the location. But only one more veteran of the battle, Edward R. Campbell, was buried in the cemetery in March 1936 at the age of 92. Four of the family members (the mother and three children) that lived in the caretaker's house on the site are also buried at the cemetery. All of them died within five years of each other. The cemetery is now a closed site and no more burials are permitted.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "9122899#6",
"score": 0.6476984620094299,
"text": "She died (aged 50) at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, from lung cancer. She is buried in Arlington National Cemetery: section 66, site 7274",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "43108511#11",
"score": 0.6474851965904236,
"text": "In total there are 76 markers commemorating 95 burials. The earliest is a 10-month-old girl who died in 1831; the most recent burial took place in 1977. Many are members of the same families in groups; among them are eight veterans of wars from the Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Civil War, Spanish–American War and World War I. More than half were recorded to have been 70 or over at the time of their deaths, an unusually high longevity rate for the era and the region.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "5332688#11",
"score": 0.6473377346992493,
"text": "On August 17, 2001, Sgt Thomason's remains were re-interred in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "28757027#5",
"score": 0.6466772556304932,
"text": "52 Revolutionary War soldiers buried in its historic cemetery. Among them is Thomas Neel, a War of Independence hero and a founding elder of the church. Many Confederate soldiers are buried there as well.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
112
|
Who are the main villains of Metroid?
|
[
{
"id": "652308#0",
"score": 0.7413457036018372,
"text": "Ridley,[lower-alpha 1] also known by his aliases Geoform 187 and The Cunning God of Death, is one of the main antagonists of the Metroid series. An extraterrestrial dragon, he became Samus Aran's archenemy after leading a Space Pirate raid on her homeworld that killed her parents. Despite having been destroyed numerous times by Samus, he is always resurrected, thanks in equal part to Space Pirate engineering and his natural regenerative ability, which allows him to swiftly recover from what would otherwise be fatal wounds as long as he is able to consume enough biomatter from his fallen adversaries.[1]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "355914#6",
"score": 0.6975842118263245,
"text": "After bringing a Metroid larva to Ceres Space Colony for study, bounty hunter Samus Aran receives a distress call. She returns to find the scientists dead and the larva stolen by Ridley, leader of the Space Pirates. Samus escapes from the colony and follows Ridley to the planet Zebes. She searches the planet for the larva and finds that the Space Pirates have rebuilt their base there.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "18456928#0",
"score": 0.6943680047988892,
"text": "Samus Aran(Japanese:サムス・アラン,Hepburn:Samusu Aran) is the protagonist of the Metroid science fiction action-adventure game series by Nintendo. She was introduced in the 1986 video game Metroid.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "492226#7",
"score": 0.6892507076263428,
"text": "Villains",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "46980626#3",
"score": 0.6891254782676697,
"text": "\"Federation Force\" is the first \"Metroid\" game where the player controls a Marine of the Galactic Federation. Within the context of the \"Metroid\" series, the Galactic Federation is a law-enforcing organization where soldiers are divided into platoons and go on planetary missions, which is how \"Federation Force\"s campaign is organized. The game features previously established aliens as enemies, including the titular jellyfish-like Metroids and Space Pirates. However, it also features original enemies, such as Goliath Beetles. The environments are diversified, with at least one mission taking place in an icy region, while another takes place in a desert.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "867419#5",
"score": 0.6802859902381897,
"text": "In most episodes, the N Team's enemy is a group of video game villains, usually led by the boisterous and loud Mother Brain who is accompanied by her minions, the Eggplant Wizard, the thuggish King Hippo, and the scheming Dr. Wily. A \"villain of the week\" is featured in some episodes when a particular video game becomes the setting (such as Malkil of \"Wizards & Warriors\"). Several other characters make recurring appearances, including Donkey Kong, The Count from \"Castlevania\" and Dr. Wright from \"Mega Man\". The cast of the \"Legend of Zelda\" cartoon reprise their respective roles for several guest appearances during the series.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "27262788#8",
"score": 0.6774111986160278,
"text": "However, this project was foiled by the accidental cloning of Ridley and the rebellion of MB, the Mother Brain-like android created to control the Metroids. This leads to the interference of Adam Malkovich's team of soldiers and Samus. However, one of their operatives called \"\"The Deleter\"\" by Samus, infiltrates Adam's squad to remove any evidence of the project. While it is not explicitly stated, the Deleter was in fact James Pierce, the squad's communications expert. The presence of Samus derails James' mission, though he does manage to kill several members of Adam's squad before he himself was found dead in the Bioweapons Research Center: it can be surmised that he tried to eliminate MB, but failed. An unnamed scientist who cleans the Metroid and Ridley's DNA off Samus is implied to be a member or operative for the group. Additionally an unnamed GF colonel who orders MB's destruction and attempts to force Samus to handover Madeline Bergman using the fact she is an outsider to force her to comply is implied to either work for or a top ranking member of the group and may have been the one responsible for sending the Deleter to eliminate Adam and his team before they could uncover and expose their bio-weapons research as he is a member of the Galactic Federation military. The actions of Samus and Adam's heroic sacrifice put an end to their bio-weapons research on the Bottle Ship, but their secret bio-weapons research and Metroid breeding program continues on the B.S.L. research station until it is overrun by the X parasites. In \"Fusion\", Samus discovers the continued bio-weapons research and learns that they foolishly plan to capture the X parasites and the SA-X for the bio-weapons research, and crashes the station into the planet SR388 with the help of her ship's AI, which was based on Adam Malkovich.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "604183#7",
"score": 0.6772153377532959,
"text": "Samus lands on the surface of Zebes and explores the planet, traveling through the planet's caverns. She eventually comes across Kraid, an ally of the Space Pirates, and Ridley, the Space Pirates' commander, and defeats them both. Along the way, Samus finds and destroys Mother Brain. However, while Samus leaves the planet in her gunship, it is attacked by Space Pirates, causing it to crash back onto Zebes, near the Space Pirate Mothership. Exploring the Mothership, Samus eventually reaches the Ridley Robot, a robot built in the likeness of Ridley. After defeating it, Samus escapes the planet using one of the Space Pirate's shuttles, while the Mothership self-destructs.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "652308#7",
"score": 0.6764957904815674,
"text": "Ridley originally appeared in the Nintendo Entertainment System video game Metroid as one of the two Space Pirate figureheads charged with protecting Mother Brain at the base on Zebes, where they are cloning Metroids with the intention of converting them into biological weapons. Both he and his counterpart, Kraid, are defeated by Samus. Ridley's remains are collected from the ruins of the base on Zebes and taken aboard the frigate Orpheon, where he is cybernetically reconstructed as \"Meta Ridley\". As shown in Metroid Prime, Samus confronts him aboard the ship and pursues him to the planet Tallon IV, where she hampers his operations to exploit the planet's widespread contamination of Phazon, fighting and leaving him for dead a second time. Mike Sneath, one of three senior character artists for Metroid Prime, was responsible for designing the Meta Ridley version of Ridley seen in Metroid Prime. It took him about \"20 to 25 days\" to model and texture Meta Ridley, citing the wings as having taken a few days of his time, commenting that it took him a while to get the shaders to work to give his wings the appearance of having a \"holographic energy.\" He was not involved with designing the battle with Meta Ridley, which was left up to the game designers. Andrew Jones, the lead concept artist for Metroid Prime, had little to do with the design of Ridley. The initial design submitted was rejected by Nintendo, while the second design the artists submitted was approved.[4] Steve Barcia, the executive producer of Retro Studios, called Ridley his favorite enemy from Metroid Prime due to the quality of the battle and his fan appeal. He added that such a battle was rare for a first person shooter, which helped to set Metroid Prime apart.[5]",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "51302452#6",
"score": 0.6760036945343018,
"text": "\"Game Informer\" called the Metroid their favorite alien race in video gaming, praising how their appearance is \"truly alien\" and that they \"pose an immediate and real danger\" when they appear. \"Hardcore Gaming 101\" called their design \"iconic\", and praised their first appearance in the original \"Metroid\", saying that it was \"a moment of shock and terror almost unlike anything in any other NES game\", especially if the player did not know how to beat them.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "176480#16",
"score": 0.6668074727058411,
"text": "Mother Brain was also the primary villain in the \"Captain N: The Game Master\" TV show. A Metroid-lookalike enemy, called the Komayto, was encountered by Pit in \"Kid Icarus\" for the NES. In \"\", a fighting game developed by Team Ninja for the Nintendo 3DS, one stage is a replica of the arena in which Samus fights Ridley in \"Metroid: Other M\" and features both as assist characters; Samus, however, is not featured as a playable character in \"Dimensions\", as Team Ninja's Yosuke Hayashi stated in an interview that \"it would be better to let her focus on her job rather than kicking everyone's butt in [\"Dead or Alive: Dimensions\"]\". A Wii U launch game \"Nintendo Land\" has a mini-game based on the series called \"Metroid Blast\".",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "2146711#7",
"score": 0.6663480401039124,
"text": "The main antagonist of the series, Doctor Neo Cortex, is a mad scientist who created Crash Bandicoot among other characters and now seeks Crash's elimination along with world domination. The controlling force behind Cortex's plots for conquering the world is Uka Uka, the twin brother of Aku Aku. Four recurring villains from the series serve minor roles in the game: Doctor N. Gin, Cortex's main assistant; Doctor Nefarious Tropy, a scientist who specialises in time travel; Tiny Tiger, a hulking and ferocious thylacine; and Dingodile, a dingo-crocodile hybrid armed with a flamethrower.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "23067300#8",
"score": 0.663537323474884,
"text": "Samus returns to the research center, where she finds the body of the \"Deleter\", who is revealed to be James Pierce, and the mummified remains of Ridley. She also discovers the survivor Adam mentioned, and defeats a Queen Metroid. Samus pursues the survivor, who reveals herself to be the real Madeline. Madeline explains that the woman Samus met earlier was MB, an android created to establish a relationship with the Metroids. Betrayed by the scientists and Madeline, MB telepathically commanded the Space Pirate special forces to attack those on board and had managed to propagate the Metroids in Sector Zero. Samus and Madeline are then confronted by MB herself. A group of Federation troopers rushes into the room, and MB summons the Bottle Ship's most dangerous creatures to attack. Madeline stops MB, who is then destroyed by Federation soldiers. The colonel compliments Samus's efforts but orders a soldier to escort Samus back to her ship; the soldier reveals himself as Anthony, the only surviving member of the 07th Platoon. Samus, Madeline and Anthony leave for the Galactic Federation headquarters in Samus's gunship.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "4374325#6",
"score": 0.6626056432723999,
"text": "Heroes\nVillains",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "51302452#4",
"score": 0.6617541313171387,
"text": "The Metroids were originally bio-engineered by a faction of the ancient Chozo race in order to combat the X Parasites on SR388, but they turned against their masters, forcing the latter to leave the planet.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "23067300#7",
"score": 0.660507321357727,
"text": "After returning to the Pyrosphere to follow the reptilian creature, Samus discovers that it is actually a juvenile stage of the dragon-like Ridley. Anthony draws Ridley's attention and challenges him, but is seemingly killed. Unable to save Anthony, Samus battles Ridley, who subsequently escapes. As Samus leaves the Pyrosphere, she realizes she cannot contact Adam. Samus pursues the \"Deleter\" to the Bioweapon Research Center, where she meets the young woman from before, who introduces herself as \"Madeline Bergman.\" Madeline reveals that the scientists were propagating the Metroids in the Bottle Ship, reproduced from the remnants of the infant Metroid found on Samus's power suit after her return from Zebes. Madeline also explains that an artificial intelligence named \"MB\", based on Mother Brain, was created to control the Metroids, harbored in a secret area known as Sector Zero, a recreation of Tourian. Samus heads to Sector Zero, but Adam stops her from entering, warning her that the Metroids in Sector Zero cannot be frozen. Adam states his intention to enter Sector Zero to set off its self-destruct mechanism and cause it to detach from the Bottle Ship. Before leaving, Adam commands Samus to defeat Ridley and secure the safety of a survivor in \"Room MW\" of the Bioweapon Research Center. Despite her pleas, Adam leaves Samus for Sector Zero, sacrificing himself in the process.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "6204762#5",
"score": 0.6588919162750244,
"text": "Rayman – the main protagonist of the first three games. He always foils the Rabbids' evil plans. When the Rabbids became the protagonists of the franchise, Rayman was dropped, but continues to appear in his own.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "292736#1",
"score": 0.6550750136375427,
"text": "\"Metroid Prime\" is the first of the three-part \"Prime\" storyline, which takes place between the original \"Metroid\" and \"\". Like previous games in the series, \"Metroid Prime\" has a science fiction setting in which players control the bounty hunter Samus Aran. The story follows Samus as she battles the Space Pirates and their biological experiments on the planet Tallon IV. The game was a collaboration between Retro's staff in Austin, Texas, and Japanese Nintendo employees, including producer Shigeru Miyamoto, who suggested the project after visiting Retro's headquarters in 2000.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "1034084#39",
"score": 0.6534129977226257,
"text": "The main antagonist in the NES game \"\" is Smirk, a cyborg version of Hitler. When one of his clones is shot during the final boss fight, its head will fly towards the screen to attack the player, clearly resembling him.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "5174324#3",
"score": 0.6525226831436157,
"text": "The Decepticons (known as Destrons or on occasion Deathtrons in Japan) are the enemies of the Autobots, and the villains in the fictional universe of the movie and cartoon \"Transformers\" toyline and related spin-off comics and cartoons. Their best known leader is Megatron.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "15778343#11",
"score": 0.6519315242767334,
"text": "The main antagonist of the series, Doctor Neo Cortex, is a mad scientist who plans on taking control of the denizens of the Wumpa Islands by marketing a mind-controlling mobile phone, the \"NV\", to them. Doctor Nitrus Brio makes a return appearance as Cortex's partner, aiding him in the development of the NV. Uka Uka, Aku Aku's evil twin brother, is the source of the bad Mojo necessary to take control of those using the NV device. Nina Cortex, Neo Cortex's niece, also appears in the game, having been transferred to an evil public school by her uncle. Doctor N. Gin, Cortex's demented right-hand man, makes a relatively minor appearance as a boss character early in the game.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
114
|
When was The Global Marshall Plan Initiative formed?
|
[
{
"id": "35273269#2",
"score": 0.7550956606864929,
"text": "The idea of a Global Marshall Plan was first published in 1990 by U.S. politician, entrepreneur and environmentalist Al Gore in his book “Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit”. The choice of name deliberately recalls the historical Marshall Plan after the Second World War (officially: European Recovery Program), a symbol for hope, solidarity and peace."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "15251#0",
"score": 0.6970643997192383,
"text": "The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of \"189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.\" Formed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system. It now plays a central role in the management of balance of payments difficulties and international financial crises. Countries contribute funds to a pool through a quota system from which countries experiencing balance of payments problems can borrow money. , the fund had SDR477 billion (about $666 billion).",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "19285621#1",
"score": 0.6934159398078918,
"text": "In 1989 Global Action Plan International was established in the United States and the Netherlands on the initiative of David Gershon and Bessie Schadee. The first results from a 'household EcoTeam program' were presented at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. The programme was conceived to involve everyday people in creating solutions to environmental problems.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "19766#5",
"score": 0.6898638010025024,
"text": "The reconstruction plan, developed at a meeting of the participating European states, was drafted on June 5, 1947. It offered the same aid to the Soviet Union and its allies, but they refused to accept it, as doing so would allow a degree of US control over the communist economies. In fact, the Soviet Union prevented its satellite states (i.e., East Germany, Poland, etc.) from accepting. Secretary Marshall became convinced Stalin had no interest in helping restore economic health in Western Europe.\nPresident Harry Truman signed the Marshall Plan on April 3, 1948, granting $5 billion in aid to 16 European nations. During the four years the plan was in effect, the United States donated $17 billion (equivalent to $ billion in ) in economic and technical assistance to help the recovery of the European countries that joined the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation. The $17 billion was in the context of a US GDP of $258 billion in 1948, and on top of $17 billion in American aid to Europe between the end of the war and the start of the Plan that is counted separately from the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan was replaced by the Mutual Security Plan at the end of 1951; that new plan gave away about $7 billion annually until 1961 when it was replaced by another program.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "51552503#17",
"score": 0.6821278929710388,
"text": "In 2003, Dr. Tshiani launched the idea that the DRC needed a Marshall Plan to address structural problems and tackle achieve poverty. In 2003 and 2004, he published two articles in Jeune Afrique: \"A Marshall Plan for the DRC\"\" and \"Desperate times, bold measures,\" arguing that reforms to date had failed. He now proposes a Marshall Plan lasting 15 years and requiring US $800 billion to fundamentally transform the economy and create opportunities for all. Above all, he has a unique vision to develop the DRC.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "27959764#1",
"score": 0.6817491054534912,
"text": "The TTCSP was established at the Foreign Policy Research Institute in 1989. It began with its focus on think tanks in the US. In the 1990s the Program became increasingly global as a result of the political and economic transformation that took place in Central and Eastern Europe. R. Kent Weaver of the Brookings Institution and James McGann of the Foreign Policy Research Institute were asked to help conceptualize what became the Global Development Network, a World Bank sponsored conference in Barcelona, Spain. This resulted in the publication \"Think Tanks and Civil Societies: Catalysts for Ideas and Action\" in 2000. In 2008, the TTCSP moved to the International Relations Program at the University of Pennsylvania.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "1928543#0",
"score": 0.6697267293930054,
"text": "The Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) is a global effort that aims to stop trafficking of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), their delivery systems, and related materials to and from states and non-state actors of proliferation concern. Launched by United States President George W. Bush in May 2003 at a meeting in Kraków, Poland, the PSI has now grown to include the endorsement of 105 nations around the world, including Russia, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Argentina, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Singapore, New Zealand, Republic of Korea and Norway. Despite the support of over half of the Members of the United Nations, a number of countries have expressed opposition to the initiative, including India, China and Indonesia.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "19766#69",
"score": 0.6634894013404846,
"text": "The Marshall Plan, just as GARIOA, consisted of aid both in the form of grants and in the form of loans. Out of the total, 1.2 billion USD were loan-aid.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "43255083#92",
"score": 0.6630378365516663,
"text": "In the framework of the Marshall Plan 2.Green evaluation, thematic evaluations have been carried out during realization of the Plan, and a global evaluation at the end of programming, by the IWEPS (Walloon Institute for Evaluation, Prospective and Statistics).",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "19766#52",
"score": 0.6602429151535034,
"text": "The Marshall Plan money was transferred to the governments of the European nations. The funds were jointly administered by the local governments and the ECA. Each European capital had an ECA envoy, generally a prominent American businessman, who would advise on the process. The cooperative allocation of funds was encouraged, and panels of government, business, and labor leaders were convened to examine the economy and see where aid was needed.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "420956#38",
"score": 0.6600050926208496,
"text": "In January 1947, Truman appointed General George Marshall as Secretary of State, scrapped Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) directive 1067, which embodied the Morgenthau Plan and supplanted it with JCS 1779, which decreed that an orderly and prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany.\". Administration officials met with Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov and others to press for an economically self-sufficient Germany, including a detailed accounting of the industrial plants, good and infrastructure already removed by the Soviets. After six weeks of negotiations, Molotov refused the demands and the talks were adjourned. Marshall was particularly discouraged after personally meeting with Stalin, who expressed little interest in a solution to German economic problems. The United States concluded that a solution could not wait any longer. In a June 5, 1947 speech, Comporting with the Truman Doctrine, Marshall announced a comprehensive program of American assistance to all European countries wanting to participate, including the Soviet Union and those of Eastern Europe, called the Marshall Plan.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "50485024#19",
"score": 0.6598360538482666,
"text": "1988: The World Health Assembly launches the Global Polio Eradication Initiative - (GPEI).",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "1006389#5",
"score": 0.6596463322639465,
"text": "Plans to establish \"Marshall Scholarships\" as a living memorial to Secretary of State George Marshall were announced by British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden on July 31, 1952, and were enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom when the Marshall Aid Commemoration Act was passed in 1953. The act's passage was backed by \"leaders of all political hues,\" with British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin describing the scholarship's establishment as \"a great opportunity for Europe.\"",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "23647370#2",
"score": 0.6588273048400879,
"text": "IFED began in FY2000 as a pilot project and was called Global Food for Education Initiative (GFEI). The project used the donation of surplus agricultural commodities under Section 416 of the Agricultural Act of 1949 (P.L. 89-439, as amended) to support a global school feeding program. It was initially funded with $300 million in 2000 and known as GFEI until 2002, when it was incorporated into the 2002 farm bill under its present name.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "51879238#1",
"score": 0.6584791541099548,
"text": "The Initiative on Global Markets was launched with a founding grant (4 years, $1.5 million) from the Chicago Mercantile Exchange Trust (CME Trust), announced December 14, 2006. IGM began its activities in 2007: it co-sponsored (along with the Rosenberg Institute of Global Finance at Brandeis University) the 2007 U.S. monetary policy conference in Washington, D.C. on March 9, 2007.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "46647932#1",
"score": 0.6575276851654053,
"text": "The Marshall Project began as an idea of Neil Barsky, a former hedge-fund manager, in November 2013. When writing an op-ed in \"The New York Times\", Barsky thought it might be a good opportunity to plug the idea, so he included a brief description of the project and the website URL in his byline. Within a few weeks, he was contacted by several criminal justice organizations that offered funding support. In February 2014, \"The New York Times\" reported that Bill Keller, who had been executive editor at \"The New York Times\" from July 2003 to September 2011, was going to work for the Marshall Project.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "24008586#13",
"score": 0.653532862663269,
"text": "In response to the announcement of the first of these meetings, in late January 1948, the Soviets began stopping British and American trains to Berlin to check passenger identities. As outlined in an announcement on 7 March 1948, all of the governments present approved the extension of the Marshall Plan to Germany, finalised the economic merger of the western occupation zones in Germany and agreed upon the establishment of a federal system of government for them.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "10355056#2",
"score": 0.6526448130607605,
"text": "The Great Transition was first introduced by the Global Scenario Group (GSG), an international body of scientists convened in 1995 by the Tellus Institute and Stockholm Environment Institute to examine the requirements for a transition to a sustainable global society. The GSG set out to describe and analyze scenarios for the future of the earth as it entered a planetary phase of civilization.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "15147539#4",
"score": 0.6513684988021851,
"text": "GEO was established in February 2005 by the Third Earth Observation Summit in Brussels at the end of a process that started in 2003 with the First Earth Observation Summit in Washington, DC. It was launched in response to calls for action by the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development and the Group of Eight (G8) leading industrialized countries. These high-level meetings recognized that international collaboration is essential for exploiting the growing potential of Earth observations to support decision making in an increasingly complex and environmentally stressed world.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "511917#0",
"score": 0.6492969989776611,
"text": "The Mutual Defense Assistance Act was a United States Act of Congress signed by President Harry S. Truman on 6 October 1949. For US Foreign policy, it was the first U.S. military foreign aid legislation of the Cold War era, and initially to Europe. The Act followed Truman's signing of the Economic Cooperation Act (the Marshall Plan), on April 3, 1948, which provided non-military, economic reconstruction and development aid to Europe.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "4500970#6",
"score": 0.6490744948387146,
"text": "The McKibbin-Sachs Global Model is a global economic model developed originally in 1984 jointly with Jeffrey Sachs and is a widely used intertemporal general equilibrium model of the world economy.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
115
|
Is there a language other than Spanish spoken in Spain?
|
[
{
"id": "3482311#1",
"score": 0.7450937628746033,
"text": "In terms of the number of speakers and dominance, the most prominent of the languages of Spain is Spanish (Castilian), spoken by about 99% of Spaniards as a first or second language.[5] Catalan (or Valencian) is spoken by 19%, Galician by 5%, and Basque by 2% of the population.[6]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "27527925#3",
"score": 0.7074617147445679,
"text": "Other languages include:",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "1298084#0",
"score": 0.7010281085968018,
"text": "Spanish rock is the term used for the variety of rock music produced in Spain. Most bands formed in Spain have sung in Spanish, but many others have sung in English, French and Italian, in addition to the other languages spoken in Spain, such as Catalan, Galician, Basque, Aragonese and Asturian.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "12837#72",
"score": 0.70026695728302,
"text": "Galicia has two official languages: Galician (Galician: \"galego\") and Spanish (known in Spain as \"castellano\", \"Castilian\"), both of them Romance languages. Galician originated regionally; the latter was associated with Castile. Galician is recognized in the Statute of Autonomy of Galicia as the \"lingua propia\" (\"own language\") of Galicia.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "39443#75",
"score": 0.7001243829727173,
"text": "Spanish is the native language in most of Aragon, and it is the only official language, understood and spoken by virtually everyone in the region. In addition to it, the Aragonese language continues to be spoken in several local varieties in the mountainous northern counties of the Pyrenees, particularly in western Ribagorza, Sobrarbe, Jacetania and Somontano; it is enjoying a resurgence of popularity as a tool for regional identity. In the easternmost areas of Aragon, along the border with Catalonia, varieties of the Catalan language are spoken, including the comarcas of eastern Ribagorza, La Litera, Bajo Cinca, Bajo Aragón-Caspe, Bajo Aragón and Matarraña. The strip-shaped Catalan-speaking area in Aragon is often called \"La Franja\".",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "3482311#22",
"score": 0.6954194903373718,
"text": "There are also variants of these languages proper to Spain, either dialect, cants or pidgins:",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "18524#81",
"score": 0.6947852373123169,
"text": "Other European languages spoken in Latin America include: English, by some groups in Puerto Rico, as well as in nearby countries that may or may not be considered Latin American, like Belize and Guyana, and spoken by descendants of British settlers in Argentina & Chile; German, in southern Brazil, southern Chile, portions of Argentina, Venezuela and Paraguay; Italian, in Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, and Uruguay; Ukrainian, Polish and Russian in southern Brazil and Argentina; and Welsh, in southern Argentina.\nYiddish and Hebrew are possible to be heard around Buenos Aires and São Paulo especially. Non-European or Asian languages include Japanese in Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, and Paraguay,Korean in Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Chile, Arabic in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, and Chile, and Chinese throughout South America.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "14883#50",
"score": 0.6894863843917847,
"text": "With the sole exception of Basque, which is of unknown origin, all modern Iberian languages descend from Vulgar Latin and belong to the Western Romance languages. Throughout history (and pre-history), many different languages have been spoken in the Iberian Peninsula, contributing to the formation and differentiation of the contemporaneous languages of Iberia; however, most of them have become extinct or fallen into disuse. Basque is the only non-Indo-European surviving language in Iberia and Western Europe.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "4277905#6",
"score": 0.6894558072090149,
"text": "Spanish language",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "5282#28",
"score": 0.6867244243621826,
"text": "During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language was ridiculed as a mere dialect of Spanish. This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in features closer to Occitan (and French).",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "12892136#7",
"score": 0.6865196228027344,
"text": "The Spanish version",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "2813#9",
"score": 0.6862199902534485,
"text": "It is spoken as a second language by inhabitants of Zaragoza, Huesca, Ejea de los Caballeros, or Teruel. According to recent polls, there are about 25,500 speakers(2011) including speakers living outside the native area. ",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "4668351#16",
"score": 0.6841603517532349,
"text": "Other languages",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "2056361#4",
"score": 0.6835719347000122,
"text": "As Spanish went through its first stages of development in Spain, it probably received influences from neighbouring Romance languages, and also from Basque, which is a language isolate and thus completely unrelated to Spanish in origin. Umbrian and Oscan influences have also been postulated for the Roman colonization period.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "410666#21",
"score": 0.6814908981323242,
"text": "The most widely spoken family of languages in Southern Europe are the Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe. \"(See the Latin Arch.)\"\nBy far the most common Romance languages in Southern Europe are Italian (spoken by over 50 million people in Italy, Malta, San Marino, and the Vatican) and Spanish, which is spoken by over 40 million people in Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar. Other common Romance languages include Portuguese (spoken in Portugal and Andorra), Catalan (spoken in eastern Spain, Andorra and Alghero in Italy), Galician (spoken in northwestern Spain) and Occitan, which is spoken in the Val d'Aran in Catalonia, in the Occitan Valleys in Italy and in southern France.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "5888447#5",
"score": 0.678733766078949,
"text": "However, some traits of the Spanish spoken in Spain are exclusive to that country, and for this reason, courses of Spanish as a second language often neglect them, preferring Mexican Spanish in the United States and Canada whilst European Spanish is taught in Europe. Spanish grammar and to a lesser extent pronunciation can vary sometimes between variants.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "19009563#27",
"score": 0.6780521869659424,
"text": "Today, Spanish is one of the languages most studied in the educational system, together with classical Arabic, Berber and French. According to the Cervantes Institute, there are at least 58,382 students of Spanish, and the Committee of Castile and León reports as many as 350,000.\nThe interest in Spanish for the Moroccans arises from their proximity to Spain and the fact that Moroccans are the most numerous group of legal immigrants in Spain (748,953).\nMorocco has six Cervantes Institutes, the second highest of any country (after Brazil). In addition, four other Cervantes classrooms exist, for a total of 10 cities with Cervantes Institutes in Morocco. 11 Spanish language educational institutions exist with 4,353 pupils, 16% of whom have Spanish nationality. Spanish could become the European language in highest demand in Morocco, displacing French, due to the increasing popularity of the Spanish language.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "1558354#20",
"score": 0.6766161918640137,
"text": "Languages that are not official state languages are protected in many European countries by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. These can include languages spoken by relatively many people, such as Catalan and Basque in Spain, as well as languages spoken by relatively few such as Welsh, Cornish and Scottish Gaelic in the United Kingdom.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "5198908#1",
"score": 0.6755342483520508,
"text": "The development of Spanish phonology is distinguished from those of other nearby Romance languages (e.g. Portuguese, Catalan) by several features:",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "108996#27",
"score": 0.6747080683708191,
"text": "As of 2000, 90.39% of residents spoke English as their first language, while 4.69% spoke Spanish, 0.84% spoke French, 0.73% spoke German, and 0.55% spoke Arabic as their mother tongue. In total, 9.60% of the total population spoke languages other than English.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "10609526#6",
"score": 0.6743432283401489,
"text": "Spanish",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
116
|
How long is the Warrior series?
|
[
{
"id": "1886892#22",
"score": 0.7011176943778992,
"text": "Super Editions are stand alone books in the Warriors series that are approximately double the length of a normal Warriors book, about 500 pages long."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "17757190#12",
"score": 0.6656631231307983,
"text": "Note: On special and ultra editions of Ultra Beatdown, the length of The Warrior Inside is 7:44 as there is a 30-second gap of silence before Strike of the Ninja.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "9934314#0",
"score": 0.6648958921432495,
"text": "This article covers the first series of the MegaMan NT Warrior anime series, known in Japan as . The first series is composed of two parts (called \"Areas\" in the DVD releases) for a total of 56 episodes. In the English version, only 52 were dubbed (most of which are very out-of-order), and only 48 aired in the United States. This series loosely covers the storylines of the first two \"Mega Man Battle Network\" video-games, and also features some characters and elements from the third game (most prominently the N1 Grand Prix tournament).",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "10050650#0",
"score": 0.6633176207542419,
"text": "This article covers the third series of the MegaMan NT Warrior anime series, known in Japan as . Like \"Axess\", Stream consists of only one part with 51 episodes. Currently, there are no plans for an English adaptation of the series, but they did reuse some background elements in MegaMan Star Force.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "1499256#1",
"score": 0.6631826162338257,
"text": "The series comprises a six-hour adventure yarn broken down into 36 short chapters. Each chapter is roughly ten minutes long and includes a suspenseful cliffhanger ending that is resolved in the next installment.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "54625586#1",
"score": 0.6549432277679443,
"text": "As of May 24, 2018, 72 episodes of the series have aired.\nCartoon Network ordered and finished 15 \"Mighty Magiswords\" micro-shorts for the CN Anything app. The object of the app involves a situation involving the Warriors for Hire and it's up for the players to \"Choose Your Magisword\" to help the Warriors succeed on their goal. The segments air in out of order and several clips of them can be found in some Mighty Magiswords promos.\nThese vlogs feature Vambre and Prohyas presenting each of their Magiswords to the audience watching them. They're available on Cartoon Network's official YouTube channel and air frequently on TV during promos.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "12911589#3",
"score": 0.6493103504180908,
"text": "Similar to Raven, the series features a set of challenges that warriors must undertake. The sixteen warriors being whittled down over time as warriors are lost during each challenge. However, in contrast, the warriors are split into teams of four, each under a different standard and different colour of clothing: the Panthers (purple), the Eagles (red), the Wolves (orange) and the Tigers (yellow). Each has a team leader, which was decided initially by two challenges for each team, the winner would become the leader. Each day, the teams complete (separately) one of the fourteen different challenges in an attempt to collect jewels, which may be used to bring a team member back should they be eliminated.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "11225679#1",
"score": 0.6482702493667603,
"text": "\"Warriors\" is written by Erin Hunter, a pen name for four people: Victoria Holmes, who creates the storylines and edits, and Kate Cary, Cherith Baldry, and Tui Sutherland, who write the books in turns. The \"Warriors\" series follows four Clans—ThunderClan, RiverClan, WindClan, and ShadowClan—of feral cats. The Clans believe in StarClan, composed of the spirits of their ancestors. In a previous series, \"Warriors: The New Prophecy\", the Tribe of Rushing Water was introduced. The Tribe, another group of wild cats, inhabits a mountain range and believes in their own set of ancestors, the Tribe of Endless Hunting.In the \"Warriors\" universe, there are four Clans of feral cats that live in a forest: ThunderClan, RiverClan, WindClan, and ShadowClan. The Clans are structured, with different cats having different positions, including leader, deputy, warrior, medicine cat, apprentice, etc. Cats in each Clan live and hunt in their own territory, which they defend from other cats. Each Clan is adapted to its own types of prey and members usually possess (or are taught) special skills which suit the territory's terrain. StarClan is a group of the Clans' deceased ancestors who give spiritual guidance to the Clans. StarClan warriors keep watch over the Clans, usually watching the Clan they lived in while alive. They provide guidance to the Clans, often through dreams and other signs like omens.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "8471243#4",
"score": 0.6480686068534851,
"text": "NOTE: This series is offered in two formats: 65 half hour episodes and 42 hour-long episodes. As a result, to make the 42 hour-long episodes, 19 of the half-hour shows are used twice. Due to this fact - and the fact that so far an episode list for the half-hour version hasn't been located to date - any extraneous titles have not been able to be matched. What follows is the information we have regarding the hour-long shows, however there may be duplications in the list as it currently shows more than 42 episodes, as well as some titles that haven't been matched to anything listed. Any additional additions or corrections are most welcome.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "5113960#1",
"score": 0.6466202735900879,
"text": "\"Wizards & Warriors X\" consists of five \"Chapters\" that comprise 18 levels. In contrast to the previous games in the series, gameplay is more linear. Reviews were mainly negative and focused on the slow gameplay, lack of continues, and the blurring caused by scrolling on the Game Boy. Moreover, in response to the game's title (\"Chapter X\"), some gaming magazines asked what happened to the intermediate chapters in the \"Wizards & Warriors\" series.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "23746065#0",
"score": 0.6441109776496887,
"text": "Ancient Warriors is a 1994 20-part documentary series from the Discovery Channel.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "25598575#0",
"score": 0.6423705220222473,
"text": "This is a list of Ronin Warriors episodes. Ronin Warriors is a Japanese anime series and manga adaptation created by Hajime Yatate. The anime was produced and animated by Sunrise, and aired across Japan on Nagoya Television from April 30, 1988 to March 4, 1989 and has a total of 39 episodes.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "10038908#0",
"score": 0.6416443586349487,
"text": "This article covers the second series of the MegaMan NT Warrior anime series titled \"MegaMan NT Warrior Axess\", known in Japan as . Unlike the original \"EXE\" series, \"Axess\" has only one part, with 51 episodes. In the English version, only 45 episodes aired in the United States with an additional episode airing in Canada. The last 6 episodes were premiered a few weeks after the airing of the 46th.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "22327149#18",
"score": 0.6411648392677307,
"text": "\"Warrior\" was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United States on December 20, 2011. The Blu-ray release includes a DVD copy of the movie, as well as a downloadable digital copy. With the exception of the Blu-ray including an additional Feature Length Enhanced Viewing Mode, extras are similar between both releases.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "9213332#1",
"score": 0.6379472613334656,
"text": "The series drew inspiration from a variety of sources, including the fantasy role-playing game \"Dungeons & Dragons\" and video games. It was produced using hand-drawn animation; action and dialogue for episodes are decided by storyboarding artists based off rough outlines. Because each episode took roughly eight to nine months to complete, multiple episodes were worked on concurrently. The cast members recorded their lines in group recordings, and the series regularly employed guest actors for minor and recurring characters. Each episode runs for about eleven minutes; pairs of episodes are often telecast to fill half-hour program slots. On September 29, 2016, it was announced that the series would conclude in 2018, after the airing of its tenth season. The series finale aired on September 3, 2018.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "54071607#9",
"score": 0.631041944026947,
"text": "Season one consists of 4 feature-length episodes, and mostly revolve around the movie being presented rather than an overarching plot. Creator Rikk Wolf has said that he would like to go back and remake the first episode as well as make two additional episodes to finish the season but doubts that he would be able to find the time. Upon completion Season Two will have 6 full episodes and two mini-episodes. The length of the season two episodes vary, and are more plot driven than the first season. The movie segments have been scaled back and replaced with shorts. The gap between season one and season two is covered in the official ICWXP comic book.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "1099037#4",
"score": 0.6301468014717102,
"text": "\"Warriors (Cassetted)\"",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "53554538#2",
"score": 0.628219485282898,
"text": "The series consisted of several story-arcs, \"How I Won The War\" spaning issues 1—3, \"The Initiative\" spaning issues 6—11, \"Hunter/Hunted\" spaning issues 13—15, \"Jigsaw\" for issue 18—23 and \"Secret Invasion\" lasting from issue 24 to 25. Several short stories between the main storylines are also featured for some issues.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "45526370#2",
"score": 0.6281999945640564,
"text": "Like the fights in Fight Club, shows go on as long as they have to. Some episodes are less than an hour while others have stretched to up to seven hours. It all depends on the topic at hand and the number of interviews available.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "25590590#6",
"score": 0.6263720393180847,
"text": "Warriors of the Wasteland",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "21186645#1",
"score": 0.6260053515434265,
"text": "The series begins in Denmark around the year 845, but over the course of its five volumes the story's settings traverse much of the Viking world, including western Frankia in books two and three, Denmark and Sweden in book four, and Russia and Ireland in book five. The first four books, \"Viking Warrior\", \"Dragons from the Sea\", \"The Road to Vengeance\", and \"The Long Hunt\" are available, while book 5, the final installment of the story, has been tentatively suggested to come out in the first half of 2018 .",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
117
|
When was the Annapolis Naval Academy founded?
|
[
{
"id": "59766#14",
"score": 0.7310061454772949,
"text": "The institution was founded as the Naval School on 10 October 1845 by Secretary of the Navy George Bancroft. The campus was established at Annapolis on the grounds of the former U.S. Army post Fort Severn. The school opened with 50 midshipman students and seven professors. The decision to establish an academy on land may have been in part a result of the Somers Affair, an alleged mutiny involving the Secretary of War's son that resulted in his execution at sea. Commodore Matthew Perry had a considerable interest in naval education, supporting an apprentice system to train new seamen, and helped establish the curriculum for the United States Naval Academy. He was also a vocal proponent of modernization of the navy."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "8635167#0",
"score": 0.6906806826591492,
"text": "The United States Naval Academy Chapel in Annapolis, Maryland, is one of two houses of worship on the grounds of the Navy's service academy. Protestant and Catholic services are held there. The Naval Academy Chapel is a focal point of the Academy and the city of Annapolis. The chapel is an important feature which led to the Academy being designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961. ",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "54250921#1",
"score": 0.6844989657402039,
"text": "Pickering began his 42-year naval career in the company of William T. Sampson as midshipmen at the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis. The both Picking and Sampson graduated in April 1861 just as the Civil War began.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "31834573#2",
"score": 0.6801186203956604,
"text": "In 1911, the navy began training its first pilots at the newly founded Aviation Camp at Annapolis, Maryland. In 1914, the navy opened Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, dubbed the \"Annapolis of the air\", to train its first naval aviators. Candidates had to have served at least two years of sea duty and training was for 12 months. In 1917, the navy's program became part of the Flying Officer Training Program. Demand for pilots, however, still exceeded supply. The navy organized an unfunded naval militia in 1915 encouraging formation of ten state-run militia units of aviation enthusiasts. The Naval Appropriations Act of 29 August 1916 included funds for both a Naval Flying Corps (NFC) and a Naval Reserve Flying Corps. Students at several Ivy League colleges organized flying units and began pilot training at their own expenses. The NFC mustered 42 navy officers, six United States Marine Corps officers, and 239 enlisted men when the United States declared war on 6 April 1917. These men recruited and organized qualified members from the various state naval militia and college flying units into the Naval Reserve Flying Corps.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "15436286#85",
"score": 0.6782556176185608,
"text": "The United States Naval Academy is an institution in Annapolis, Maryland for the undergraduate education of officers of the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. The following is a list of Hispanic alumni of the USNA who served in the Marine Corps.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "4484411#46",
"score": 0.6764724254608154,
"text": " Ever since the founding of the Naval Academy in 1845, when the \"Band\" consisted of a fifer and a drummer, music has been an important part of Naval Academy life. Officially formed in November 1852, the United States Naval Academy Band lends musical support to the Brigade of Midshipmen and the surrounding community. However, the current version of the Naval Academy Band is a far cry from the thirteen men who reported to Annapolis over 150 years ago. Today, due to the unmatched versatility of its members, the band is able to blend tradition and change into a wide variety of musical styles.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "9874064#2",
"score": 0.6744540333747864,
"text": "The academy has a long history in naval education. Its presence is closely associated with the foundation and evolution of the Hellenic Navy, covering a period of 150 years of educational work. The Academy was founded in 1845 as a naval training school on board the HN corvette . For 50 years, it operated unofficially on board various combat ships, stabilizing its position and improving its work.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "42211071#0",
"score": 0.6712279915809631,
"text": "The Confederate States Naval Academy was an undergraduate academy in Richmond, Virginia of the Confederate States of America that educated and commissioned officers of the Confederate States Navy. The CS Naval Academy was established by an act of the Congress of the Confederate States on April 21, 1862 and graduated a number of midshipmen before being disbanded on May 2, 1865 in Abbeville, South Carolina subsequent to the fall of the Confederate States.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "2657205#8",
"score": 0.6636105179786682,
"text": "The War Department was concerned about the political sympathies of residents in Maryland during the American Civil War, so the United States Naval Academy was moved in 1861 from Annapolis to Fort Adams. In September 1861, the academy moved to the Atlantic House Hotel in Newport and remained there for the rest of the war.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "4126890#4",
"score": 0.6626468300819397,
"text": "The Royal Academy of the Midshipmen (\"Academia Real dos Guardas-Marinhas\") was created in 1792, as a university-level naval academy. This Academy integrated the already existing Company of Midshipmen as its student corps.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "32579885#3",
"score": 0.6605671048164368,
"text": "Wat Tyler Cluverius Jr. was born in New Orleans, Louisiana on 12 December 1874, the son of Wat Tyler Cluverius Sr., and his wife Martha Lewis née Manning. He attended Tulane University before being appointed to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, which he entered on 20 May 1892.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "268451#36",
"score": 0.6578854322433472,
"text": "The School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS) was founded on October 1, 1884 as the Corcoran Scientific School of Columbian University. The school separated from the Columbian College in 1962 and was one of the first to accept women for degree candidacy in engineering. The bazooka was invented at the SEAS in 1942. The school moved into the new Science and Engineering Hall in D.C. in March 2015.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "1947906#0",
"score": 0.6554270386695862,
"text": "Annapolis is the capital of the U.S. state of Maryland.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "14126426#2",
"score": 0.6549876928329468,
"text": "Delegate W. Raymond Beck attended the U.S. Naval Academy, receiving his Bachelor of Science degree in 1954. He returned to Annapolis and received his Master of Science degree in electrical engineering in 1962 from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "41756669#1",
"score": 0.6547718048095703,
"text": "Born in Richmond, Indiana, Coe attended Morton High School and then the US Naval Academy and Annapolis, Maryland. Commissioned in June, 1930, he served aboard and then . From 1931 he commenced training in submarines, and served on in 1933, followed by in 1935 and in 1937. ",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "4745780#9",
"score": 0.6539574861526489,
"text": "\"Annapolis\" was commissioned at the Brooklyn Navy Yard on 7 March 1964 with commissioning ceremonies officiated by Capt John Rowan. Local dignitaries and officials of the Navy also attended. The New York Times reported that she \"would not 'stay put' but would follow the fleet in world-wide operations.\" Immediately after commissioning \"Annapolis\" moved to Naval Station Norfolk to undergo a shakedown and operational training period. In June 1965, \"Annapolis\" departed Norfolk for duty in Vietnam by way of Europe and the Suez Canal. \"Annapolis\" was assigned Long Beach, California as home port on 28 June 1965.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "13234799#3",
"score": 0.653336226940155,
"text": "\"Jamestown's\" first summer in the Navy was devoted to training U.S. Naval Academy midshipmen. She sailed to Annapolis, Maryland, 1 June to embark her first detachment of 100 third-class men and 3 instructors for a 2-week training cruise to Norfolk, Virginia.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "6139982#1",
"score": 0.6524673700332642,
"text": "The U.S. Navy School of Music was founded at the Washington Navy Yard by order of the Chief of the Bureau of Navigation on 26 June 1935. The school was originally run by the U.S. Navy Band, with members of the Navy Band teaching classes and private lessons in addition to their regular performance duties with the band. After the commencement of World War II, these duties were deemed too onerous for the Navy Band personnel and the school was separated from the band and relocated to the Anacostia Naval Receiving Station in Washington, D.C. on 24 April 1942.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "1030064#0",
"score": 0.6513990163803101,
"text": "Born in Winona, Mississippi, William Billingsley graduated from the Naval Academy in 1909. On December 2, 1912, he reported for duty at the Aviation Camp, Annapolis, Maryland, and was assigned to the Navy-Wright B-2 for instruction. ",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "59766#15",
"score": 0.6503831148147583,
"text": "Originally a course of study for five years was prescribed. Only the first and last were spent at the school with the other three being passed at sea. The present name was adopted when the school was reorganized in 1850 and placed under the supervision of the chief of the Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography. Under the immediate charge of the superintendent, the course of study was extended to seven years with the first two and the last two to be spent at the school and the intervening three years at sea. The four years of study were made consecutive in 1851 and practice cruises were substituted for the three consecutive years at sea. The first class of naval academy students graduated on 10 June 1854. They were considered as passed midshipmen until 1912, when graduates were first sworn in as officers.[19]",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "8800397#0",
"score": 0.648991584777832,
"text": "The U.S. Naval Academy Bridge is a bridge that crosses the Severn River in Annapolis, Maryland. It is located downriver from the Severn River Bridge and adjacent to the United States Naval Academy. Its predecessor, a bascule bridge, once served as the main point of entry into Annapolis from both Ritchie Highway and the ferry to the Eastern Shore prior to the construction of the John Hanson Highway and the current Severn River Bridge. In 1994, the deteriorating bascule bridge was replaced with the current crossing. The bridge's design was the winning entry of a bridge design competition, and was officially named the U.S. Naval Academy Bridge in honor of the Naval Academy's 150th anniversary. The Naval Academy Bridge is part of Maryland Route 450 and provides an alternative entrance to the Naval Academy, avoiding downtown Annapolis.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
118
|
What is an organophosphate?
|
[
{
"id": "959629#0",
"score": 0.8298444151878357,
"text": "Organophosphates (also known as phosphate esters) are a class of organophosphorus compounds with the general structure O=P(OR)3. They can be considered as esters of phosphoric acid. Like most functional groups organophosphates occur in a diverse range of forms, with important examples including key biomolecules such as DNA, RNA and ATP, as well as many insecticides, herbicides, and nerve agents."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "47919780#0",
"score": 0.7551085352897644,
"text": "Parathion methyl, or methyl parathion, is an organophosphate pesticide and insecticide, possessing a organothiophosphate group. It is structurally very similar to parathion-ethyl. It is not allowed for sale and import in nearly all countries around the world, while a few allow it under subject to specified conditions only.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "36994955#0",
"score": 0.7252284288406372,
"text": "Demephion is an organothiophosphate insecticide. It is a mixture of two closely related structural isomers demephion-O and demephion-S.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "36014573#0",
"score": 0.7219651341438293,
"text": "Diethyl chlorophosphate is a chemical used as an reagent in organic synthesis for the conversion of alcohols to the corresponding diethylphosphate esters. It is a clear liquid with a fruity odor which can range in colour from colourless to light yellow. It is a corrosive, and as a cholinesterase inhibitor, highly toxic through dermal absorption.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "3586663#0",
"score": 0.71580570936203,
"text": "Fenthion is an organothiophosphate insecticide, avicide, and acaricide. Like most other organophosphates, its mode of action is via cholinesterase inhibition. Due to its relatively low toxicity towards humans and mammals, fenthion is listed as moderately toxic compound in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization toxicity class.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "33284883#0",
"score": 0.7133315205574036,
"text": "Tetraethyl pyrophosphate, abbreviated TEPP, is an organophosphate compound, which is used as an insecticide. It was first synthesized by Wladimir Moschnin, a student of Adolphe Wurtz in 1854. Another student of Wurtz, Philippe de Clermont, is often incorrectly credited as the discoverer of TEPP despite his recognition of the Moschnin primacy in two publications. The compound is a clear, colorless liquid, which is soluble in water, but hydrolyzes rapidly. It is toxic due to its anticholinesterase activity which not only applies to insects but also to other animals. It is metabolized with the assistance of many different enzymes and the metabolistes are excreted via the urine.",
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},
{
"id": "4279049#1",
"score": 0.7116732001304626,
"text": "Organophosphorus chemistry is the corresponding science of the properties and reactivity of organophosphorus compounds. Phosphorus, like nitrogen, is in group 15 of the periodic table, and thus phosphorus compounds and nitrogen compounds have many similar properties. The definition of organophosphorus compounds is variable, which can lead to confusion. In industrial and environmental chemistry, an organophosphorus compound need contain only an organic substituent, but need not have a direct phosphorus-carbon (P-C) bond. Thus a large proportion of pesticides (e.g., malathion), are often included in this class of compounds.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "14454224#14",
"score": 0.7032293081283569,
"text": "Organophosphates are not toxic to bacteria, but they act as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in animals. Some species of bacteria are also able to utilize organophosphates as a nutrient and carbon source.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "959629#13",
"score": 0.7012810707092285,
"text": "The human and animal toxicity of OPPs make them a societal health and environmental concern;[2] the EPA banned most residential uses of organophosphates in 2001, but their agricultural use, as pesticides on fruits and vegetables, is still permitted, and they are as is their use in mosquito abatement in public spaces such as parks.[2] For instance, the most commonly used OPP in the U.S., malathion,[5] sees wide application in agriculture, residential landscaping, and pest control programs (including mosquito control in public recreation areas).[6] As of 2010, forty such OPPs were registered for use in the U.S.,[7] with at least 73 million pounds used in one time period in agricultural and residential settings.[7] Commonly used organophosphates have included:",
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},
{
"id": "29154002#0",
"score": 0.7008557915687561,
"text": "Lead(II) phosphate is an ionic compound with chemical formula Pb(PO). Lead(II) phosphate is a long-lived electronically neutral reagent chemical. Despite limited tests on humans, it has been identified as a carcinogen based on tests on animals conducted by the EPA. Lead(II) phosphate appears as hexagonal, colorless crystals or as a white powder. Lead(II) phosphate is insoluble in water and alcohol but soluble in HNO and has fixed alkali hydroxides. When lead(II) phosphate is heated for decomposition it emits very toxic fumes containing Pb and PO.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "3868558#0",
"score": 0.6985378861427307,
"text": "In chemistry a phosphite ester or organophosphite usually refers to an organophosphorous compound with the formula P(OR). They can be considered as esters of an unobserved tautomer phosphorous acid, HPO, with the simplest example being trimethylphosphite, P(OCH). Some phosphites can be considered esters of the dominant tautomer of phosphorous acid (HP(O)(OH)). The simplest representative is dimethylphosphite with the formula HP(O)(OCH). Both classes of phosphites are usually colorless liquids.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "36572267#0",
"score": 0.6984805464744568,
"text": "Methyl phosphonic dichloride is an organophosphorus compound. It has a number of potential uses but is most notable as being a precursor to several chemical weapons agents. It is a white crystalline solid, with a low melting point. It hydrolyzes readily and must be handled with care as it is exceedingly toxic. ",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "199306#0",
"score": 0.6969762444496155,
"text": "VX is an extremely toxic synthetic chemical compound in the organophosphorus class, specifically, a thiophosphonate. In the class of nerve agents, it was developed for military use in chemical warfare after translation of earlier discoveries of organophosphate toxicity in pesticide research. In its pure form, VX is an oily, relatively non-volatile, liquid that is amber-like in color. Because of its low volatility, VX persists in environments where it is dispersed.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "58093928#0",
"score": 0.6915969252586365,
"text": "Bicyclic phosphate is a class of bicyclic organophosphate compound that are used as flame retardants, stabilizers and antioxidants. They are also used in spectroscopic studies.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "35004775#0",
"score": 0.6911641955375671,
"text": "Sulfotep (O,O,O',O'-Tetraethyldithiopyrophosphate) is a pesticide commonly used in greenhouses as a fumigative agent. The substance is also known as TEDP, Dithione, Dithiophos and many others. Sulfotep belongs to the class of chemicals named organophosphates. It has a cholinergic effect, involving depression of the cholinesterase activity of the peripheral and central nervous system. The transduction of signals is disturbed at the synapses that make use of acetylcholine. This is the same mechanism of action as nerve agents such as VX, although sulfotep is significantly less potent.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "12938564#0",
"score": 0.6870086789131165,
"text": "Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is the chemical compound with the formula OP(OCH). This colourless solid is the ester (triester) of phosphoric acid and phenol. It is used as a plasticizer and a fire retardant in a wide variety of settings and products.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "12523440#36",
"score": 0.6855465173721313,
"text": "The use of the organophosphates in aviation lubricating oils and hydraulic fluids and its impact on health and flight safety is currently being researched. Aerotoxic syndrome is a medical condition allegedly caused by exposure to contaminated bleed air.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "690667#0",
"score": 0.6853241920471191,
"text": "Parathion, also called parathion-ethyl or diethyl parathion and locally known as \"Folidol\", is an organophosphate insecticide and acaricide. It was originally developed by IG Farben in the 1940s. It is highly toxic to non-target organisms, including humans, so its use has been banned or restricted in most countries. The basic structure is shared by parathion methyl.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "21710#0",
"score": 0.6853066682815552,
"text": "Nerve agents, sometimes also called nerve gases, are a class of organic chemicals that disrupt the mechanisms by which nerves transfer messages to organs. The disruption is caused by the blocking of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "142961#11",
"score": 0.6821306943893433,
"text": "Soman is an organophosphorus nerve agent with a mechanism of action similar to Tabun. Nerve agents inhibit acetylcholine esterase (AChE) by forming an adduct with the enzyme via a serine residue on that enzyme. These adducts may be decomposed hydrolytically or, for example, by the action of some oximes and thereby regenerate the enzyme. A second reaction type, one in which the enzyme–organophosphate (OP) complex undergoes a subsequent reaction, is usually described as ‘‘aging’’. Once the enzyme–OP complex has aged it is no longer regenerated by the common, oxime reactivators. The rate of this process is dependent on the OP. Soman is an OP that stimulates the rate of aging most rapidly decreasing the half-life to just a few minutes.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "1659969#0",
"score": 0.6796495318412781,
"text": "White phosphorus is a material made from a common allotrope of the chemical element phosphorus that is used in smoke, tracer illumination, and incendiary munitions. Other common names include WP and the slang term \"Willie Pete\" or \"Willie Peter\" derived from William Peter, the World War II phonetic alphabet for \"WP\", which is still sometimes used in military jargon. As an incendiary weapon, white phosphorus is pyrophoric (self-igniting), burns fiercely and can ignite cloth, skin, fuel, ammunition, and other combustibles.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
120
|
What are the stages of grief?
|
[
{
"id": "713491#0",
"score": 0.7909814715385437,
"text": "The Kübler-Ross model is popularly known as the five stages of grief, though more accurately, the model postulates a progression of emotional states experienced by terminally ill patients after diagnosis. The five stages are chronologically: denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "2197297#5",
"score": 0.7302432060241699,
"text": "in her book, In Death and Dying (1969), Elisabeth Kubler-Ross proposed the five stages of the dying process. Though her work has often been referred to as the \"five stages of grief,\" the original work was based on her clinical observations of the psychosocial responses of terminally ill patients to their impending death. Much scholarly debate has surrounded the legitimacy of her five \"stages\"—denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. Experienced psychosocial clinicians have largely rejected the accuracy of the model because it addresses only emotional states, sets up false expectations of the process, and have not been empirically verified as a descriptive model.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "5160376#2",
"score": 0.7235509753227234,
"text": "The stages of grief proposed by Elizabeth Kübler-Ross was designed in relation to human death, but can be adapted to describe the grief process for the death of a pet. Indeed, pet death includes several lessons: 1) the relationship rather than the object (the animal) is central to understand the loss; 2) the manner of death/loss will affect the grieving process; 3) the age and living situation of the bereaved will affect the grieving process.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "3829592#32",
"score": 0.7151726484298706,
"text": "When a person to which one has become bonded is lost, a grief response may occur. Grief is the process of accepting the loss and adjusting to the changed situation. Grief may take longer than the initial development of the bond. The grief process varies with culture.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "5801344#7",
"score": 0.7143862843513489,
"text": "Grief is the deep sorrow usually caused by someone's death. It has now become a normal human reaction to a loss of a loved one. It is not uncommon for someone to be in sadness. Many have to deal with coping with grief.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "188399#5",
"score": 0.711626410484314,
"text": "Mourning is a personal and collective response which can vary depending on feelings and contexts. It starts with denial and ends with acceptance.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "30331208#1",
"score": 0.7100756168365479,
"text": "In the affect of grief, postponement seems to be an essential component. What happens in mourning is nothing other than a gradual \"working-through\" of an affect which, if released in its full strength, would overwhelm the ego'. John Bowlby considered the first of the \"four phases of mourning\" to be a 'Phase of numbness that...may be interrupted by outbursts of extremely intense distress and/or anger'. Thus one can speak of 'a rather typical postponement of grief': '\"I feel hurt about something and then automatically this kind of shields things up and then I feel like I can't really touch or feel anything very much\"...\"postponement\"...[of] the weepiness'.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "42184815#7",
"score": 0.701323390007019,
"text": "Family estrangement activates the grief response. However, the rejected family may not achieve the final grief stage of acceptance, given that the social death of the relationship is potentially reversible. The prolonged suffering of the rejected party, together with a perceived or real stigma of having been rejected by a family member, results in isolation and behavioral changes in the rejected party.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "234798#49",
"score": 0.695719301700592,
"text": "Many of the above examples of bereavement happen abruptly, but there are also cases of being gradually bereft of something or someone. For example, the gradual loss of a loved one by Alzheimer's produces a “gradual grief.” ",
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},
{
"id": "44629958#11",
"score": 0.6922229528427124,
"text": "There are various strategies people can utilize for meaning-making; many of them are summarized in the book \"Techniques of Grief Therapy\". One study developed a \"Meaning of Loss Codebook\" which clusters common meaning-making strategies into 30 categories. Amongst these meaning-making strategies, the most frequently used categories include: personal growth, family bonds, spirituality, valuing life, negative affect, impermanence, lifestyle changes, compassion, and release from suffering.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "52508819#3",
"score": 0.6893301010131836,
"text": "The loss oriented process focuses on coping with bereavement, the loss itself, recognizing it and accepting it. In this process a person will express feelings of grief with all the losses that occur from losing their loved one. There will be many changes from work to family and friendships. There might also be demographic changes and even economic ones. During this time, people either acknowledge these changes head or ruminate on feelings of lose which might lead to distorted, complicated or prolonged grief. The loss oriented process will bring on a lot of yearning, irritability, despair, anxiety and depression. During this process they are only concentrated on their pain that this loss has caused. Lack or denial of early adaptive acknowledgement that they will no longer speak to deceased or see them again might instigate compulsive and self-destructive behaviors. People attached with the deceased have to reconfigure their identity as an autonomous being. These process in a non-resilient griever can appear overwhelming, and associated guilt can be exported over friends and family in an assumptive effort which might affect interpersonal relationships.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "52499440#0",
"score": 0.6875468492507935,
"text": "Grief is “a multifaceted response to loss, particularly to the loss of someone or something that has died, to which a bond or affection was formed”. A common emotion amongst humans, grief is also apparent in other animals, known as animal grief. In the late 19th century, research started to show grief in chimpanzees and the connection between animal and human grief. However, until recently, grief has never been the focus of research. Marc Bekoff, a scientist, has spent his time researching emotions in animals, including grief. Combined with other research, the following animals have been seen to grieve: wolves, chimpanzees, magpies, elephants, dolphins, otters, geese, sea lions, and many more.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "15824969#3",
"score": 0.6875206232070923,
"text": "Caregivers may experience anticipatory grief and ambiguous loss.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "55223808#3",
"score": 0.6821122169494629,
"text": "Grieving can create feelings of loneliness.\nThis grieving has been called a type of psychological trauma. Other serious consequences can develop including depression, anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and somatoform disorder. These responses all are associated with grieving after a miscarriage. Some women are able to complete the grieving process a few weeks after the miscarriage and start anticipating their next pregnancy. Planning another pregnancy is traumatic for others. The impact of a miscarriage can be \"crippling\" psychologically. Anger can be directed toward those who have had successful pregnancies and children. A woman can grieve the \"loss of a future child\" and question her own role as a mother. They may blame themselves or their partner for the miscarriage.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "52486656#0",
"score": 0.681752622127533,
"text": "Intuitive grief and instrumental grief are two patterns of grieving styles identified by psychiatrists Terry Martin and Kenneth Doka. Intuitive and instrumental grief describes two ends of a grieving scale. Individuals who exhibit more qualities of the intuitive grieving style are called intuitive grievers. Individuals who exhibit more qualities of the instrumental grieving style are called instrumental grievers. Common qualities of intuitive grieving are: an internal experience characterized by extreme sadness and pain as well as an outward experience characterized by emotional expression (ex: tears). Common qualities of instrumental grieving are: an internal experience characterized by mental separation from the loss as well as an outward experience characterized by lack of emotion. Identification of an individual’s particular style of grieving is important because an individual’s particular style of grieving helps in creating an adequate treatment plan to assist the individual in coping with his or her loss.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "12198880#7",
"score": 0.6785988807678223,
"text": "A broken heart is a major stressor and has been found to precipitate episodes of major depression. In one study (death of a spouse), 24% of mourners were depressed at two months, 23% at seven months, 16% at 13 months and 14% at 25 months.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "32252263#12",
"score": 0.6777487993240356,
"text": "‘Where then, is relief?\nIn shedding tears or wrestling down my grief?’",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "26613551#0",
"score": 0.6769219040870667,
"text": "The terms delayed grief and unresolved grief are variations of grieving after a loss. The meaning of \"unresolved grief\" is any aspect of grieving that has yet to be resolved.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "519576#12",
"score": 0.6766913533210754,
"text": "A natural effect of the loss of a relationship that an individual had hoped to keep is grief, because the desire to keep relationships intact despite problems and complications is a natural human desire. This results in individuals undergoing a breakup displaying grief reactions that include symptoms like sleeplessness, depression, and thoughts about suicide. This tendency to express grief and depression is so prevalent that researchers point to it being a significant contributor to the first onset of major depressive disorder in young adults.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "36283615#2",
"score": 0.6765814423561096,
"text": "Grief is a normal response to bereavement. Researchers have found that 10–20% of people experience a prolonged response to bereavement that impacts functioning and has adverse long-term effects on health.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "234798#53",
"score": 0.6745554804801941,
"text": "It is important to recognize when grief has turned into something more serious, thus mandating contacting a medical professional. Grief can result in depression or alcohol- and drug-abuse and, if left untreated, it can become severe enough to impact daily living. It recommends contacting a medical professional if \"you can’t deal with grief, you are using excessive amounts of drugs or alcohol, you become very depressed, or you have prolonged depression that interferes with your daily life.\" Other reasons to seek medical attention may include: \"Can focus on little else but your loved one’s death, have persistent pining or longing for the deceased person, have thoughts of guilt or self-blame, believe that you did something wrong or could have prevented the death, feel as if life isn’t worth living, have lost your sense of purpose in life, wish you had died along with your loved one.\"",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
121
|
When was the Mansfield Town Football Club first founded?
|
[
{
"id": "451164#0",
"score": 0.7825784087181091,
"text": "Mansfield Town Football Club is a professional football club based in the town of Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, England. The club was formed in 1897 as Mansfield Wesleyans, changing its name to Mansfield Wesley in 1906 before settling on Mansfield Town in 1910, and are nicknamed “The Stags”. They traditionally play in a royal blue and amber kit. The club currently competes in League Two, the fourth tier of English football. Mansfield have lifted four professional trophies, winning the Fourth Division title in 1974–75, the Third Division in 1976–77, the Football League Trophy in 1986–87 and the Football Conference title in 2012–13. The Stags also finished as runners-up in the 2010–11 FA Trophy."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "40151420#9",
"score": 0.7285376191139221,
"text": "Mansfield Town",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "7821418#17",
"score": 0.7280417680740356,
"text": "Mansfield Town",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "6308464#17",
"score": 0.7280417680740356,
"text": "Mansfield Town",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "42712931#5",
"score": 0.7280417680740356,
"text": "Mansfield Town",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "24658346#0",
"score": 0.7086042761802673,
"text": "Luton Town Football Club is an English football club based in Luton, Bedfordshire, which competes in League One, the third tier of English football, for the 2018–19 season. Formed in 1885 as the product of a merger, Luton Town became the first professional team in the south of England six years later and joined the Football League in 1897. After leaving the League in 1900 because of financial difficulties, Luton Town settled at their Kenilworth Road ground in 1905 and competed in the Southern League until 1920, when the club rejoined the Football League. The team was relegated to the Football Conference in 2009, after 89 consecutive years of League membership, following a 30-point deduction imposed by the football authorities. Five seasons later, the club won promotion back to the Football League.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "11101106#0",
"score": 0.7061289548873901,
"text": "Aston Villa F.C. were formed in March 1874, by four members of the Villa Cross Wesleyan Chapel (known as early as 1867 as Aston Villa Wesleyan Chapel) in Lozells. The four founders were Jack Hughes, Frederick Matthews, Walter Price and William Scattergood. The first match was against the local Aston Brook St Mary's Rugby team. As a condition of the match, the Villa side had to agree to play the first half under rugby rules and the second half under football rules. The club were soon playing the modern version of football though and the club won its first FA Cup in 1887. Aston Villa were one of the dozen teams that competed in the inaugural Football League in 1888 with one of the club's directors, William McGregor being the league's founder. Aston Villa emerged as the most successful English club of the Victorian era. By the end of Villa's \"Golden Age\" at the start of the First World War, the club had won the League Championship six times and the FA Cup five times.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "43500446#0",
"score": 0.7060458660125732,
"text": "Darlington Football Club, an English association football club based in Darlington, County Durham, was founded in 1883. They entered the FA Cup for the first time in 1885–86, were founder members of the Northern League in 1889, turned professional in 1908 and joined the North Eastern League, which they won in 1913 and 1921. The latter win preceded election to the Football League as members of its newly formed Third Division North. Runners-up in their first season, Darlington were Northern Section champions three years later, thus winning promotion to the Second Division. Their 15th-place finish in 1926 remains their best League performance, and they were relegated back to the Third Division the following year. After 68 years of continuous membership, they were relegated from the Football League in 1988–89. Having made an immediate return as Conference champions, they remained in the League until 2010, when they again dropped into the Conference. After Darlington failed to exit administration in a manner acceptable to the Football Association, that body treated it as a new club, required it to change its name (to Darlington 1883), and placed its team in the Northern League, the ninth tier of English football, for the 2012–13 season. Five years later, the FA approved the club's request to resume its traditional name.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "44902374#0",
"score": 0.7060458660125732,
"text": "Darlington Football Club, an English association football club based in Darlington, County Durham, was founded in 1883. They entered the FA Cup for the first time in 1885–86, were founder members of the Northern League in 1889, turned professional in 1908 and joined the North Eastern League, which they won in 1913 and 1921. The latter win preceded election to the Football League as members of its newly formed Third Division North. Runners-up in their first season, Darlington were Northern Section champions three years later, thus winning promotion to the Second Division. Their 15th-place finish in 1926 remains their best League performance, and they were relegated back to the Third Division the following year. After 68 years of continuous membership, they were relegated from the Football League in 1988–89. Having made an immediate return as Conference champions, they remained in the League until 2010, when they again dropped into the Conference. After Darlington failed to exit administration in a manner acceptable to the Football Association, that body treated it as a new club, required it to change its name (to Darlington 1883), and placed its team in the Northern League, the ninth tier of English football, for the 2012–13 season. Five years later, the FA approved the club's request to resume its traditional name.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "18367#0",
"score": 0.70574551820755,
"text": "Luton Town Football Club () is a professional association football club based in the town of Luton, Bedfordshire, England, that competes in League One, the third tier of the English football league system. Founded in 1885, it is nicknamed \"the Hatters\" and affiliated to the Bedfordshire County Football Association. The team plays its home matches at Kenilworth Road, where it has been based since 1905. The club's history includes major trophy wins, several financial crises, numerous promotions and relegations, and some spells of sustained success. It was perhaps most prominent between 1982 and 1992, when it was a member of English football's top division, at that time the First Division; the team won its only major honour, the Football League Cup, in 1988.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "2148467#4",
"score": 0.7017096877098083,
"text": "The club's origins date from 1889 when young men from Nuneaton St. Nicolas Parish Church formed a football team to represent the town.\nOriginally playing only friendly games, from 1892, Nuneaton St.Nicolas entered Charity Cup competitions.\nIn September 1894, the 'Nicks’ changed their name to Nuneaton Town Association F.C.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "8633083#0",
"score": 0.7011392712593079,
"text": "Lincoln City Football Club, an English association football club based in Lincoln, Lincolnshire, was founded in 1884. The club's first team won the major regional trophy, the Lincolnshire Senior Cup, in the 1886–87 season, and reached the last 16 of the FA Cup in the same year. In 1888, the club joined the Combination, a league set up to provide organised football for those clubs not invited to join the Football League which was to start the same year. However, the Combination was not well organised and folded in April 1889 with many fixtures still outstanding. Lincoln then became founder members of the Midland League, and won the inaugural league title. After two seasons the club turned professional and joined the Football Alliance; the following year they were elected to the newly formed Second Division of the Football League. Their highest finishing positionfifth in the Second Divisionwas achieved in 1901–02, and in the same season they reached the last 16 of the FA Cup for the third time. Lincoln failed to gain re-election to the League three times between 1909 and 1920; on each occasion, they won the championship of the league to which they had been demoted, either the Midland League or, in 1912, the Central League, and made an immediate return to the Football League.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "2148467#1",
"score": 0.7001659870147705,
"text": "In 1889, Nuneaton St. Nicholas were the first team to play senior football within Nuneaton. Five years later, they changed their name to Nuneaton Town, and played until 1937, when the club was disbanded. However, two days later, Nuneaton Borough F.C. were founded. In 2008, the club was liquidated, and, due to an FA ruling, were reformed as Nuneaton Town – suffering a two division demotion.\nThe club is still known as 'The Boro' by its supporters.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "32479897#21",
"score": 0.70008385181427,
"text": "Mansfield could only finish 6th the following season and managed the first round of the FA Cup. In 1952–53, they finished 18th, although had an all-time record home crowd of 24,467 in the Third Round of the FA Cup against local rivals Nottingham Forest.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "5924761#10",
"score": 0.6966463923454285,
"text": "In 1889, in his role as president of Sheffield United Cricket Club, he proposed that a football club should be based at Bramall Lane. It was named after the cricket club and so Sheffield United Football Club was born on 22 March 1889. He would also become the president and chairman of the new club.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "451129#4",
"score": 0.6958518624305725,
"text": "Grimsby Town was formed in 1878 after a meeting held at the Wellington Arms public house in Freeman Street, Grimsby. Several attendees included members of the local Worsley Cricket Club who wanted to form a football club to occupy the empty winter evenings after the cricket season had finished.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "41358446#1",
"score": 0.6928558945655823,
"text": "Wigan Athletic was formed in 1932, following the winding up of Wigan Borough the previous year. Wigan Athletic was the fifth attempt to create a stable football club in the town following the demise of Wigan County, Wigan United, Wigan Town and Wigan Borough. Springfield Park, the former home of Wigan Borough, was purchased by the club for £2,850. Despite their initial application being turned down, Wigan Athletic were elected into the Cheshire County League following the resignation of Manchester Central. The club had also made the first of many attempts to be admitted into the Football League, but failed to receive a single vote. On 27 August 1932, Wigan Athletic played their first ever league game against Port Vale Reserves. The team played in red and white shirts with black shorts.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "27091408#2",
"score": 0.6913406848907471,
"text": "The club that was to become Derby County LFC started out as the idea of Sheila Rollinson and Jess Reid, who at the time were both playing for the Coventry-based ladies side Holbrooks Athletic. Sheila had recently moved to the Derby area and Jess lived in Burton, so they came up with the idea of forming a new more locally based team.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "18367#3",
"score": 0.6911400556564331,
"text": "Luton Town Football Club was formed on 11 April 1885. Before this there were many clubs in the town, the most prominent of which were Luton Wanderers and Luton Excelsior. A Wanderers player, George Deacon, came up with the idea of a \"Town\" club which would include all the best players in Luton. Wanderers secretary Herbert Spratley seized upon Deacon's idea and arranged a secret meeting on 13 January 1885 at the St Matthews school rooms in High Town. The Wanderers committee resolved to rename the club Luton Town—which was not well received by the wider community. The local newspapers referred to the club as \"Luton Town (late Wanderers)\". When George Deacon and John Charles Lomax then arranged a public meeting with the purpose of forming a \"Luton Town Football Club\", Spratley protested, saying there was already a Luton Town club; and the atmosphere was tense when the meeting convened in the town hall on the 11 April 1885. The meeting, attended by most football lovers in the town, heard about Spratley's secret January meeting and voted down his objections. The motion to form a \"Luton Town Football Club\", put forward by G H Small and seconded by E H Lomax, was carried. A club committee was elected by ballot and the team colours were agreed to be pink and dark blue shirts and caps.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "31505660#1",
"score": 0.6890659928321838,
"text": "The club was founded in 1886 as Argyle Football Club, the first match taking place on 16 October 1886 against Caxton, a team from Cornwall and saw the Pilgrims lose 2–0. Later that week Argyle won for the first time–beating Dunheved College (now Launceston College) in Launceston (where many of the club's first members had been educated) 2–1. They played several friendlies against Plymouth United, but poor performances on the pitch led to the club going out of existence in 1894 before being resurrected in 1897 as one part of a general sports club, the Argyle Athletic Club. In 1898, Argyle F.C. produced its first rulebook. The club's ground was given as Marsh Mills, an area on the edge of the city of Plymouth, which still hosts sports.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "3842344#1",
"score": 0.6877680420875549,
"text": "Crook Town Football Club was formed in 1889 by a merger of Crook and Crook Excelsior. They initially only played friendly and cup matches until Crook Cricket Club took over the club in 1894. A successful application was then made to join the Bishop Auckland and District League, with the club's first league match played on 15 August 1894, a 1–1 draw with Shildon United. They were league runners-up in 1895–96, and at the end of the season they joined the Northern League. In 1897–98 the league gained a second division, with Crook becoming members of Division One. They finished bottom of the division and were due to take part in promotion/relegation play-off matches. However, an outbreak of smallpox in the Middlesbrough area had prevented the club finishing their league fixtures. The club refused to enter the play-offs, but as two of the clubs that were supposed to play in the play-offs were also from the Middlesbrough area, the matches were called off and there was no promotion or relegation. They finished bottom of Division One the following season, but there was no relegation. In 1900–01 the club won the FA Amateur Cup, defeating King's Lynn 3–0 in a replay at Ipswich after a 1–1 draw at Dovercourt in Essex.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
122
|
Who is the current political leader of Indonesia?
|
[
{
"id": "10011631#2",
"score": 0.730857789516449,
"text": "On 20 October 2014, Joko Widodo became the seventh and current president of Indonesia."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "50994055#1",
"score": 0.6859105825424194,
"text": "Previously, he was the Finance Minister of Indonesia in the Working Cabinet under Joko Widodo's administration from 27 October 2014 to 27 July 2016. His office was taken by the current Finance Minister of Indonesia, Sri Mulyani Indrawati.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "2444469#0",
"score": 0.6823174953460693,
"text": "The Indonesian Justice and Unity Party (, abbreviated as PKP Indonesia or PKPI) is a political party in Indonesia.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "14646#16",
"score": 0.681591272354126,
"text": "The President and Vice-President are selected by vote of the citizens for a maximum of two five-year terms. The President is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the TNI and responsible for domestic governance and policy-making and foreign affairs. The President appoints a cabinet, who do not have to be elected members of the legislature.[16] Prior to 2004, they were chosen by the MPR. The last election was held on 9 July 2014, out of which Joko Widodo emerged as the winner. The current President heads the Kabinet Kerja.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "350660#1",
"score": 0.6784771084785461,
"text": "The President of the Republic of Singapore is the country's head of state. Singapore has a parliamentary system of government. Executive authority is exercised by the Cabinet led by the Prime Minister of Singapore. The current president is Halimah Yacob, who was elected unopposed at the 2017 presidential election. She is the first female President of Singapore and first Malay head of state in 47 years since the death of Yusof Bin Ishak, Singapore's first president.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "376412#28",
"score": 0.6768942475318909,
"text": "The current Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong is Nazrin Shah of Perak since 31 January 2019.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "47511951#14",
"score": 0.6761214733123779,
"text": "In October 2018, during his campaign for the 2019 Indonesian presidential election, opposition leader Prabowo Subianto used the phrase \"make Indonesia great again\", though he denied having copied Trump.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "7666957#29",
"score": 0.6759701371192932,
"text": "Current leaders:",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "59056200#4",
"score": 0.6758098602294922,
"text": "After receiving the gold medal, Hanifan headed to the VIP section where President of Indonesia Joko Widodo and Prabowo Subianto, as the head of Indonesia's Pencak Silat Association, were present. Following a normal handshake with vice president Jusuf Kalla, Hanifan embraced both Widodo and Prabowo in a hug while draped by the Indonesian flag, eliciting cheers from the audience. Widodo and Prabowo were set to compete in the 2019 presidential election, and the hug was seen as a symbol of unity. An image of the occasion later posted to Widodo's Instagram account was liked over 1 million times, and the image also became a trending topic on Twitter.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "44180054#0",
"score": 0.6757446527481079,
"text": "The Inauguration of Joko Widodo as seventh President of Indonesia took place on Monday, October 20, 2014 at the DPR/MPR Building, Jakarta. This ceremony marked the commencement of the five-year term Joko Widodo (universally known as Jokowi) as president and Jusuf Kalla as vice president.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "13274590#0",
"score": 0.6751877665519714,
"text": "Presidential elections were held in Indonesia on 8 July 2009. The elections returned a president and vice president for the 2009–2014 period. Incumbent President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, elected with a 20% margin in the 2004 election, sought a second term against former President Megawati Sukarnoputri in a rematch of the 2004 election, as well as incumbent Vice President Jusuf Kalla. Securing a majority of the votes in a landslide victory in the first round, Yudhoyono was re-elected without the need to proceed to a second round, scheduled to be held on 8 September if no candidate received a majority of the popular vote. Yudhoyono was officially declared the victor of the election on 23 July 2009, by the General Election Commission. Yudhoyono, with nearly 74 million votes in his favor, holds the record for the highest number of votes for a single person in any democratic election in history.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "52397012#1",
"score": 0.6751448512077332,
"text": "Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, popularly known by his Chinese nickname \"Ahok\", became the Governor of Jakarta, when as Vice-Governor, he took over from Joko Widodo, who was elected President of Indonesia in 2014. He is Jakarta's first ethnic Chinese governor, and the first non-Muslim in 50 years. His ethnicity and Christian faith make him a double-minority in Muslim-majority Indonesia. He sought to be elected in his own right in the 2017 gubernatorial election. Some Islamic groups opposed his campaign, citing a passage of the Quran, notably verse 51 of Sura al-Ma'idah, which they interpret as a prohibition on Muslims from electing a non-Muslim leader.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "6036#23",
"score": 0.6740926504135132,
"text": "As a result of the toppling of Suharto, political freedom is significantly increased. Compared to only three parties allowed to exist in the New Order era, a total of 48 political parties participated in the 1999 election, a total of 24 parties in the 2004 election, 38 parties in the 2009 election, and 15 parties in the 2014 election. There are no majority winner of those elections and coalition governments are inevitable. The current government is a coalition of seven parties led by the PDIP and Golkar.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "43111345#4",
"score": 0.6725969314575195,
"text": "In 1996 Suharto undertook efforts to pre-empt a challenge to the New Order government. The Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI), a legal party that had traditionally propped up the regime had changed direction, and began to assert its independence. Suharto fostered a split over the leadership of PDI, backing a co-opted faction loyal to deputy speaker of the People's Representative Council Suryadi against a faction loyal to Megawati Sukarnoputri, the daughter of Sukarno and the PDI's chairperson.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "56634484#2",
"score": 0.6687026023864746,
"text": "The current Leader of the Opposition is Rui Rio, since 18 February 2018, after having been elected President of the Social Democratic Party on the previous 13 January.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "25704904#0",
"score": 0.6677722334861755,
"text": "Dato' Seri Dr. Ahmad Zahid Hamidi (Jawi: احمد زاهيد حميدي; born 4 January 1953) is a Malaysian politician serving as Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) since 2018. He was appointed Acting President of UMNO in May 2018 following the resignation of Prime Minister Najib Razak on 12 May 2018, and elected as President in the 2018 UMNO leadership election. ",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "195846#1",
"score": 0.6640003323554993,
"text": "The current Prime Minister of Sweden is Stefan Löfven, leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party who was chosen for a second term on 18 January 2019, even after having been ousted following the general elections on 9 September 2018.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "55986713#1",
"score": 0.6639265418052673,
"text": "Formerly also a military secretary to President Joko Widodo, the president nominated him to the People's Representative Council as the sole candidate for the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (\"Panglima TNI\"), replacing Gatot Nurmantyo. He was formally appointed on 8 December 2017.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "1665891#0",
"score": 0.6635001301765442,
"text": "The Prime Minister of Timor-Leste (, ) is the head of government in East Timor. The President is the head of state. The President of East Timor appoints the Prime Minister, after parliamentary elections and have listened to all parties represented in the National Assembly, who is usually the leader of the large party or coalition. The Prime Minister oversees the activities of the government and chairs the Council of Ministers.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "4504372#8",
"score": 0.6627454161643982,
"text": "The executive branch of the Cook Islands government (the Cabinet) draws its membership exclusively from Parliament, based on which party or parties can claim a majority. The Prime Minister leads the government; the Queen's Representative appoints the Prime Minister from the party or coalition which has or appears to have enough support to govern. The Prime Minister and Cabinet hold office until the next election, or until they are defeated on a motion of confidence. The Democratic Party is currently in government. The Prime Minister is currently Henry Puna. The current leader of the opposition is Jim Marurai, who leads the Democratic Party.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "2901987#0",
"score": 0.6627316474914551,
"text": "Hutomo Mandala Putra (born 15 July 1962), commonly known as Tommy Suharto, is an Indonesian businessman, convicted murderer, politician and the youngest son of Suharto, the second President of Indonesia. He has long had a reputation for being a playboy and gained notoriety for commissioning the murder of a judge who convicted him of corruption. He is currently the chairman of Berkarya Party.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
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